g. robert weedon, dvm, mph veterinary outreach coordinator alliance for rabies control the global...

G. Robert Weedon, DVM, MPHVeterinary Outreach Coordinator

Alliance for Rabies Control

The Global Burdenof Rabies

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Introduction

Rabies is a viral infection transmitted in the saliva of infected animals

Rabies can affect all mammals

The virus enters the central nervous system of the host causing an encephalomyelitis

Picture of rabies virus. Courtesy CDC

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In the United States

Wild animals are the principal vector Mandatory rabies vaccination laws Encroachment on wild animals

because of development


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CDCEast Carolina University 3-26-10

55East Carolina University 3-26-10

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CDCEast Carolina University 3-26-10

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Developing Countries

55,000 people die annually of rabies Dogs are the principal reservoir Human exposure much more likely


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“Unowned” dogs Valued and recognized as part of the

community However, no supervision of movement



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Global Burden of Rabies

Rabies is 100% preventable yet at least 55,000 humans die from rabies each year around the world, mostly from exposure to dogs.

A person dies of rabies almost every 10 minutes.


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Almost half of all rabies deaths occur in children under the age of 15 years.

Many developed countries have vaccines for animals and humans to prevent rabies. These countries might only have a few deaths each year.



12Knobel, DL, et al. Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. May 2005, 83 (5)


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Rabies in India

Rabies is common in most parts of India.

The dog population of India is around 25 to 30 million animals.

Each year approximately 7 million people undergo PEP


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Rabies in India

In 2004 that there were 20,565 reported human deaths

Nearly 96% of cases are due to bites from stray, ownerless, dogs.

About 70% of the victims are children younger than 15 years.


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Rabies Prevention

Canine rabies control programs should incorporate three basic elementsEpidemiological surveillanceMass vaccination Dog population control


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Rabies Prevention

Population control versus removalNo evidence that removal alone

impacts the spread of rabiesPopulation turnover may be too highMay be aesthetically unacceptable


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Rabies Prevention

Mass vaccination of dogs Vaccinating 70% of the dog

population has been shown to reduce the incidence of human rabies to zero


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Rabies Prevention

Mass vaccination of dogs 70% of the dog population can be

attained through strategies consisting of:

Well-designed educational campaigns,

Intersectoral cooperation, Community participation, Local commitment in planning and

execution


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Rabies Prevention

Mass vaccination of dogs 70% of the dog population can be

attained through strategies consisting of:

Availability of recognized quality vaccine,

Media support, and Effective general coordination and

supervision of the activities by the health services.


Rabies Prevention

20Source: Dr. Carlos H. Alvarez Lucas Mexico Ministry of Health


Rabies Prevention

21Source: Dr. Carlos H. Alvarez Lucas Mexico Ministry of Health


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Social and Cultural Barriersto Rabies Prevention

Social Structural BarriersCostEducation about rabies Infrastructure of veterinary carePublic health programsAnimal population controlTreatment of strays and

“unwanted” dogs


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Insufficient surveillance systemsNot a notifiable diseaseAccurate mortality data unknownLow priority for disease controlLimited diagnosticsQuestionable reliability of data


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Limited accessibility of modern rabies vaccine and supply problemsHigh cost of modern cell culture

rabies vaccinesCost of importationBarriers to total protection


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Lack of public awarenessLack of effective health education

programsPoor participation in rabies control

programsConsideration of cultural,

religious, and political factors


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Insufficient political commitmentLow priority of rabies control

programsCosts fall short when compared to

other programsPolitical and economic situations


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Opportunities

Utilize models of successful rabies control programsSuccess in Japan, Taiwan, and

peninsular MalaysiaOperational strategiesCost/benefit analysis


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Opportunities

Mobilize the support of the civil society, private sector and government sponsored initiatives Public education through media (radio,

TV, printed material) Public and/or private technology

initiatives


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Opportunities

Population Control and vaccination Jaipur, India project (Veterinary Record

(2006) 159, 379-383)


The Public Health Need


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Opportunities

Vaccination combined with an injectable sterilant Jaipur, India project (Veterinary Record

(2006) 159, 379-383) ACC&D initiative (www.acc-d.org)


http://www.acc-d.org/

www.acc-d.org32East Carolina University 3-26-10

Some of ACC&D’s 98 Organizational Partners…

The Michelson Prize and Grants in Reproductive Biology

The Michelson Prize in Reproductive Biology: $25 million for innovation in non-surgical sterilization for cats and dogs

Found Animals will offer a $25 million prize to the first entity to provide to the Foundation with a safe, effective, and practical non-surgical sterilant for use in cats and dogs.

The Michelson Grants in Reproductive Biology: Up to $50 million of grant funding available for research directed to achieving this goal

Found Animals will provide up to $50 million in grant funding for promising research in pursuit of a safe, effective, and practical non-surgical sterilant for use in cats and dogs.

www.foundanimals.org


http://www.foundanimals.org/index.php/About-Michelson/michelson-prize-details.html

http://www.foundanimals.org/index.php/About-Michelson/michelson-grant-details.html

The Michelson Prize and Grants in Reproductive Biology


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Cultural factors Religious view of animals

“Place” of dogs in the household and community

Value of dogs—utilitarian or emotional benefit


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Conclusions

Rabies is an extraordinarily preventable disease, however in cultures where the dog is the principal reservoir, human exposure is much more likely, and in such instances, there may exist significant cultural, social, and religious barriers to implementing programs for its prevention


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World Rabies Day, 2010

The mission of World Rabies Day is to raise awareness about the impact of human and animal rabies, how easy it is to prevent it, and how to eliminate the main global sources.

“One Health, One Medicine”


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To Learn More

World Rabies Day Website: www.worldrabiesday.org

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Rabies Website:

www.cdc.gov/rabies

CDC’s Kids Rabies Website: www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/

World Health Organization www.who.int

Pan American Health Organization http://www.paho.org/english/ad/dpc/vp/rabia.htm

Alliance for Rabies Control www.rabiescontrol.net


http://www.worldrabiesday.org/

http://www.cdc.gov/rabies

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/kidsrabies/

http://www.who.int/

http://www.paho.org/english/ad/dpc/vp/rabia.htm

http://www.rabiescontrol.net/

World Rabies Day

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Working Together to Make Rabies History! www.worldrabiesday.org

[email protected]


g. robert weedon, dvm, mph veterinary outreach coordinator alliance for rabies control the global...

Documents

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