g5 pse em flsprototype [proh•tuh•typ] the original or test model on which a product is based (p....

Glossary Pronunciation Key

Interactive Glossary

With every glossary term, there is also a phonetic respelling. A

phonetic respelling writes the word the way it sounds, which can

help you pronounce new or unfamiliar words. Use this key to help

you understand the respellings.

physical change [FIHZ•ih•kuhl CHAYNJ] Change in the size,

shape, or state of matter with no

new substance being formed

fungi [FUHN•jee] A group of

organisms that get nutrients by

decomposing other organisms

When I cut paper in half, that’s a physical change.

A mushroom is an example of fungi.

As you learn about each term, add notes, drawings, or sentences in

the extra space. This will help you remember what the terms mean.

Here are some examples.

Sound

As in

Phonetic Respelling

Sound

As in

Phonetic Respelling

a bat (BAT) oh over (OH•ver)

ah lock (LAHK) oo pool (POOL)

air rare (RAIR) ow out (OWT)

ar argue (AR•gyoo) oy foil (FOYL)

aw law (LAW) s cell (SEL)

ay face (FAYS) sit (SIT)

ch chapel (CHAP•uhl) sh sheep (SHEEP)

e test (TEST) th that (THAT)

metric (MEH•trik) thin (THIN)

ee eat (EET) u pull (PUL)

feet (FEET) uh medal (MED•uhl)

ski (SKEE) talent (TAL•uhnt)

er paper (PAY•per) pencil (PEN•suhl)

fern (FERN) onion (UHN•yuhn)

eye idea (eye•DEE•uh) playful (PLAY•fuhl)

i bit (BIT) dull (DUHL)

ing going (GOH•ing) y yes (YES)

k card (KARD) ripe (RYP)

kite (KYT) z bags (BAGZ)

ngk bank (BANGK) zh treasure (TREZH•er)

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atmosphere [AT•muhs•feer] The

mixture of gases that surround a

planet (p. 159)

astronomy [uh•STRAHN•uh•mee]

The study of objects in space

and their properties (p. 138)

asteroid [AS•ter•oyd] A chunk of

rock or iron less than 1,000 km

(621 mi) in diameter that orbits

the sun (p. 122)

anemometer

[an•uh•MAHM•uht•ER] A weather

instrument that measures wind

speed (p. 178)

air pressure [AIR PRESH•er] The

weight of the atmosphere

pressing down on Earth (p. 192)

air mass [AIR MASS] A large

body of air that has similar

temperature and humidity

throughout (p. 194)

adaptation [ad•uhp•TAY•shuhn]

A trait or characteristic that

helps an organism survive

(p. 526)

accurate [AK•yuh•ruht] Very

close to the actual value (p. 55)

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Interactive Glossary (continued)

bladder [BLAD•er] Organ in the

excretory system that stores

and releases urine (p. 477)

biotechnology

[by•oh•tek•NAHL•uh•jee] A

product of technology used

to benefit organisms and the

environment (p. 97)

bioengineering

[by•oh•en•juh•NIR•ing] The

application of the engineering

design process to living things

(p. 96)

barometer [buh•RAHM•uht•er]

A weather instrument used to

measure air pressure (p. 179)

balanced forces [BAL•uhnst FAWRS•iz] Forces that cancel

each other out because they are

equal in size and opposite in

direction (p. 396)

balance [BAL•uhns] A tool used

to measure the amount of

matter in an object, which is the

object’s mass (p. 52)

b

B

atomic theory [uh•TAHM•ik THEE•uh•ree] A scientific

explanation of the structure of

atoms and how they interact

with other atoms (p. 288)

atom [AT•uhm] The smallest

unit into which an element can

be divided and still retain all

the properties of that

element (p. 326)

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comet [KAHM•it] A chunk of

frozen gases, rock, ice, and dust

orbiting the sun (p. 123)

climate zone [KLY•muht ZOHN] An

area that has similar average

temperatures and precipitation

throughout (p. 212)

climate [KLY•muht] The pattern

of weather an area experiences

over a long period of time (p. 210)

circuit [SER•kuht] A path along

which electric charges can flow

(p. 370)

chemical energy [KEM•ih•kuhl EN•er•jee] Energy that is stored

in matter and that can be

released by a chemical reaction

(p. 315)

chemical change [KEM•ih•kuhl CHAYNJ] A change in one or

more substances, caused by a

reaction, that forms new and

different substances (p. 251)

brain [BRAYN] The organ in the

human body that processes

information (p. 432)

bone [BOHN] A hard organ that

has a spongy layer inside and

that may help support the body

or protect other organs (p. 450)

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dwarf planet [DWORF PLAN•it] A

nearly round body, slightly

smaller than a planet, whose

orbit crosses the orbit of

another body (p. 122)

desert [DEZ•ert] An area of land

that is very dry (p. 548)

criteria [kry•TEER•ee•uh] The

standards for measuring

success (p. 76)

control [kuhn•TROHL] The

experimental setup to which

you will compare all the other

setups (p. 33)

conservation

[kahn•ser•VAY•shuhn] The

preserving and protecting of an

ecosystem or a resource (p. 501)

conductor [kuhn•DUK•ter] A

material that readily allows

electric charges to pass

through it and therefore carries

electricity well (p. 501)

condensation

[kahn•duhn•SAY•shuhn] The

process by which a gas changes

into a liquid (p. 160)

compound [KAHM•pownd] A

substance made of two or

more different atoms that have

combined chemically (p. 292)

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engineering [en•juh•NEER•ing]

The use of science and math

for practical uses such as the

design of strutctures, machine,

and systems (p. 71)

energy [EN•er•jee] The ability to

cause changes in matter

(p. 306)

element [EL•uh•muhnt] Matter

that is made of only one kind of

atom (p. 290)

electromagnet

[ee•lek•troh•MAG•nit] A device in

which electric current is used to

produce magnetism (p. 349)

electrical energy

[ee•LEK•trih•kuhl EN•er•jee]

Energy caused by the movement

of electric charges (p. 313)

electric motor [ee•LEK•trik MOHT•er] A device that

changes electrical energy into

mechanical energy (p. 346)

electric current [ee•LEK•trik KER•uhnt] The flow of electric

charges along a path (p. 332)

ecosystem [EE•koh•sis•tuhm] A

community of organisms and

the environment in which they

live (p. 495)

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force [FAWRS] A push or a pull,

which may cause a change in an

object’s motion (p. 392)

extinction [ek•STINGK•shuhn]

The death of all the organisms

of a certain kind of living thing

(p. 505)

experiment [ek•SPAIR•uh•muhnt]

A procedure carried out under

controlled conditions to test a

hypothesis (p. 27)

exoskeleton

[eks•oh•SKEL•uh•tuhn] A hard

outer covering, found in many

types of animals, that supports

and protects the body (p. 453)

evidence [EV•uh•duhns]

Information collected during a

scientific investigation (p. 6)

evaporation

[ee•vap•uh•RAY•shuhn] The

process by which a liquid

changes into a gas (p. 159)

equator [ee•KWAYT•er] An

imaginary line around Earth,

equally distant from the North

and South Poles (p. 212)

environment [en•VY•ruhn•muhnt] All the living and nonliving

things that surround and affect

an organism (p. 248)

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groundwater [GROWND•waw•ter]

Water that is stored

underground. (p. 162)

gravity [GRAV•ih•tee] The force

of attraction between two

objects, such as the attraction

between Earth and objects on it

(p. 394)

grassland [GRAS•land] An area

of land covered mostly with

grasses that generally receives

less rain than a forest (p. 546)

gas [GAS] The state of matter

in which a substance does not

have a definite shape or volume

(p. 236)

galaxy [GAL•uhk•see] A group

of billions of stars, objects that

orbit those stars, gas, and dust

(p. 141)

G

front [FRUHNT] The border where

two air masses meet (p. 194)

generator [JEN•er•ayt•er] A

device that makes an electric

current by converting kinetic

energy to electrical energy

(p. 351)

friction [FRIK•shuhn] A force

that acts between two touching

objects and that opposes

motion (p. 395)

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kidneys [KID•neez] Organs in the

human excretory system that

remove waste materials from

the blood (p. 477)

investigation

[in•ves•tuh•GAY•shuhn] A

procedure carried out to

carefully observe, study, or test

something in order to learn more

about it (p. 4)

intertidal zone [in•ter•TYD•uhl ZOHN] The area between the land

and the ocean that is covered

by water at high tide and

uncovered at low tide

(p. 566)

insulator [IN•suh•layt•er] A

material that resists the flow

of electric charge and therefore

does not conduct electricity well

(p. 368)

instinct [IN•stinkt] A behavior

that an organism inherits and

knows how to do without being

taught (p. 530)

I

humidity [hyoo•MID•uh•tee]

The amount of water vapor in

the air (p. 179)

heart [HART] A muscular organ

that pumps blood through the

rest of the circulatory system

(p. 451)

habitat [HAB•ih•tat] The place

where an organism lives and

can find everything it needs to

survive (p. 524)

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microscopic [my•kruh•SKAHP•ik]

Too small to be seen without

using a microscope (p. 49)

mechanical energy

[muh•KAN•ih•kuhl EN•er•jee]

The total energy of motion and

position of an object (p. 314)

matter [MAT•er] Anything that

has mass and takes up space

(p. 232)

lungs [LUNGZ] The largest organs

in the respiratory system that

bring oxygen from the air into

the body and release carbon

dioxide (p. 454)

liver [LIV•er] A large organ that

makes a digestive juice called

bile (p. 473)

liquid [LIK•wid] The state of

matter in which a substance has

a definite volume but no definite

shape (p. 236)

latitude [LAT•ih•tood] A measure

of how far north or south a place

is from the equator (p. 212)

l

L M

kinetic energy [kih•NET•ik EN•er•jee] The energy an object

has because of motion (p. 308)

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pancreas [PAN•kree•uhs] An

organ that makes a digestive

juice and insulin (p. 473)

organism [AWR•guh•niz•uhm] A

living thing (p. 430)

organ [AWR•guhn] A body part

that is made of smaller parts

that work together to do a

certain job (p. 430)

opinion [uh•PIN•yuhn] A

personal belief or judgment that

does not need to be backed up

with evidence (p. 9)

O

molecule [MAHL•ih•kyoo] A

single particle of matter made

up of two or more atoms joined

together chemically. (p. 292)

muscle [MUHS•uhl] An organ

made of bundles of long fibers

that can contract to produce

movement in living things (p. 451)

mixture [MIKS•cher] A

combination of two or more

different substances in which

the substances keep their

identities (p. 271)

P

organ system [AWR•guhn SIS•tuhm] A group of organs that

work together to do a job for the

body (p. 430)

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prototype [PROH•tuh•typ] The

original or test model on which

a product is based (p. 74)

precipitation

[pree•sip•uh•TAY•shuhn] Water

that falls from the air to Earth’s

surface (p. 161)

potential energy [poh•TEN•shuhl EN•er•jee] Energy that an object

has because of its position or its

condition (p. 308)

pollution [puh•LOO•shuhn] A

waste product that harms

living things and damages an

ecosystem (p. 500)

polar [POHL•er] Near Earth’s

North Pole or South Pole (p. 552)

planet [PLAN•it] A large, round

body that revolves around a star

(p. 114)

physical change [FIZ•ih•kuhl CHAYNJ] A change in which the

form or shape of a substance

changes but the substance still

has the same chemical makeup

(p. 250)

parallel circuit [PAIR•uh•lel SER•kit] An electric circuit that

has more than one path for the

electric charges to follow (p. 373)

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solid [SAHL•id] The state of

matter in which a substance has

a definite shape and a definite

volume (p. 237)

solar system [SOH•ler SIS•tuhm]

A star and all the planets and

other objects that revolve

around it (p. 114)

series circuit [SIR•eez SER•kit] An

electric circuit in which the

electric charges have only one

path to follow (p. 373)

scientific methods [sy•uhn•TIF•ik METH•uhds] Different ways

that scientists perform

investigations and collect

reliable data (p. 26)

science [SY•uhns] The study

of the natural world through

observation and investigation

(p. 5)

runoff [RUN•awf] Water that

does not soak into the ground

and that flows across Earth’s

surface (p. 163)

reaction [ree•AK•shuhn] The

process in which new

substances are formed during a

chemical change (p. 251)

R

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skin [SKIN] The human body’s

largest organ, which covers the

outside of the body (p. 438)

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temperature [TEM•per•uh•cher]

The measure of the energy

of motion in the particles of

matter, which we feel as how

hot or cold something is (p. 234)

technology [tek•NAHL•uh•jee]

The use of scientific knowledge

to solve practical problems

(p. 72)

taiga [TY•guh] Land that is

very cold in winter and that is

covered mostly with conifers

(p. 550)

T

stomach [STUHM•uhk] A baglike

organ in which food is mixed

with digestive juices and

squeezed by muscles (p. 472)

static electricity [STAT•ik ee•lek•TRIS•uh•tee] The buildup

of electric charges on an object

(p. 329)

star [STAR] A huge ball of very

hot, glowing gases in space that

produces its own light and heat

(p. 138)

spring scale [SPRING SKAYL] A tool

used to measure forces (p. 53)

solution [suh•LOO•shuhn] A

mixture that has the same

composition throughout

because all the parts are mixed

evenly (p. 272)

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wind [WIHND] Air that is moving

(p. 192)

weather [WETH•er] What is

happening in the atmosphere at

a certain place and time (p. 176)

water cycle [WAWT•er SY•kuhl]

The process in which water

continuously moves from Earth’s

surface into the atmosphere and

back again (p. 173)

universe [YOO•nuh•vers]Everything that exists, including

galaxies and everything in them

(p. 140)

weather map [WETH•er MAP] A

map that uses symbols to show

weather data (p. 196)

wetland [WET•land] An area of

land covered with shallow water

for most of the year (p. 564)

unbalanced forces

[uhn•BAL•uhnst FAWRS•iz] Forces

that cause a change in motion

because they act on an object

and don’t cancel each other out

(p. 396)

variable [VAIR•ee•uh•buhl] Any

condition that can be changed

in an experiment (p. 33)

volume [VAHL•yoom] The amount

of space something takes up

(p. 232)

V

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Aacceleration, 399–401

accuracy, 55

adaptations, 526,

573–574

behavior, 534

camel, 548–549

camouflage, 528,

534–536, 543

553–554

chameleon, 529

deer, 543

in desert, 526–527, 548

eagle, 529

frog, 532

in grassland, 546

life cycle, 534

lynx, 550–551

mimicry, 529

moose, 551

owl, 528

physical, 528, 534

in polar regions, 552

of rose, 528

in taiga, 550

in temperate forest, 542

in tropical rain forest,

544

wasp, 529

in wetland, 564

wolverine, 551

woodpecker, 543

air, 273

air mass, 194, 201

in high pressure

system, 203

kind of, 203

air pollution, 457

air pressure, 201

high and low, 192–193,

200

air temperature, 184

airways, constricted, 486

Alexander, Claudia,

132–133

algae, 560

green, 563

alloys, 276

altocumulus clouds, 181

altostratus clouds, 181

alveoli, 454–455, 465

amphibians

frog, 481, 484, 532,

536, 572

tadpole, 532, 536, 563

Analyze and Extend, 19,

22, 41, 44, 59, 85, 88,

103, 133, 136, 171, 205,

265, 283, 286, 321,

339, 363, 413, 416, 417,

420, 445, 513, 516, 537

anemometer, 178,

185–186, 196

See also, science tools

animals. See also

amphibians;

arthropods; birds; fish;

insects; invertebrates;

mammals; plants;

reptiles; vertebrates

alligator, 521

antennae, 437, 442,

444

bison, 251

book lungs, 460, 462,

464

circulation, 460–461,

464, 466

compound eyes, 436,

442

coverings, 440–442

digestive system,

478–479

ears, 437

effect on environment,

498–499

excretory system,

478–479

extinction, 504–508

fur, 440–441

habitat, 524–525, 534

hard shells, 440

heart, 460–461

life cycle, 481

lungs, 460–461, 464

movement of, 453

muscles, 453, 464

nocturnal, 530, 535

nose, 437

panda, 252

respiration, 460–461,

466

senses, 436–437, 444

tracking, 575–576

whale, 29

antibiotics, 503

arctic

animals in, 552, 553

plants in, 552, 553

Argand, Aimé, 356

arteries, 458–459

arthropods

spider, 460, 530

artificial hearts, 467–468

asteroid belt, 122

asteroids, 122

asthma attack, 456–457,

465

Index

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prevention of, 457

triggers of, 457

astronomers, 12, 138

astronomy, 138

atomic theory, 288–293

atoms, 288–289

elements, 290–291

molecules and

compounds, 292–293

atoms, 326–327, 329,

334, 336. See also

electrons, neutrons,

protons

attract, 328–329,

334–337

automobiles, 95

Bbalance, pan, 52

balanced forces,

396–397

bar graphs, 37

barometer, 179, 185–186,

196. See also science

tools

barred spiral galaxies, 141

Barringer Meteor Crater,

125

battery, 309, 333–334,

338, 344, 352

chemical reaction, 332

behavior

adaptations, 534

bat, 530

instinctive, 531

octopus, 530

social, 531

bioengineering, 96–97

biotechnology, 97

biotic factors, 248–249

birds, 478

barred owl, 252–253

dodo, 505, 508

draw conclusions,

540

eagle, 529

emu, 527

feathers, 440

heron, 564

lung, 461

ostrich, 527

owl, 528

penguin, 553

ptarmigan, 553

record data, 539

red–shouldered hawk,

252–253

rhea, 527

woodpecker, 540,

542–543

bladder, 477, 482–484

blizzard, 198, 202 See also weather

blood, 458–459, 462,

466, 477

boiling, 238–239, 275

bone, 431, 434, 450,

462–465

book lung, 460, 462,

464

botanists, 13

brain, 432, 434, 442–443

brass, 273

breathing, 454–457, 465,

476

bronchi, 454–457

bronchial tube, 465

bronchiole, 454–455,

465

Ccalcium chloride, 293

calipers, 50

calories, 474

cameras, 47

camouflage, 528,

534–535, 543,

563–564

capillaries, 458–459, 466

carbon dioxide, 454–455,

458, 462, 465, 476

carbon fiber, 245

Careers in Computing,

608

Careers in Science

hydrologist, 223–224

inventor, 355, 362

meteorologist, 176, 194,

196–197, 199

prosthetic designer,

101–102

robotics engineer, 608

safety engineer,

421–422

weather forecaster, 195

wildlife surveyor,

511–512

zoologist, 17–18, 73–74

cartilage, 450–462

Cause and Effect, 89, 214,

330, 349, 499

Celsius scale, 51

Chawla, Kalpana, 131–132

chemical changes, 251,

257–259

chemical energy,

314–315, 318–320.

See also energy

Index (continued)

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chemical reactions, 251,

268

chlorine, 291

circle graphs, 36

circulatory system

animals, 460–461, 464,

466

humans, 458–459,

462–463

plants, 461, 466

cirrus clouds, 180–181,

184–185

claims, evidence, and

reasoning, 22, 44, 63,

88, 106, 136, 174, 208,

268, 286, 324, 342,

366, 416, 420, 448,

516, 540

classifying, 13

clouds, 180–181

climate, 210 See also

weather

compare and contrast,

213

in desert, 217

in different regions,

214–215

dry, 220

effect on nonliving

things, 216

effect on organisms, 216

and environment,

216–217

factors affecting, 214,

218

Gulf stream, 214

in landform, 222

polar, 212–213, 525,

534, 555

predict, 215

in swamp, 217

temperate, 212, 218–219,

221

tropical, 212–213,

218–219, 221

tropical rain forest, 217

vs. weather, 210–211,

218

wet, 220

climate zone, 212,

219–221

clouds, 180

altocumulus, 181

altostratus, 181

cirrus, 180–181, 184–185

classify, 180–181

cumulonimbus, 181

cumulus, 180–181, 184

heights, 181

clue words, 196, 498, 502

cochlea, 434–435

code, 604–605

coding, 604–605

cold front, thunderstorm,

194

collecting nets, 46

comets, 123–124

communication 531, 545,

554

science and, 10–11

technology and, 92–93

communities, 250–251

compare, 211, 493

Compare and Contrast,

45, 175, 112, 203, 305,

231

comparing, 4–5

competition, 251

compounds, 292–293

compound eyes, 436, 442

computer models, 30

computers, 94, 599–608

use and safety,

599–608

computer programs,

603–604

computer programmer,

605

comments, 605

computer science,

599–608

computer technology,

599–608

condensation, 160, 161,

238–239, 254–255

conservations, 501,

506–507

conservation of mass,

256–257

contrast, 182

control setup, 33

copper, 291

coral bleaching, 570–571,

573

coral reef, 568

criteria, 76

cubic meter, 54

cumulonimbus clouds, 181

cumulus clouds, 184

Curie, Marie, 297–298

current, 214

DDalton, John, 292

data

displaying, 36–37

recording and

analyzing, 35

Democritus, 288

density, 235, 274.

See also properties

of matter

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Index (continued)

desert, 210, 533–534,

548–549

animals in, 252–526,

549

cactus, 217

climate, 217

plants in, 526, 548

design process, 70–79

cars, 79

criteria for, 76

engineers and, 70–71

prototypes, 74–75

roller skates, 74–77

steps of, 74–77

technology and, 72–74

testing, 76

trade–offs, 246

washing clothes and,

72–73

digestive system

animals, 478–479

esophagus, 472–473,

482–484

humans, 472–473,

482–483

large intestine,

472–473, 482–483

small intestine,

471–473, 482–484

stomach, 472–473,

482–484

disaster, 198–199

emergency kit, 199, 204

preparedness plans, 199

diversity, 254–255

Doppler radar, 196–197,

202

Do the Math!

analyze data, 211

calculate area, 251

display data in a graph,

399

dividing by 3–digit

numbers, 47

draw a bar graph, 37

estimate by sampling,

47

estimating fractions,

180

find an average, 121

find median and mean,

503

graph data, 255

interpret data in a bar

graph, 531

make a bar graph, 549

positive and negative

numbers, 329

solve a problem, 77,

93, 257, 351

solve word problems, 199

understand fractions, 571

use a number line, 259

use a scale, 441

use division, 235

use fractions, 12, 293,

474

use graphs, 277

use number lines, 311

Draw Conclusions, 8, 21,

22, 27, 3 5, 44, 62, 88,

106, 136, 174, 208, 268,

286, 323, 324, 342,

366, 447, 540, 286,

416, 419, 447, 516, 540

droppers, 49. See also

science tools

dry climate, 220

dwarf planets, 122

Eears

animals, 437

anvil, 434–435

cochlea, 434–435

hammer, 434–435

humans, 434–435, 442

stirrup, 434–435

Earth. See also planetsmeteor impacts on,

124–125

rotation of, 114

in solar system, 117

volcanoes, 29

earthquakes, 30–31

ecosystems, 249–255,

495–495, 507

competition and

limiting

factors, 251

diversity in, 254–255

habitat and niche,

252–253

human activities in, 500

populations and

communities,

250–251

savanna, 250–251

swamp, 249–249

Edison, Thomas, 11,

78–79

electrical appliance,

337, 344–346,

353–353,

electrical energy, 309,

313–314, 317–320, 333,

337, 344, 346–347,

350–354. See also

energy

electric charge, 313, 326,

329, 331–332, 334

draw conclusions, 342

interaction of,

341–342

record data, 341

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electric current, 332,

334–335, 337–338,

348–349, 352

sources of, 332–334

uses of, 333

electricity, 333, 352–353

conserving, 350–352,

354

and magnetism,

348–349

static, 239–330,

333–335, 338

uses of, 344–347

electricity generating

station, 332–335, 350,

354

electric motor, 346, 349,

352–353

electromagnet, 348–349,

352–353

electronics, 599–608

safety, 606–607

electron microscopes, 49

electrons, 289, 326–327,

329–330, 334–336

moving through wire,

332–333

electrostatic discharge,

334, 338

elements, 290–291

elliptical galaxies, 142

embryo, 480

energy, 306–307, 318–319

chemical, 314–316,

318–320

electrical, 309, 313–314,

317–320, 333, 337,

344, 346–347,

350–354

from food, 315

heat, 316, 319

in hot–air balloon, 311

kinds of, 305

kinetic, 308–311,

314–315, 318–320,

351

light, 312–313, 316–317,

319–320, 325–354

in machines, 314

mechanical, 314–316,

318–320, 344,

346–347, 350,

352, 354

potential, 308–309

record data, 323

roller coaster car,

308–309

solar, 351

sound, 310, 316,

318–320, 344, 347,

352–354

in stage production,

316–317

from sun, 307, 312

thermal, 311, 313–315,

318–320, 344,

352–354

transfer in trumpet, 310

engineering, 71. See also

design process

Engineering and

Technology.

See also STEM

(Science, Technology,

Engineering, and

Mathematics)

animal tracking,

575–576

artificial hearts,

467–468

benefits and risks,

94–95

carbon fiber, 245

code, 604–605

coding, 604–605

space tools, 147–148

sports safety gear,

409–410

environment, 248

biotechnology and,

97

biotic and abiotic parts

of, 248–249

change, 496–497,

504–504, 508

and climate, 216–217

conservation, 501,

506–507

effect of beaver, 498,

509

effect of fire ant,

499

effect of harvester ant,

499

effect of human, 500,

510

forest fire, 493,

497

habitat destruction,

500

in ice age, 496–497

nonliving, 494–495

pollution, 500,

506–507

resources, 508

equator, 212, 219

esophagus, 472–473,

482–484

Europa, 122

evaporation, 159,

238–239, 275

evidence, 6–7

excretory system

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Index (continued)

animals, 478–479

humans, 479–477,

482

plants, 479

exoskeleton, 453,

463–464

experiments, 27, 32–35

extinction

dinosaur, 505,

507–508

Diplodocus, 505

dodo, 505, 508

Tasmanian wolf,

505–508

Triceratops, 505

eyes

animals, 436

humans, 429–430,

432, 434–435

pupil, 434–435

FFahrenheit scale, 51

fevers, 259

field trips, 46–47

filtration, 275

fingerprint, 438–439

fireworks, 293

fish

catfish, 561

deep–sea fish, 569

gills, 460, 462, 464

heart, 460

moray eel, 250

salmon, 532–533

scales, 440

shark, 253, 569

floating planet, 560–561

Florida

alligator, 521

beach, 491

Miami Heat basketball,

427

Pensacola, 521

sea turtle, 491

Thomas Edison’s Lab,

Fort Myers, 361

fog, 185

football safety gear, 409

force, 53, 392–403

balanced/unbalanced

396–397

draw conclusions, 208

effect on motion,

207–208

friction, 395

gravity, 394

magnitude of, 398–399

mass and, 400–401

motion and, 392–393

record data, 207

space rockets, 402–403

forest, 534

temperate, 542, 543

tropical, 544–545, 550

forest fire, 493, 497

Fort Myers, Thomas

Edison’s Lab, 361

freezing, 238–239,

252–253. See also

evaporation, melting

freshwater, 573.

See also water

animals in, 560–563

plants in, 560–562

friction, 395. See also

force

front, 195, 201

cold, 194

warm, 194

frost, 175

fructose, 293

Ggalaxies, 141–143

gases, 236–241, 253

gas giants, 118

gasoline, 314–315

generator, 350–353

geysers, 28

gills, 460, 462, 464

giraffe, 209

graduated cylinders, 55

Grant, Peter, 557–558

Grant, Rosemary, 557–558

graphs

bar, 37

circle, 36

line, 36

grassland, 546, 554–555

animals in, 525,

546–547

plants in, 547

gravity, 308, 394

Gray, Asa, 485

Gray, Henry, 485

Gray, Stephen, 10

green algae, 563

groundwater, 162

gulf stream, 214

Hhabitat, 252–253, 524,

534–534

habitat destruction, 500

hail, 184–185

as solid precipitation,

182

hand lens, 47. See also

science tools

heart

animals, 460–461

humans, 451, 458–459

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heart beat, 458–459

heat energy, 316, 319.

See also energy

hibernation, 531, 534–536.

See also migration

high pressure, 192–193,

200

Higinbotham, William, 11

Hubble, Edwin, 141

humans

bones, 431, 450

circulatory system,

458–459, 463–464

digestive system,

472–473, 482–483

excretory system,

436–467, 482

heart, 451, 458–459

integumentary system,

431, 438–439,

442–443

life cycle, 480

lungs, 454–456, 463

muscles, 430, 450–451,

462–465

muscular system, 451

nervous system,

432–434, 442–443

reproductive system,

480, 482–483

respiratory system,

454–455, 462–463,

465

senses, 429–430, 432,

434–435, 442

skin, 431, 438–439

urinary system,

476–477, 482–484

humidity, 179, 185

hurricane, 198, 202.

See also weather

hydroelectric dam, 350

hydrologist, 223–224

hygrometer, 179. See also

science tools

hypotheses, 32–33, 35,

207, 267, 323

Iice, 252

ice age, 496–497

identify, 179

inferences, 8–9

Inquiry Skills

analyze and extend, 19,

41, 59, 85, 103, 133,

171, 205, 265, 283,

321, 339, 363, 413,

417, 445, 513, 537

claims, evidence, and

reasoning, 22, 44,

63, 88, 106, 136, 174,

208, 268, 286, 324,

342, 366, 416, 420,

448, 516, 540

classify, 180–181

communicate, 531, 545,

554

compare, 211, 493

contrast, 182

draw conclusions, 21,

22, 44, 62, 88, 106,

136, 174, 208, 268,

286, 323, 324, 342,

366, 416, 419, 447,

516, 540

hypothesize, 207, 267,

325

identify, 179

investigations, 540

measure, 182

predict, 196–197, 202,

215

record your data, 21,

35, 43, 61, 87, 105,

135, 173, 179, 207,

267, 285, 323, 341,

365, 415, 419, 447,

515, 539

set a purpose, 20, 21,

35, 42, 43, 60, 86,

87, 104, 134, 135,

172, 206, 266, 284,

285, 322, 340, 364,

414, 415, 418, 419,

446, 514, 515,

538

sequence, 343–344,

477

state your hypothesis,

86, 87, 266, 284,

285, 322, 414, 419,

446, 514, 515

think about the

procedure, 20, 21,

42, 43, 60, 86, 87,

104, 134, 135, 172,

206, 266, 284, 285,

322, 340, 364, 414,

415, 418, 419, 446,

514, 515, 538

insects

caterpillar, 523,

532–533

cicada, 453

fire ant, 409

fly, 6–7, 436–478

harvester ant, 499

house fly, 529

life cycle of, 481

maggot, 6–7

moth, 437

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Index (continued)

paper wasp, 529

wasp mimic fly, 529

instinct, 530, 535

instinctive behavior, 531

integumentary system,

438, 442–443

hair, 438

nail, 438

skin, 430, 438–439,

443

intertidal zone, 566,

573–574

inventor, 355, 362

invertebrates

clam, 566

jellyfish, 479, 569

marine tube worm, 569

octopus, 530

sea anemone, 566

sea star, 453

serpula, 567

snail, 436

tapeworm, 479

investigations, 4–5,

26–27, 540

involuntary movements,

122, 451

irregular galaxies, 142

JJuniper, Jane, 511

Jupiter, 118, 124

Kkidneys, 477, 482–484

kilogram (kg), 50, 52

kinetic energy, 308–311,

314–315, 318–320.

See also energy

Kuiper belt, 122

Llaboratory tools, 48–49

lake, 560, 562

land, resources, 506

land breeze, 193. See also

sea breeze

landform, 222

large intestine, 472–473,

482–483

Latimer, Lewis, 355–356

latitude, 212, 219

length, 50

lichen, 552

life cycle, 483, 532–533

adaptations, 534

animals, 481

frog, 481, 484, 532

humans, 480

insects, 481

plants, 481

wildflowers, 533

ligaments, 450, 462

light, sources of, 312

light bulbs, 78–79, 254,

348, 355–356

light–emitting diode

(LED), 355–356

light energy, 312–313,

316–317, 325–354.

See also energy

lightening, 331, 334–335

safety, 331

light microscopes, 49

limiting factors, 251

line graphs, 36

liquids, 236–241, 252

liter (L), 54

liver, 473, 483–484

living things. See also

animals; plants

change, 502–505

effect on environment,

498–499

kinds of, 524, 562

low pressure, 192–193,

200

lungs

animals, 460–461,

464

humans, 454–456, 463

Mmagnet, 348–349, 351,

353

magnetic force, 275

Main Ideas and Details,

191, 196, 325–326, 247,

328, 330, 332, 429,

449–450, 524, 528

mammals

bat, 437, 530

bear, 553

beaver, 498

bison, 547

buffalo, 547

camel, 548–549

cheetah, 546

cow, 479

coyote, 547

deer, 533, 543

dolphin, 519

gazelle, 546

giraffe, 209, 547

howler monkey, 545

hyena, 546

jackrabbit, 526

jaguar, 545

lynx, 550–551

meerkat, 546

monkey, 441, 545

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moose, 551

pangolin, 541

river otter, 563

seal, 453

sloth, 545

squirrel, 531, 536

Tasmanian wolf, 505,

508

wolverine, 551

zebra, 547

Mars, 117

Mars Rover, 402–403

mass, 52

conservation of,

256–257

forces and, 400–401

matter and, 232, 235

matter, 232–241

changes of state,

238–239

chemical changes in,

251, 257–258

gases, 236–241, 253

liquids, 236–241, 252

mass and, 232, 235

mixtures, 270–277

physical changes in,

250, 256

properties of, 232–235,

240–241

solids, 236–241

states of, 236–237

temperature and, 234,

238–239, 252–255,

270

volume and, 232, 234

measure, 182

of force, 53

of length, 50

of mass, 52

of temperature, 51

of time, 51

tools, 50–55

of volume, 54–55

rain, 182

mechanical energy,

314–315, 318–320, 344,

346–347, 350, 352,

354. See also energy

melting, 238–239, 254

Mendeleev, Dmitri, 290

meniscus, 55

Mercury, 116

mercury (element), 290

mesh screens, 275

meteorites, 123

meteoroids, 123


196, 199

use tools, 197

meteors, 123

meter (m), 50

metric system, 50

Miami Heat basketball,

Florida, 427

microscopes, 49

migration, 531, 534–535,

554

Milky Way, 140–141

mixtures, 270–277

alloys, 276–277

separating, 274–275

solutions, 272–273

models, 27, 30–31

molecules, 292–293

moon, (of earth)

impacts upon, 124

moons, 114–115, 122

motion

forces and, 329–393

motion capture

technology, 602

mountain breeze, 204

mouth, 431, 454, 484

muscles

animals, 453, 464

function of, 451, 465

humans, 430, 450–451,

462–465

types of, 451

muscular system, 451

NNakamura, Shuji,

355–356

neon, 290

Neptune, 119

nerves, 432–434, 442

nervous system, 432,

442–443

brain, 432, 434,

442–443

nerves, 432–434, 442

spinal cord, 432–433

neutrons, 290, 326–

327, 334–336

North Atlantic Ocean

water temperature in,

214

niches, 252, 253

nocturnal animal, 530,

535

nose

animals, 437

humans, 434–435,

442, 454

olfactory bulb, 435

numbers, 48

nutrients, 458–459, 472,

474–476, 479

nutrition information,

474–475

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Index (continued)

Oobservations, 4–5, 27–29

ocean, 273, 534

animals in, 525,

566–567, 569

plants in, 567

ocean zone

aphotic, 568

deep ocean floor,

568

photic zone, 568

Old Faithful, 28

opinions, 9

ordering, 13

organ, 430–431, 442,

450, 454, 482, 484

organisms, 430–431, 440,

442–443, 464, 480

organ system, 430, 443

ovaries, 480, 482–483

oxygen, 454–455,

458–462, 476

Ppaleontologists, 4–5

pan balance, 52

pancreas, 473, 483

parallel circuit, 373

People in Science

Alexander, Claudia,

131–132

Argand, Aimé, 356

Chawla, kalpana,

131–132

Curie, Marie, 297–298

Grant, Peter, 557–558

Grant, Rosemary,

557–558

Gray, Asa, 485

Gray, Henry, 485

Juniper, Jane, 511

Latimer, Lewis,

355–356

Nakamura, Shuji,

355–356

Triay, Inés, 297–298

Zavaleta, Erica,

557–558

physical changes, 250,

256

physical properties, 233

pipette, 49

planets, 114–133

dwarf, 122

inner, 116–117, 120–121

Jupiter, 118, 124

Mars, 117

Mercury, 116

Neptune, 119

outer, 118–121

Saturn, 118

Uranus, 119

Venus, 116

plants

adaptation in, 572, 574

bark, 431, 440

cactus, 441, 548

circulation, 461, 466

conifers, 550–551, 555

coverings, 440–442

deciduous tree, 543,

555

digestive system, 479

epiphyte, 544–545, 555

excretory system, 479

floating, 560–561

fuzzy, 552

leaves, 431, 440–441,

453

life cycle, 481

marsh, 479, 564–565

moss, 562

movement of, 452–453

orchid, 545

pitcher, 565

pollen from, 457

respiration, 461

roots, 431

seaweed, 567–572

senses, 437

spines, 441

stems, 431

stomata, 461–462

sunflower, 452

thorny tree, 437

tiny, 452

trigger hairs, 437, 442

venus flytrap leaves,

437

water, 560

wetland, 564

plasma, 458, 466

platelet, 458, 466

Pluto, 122. See also

dwarf

planets

polar bear, 216

polar climate, 212–213,

218–219, 221, 552. See also climate

pollinator, 528

pollution, 500, 506–507

air, 457

pond, 560, 562

populations, 250–251

potential energy,

308–309, 314–320.

See also energy

precipitation, 161, 182,

184, 215, 218

hail, 182–183

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kind of, 180

liquid, 182

sleet, 182–183

solid, 182

predict, 28, 196–197, 202,

215

Problem–Solution, 69, 559

procedures, 34

Programming language,

604

Projects in Science,

583–598

prosthetic designers,

101–102

protons, 289, 326–327,

334–336

prototypes, 74–75

pupil, 434–435

QQuaoar, 122

Rrain, 184

as liquid precipitation,

182

measure, 182

rain gauge, 182, 184.

See also science tools

rain shadow effect, 215

reactions, chemical, 251

Reading Skills

cause and effect, 88,

214, 330, 349, 499

clue words, 196, 498,

502

compare, 493

compare and contrast,

45, 112, 175, 213,

231, 305

contrast, 182

draw conclusions, 174,

208, 268, 324, 342,

447, 540

main idea, 247

main idea and details,

191, 196, 325–326,

328, 330, 332, 429,

449–450, 524, 528

problem–solution, 69,

559

sequence, 343–344,

477

signal words, 137, 191,

343, 493, 523

using headings, 178

visual aids, 209, 250,

287, 541

word meaning, 192

record data, 21, 35, 43,

61, 87, 105, 135, 173,

179, 207, 267, 285,

323, 341, 365, 415, 419,

447, 515, 539

red blood cells, 455–456,

458

Redi, Francesco, 6–7

relative humidity, 179

repel, 328–330,

334–336, 342

reproductive system, 480,

482–483

ovaries, 480, 482–483

testes, 480, 482–483

reptiles

alligator, 565

chameleon, 529

corn snake, 502–503

dinosaur, 504, 517–508

Diplodocus, 505

rattlesnake, 549

sea turtle, 569

Triceratops, 505

turtle, 561

respiration

animals, 460–461,

466

humans, 454–455,

462–463, 465

plants, 461

respiratory system,

454–455

river, 562

robotics, 608

robotics engineer, 608

Ssafety, sports, 409–410

safety engineers,

421–422

satellites, 196–197, 202

Saturn, 118. See also

planets

savannas, 250–251

scanning electron

microscope (SEM), 49

science, 5–13. See also

Inquiry Skills

classifying and

ordering, 13

data, 35

drawing conclusions, 8,

27, 35

evidence, 6–7

experiments, 27, 32–35

inferences and

opinions, 8–9

investigations, 4–5,

26–27

models, 27, 30–31

observations, 4–5,

27–29

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Index (continued)

predictions, 28

scientific methods,

26–27

tools, 46–55

science tools

anemometer, 178,

185–186, 196

barometer, 179,

185–186, 196

hygrometer, 179

rain gauge, 182, 184

thermometer, 178, 196,

311

weather balloon, 178

wind vane, 178

scientific illustrators, 486

scientists. See also

careers in science;

people in science

find climate, 210

sea breeze, 193, 201

seasons, maple tree in, 216

sea turtle, Florida, 491

senses, 443

animals, 436–437, 444

hearing, 434, 437

humans, 432, 434–435

plants, 437

seeing, 434, 436

smelling, 434, 437, 444

tasting, 434, 444

touching, 437

separating mixtures,

274–275

sequence, 343–344, 477

series circuit, 373

set a purpose, 20, 21, 42,

46, 60, 86, 87, 104, 134,

135, 172, 206, 266, 284,

285, 322, 340, 364,

414, 415, 418, 419, 446,

514, 515, 538

Shoemaker–Levy, 9

comet, 124

sieves, 275

signal words, 137, 191,

343, 493, 523

silver, 291

skeletal system, 450,

462–463

skin, 438

dermis, 439

epidermis, 439

humans, 431, 438–489

nerve endings, 439

sleet, 182–184

small intestine, 471–473,

482–483

snow, 183–184

as solid precipitation,

182

social behavior, 531

software, 603

solar energy, 351.

See also energy

solar system, 114–125

asteroids, 122

comets and meteoroids,

123–124

Earth impacts, 124–125

inner planets, 116–117,

120–121

outer planets, 118–121

solids, 237–241

solutions, 272–273

sound energy, 310, 316,

318–320, 344, 347,

352–354. See also

energy

source code, 604–605

space rockets, 402–403

space tools, 147–148

spinal cord, 432–433

spiral galaxies, 141–142

spring scale, 53

starburst, 143

stars, 138–139

state your hypothesis, 86,

87, 266, 284, 285, 322,

414, 415, 446, 514, 515

static electricity,

329–330, 333–335,

338

status clouds, 180, 184

steel, 276–277

STEM (Science,

Technology,

Engineering, and

Mathematics). See also Engineering and

Technology

Football Safety Gear,

409–412

How it Works: The

Electric Grid, 381–384

How It Works: Tracking

Wildlife, 575–578

Pumping Blood,

467–470

Stormy Weather,

187–190

Strong, Light, or Both,

245–248

Tools in Space, 147–150

stomach, 472–473,

482–484

stomata, 461–462

sun, 114, 307, 312. See also solar system

as star, 138–139

sunlight, 506

supergiants, 139

swamps, 248–249

climate in, 217

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Ttaconomists, 13

taiga, 550, 555

animals in, 550–551


taste buds, 434–435

technology, 90–97

bioengineering and,

96–97

code, 604–605

coding, 604–605

communication and,

92–93

design process and,

72–75

risks and benefits,

94–95

teeth, 431, 462

telescopes, 124–125

temperate climate, 212,

218–219, 221. See also

climate

temperate forest, 542

animals in, 543

plants in, 543

temperature, 234, 306,

311, 331, 507

draw conclusions,

268

fevers, 259

hypothesize, 267

matter and, 234,

238–239, 252–255,

258

measuring, 51

record data, 267

testes, 480, 482–483

testing, 76

thermal energy, 311,

131–315, 344, 352–354

thermometers, 51, 178,

196, 311. See also

science tools

think about the

procedure, 20, 21, 42,

43, 60, 86, 87, 104, 134,

135, 172, 206, 266, 284,

285, 322, 340, 364,

414, 415, 418, 419, 446,

514, 515, 538

Thomas Edison’s Lab,

Fort Myers, 361

thunderstorm, 176, 331

cold front, 194

formation, 195

tide, 566–572

time/space relationships,

12

tongue, 431, 435, 442

tools, 46–55, 72

field trips, 46–47

laboratory, 48–49

measurement, 50–55

in space, 147–148

tornado, 195, 202. See also

weather

technology changes and,

72–73

trachea, 465

Triay, Inés, 297–298

tropical climate, 212–213,

218–219, 221. See also

climate

vegetation, 217

tropical rain forest, 554,

550

animals in, 545

climate, 217


tube feet, 453, 464

tungsten, 254

21st Century Skills:

Technology and coding,

599–608

Uunbalanced forces,

396–397

universe, 140

Uranus, 119

uric acid, 478

urinary system, 476

bladder, 477, 482–484

kidneys, 477, 482–484

ureters, 477, 482

urethra, 477, 482, 484

urine, 476–477, 484

using charts, 471

using headings, 178

Vvalley breeze, 204

variables, 33

vegetation, 217

veins, 458–459

Venn diagram, 200, 212

Venus, 116. See also

planets

vertebrates, pygmy sea

horse, 559

video games, 11

visual aids, 209, 250,

287, 546

volcanos, 29, 497, 507

eruption, 496

volume, 54–55, 232

voluntary movements, 451

Wwarm air, 194—195

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Index (continued)

warm front, 194

washboard, 72—73

water

boiling, 238—239, 275

condensation and

evaporation,

238—239, 254—255,

275

habitats, 560—574

melting and freezing,

238—239 252—254

molecular composition

of, 292

precipitation, 182, 184

using, 506

water cycle, 173—174

weather, 176–177, 185,

219

blizzard, 198

change, 156, 194

data, 196

in desert, 210

Doppler radar, 196—197,

202

frost, 175

hurricane, 198

map, 196


196—197, 199

predict, 196—197, 202

report, 176, 196

satellite, 196—197

station, 196, 201—202

thunderstorm, 176

tornado, 198

vs. climate, 210—211, 218

wind, 192—193

weather balloon, 178. See also science tools

weather forecaster, 195

weather map, 196—197, 201

weight, 53, 393

wet climate, 220

wetland, 564, 572—574

animals in, 564—565

bog, 564—565

marsh, 564

plants in, 564—565

swamp, 564

white blood cells, 458, 466

Why It Matters, 36—37,

78—79, 96—97,

124—125, 198—199,

216—217, 259—260,

276—277, 316—317,

330—331, 350—351,

402—403, 456—457,

474—475, 504—505,

570—571

wildflower, life cycle of,

533

wildlife surveyors,

511—512

wind, 192, 201

weather, 192—193

windmills, 351

windpipe, 454

wind vane, 178. See also

science tools

YYellowstone National

Park, 28

ZZavaleta, Erika, 557—558

zoologist, 17—18, 61—62

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