g ender d iscrimination chapter 11, section 1. g ender differences most ‘differences’ noted...
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GENDER DISCRIMINATIONChapter 11, Section 1
GENDER DIFFERENCES
Most ‘differences’ noted between men and women are based on gender. Behavioral and psychological traits
considered appropriate for men and women.
Idea of masculine vs. feminine Gender roles= specific behaviors and
attitudes that society establishes for men and women.
How is gender identity formed? Gender identity= awareness of being
masculine or feminine as defined by cultural traits.
Gender roles are learned through socialization.
GENDER ROLES- EXAMPLES
Boys: The color blue Toys: airplanes, cars, trains, etc. Adventuresome, aggressive, physically active Good at math and science
Girls: The color pink Dolls Passive, polite, gentle Reading and social sciences
SOCIAL INEQUALITY EMERGES
Women were needed for reproduction; performed tasks that kept them close to home. Men took on tasks that required strength and travel.
Over time, men gained a sense of power and prestige in society. Led to patriarchy= power relationship where
men are dominant over women. Role of institutionalized discrimination– based
on social structure. Sexism= belief that one sex is superior to the
other. History of male political and economic
dominance perpetuates this idea.
GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE U.S.
Women were viewed as second-class citizens as few as 150 years ago.
Growth of the women’s movement= steps taken to end gender discrimination; sexes were equal socially, politically and economically. Focused on one central goal: suffrage.
The movement peaked and waned at different points in history.
However, there is not total equality in education, politics and work. Equal Rights Amendment proposed originally in
1920s, gained more ground in 1970s– not yet passed.
INEQUALITY IN EDUCATION
Since 1979, women have made up 57% of college students. Differences in degrees pursued, though.
Education Amendment Act of 1972 Title IX: Bars discrimination on the basis of
gender in any program- including athletics- of any educational institution receiving federal funds.
INEQUALITY IN THE WORKPLACE
More women have entered the workforce since the 1960s Wage gap= level of women’s income relative to
that of men’s. Women in the workplace must also contend with
a glass ceiling= invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business.
Women are fulfilling two jobs– one at home and one at work. Second shift= Arlie Hochschild; women have
household duties to complete after a day of work.
“Leisure gap”: women have 10 less hours per week of leisure.
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/map_of_the_week/2012/10/gender_income_inequality_maps_by_county_and_by_state.html
INEQUALITY IN POLITICS
DO YOU KNOW: Who was the first woman to run for president? Victoria Woodhull in 1872– running mate: Frederick
Douglass. (Equal Rights Party) Women make up 52% of voting pop’n
The numbers (2008): 24% of state legislatures 16% governors 16% U.S. Senate 16% U.S. House
Notable women in politics: Michelle Bachmann, Hillary Clinton, Nancy Pelosi, Ruth Bader Ginsberg, Sonia Sotomayor, Elena Kagan
AGE AND DISABILITYChapter 11, Section 2
AGEISM
In industrial and post-industrial societies, the social standing of individuals peaks at middle-age.
Ageism= belief that one age category is superior to another. Media perpetuates this idea– seldom see older
actors used in commercials, unless it caters to older individuals.
THE AGING WORLD
The world as a whole is increasing in age. Europe has the greatest percentage of individuals
over 65; Africa has the least. “graying of America”= increase in
median age of the U.S. population. Echoes the trend seen across the world.
Effects of an aging population on American society (2 each): Economically: rising cost of health care and Social
Security; burden for family and younger workers; living longer into retirement.
Politically: stronger political force organized voting bloc focusing on issues such as health care, retirement and Social Security.
WHY IS AMERICA AGING?
Baby-boom generation= generation born between 1946 and mid-1960s. Largest segment of the American
population today.
Because of this generation, the elderly population is a focus of politicians. Groups like AARP, Gray Panthers, National
Council on Senior Citizens, etc. represent these interests.
POLITICS OF AGING Dependency ratio= number of workers for
each person receiving Social Security benefits. Highest when baby-boomers were working… (5:1) Projected to be 2:1 in 2030
Longer life expectancies compound this issue. # of people receiving Social Security
increases, as does the length of time they receive these benefits.
Most likely to be in the poorest health Medicare= gov-sponsored health insurance
for elderly Americans and Americans with disabilities.
Medicaid=state and locally-funded healthcare for low-income individuals.
INEQUALITIES
Age: Lowering poverty rates (as a whole) Many elderly individuals live near the poverty
level Disabilities:
Unemployment rates are high in individuals with disabilities
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)= passed in 1990. Four areas of focus: employment, public
services, public accommodations and telecommunications.
Chapter 11, Section 3
INEQUALITIES OF HEALTH
The United States spends a higher percentage of its GDP on healthcare than any other country in the world. Where does the money come from?35% private insurance17% Medicare16% Medicaid14% out-of-pocket13% other public sources5% other private sources
COST OF HEALTHCARE
Factors that have led to an increase in the cost of healthcare: Rising hospital costsAdvances in technologyMore tests being ran to avoid lawsuitsRising costs for prescription drugs
Who covers the cost? Businesses? Employees?Government?
RISING COSTS OF HEALTHCARE
One way that Americans have tried to reduce costs is through managed care.Alternative healthcare plan in which
patients pay a monthly or annual cost and receive healthcare services.
They go to doctors on a provided list, who have agreed to reduced rates, limits on prescriptions, etc.
Led to the development of a patient’s bill of rights. What if you couldn’t attend one of the
listed providers?
OTHER OPTIONS
Another option that has been growing in recent years is known as alternative medicine.Treating methods with unconventional
methods. Examples: acupuncture, meditation,
herbal remedies, yoga, etc. Yearly spending over $20 billion
Both managed care and alternative medicine can see a decline in quality of care due to less regulation.
OTHER OPTIONS
Although there is an oversupply of doctors (by ~100,000) many people still have trouble gaining access to healthcare.
Reasons include:Geographic locationMost doctors are specialized–
not general physicians.
ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
Uneven delivery of healthcare;Percentage of those without highest
in southwestPre-existing conditions prevent
some people from being covered by insurance;
Some businesses do not provide health insurance, but, an individuals does not make enough money to afford their own.
HEALTH ISSUES OF TODAY