ga 2004 06 -...

IndexIndex

620 Georgia and the American Experience

The purpose of the index is to help you locate informa-tion quickly. The index contains references not only totext, but also to illustrations and maps. A page numberwith m before it indicates a map; a page number with ap before it indicates a photograph or painting; a pagenumber with an f before it indicates a table or chart.

AAaron, Hank, 451, p451Abernathy, Reverend Ralph, 442, 443, 446abolitionist movement, 220, 222, 225, 233, 234, 235absolute location, 6, 7, 8Academy of Richmond County, 188, p188Adairsville, 265, f270-271Adams, John, 175, 178, 203, 515Adams, John Quincy, 211, 222affirmative action programs, 455Afghanistan, 483, m483African Americans, 293, 348

businesses, 367churches, 139, 187, 242and civil rights, 351-360after the Civil War, 298-299, 300, 302-303and discrimination, 302-303, 305, 349disfranchisement of, 301, 336, 349and education, 300, 321, 352-353and Great Migration, 359, 383-384and integration, 437, 438-439leaders, 353-357, 367during New Deal, 396-397organizations, 357, 359, 445in politics, 476-477and segregation, 351, 352, 413, 436and suffrage, 304, 306, 336, 357, 358, 383, 430, 444-445in World War II, 406, 407See also blacks, segregation, slavery, slaves.

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) church, 187Africans, 112, 116agencies, independent, 516Agricultural Adjustment Act, 396Agricultural Extension Service, 349agriculture, 18, 23, 77, 80, 136, 179-181, 349, 388

advances in, 180-181in antebellum period, 220, 221, 226after the Civil War, 307-308commissioner of, 534, f534

crops grown, 16, 229, 555during depression, 389and droughts, 24, 383early crops in colony, 142, 148employment in, 336farmers organizations, 326, 328during New South era, 326-328problems in, 383and sharecropping system, 307-308state department of, 326in World War II, 412

air currents, 26, m26airports, 452, 571Alamo, p210Alapaha River, 59Albany, 24, 36, 107, 442, f570Albany Movement, 442-443alcohol, 336, 339-340Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, 481, p481Allatoona, f270-271, 272Allatoona Lake, 64Allen, Ivan, 447, 448-449, p448Allen, Richard, 187, p187, 232alligator, p41, 49, p49ally, 313al-Qaeda, 481, 483Altamaha River, 59, 61, 63, p63, 112, 114, 116, 145amendments,

to state constitution, 400, 401, 581to U.S. Constitution, 301, f301, 302, 303, f303, 304, 306,

f306, 340, 342, 508, 510, 515, 536See also constitution, state; Constitution, U.S.

American Federation of Labor, 338American Revolution, see Revolutionary War.Americus, 321, 434Amicalola Falls, 15, 34, 39, p39amphibians, 49-50Anaconda Plan, 263Anderson, Dr. William, 442Anderson, Major Robert, 258Andersonville, 275-276Andrews, James, 264, 265Anglican church, 139Ann, 117-119annex, 211antebellum, 207Anthony, Susan B., 288

Index 621

anthropologists, 69, 74, 80, 82Antifederalists, 507antiquities, 82Anti-Saloon League, 339antislavery movement, see abolitionist movement.Apalachee River, 61Apalachicola Indians, 84Appalachian Highlands, 14Appalachian Mountains, 15, 39, 145Appalachian Plateau region, 9, 10-11, 12, 64Appalachian Trail, 14, p14, 39appeasement, 403Appling County, 587Appomattox Court House, 274apprentice, 138aquifers, m64archaeological sites, 82-83, m82, f83archaeologists, 74, 75, 76, 78, 80, 82-83Archaic culture, 76-78armistice, 372Armor, Mary Harris, 339Arnall, Ellis Gibbs, 401, p401, 430, 431, 435, 593Arp, Bill, 325arsenal, 234Articles of Confederation, 157, 169, 174, 499, 502, 504, 505artifacts, 74, 76, 80artisans, 120, 218, 219arts, in New South Era, 324-325Athens, 16, 46, 181, 182, 185, 186, 275, 479, 562, f570, 573Atkinson, William Yates, 587, 593Atkinson County, 587Atlanta, 16, p16, 44, 62, 63, 65, 521, 562, 567, f570, 571, 572

in 1970s, 454in 1980s, 471, 473airport, 452as capital, 313, 496, 543Centennial Olympic Games, p464, p465, 479-480, p479,

p480Centennial Olympic Park, p464, 471, 480and civil rights movement, 434, 439, 447-450after Civil War, 304, 308during Civil War, 268, f270-271, 272-273fire, 372, p372Grant Park, 576during Great Depression, 395, 400metropolitan, 473-474, 488, 491, 575Metropolitan Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), 452, 571origin, 182during Progressive era, 337race riot, 357, 358-359revitalization efforts, 577schools, 448in World War II, 411, 412

Atlanta Baptist College, 356

Atlanta Braves, 451Atlanta Compromise speech, 353-354, 355, 356Atlanta Constitution, 317, 318, 324, 325, 348Atlanta Cotton States Exposition, 353Atlanta Falcons, 471Atlanta Journal, 337, 348Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company, 367Atlanta University, 300, 321, 355, 356, 357Atlantic Ocean, 8, 20, 25, 28, 48, 56-57, 59Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, p56, 57atlatl, 76attorney general, state, 534, f534Auburn University, 45Augusta, 21, 44, f83, 145, 157, 161, 175, 181, 185, 287, 322,

348, 352, 390, 395, 411, 454, 543, 570, f570, 573, 577Augusta Baptist Institute, 299Augusta Canal, 65Auraria, 198Australian ballot, 346aviation, 385-386, 390, 429Aycock, Richard, 162

Bbaby boom, 424Bacon County, 587Bainbridge, 60, 61Baker County, 587Baldwin, Abraham, 174, p174, 587Baldwin County, 543, 587bankruptcy, 475, 521banks and banking, 160, 181, 328, 388, 389, 391, 393Banks County, 587Baptist church, 139, 242Barnes, Roy E., 486-489, 593barrier islands, 20, m20, 49, 57, 58Barrow County, 587barter economy, 60, 286, 389Barton, Clara, 287, p287Bartow County, 12, 82, 83, 587Bartram, William, 97, p97Battle of

Bloody Marsh, 125, p125Chickamauga, 266-267, 269, 272Horseshoe Bend, 196Kettle Creek, 157-158, 162New Orleans, 190Yorktown, 161

bauxite, 323Beauregard, Pierre G. T., p257, 258Benavides, Santos, 284Ben Hill County, 587Bering land bridge, 71, m71Bering Strait, 71Berrien County, 587


Berry College, 344-345, 594Berry, Martha McChesney, 344, p344, 345Bethel African Church, 187Bethesda House, 128Bethune, Mary McLeod, 397, p397Bibb County, f83, f350, f567, 587bill, 512, 513, 537-538, 540, f540, f541Bill of Rights, 175, 507, f507birds, 48-49, 554, p554, 557Black Cabinet, 397Black Codes, 302-303blacks, 116

and Black Codes, 302-303and civil rights movement, 436-451in Civil War, 281-282discrimination against, 219disfranchisement of, 301, 336, 349and education, 239, 300, 321, 352-353, 357free, 219freedmen, 298-300, 302-306and Great Migration, 383-384in politics, 304, 305, 476-477in Revolutionary War, 162-163and segregation, 351-352, 413, 436, 437, 440, 441, 442, 444and sharecropping, 307-308, 326and suffrage, 303-304, 306, 336, 357-358, 383, 430, 444-445See also African Americans, slaves, slavery.

Blakely, 82, f83Bleckley County, 587blockade, 260, 263, 274blockade runners, 262, 264Bloody Marsh, Battle of, 125, p125Blue Ridge Lake, 394Blue Ridge Mountains, p2-3, 12, p14-15, 15Blue Ridge region, 9, 14-15, 64Blue Star Memorial Highway, 485blues, the, 381board of education,

county, 567, 573-574state, 472

board of commissioners, 564, 566, 567Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia, 398, 471-

472boll weevil, 383Bolzius, John Martin, 121Bond, Julian, 442, 444, 446, p450bond issues, 574Booth, John Wilkes, 301bordering states, 8Borders, Reverend William Holmes, 447, 448Borgium, Gutzon, 38Boston Massacre, 151, p151Boston Tea Party, 151, p151Bottoms, David, 126, 558

Boudinot, Elias, 193, 200boundaries, state, 145-146, 177, 178Bourbon Triumvirate, 293, 312-314, 315, 317, 337Bowen, Oliver, 153boycott, 149, 440-441, 442Boynton, James Stoddard, 593Braddock, General William, 144Bradley, Aaron A., 305Bragg, Braxton, 269, 272Brantley County, 587Brasstown Bald, 14, p15Bray, Dr. Thomas, 115Breckinridge, John C., 245Brooks County, 587Brown, John, 233-234, p233Brown, Joseph E., 242, 244, 247, 248, p248, 312-313, p312,

315, 592Brown, Joseph M., 348-349, 593Brown, Morris, 232Brownson, Nathan, 591Brown v. Board of Education, 436-437Brunswick, 19, 20, 23, 56, 60, 181, 309, 411, 413Bryan County, 587Buchanan, James, 244, 245Buck Head Creek, f270-271budget, federal, 519budget, state, 539Buford, 63Bull, William, 120Bullard, Eugene Jacques, 370, p370, 406Bulloch, Archibald, 154, 591Bulloch County, 587Bullock, Rufus, 305, 306, 313, 592Burke County, 156, 587Busbee, George, 470-471, 472, 593business, 336, 361-365, 367, 388Butler Plantation, p226Butts County, 196, 587

CCabinet, 516, 518Cairo, 437Calhoun, 194, 265Calhoun, John C., 36, 223, 587Calhoun County, , 587Calhoun Gold Mine, 199California, 214, 223Callaway, Howard Bo, 435Callaway Gardens, 37, 43Callaway Plantation House, p207Camden County, 156, 556, 564-567, 587Campbell, Bill, 450Campbell, Tunis G., Jr., 305Camp Benning, 371, 372

Index 623

Camp Gordon, 371, 372, p372, 411Camp Wheeler, 414Candler, Allen Daniel, 593Candler, Asa G., 365, p365Candler County, 587capital, 363capital, state, 543

Atlanta, 313, 496, 543Augusta, 175, 543Louisville, 177, 543Macon, 543Milledgeville, 243-244, 543Savannah, 543

Capitol, State, p527carbon 14 test, 74cardinal directions, 5Carmichael, James, 430carpetbaggers, 304, 305carpet manufacturing, 12Carroll County, 587Carter, James Earl Jimmy, 453-454, p453, 468, 518, 535,

p535, 593Carter Lake, 64Cartersville, 82, 314cash crops, 183Castell, Robert, 114, 120Catholic Church, 186, 242Catoosa County, 587Cavada, Federico, 285Cave Springs, 186census, 541Centennial Olympic Games, p464, p465, 479-480, p479, p480Centennial Olympic Park, p464, 471, 480Centers for Disease Control, 429Chacon, Rafael, 284chain gangs, 337Chambliss, Saxby, 510Charlton County, 587charter,

of colony, 116, 128of corporations, 363

Chatham County, 156, f350, f567, 587Chatsworth, f83, 192, p350Chattahoochee County, 562, 587Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forests, 46Chattahoochee River, 59, 62-63, 178Chattooga County, 587Chaves, Manuel, 284checks and balances, in government, 509, 522-523, f522, 546,

f546Cherokee County, 488, 542, f567, 587Cherokee Phoenix, 193-194Cherokee Indians, 86-96, 145, 192-194, 197

belief systems, 92-95

capital, 194clans, 86, f87, 88clothing, 92families, 88-89food, 91-92and gold, 198-199government, 86, 194homes, 89, 91law of retaliation, 96removal, 198-203syllabary, 193Trail of Tears, 201-202, m202, 556use of plants, 95-96village, 86

Chesnut, Mary Boykin, 287Chiaha Indians, 84Chickamauga, Battle of, 266-267, 269, 272Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, 10,

p11, p269Chickamauga River, 99child labor, 338, 349Chippewa Square, 126Choctaw Indians, 61, 197Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 187circuit courts of appeal, 521, m521circuit riders, 186cities,

courts, 546functions of, 572funding for, 568-569government, 561, 570, 572-573population of, f570problems in, 454, 575-577

citizen, naturalized, 582citizenship, 303, 582-583city commission form of government, f572, 573Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), f393, 394-395civil rights, 302, 304, 305, 351-360Civil Rights Act,

of 1866, 303of 1964, 439, 444, 455

civil rights movement, 436-451and Atlanta, 434, 439, 447-450Albany movement, 442-443Civil Rights Act, 444Montgomery bus boycott, 440-441museum, 446, p446organizations, 445school integration, 436-440and violence, 445-446voter registration drives, 444, 447Voting Rights Act, 444-445

Civil War, 257-289advantages of each side, 260


aftermath, 293, 298Atlanta Campaign, 268battles of, f266-267, 267, 268, 269, f270-271beginning of, 258blacks in, 281-282causes of, 215-227and conscription, 259end of, 274Great Locomotive Chase, 264-265homefront, 286-289Latinos in, 282-285life for soldiers, 277-285prisons, 275-276Reconstruction after, 300-309, 314resources of each side, 260, f261Savannah Campaign, 268start of, 258srategy in, 260, 262-263women in, 287-288young people during, 288-289

Civil Works Administration (CWA), f393clans, Indian, 86Clark, John, 592Clark College, 300, 357Clarke, Elijah, 157, 161, 587Clarke County, 157, 573, 587class structure, 215, f216, 217-219, f218clay, 16Clay, Henry, 36, 201, 223, 587Clay County, 562, 587Clayton, Augustin, 199, 587Clayton County, 412, 488, f567, 587Cleveland, 366climate, 22-30, 34Clinch County, 588Cloudland Canyon, 10, p10-11CNN, 426, 452Coastal Plain region, 9, 18-21, 44, 47, 49, 55, 57, 65, 556coastal waterways, 57-58coastline, 56, 57, 58Cobb, Howell, 242, 243, 244, p244, 592Cobb, Thomas, 248, 588Cobb, Ty, 387Cobb County, 488, f567, 588Coca-Cola Bottling Company, 364-365, 367, 480Coffee County, 588Cold War, 426-427, 468, 469, 470collective bargaining, 394. See also labor unions.College Park, 63colleges and universities, 139, 400-401, 424, 594.596. See also

specific colleges.colonies, 108

charter, 116crops grown by, 117

British, 110-112, 114-128of Georgia, 115-127Middle, 126New England, 136reasons for establishing, 110-111royal, 142-148Southern, 136, 139, 141Spanish, 108-109, 143

Colquitt, Alfred H., 312, 592Colquitt, Walter, 588Colquitt County, 588Columbia County, 588Columbus, 21, 60, 61, 62, 63, 181, 197, 198, 322, 338, 411, 454,

479, f570, 573Columbus, Christopher, 104, 105, 106commission form, of city government, f572, 573committees, legislative, 512, 537-538committees of safety, 152Commons House of Assembly, 142communication, 137, 452compass rose, 5Compromise of 1850, 223, m224, f224, 225, 243, 244Compromise, Great, 505Compromise, Missouri, 222, m222, 225Compromise, Three-Fifths, 174, 506computers, 468Confederate Memorial Carving, 37, p37Confederate States of America, m248

capital, 252, 258, 263establishment of, 248, 258war debt of, 298, 301See also Civil War.

Confederation Congress, 502, 503conference committees, 512-513, 538, 540Congregational church, 139Congress, U.S., 502, 510-513

under Articles of Confederation, 502, 503and Great Compromise, 505House of Representatives, 510-511, f510, 512members of, 510-511operation of, 512-513powers of, 511-512Senate, 510, 512, 516

Conley, Benjamin, 307, 592conscription, 259conservation, 24conservative, 476, 504constitution, state, 536

of 1777, 156, 530of 1789, 175of 1865, 302of 1868, 304-305, 319of 1877, 313, 321of 1945, 401, 434

Index 625

of 1983, 472, 530amendments to, 400-401, 581

Constitution, U.S., 174-175, 515, 520, 521amendments to, 175, 302, 303, f303, 304 306, f306, 340,

342, 507, 508, 510, 515, 536Bill of Rights, 508elastic clause of, 511ratification of, 175, 507-508writing of, 504-506

Constitutional Convention, of 1787, 174-175, 503-503compromises at, 505-506delegates, 503-504Great Compromise, 505New Jersey Plan, 505, f505Virginia Plan, f504, 505

constitutional convention, state,of 1865, 302of 1867, 304-305

constitutionalism, 509Constitutional Union party, 244, 245continental shelf, 20Continental Congress, 152, 153, 155, 156, 160Continental Divide, 213convict lease system, 315-316, 337Cook County, 588co-ops, 328Coosa River, 59, 61Coosawatee River, 61corporations, 363cotton, 263

and boll weevil, 383gin, 180-181, p180growing, 16, 180, 221, 237and sharecropping, 308and slavery, 221

Cotton States and International Exposition, 318, 353, 361council-manager form, of city government, 572-573, f573Council of Safety, 149, 154counties, 156, m157, 564, m565, 587-590

county seats, m565, 567, 587-590county unit system, 349-350elected officials in, 564, 567funding for, 568-569government, 561, 564-567list of, 587-590population of, f350, f567, 587-590problems of rural, 473-474services provided by, f566

county seat, 567county unit system, 349-350, 433courts,

colonial, 128, 142federal, 520, 521, m521, 522state, 337, 545, f545, 546

Coweta County, 78, 488, 588crackers, 148Crawford, George Walter, 592Crawford County, 588credit, 307, 328Creek Indians, 37, 84-85, 145, 195-197

confederacy, 84, 196Creek War, 195-196and removal, 197-198and settlers, 195-196

Crisp County, 588Crockett, Davy, p200, 201crops, cash, 183Crowell, Bessie Kempton, 380culture, 61, 74, 197, f216, 293, 348Cumberland Island, 20, 47, 108, 369Cumberland Plateau, 10Cummings v. Richmond County Board of Education, 352-353Currahee Mountains, 195currents, 25-27Cyclorama, 265, 571, 576

DDabney, Austin, 162Dade County, 588Dahlonega, 99, 198Dallas, f270-271Dalton, 12, f270-271, 272, 395Darien, 20, 63, 112, 124Davis, Benjamin O., Jr., 406, 407, p407Davis, Jefferson, 37, 248, 252, 273, 274, 282, 300, 301Daviss Cross Roads, f270-271Dawson County, 588Dawsonville, 39Decatur, 573Decatur County, 54, 588Declaration of Independence, 155, 156, 503deficit spending, 160, 519DeKalb County, 53, f350, 488, 567, f567, 588Delta Airlines, 412Democratic party, 242, 245

after Civil War, 314in Congress, 510in Georgia, 307, 348, 349-350return to power, 312-314and slavery issue, 245

depression, 181, 293, 383, 460. See also Great Depression.desegregation, 437, 447De Soto, Hernando, 107-108, m108dictators, 402directions, cardinal, 5discrimination, 302-303, 444. See also African Americans,

segregation.disfranchisement, 301, 336, 349


district courts, 521, m521Dix, Dorothea, 287Dobbins Air Force Base, 417Dodge County, 588Dooly County, 588Dorsey, Hugh, p398, 593Dougherty County, 588Dougherty Plain, 18Douglas, Stephen A., 225, 245, 588Douglas County, 488, 588Douglass, Frederick, 222, p222, 235, 281, 342downsizing, 475draft, 259Dred Scott decision, 223drivers, 230drought, 23-25, 383DuBois, W. E. B., 355, p355, 359Duluth, 342

EEarly, Peter, 588, 592Early County, 82, f83, 99Eatonton, f83Ebenezer, 122Echols County, 588economics, 90economy, 23, 175, 428

of 1990s, 475agriculture, 237in antebellum period, 183, 190-191, f216, 226-227barter, 90colonial, 124, 136, 147development of industries, 322-323, 470and droughts, 24, 383economic cycles, 460federal money, 519financing the American Revolution, 160free enterprise system, 363funding state government, 539global, 60, 470and Great Depression, 387, 388-390, 391inflation, 261market, 90, 183mercantilism, 220money policy, 328new business forms, 363and Olympic games, 480in New South era, 318of North and South, 261Reaganomics, 468, 469during Reconstruction, 307-309seaports, 60and slavery, 221supply-side economics, 469

and taxes, 568-569during World War II, 413

education, 128in antebellum period, 187-188, f216, 239for blacks, 239, 300, 352-353, 357during colonial period, 137-139, 148curriculum, 471during depression, 389funding for, 319, 321, 471, 478Georgia Performance Standards, 533HOPE scholarship program, 478and integration, 437-440junior colleges, 434during New South era, 319-321Quality Basic Education (QBE), 471, 533reform, 293, 432, 434, 471, 489and segregation, 352-353for slaves, 232, 233teacher training, 320-321and testing, 533vocational, 349, 434

Effingham County, 156, 588Eighteenth Amendment, to U.S. Constitution, 340elastic clause, 511Elbert, Samuel, 588, 592Elbert County, 53, 588Elberton, 159elections, 246, 247, 580

and county unit system, 350general, 580presidential, 514-515primary, 430, 447

electoral college, 506, 514-515electorate, 509electric power, 382, 395, 400elevation, 10, 12, 21, 23Ellijay, 12, 366Ellis, Henry, 146-147, 591El Nio, 30email, 468Emancipation Proclamation, 235, 267-268Emanuel, David, 588, 592Emanuel County, 588embargo, 189, 460emigrate, 202Emory University, 365, 367energy crisis, 460-461England see Great Britain.environment, 5, 30, 58, 366, 488, 491Episcopal church, 242Epps, Ben T., 385Equal Rights Amendment, 456Equal Suffrage party, 342equator, 6, m6, 7, 23

Index 627

erosion, 14, 38estuaries, 58Etowah Mounds, p81, 82-83Etowah River, 39, 59, p61Evans County, 588exchanges, New World-Old World, 113executive branch of government, state, 527

appointed officials, 534checks and balances, f546elected officials, 533-534, f534governor, 530, 532, f532m 533, f533lieutenant governor, 532, 533

executive branch of government, U.S., 174, 506, 514-518bureaucracy, 516, 518Cabinet, 516government corporations, 518independent agencies, 516line of succession, 515, f516parts of, 515-516, 518powers of president, f515regulatory commissions, 518

Executive Office of the President, 516expenditures, state, 539exploration and settlement, 104-107

exchanges, 113of Georgia, 107-108of New World, 69, 107

explorers, 104, 105, 106, m106expressed powers, 511, f512Ezra Church, f270-271

FFair Labor Standards Act, f393Fall Line, 21, m21Fannin County, 366, 588farmers, 183

after the Civil War, 307-308during Great Depression, 389, 390, 395organizations, 326, 328, 346sharecroppers, 307-308slave-owning, 217-218subsistence, 218yeoman, 218

Farmers Alliance, 326, 328, 346farming, 14, 179-181, 183. See also agriculture, sharecropping.Farragut, David G., 283, 284, p284, 288fauna, 43, 47-51Fayette County, 78, 488, 588Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), f393, 518Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), f393federal government, see government, federal.Federal Housing Administration (FHA), f393federalism, 509, 582Federalist Papers, 507

Federalists, 507federal regulatory agencies, 518felony, 547Felton, Rebecca Latimer, 314, 315, p315, 316, 337, 339, 343,

381Felton, William H., 314, 316ferries, 182Few, William, 174Fifteenth Amendment, to U.S. Constitution, 306, f306, 342figurehead, 572First African Baptist Church, 196fiscal year, 539fish, 50-51, 555, p555flag, state, 486-487, p486, 555, p555flappers, 380Flint River, 36, 59, 63, p63, 76, 182flora, 43-44, 46, 556Florida, 107, 108, 112, 115, 124, 125, 191Floyd County, 23, f350, 588Ford, Reverend Austin, 443Foreman, Clark, 397forests, 10, 12, 14Forsyth, John, 588, 592Forsyth County, 488, 588Fort Benning, 372, 411, 414, 427Fort Duquesne, 144Fort Frederica, p100-101, p123Fort Gillem, 411Fort Gordon, 372, 411, 414Fort King George, p68, p84, 112, 113, p120Fort McAllister, f270-271Fort McPherson, 371, 372, 411Fort Mims, 195-196Fort Mountain State Park, p82, 83Fort Oglethorpe, 412, 414Fort Pulaski, 82, 257, p268, 269, p269, 270-271Fort Stewart, 411, 414Fort Sumter, p256-257, 258fossils, 74, 556, p556Fourteenth Amendment, to U.S. Constitution, 303, f303, 304,

306, 353, 433, 442France, 112, 115, 143-146, m143, 189, 263Frank, Leo, 359-360, p359Franklin, Benjamin, 176, 504, 588Franklin, Shirley, 450Franklin College, 188Franklin County, 588Franklin D. Roosevelt State Park, 395Frederica, 124Free African Society, 187free blacks, 219freedmen, 298-299, 300, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306Freedmens Bureau, 235, 293, 299-300, 303, 305free soilers, 225


free state, 222French and Indian War, 143-146, 149freshwater sloughs, 58frontier, 184-185, 186fugitive slave laws, 224, 232, 233, 235Fuller, William, 264Fulton County, 340, f350, 488, 547, 562, 567, f567, 588

GGadsden Purchase, 213, m213Gainesville, 30, 62Galvez, Bernardo de, 165Gannon Theological Seminary, 357garrison, 112Garrison, William Lloyd, 222, 235, 359General, The, 264-265, p265General Assembly, 175, 177, 302, 536, 542, 547

committees of, 537-538making laws, 540, f540, f541members of, 536-537sessions, 537, 538See also legislative branch; government, state.

general election, 580general local option sales tax, 569, 574geographic regions, of the state, 9-21, m9geography, 5, 8, 104-108, 213George, Walter F., 381, 411George II, King, 115, 123George III, King, 145, 146, 153, 155Georgia, 69

in the 1970s, 452-454in the 1980s, 470-474in the 1990s, 476-480antebellum, 237-245, 247business in, 60, 361-365, 367and civil rights movement, 436, 437-440during Civil War, m262, 263, 264-265, f266-267, 268-274during Cold War, 417colonial period, 114-127, 128, 136-141, 142-148, 150, 151-

152, 153-155Congressional representatives, f510, 512exploration of, 107-108frontier, 184-185, 186and Olympics, p464, p465, 479-480, p479, p480politics, 430-435, 476-479population, f357, 472, f472, 473, f473, 492, 575POW camps, 414and Reconstruction, 295, 298, 302-309Redemption period, 312-316rural, 348settlement of, 119, 120-124slavery in, 506statehood, 156-157two-Georgias debate, 472-474, 491

during World War I, 371-372after World War II, 428-435during World War II, 411-414See also economy; government, state.

Georgia, University of, 45, 187-188, 432, 433, 438-439, 596Georgia Academy for the Blind, 186, 239Georgia Act, 306Georgia Agrirama, p294-295, p319, p327Georgia charter, 116, 128Georgia Dome, 471Georgia Equal Rights Association, 299Georgia Female College, see Wesleyan College.Georgia Gazette, 148, 150Georgia Housing Authority, 400Georgia Institute of Technology, 318, 432, 433, 479, 595Georgia Military Institute, 239Georgia Performance Standards, 533Georgia Regional Transportation Authority (GRTA), 488Georgia Southern University, 400, 595Georgia State University, 449, 479, 595Georgia World Congress Center, 471Germany, 371, 402-403, 404, 407-408gerrymander, 358, 541G. I. Bill, 414, 424Gilmer, George, 162, 199-200, 588, 592Gilmer County, 52, 588Gingrich, Newt, 477, p477Girl Scouts of America, 341Glascock County, 588global warming, 30, 488Glynco Naval Air Station, 411Glynn, marshes of, p18-19Glynn County, 19, 156, 588gold, 198-199, 213Gone with the Wind, 378, 379goods, 90Gordon, John B., 312, 313, 314, p314, 315, 593Gordon County, 588government, colonial, 142, 145, 148, 150, 152government corporations, 518government, federal, 174-175, 469, 496, 498-523

Articles of Confederation, 157, 169, 174, 499, 502, 504-505branches of, 174, 496, 509checks and balances, 509, 522-523, f522Department of Homeland Security, 483-484, 518executive branch, 174, 506, 514-518financing, 519House of Representatives, 504, 505, 506, 510-511, f510,

m511, 514judicial branch, 174, 520-522legislative branch, 174, 510-513principles of, 508-509proportional representation, 505republican form of, 504

Index 629

scandal, 458-459Senate, 504, 505, 510, 512

government, local, 561-574government, state, 496, f531

branches of, state, 175, 496, 527constitution, 530early, 156-157, 161executive branch of, 156, 175, 527, 530financing state, 539judicial branch of, 156, 175, 527, 544-546legislative branch of, 156-157, 175, 527, 536-543reforming, 398, 434separation of powers of, 156

governor, royal, 142, 146-148, 150-151, 153governor, state, 154, 157, 530, 532

list of, 591-593powers of, 156, 532-533, f532, f533three governors episode, 430-432See also specific governors.

Governors Council, 142, 146Governors Mansion, p527Grady, Henry W., 317, 318, 319, 588Grady County, 54, 588Graham, Patrick, 127, 591grandfather clause, 357grand jury, 546Grange, 326, 346granite, 53Grant, Ulysses S., 235, 263, 272, 274, 275Grant Park, 576Grays Reef National Marine Sanctuary, 51Great Britain, 115, 263

and American Revolution, 149-152, 153, 157-158, 161-162colonies of, 110-112, 114-128, 143, m143and French and Indian War, 143-146and War of 1812, 189and World War II, 403, 404

Great Compromise, 505Great Depression, 362, 387-390, 391, 391-397, 414Great Locomotive Chase, 264-265Great Migration, 383-384Great Seal of the United States, 506Greene, Prince W., 338Greene County, 588Griffin, Marvin, 432-433, 434Griswoldville, f270-271Guale, 108, 112Gulf of Mexico, 25, 59, 62Gwinnett, Button, 155, 157, p157, 588, 591Gwinnett County, 488, f567, 588

HHabersham, Joseph, 153, 588Habersham County, 198, 588

Hall County, 30, 52, 588Hall, Lyman, 153, 154, 155, 187, 588, 592Hamilton, Alexander, 160Hancock County, 588Handley, George, 592Haralson County, 588Hardman, Lamartine, 398, 593Hardwick, Thomas, p398, 593Harpers Ferry, 234Harris, Joe Frank, 471, p471, 472, 532-533, 593Harris, Joel Chandler, 324, p324Harris, Nathaniel E., 340, 593Harris County, 565, 588Hart, Nancy, 159, 588Hart County, 159, 588Hartsfield, William, 447, 448Hartsfield International Airport, 571Hartwell, 159Hartwell Lake, 62, 64Hastie, William Henry, 397, p397Hazlehurst, 63headright system, 177Heard, Stephen, 589, 591Heard County, 589Helen, 15, p15, 63hemisphere, 6Henry County, 488, 589Herndon, Alonzo, 367, p367Herty, Charles Holmes, 45, p45Hiawassie, 366Highland Scots, 124, 125highways, 60, 488-489Hill, Benjamin, 319, 587Hill, Joshua, 306Hitler, Adolf, 403-403, p402Holmes, Hamilton, p438, 439Holocaust, 411, 414Hood, John Bell, f270-271, 273Hook, James S., 319Hoover, Herbert, 388, 390, 391Hope, John, 356-357, p356Hope, Lugenia, 357HOPE scholarship program, 478Horseshoe Bend, Battle of, 196horticulture, 77Horton House, p127house of representatives, state, 175, 536, 537

committees, 537-537districts, m537making laws, 540, f540, f541member requirements, 537

House of Representatives, U.S., 174, 505, 506, 510, 512, 513,514Georgias House districts, f510, 511, m511


majority leader, 511Speaker of the House, 477, 511, 515

Houston County, 589Houstoun, John, 154589, 591-592Howard, Oliver O., 300, 341Howell, Clarke, 348, p348Howley, Richard, 591Hunter, Charlayne, 438-439, p438Hunter Air Field, 411hurricanes, 25, 27-28, m28, f28hydroelectric power, 24, 64

Iimmigrants, 282impeach, 306, 515implied powers, 511income

per capita, 473tax, 260, 469, 539

indentured servants, 112, 116independence, 148, 155independent agencies, of federal government, 516Indian Removal Act, 196, 197Indians, see Native Americans, specific tribes.Indian Springs, Treaty of, 196Indian Territory, m201, 202indigo, 148, p148, 158industry, 226

in antebellum period, 237development of, 183, 322-323, 413furniture, 323growth of, 190-191, 336and labor unions, 338lumber, 323mining, 323in postwar period, 429during Reconstruction, 308-309textiles, 183, 237, 308

inflation, 261, 286, 460, 469infrastructure, 221, 480, 504, 576injunction, 352, 520inland ports, 60, 471Inner Coastal Plain, 18insurance, commissioner of, 534, f534integration, 400, 437-440, 447interest groups, 578-579interim committees, 538interstate highways, 60Intolerable Acts, 151-152Iraq, 475ironclads, 262, 263Irwin, Jared, 589, 592Irwin County, 589Irwinville, 274

isolationism, 402, 414

JJ. Strom Thurmond Lake, 62, 64Jackson, Andrew, 190, 191, 196, 197, p197, 200, 211, 227Jackson, James, 589, 592Jackson, Maynard, 571, p571Jackson, Thomas Stonewall, 38Jackson County, 589Jamestown, 111-112Jasper, William, 158, 589Jasper County, 589jazz, 381Jeff Davis County, 589Jefferson, 186Jefferson, Thomas, 155, 178, p178, 189, 515, 589Jefferson County, 54, 589Jekyll Island, 20, 282, 368, 432Jekyll Island Club, 368Jenkins, Charles, 302, 589, 592Jenkins County, 589Jewish settlers, 121, 139, 242Jim Crow laws, 351, 352Johnson, Andrew, 301, p301Johnson, Herschel Vespasian, 242, 242, 302Johnson, James, 302, p302, 589, 592Johnson, Leroy, 434, 449Johnson County, 589Johnston, Joseph E., 272, 273joint committees, 513, 538Jones, Bobby, 387, 390, p390Jones, Noble, 120Jones, Noble Wimberly, 150, p150, 154Jonesboro, f270-271, 479Jones County, 589judicial branch of government, state, 527, 544-546

courts, 545-546, f545, 547-550jury system, 546role, 546-547

judicial branch of government, U.S., 174, 520-522, m521jurisdiction, 546, 548

appellate, 520, 521, 545original, 520, 521, 546

jury system, 547juveniles, 547, 548

court system, 337, f545, 546, 547-550juvenile justice process, steps in, 548-549rights of, 549-551and school law, 550-551student responsibilities, 551

KKansas-Nebraska Act, 225-226kaolin, 54, 55, 323

Index 631

Kelly Barnes Dam, 453Kennedy, John F., 444, p444Kennesaw, 265Kennesaw Mountain, f270-271, 272, 273Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, 394Kettle Creek, Battle of, 157-158, 162King Cotton diplomacy, 263King George II, of England, 115, 123King George III, of England, 145-146, 153, 155King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr., 387, 440-442, p441, 443, 444, 445,

p445, 446, 447, 448, p449, 450King, Martin Luther, Sr., 447Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base, 564Kingston, 264Know Nothing party, 242Kolbs Farm, f270-271Kolomoki Indian Mounds, p78, 82, f83Korean War, 427, m427, 436kudzu, 44, p44Ku Klux Klan, 293, 305-306, 359, 360, p360, 384-385

Llabor,

child, 338, 349, f393commissioner of, 534, f534legislation, 394minimum wages, 392, f393reforms, 338, f393strikes, 394unions, 338, 392, f393

LaGrange, 63laissez-faire, 388lakes, 64. See also specific lakes.Lake Blackshear, p40-41Lake Burton, 35Lake Chatuge, p64, 394, p394Lake Lanier, 62, 64, p67Lake Montgomery, 50Lake Nottely, 394Lake Raburn, 35Lake Russell, 62Lake Seminole, 63, 64Lake Thurmond, 66Lamar County, 589land,

claims, 179-180lottery, 177, 184obtaining, 177public domain, 177western, 178, 246Yazoo land fraud, 177-178

land bridge, 71, m71landform regions, 9-21, m9Lanier, Sidney, 19, 325, p325, 589

Lanier County, 589La Nia, 30latitude, 7-8, m8, 23Laurens County, f350, 589Lawrenceville, 199laws, making of, 513, 540, f540, f541Lee, Robert E., 37, 234, p260, 263, 272, 274Lee County, 35, 589legislative branch of government, federal, 174, 504, 510-513legislature, colonial, 142legislature, state, 527, 536-543

checks and balances, f546house of representatives, 536, 537, m537operation of, 537, 540, f540, f541powers of, f537sessions of, 537senate, 536, m536

leisure time, 140-141Lewis, John, 444, 445, 446, 476-477, p476Liberty Boys, 149, 150, 154Liberty County, 156, 589lieutenant governor, 532, 533, 537Lincoln, Abraham, 235, p245

assassination of, 301during Civil War, 267, 268, 274, 283election of, 245-246, 247, m247, f247, 248as president, 252, 256and Reconstruction, 300-301, p300

Lincoln, Benjamin, 158, 589Lincoln County, 589Lindbergh, Charles, 385-386, p386litigation, 200Little White House, p36, 37, 395, 408, 409lobbyist, 579local government, 561-574location, 5-8

absolute, 6, 7, 8relative, 5-6, 8

Lockheed, 429, p429loggerhead sea turtles, 49Long, Dr. Crawford Williamson, 238, 589Long County, 589longitude, 7-8, m8, 23Lookout Mountain, 10lottery, 478Louisiana Purchase, 178, m178, 210Louisville, 23, 178, 185, 543Lovejoys Station, f270-271Low, Juliette Gordon, 341Lowndes County, 589Loyalists, 149, 153, 157loyalty oath, 300, f300Lumber City, 63lumber industry, 323


Lumpkin, Wilson, 200, 589, 592Lumpkin County, 198, 589lynching, 355Lyndon House Arts Center, 580

MMacDougald, Emily, 342Macon, 8, 21, 24, 43, 46, f83, 181, 186, 188, 322, 394, 395, 411,

543, f570Macon County, 589Maddox, Lester, 435, p435, 449, 593Madison, 16, 186Madison, James, 190, 504, 505, 509, p509, 589Madison County, 162, 589Madison-Morgan County Cultural Center, p292-293magistrate courts, f545, 546maize, 92Malcolm X, 445-446mammals, 47-48manifest destiny, 210manufacturing, 12, 183, 388, 392. See also industry.marble, 52-53March to the Sea, Shermans, 273-274, 543Margravate of Azilia, 114Marietta, 264, f270-271, 360, 366, 412, 413, f570Marion County, 589market economy, 90, 193Marshall Forest, 46marshes, saltwater, 20Marthasville, 543martial law, 358-359, 399Martin, John, 592Martin-Marietta, 417Massell, Sam, 450Mathews, George, 177, 592Matoaka, 112Mattingly, Mack, 476mayor-council form, of city government, 572, f572McCormick, Cyrus, 181, p181McDaniel, Henry Dickerson, 593McDonald, Charles James, 592McDonough, 282McDuffie County, 589McGillivray, Alexander, 195McIntosh, William, 196-197, p196, 589McIntosh County, 589McKinney, Cynthia, 476mechanical reaper, 181, p181medium of exchange, 90Menawa, p195, 196Mennonites, 149mercantilism, 110, 111Mercer University, 595merchants, 218

meridians, 7-8Meriwether County, 589Methodist church, 128, 186, 187, 242Methodist Episcopal church, 187metropolitan area, 575, m575Metropolitan Atlanta area, 473-474, 488, 491, 575Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA), 452,

571, 574Mexican-American War, 211-213Middle Colonies, 136, 138, 140middleman, 104Midway, 142militia, 120, 146, 157, 161Milledge, John, 543592Milledgeville, 16, 21, 185, 186, 244, 302, 304, 321, 337, 543Miller, Catherine, 180Miller, H. V. M., 306Miller, Zell, 478-479, p478, 510, 533, 593Miller County, 589mineral resources, 52-55, f55, 323, 557-558Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act, 432minimum wage, 338, 392mining, 323misdemeanors, 547Mississippian culture, 80-81, 82Mississippi River, 262Missouri Compromise, 222, m222, 225Mitchell, David Brydie, 592Mitchell, Margaret, 578, 579Mitchell County, 589monarchs, 104monopoly, 363Monroe, 186Monroe, James, 191, 589Monroe County, 589Montezuma, 24Montgomery, Sir Robert, 114Montgomery bus boycott, 440-441Montgomery County, 589Montgomery Lake, 50Monticello, 186Moravian settlers, 123, 139, 149, 193Morehouse College, 299, 300, 356, 357, 442Morgan County, 496, p486, 589Mormons, 186-187Morris, Robert, 160, p160Morris Brown College, 357Mott, Lucretia, 340moundbuilders, 80-81, 82, 83, m83mountains, 10muckrakers, 336mulberry trees, 117, 120-121, 124municipal courts, 546municipal government,

Index 633

courts, 546forms of, 572-573, f572, f573functions of, 572funding for, 568-569

municipality, 570Murrah Federal Building bombing, 481, p481Murray County, f83, 589Muscogee County, f350, f567, 573, 589Musgrove, John, 118Musgrove, Mary, 118music, 381, 424, 452

NNacoochee Indian Mound, 81Nantahala Mountains, 99Napier, Viola Ross, 380Nation, Carrie, 339, p339National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

(NAACP), 357, 359, 436, 442National Industrial Recovery Act, 392, 394National Labor Relations Act, f393National Organization for Women, 456National School Lunch Act, 428National Urban League, 359National Womens Political Caucus, 456National Youth Administration, (NYA), f393Native Americans, 69, 74-97, 192-203

and agriculture, 77, 79, 80, 85, 92Archaic culture, 76-78burial mounds, 80clans of, 86, f87clothing, 92commandments, 96cultures, 75-81foods, 76, 77, 78, 91-92and French and Indian War, 143, 144government systems of, 86Mississippian culture, 80-81, 82moundbuilders, 80-83, m83Paleo culture, 75-76pottery of, 78, 79religious beliefs of, 80, 82, 92-95and removal, 197-198, 237Trail of Tears, 201-202, m202treaties with, 195tribes, 78-79, 84-96villages, 79, 81, 84-85Woodland culture, 78-80in World War II, 407See also specific tribes.

naturalized citizen, 582natural resources, 52-55, m53naval stores, 18, 137, 323Navigation Acts, 149

Neill Primary Act, 359, f349neutral, 370, 371New Deal, 293, 391-401

agencies, 392. f393in Georgia, 392, 394-396, 399

New Ebenezer, 122New Echota, p170-171, 194, 199, 200, 201New England Colonies, 136, 138, 139, 140New Hope Church, f270-271, 272New Jersey Plan, 505, f505New South era, 317-329newspapers, 137, 148, 185, 243, 286, 358Newton County, 589Niagara Movement, 359Nineteenth Amendment, to U.S. Constitution, 342, 343, 380Nisbet, Eugenius, 248noreaster, 28normal school, 320-321Northen, William Jonathan, 593Northern Arc, 488-489Novello, Dr. Antonia Coello, 517, p517nullify, 301Nunis, Samuel, 121Nunn, Sam, 477-478, p477

Oocean currents, 26-27, m27Ocmulgee Indians, 84Ocmulgee National Monument, p69, 82, f83Ocmulgee River, 50, 63, 76, 84Oconee County, 589Oconee Indians, 84Oconee Lake, 64Oconee River, 59, 63, 177, 195, 366Oconee War, 195Ogeechee River, 51, 59, 145, 146Oglethorpe, James Edward, 114-115, p117, 118, p118, 119, 120,

121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, p129, 589, 591Oglethorpe County, 589Oglethorpe University, 596Okefenokee Swamp, 20, 34-35, p34, 44, 49, 558Old Federal Road, 182Old Governors Mansion, p242Old State Capitol Building, p242Olympic Games, p464, p465, 479-480, p479, p480, 571one-person, one-vote concept, 433-434, 541Oostanaula River, 59, 265Operation Enduring Freedom, 483-484Operation Iraqi Freedom, 484485oral tradition, 74ordinance of secession, 248Oregon, 213Orr, Dr. Gustavus James, 319, 321Outer Coastal Plain, 18, 20


overseers, 218, 229

PPaine, Thomas, 155Paleo culture, 75-76palisades, 147-148Panic of 1837, 181parallels, 7Paris, Treaty of, 145parish, 142, 156Parker, Henry, 127, 591Parks, Benjamin, 198Parks, Rosa, 440, p440patriotism, 507Patriots, 149Patrons of Husbandry, 326Paulding County, 488, 589Peach County, 589peaches, 46Peachtree Creek, f270-271peanuts, 18, p554, 555Pearl Harbor, 404Pember, Phoebe, 287Pemberton, John S., 364, p364Pentagon, 482Peoples party, 346, 348per capita income, 473Perdue, Sonny, 487, 491, p493, p530, 593Persian Gulf War (1991), 475-476physiographic regions, of the state, 9-21, m9Pickens County, 52, 589Picketts Mill, f270-271Piedmont Plateau, 9, 16-17, 21, 44, 64, 65Pierce County, 589Pigeon Mountain, 12Pike County, 589Pine Mountain, 36Pitt, William, 144, 587place, geography theme of, 5-8Plains, 518plank roads, 181plantations, 136, 217, 228, 229, 230, 231, 237, 304planters, 217platform, 245Plessy v. Ferguson, 352, 436Plum Nelly, 12Pocahontas, 112Pogo, 558Point Peter, 164political cartoons, 150, 190, 246, 259, 316, 358, 381, 454, 476,

507, 579political parties, 578

Constitutional Union, 244Democratic, 242, 244, 245, 348, 349-350, 510, 578

first, 578Know Nothing, 242, 244Peoples, 316, 328, 346, 348Republican, 245, 510, 578States Rights, 244Whig, 242, 245

politics,in 1980s and 1990s, 476-479in antebellum period, 242-242interest groups, 578-579in postwar period, 430-435

Polk, James, 211-212, 589Polk County, 12, 589Polo, Marco, 104polls, 348poll tax, 357, 401pollution, 488, 491poor whites, 218-219Pope, John, 304popular sovereignty, 225, 245population, 492, 575-576populism, 346Populist party, 316, 328, 346, 348ports, inland, 60, 471powers, 511, f512precipitation, 14, 23-25, m25, 64, 65prehistory, 74-75Presbyterian church, 139, 242president, of United States, 506, 514, 515, 516, 518, 520

line of succession, f516powers of, 515

prevailing westerlies, 26primary elections, 447prime meridian, m6, 8principles, of government, 508-509prisons,

Civil War, 275-276reform, 293, 315-316, 336, 337, 401

probable cause, 548probate courts, f545, 546Proclamation of 1763, 145progressive movement, 293, 336-343

legislation passed, 336prohibition, 339-340, 381, 382propaganda, 371property taxes, 568proportional representation, 505proprietary colony, 142Prosser, Gabriel, 232Providence Canyon, 34, 38, p38Provincial Congress, 149, 152, 153-154Public Housing Authority, 574public opinion, 581-582public regulation, 540

Index 635

public service commissioner, 534, f534Public Works Administration (PWA), f393public works projects, 390, 393Pulaski, Casimir, 158, 590Pulaski County, 590Puritans, 139, 140, 142Putnam County, f83, 590

QQuakers, 149Quality Basic Education (QBE), 471, 533Quartering Act, 152Quitman County, 590

RRabun, William, 592Rabun County, 590, 592radio, 382, p382Radium Springs, 34, 35-36railroads, 181, m182, 246, 372

and Civil War, 260construction of, 182in New South Era, 323, 328during Reconstruction, 308-309regulation of, 349Western and Atlantic, 182, 308

Rainey, Ma, 381rainfall, 23, 28Randolph County, 562, 590Raoul, Mary, 342Raoul, W. G., 342rationing, 412, 414rations, in Civil War, 277-278Ray, James Earl, 446Reagan, Ronald, 468, 469, p469, 470Reaganomics, 468reaper, mechanical, 181, p181reapportion, 434, 511, 540-542recession, 460, 469Reconstruction,

congressional, 303-309economic, 307-309, 314in Georgia, 302-309military, 304, m304, 306presidential, 300-301

recreation, 140-141, 184, 185, 217Redemption period, 312-316Red Sticks, 195, 196, 197region, 5, 9regions, of the state, 9-21, m9regulations, 116, 124relative location, 5-6, 8relief, 390religion, 184, 415, 425

in antebellum period, 186-187, 220, 239, 242in Civil War, 281and colonial period, 110, 115, 128, 139and schools, 138and slaves, 231-232

representative democracy, 504, 509, 523reptiles, 49, 558republic, 504Republican party, 245-246

after Civil War, 301, 304in Congress, 510in Georgia, 299, 304, 305, 314irth of, 491and slavery, 245, 246

Resaca, f270-271, 272reservoirs, 65resources, 90

mineral, 52-55, 323natural, 52-55, m53water, 14, 56-65, 491

revenues, state, 539Revolutionary War,

advantages and disadvantages, 163-164aftermath, 175, 179battles of, 153, 157-158, 161-162blacks in, 162-163events leading up to, 149-152financing, 160in Georgia, 157-158, 159preparing for, 153

Reynolds, John, 142, 146, 591rice, 220, 226, 229Rich, Morris, 362, p362Richmond County, f83, 156, f350, 352-353, f567, 573, 590Richs, 362, 429, 442Ridge, John, 200, 201Ridge, Major, 200, 201Ridge and Valley region, 9, 12-13, 64Rincon, Diego Fernando, 484-485Ringgold Gap, 265, f270-271rivers, 59, m59, 61-63

See also specific rivers.Rivers, Eurith D. Ed, p398, 400, p400, 430, 593roads,

building, 399, 471early, m182interstate highways, 60

Roaring Twenties, 380-386Roberta, 21Robinson, Jackie, 437, p437Rockdale County, 488, 590Rock Eagle Mound, p82, 83, f83Rocky Face Ridge, f270-271Roman Catholic Church, 186, 242


Rome, 46, 325, 344Roosevelt, Franklin D., 36-37, 293

death, 408-409election, 391and New Deal, 391-397in World War II, 404

Roosevelt State Park, 395Ross, John, 200, p200, p202Roswell, , f570royal colony, 142-148Ruger, Thomas Howard, 592rural areas of state, 472-474, f473, 575rural electrification, 395Rural Free Delivery bill, 347Rusk, Dean, 458, p458Russell, Richard B., 398Russell, Richard B., Jr., 398-399, p398, 411, 428, 593

SSaffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, f28St. Augustine, 108, 112, 124, 127, 157St. Catherines Island, 108St. Marys, 23, 570St. Marys River, 56, 59, 145St. Simons Island, 108, 125, 328, 395, 411sales tax, 432, 539, 569, 574Salomon, Haym, 160saltwater marshes, 57-58, p57Salzburg settlers, 121-122, 123, 124Sanders, Carl, 434-435, p434, 593Sand Mountain, 10Sapelo, 108Sapelo Island, 51Satilla River, 59Sautee Nacoochee, legend of, 91Savannah, 7, 20, 23, 27, 46, 56, 126, 187, 282, 411, 452, 570,

f570, 573in antebellum period, 181, 185as capital, 543and civil rights movement, 434during Civil War, 273, 274colonial period, 137, 146, 147-148, 150, 152, 153design of, 120, p121founding of, 119and Olympics, 479during Reconstruction, 309renovation efforts, 577in Revolutionary War, 157, 158, m158, 161seaport, 60in World War II, 413

Savannah River, 56, 59, 61, 62, p62, 76, 114, 116, 145scalawags, 304Schley, William, 590, 592Schley County, 590

schools, 187, 188, 287, p319, 448attendance, 338for blacks, 357, 383-384commissioner, 319funding for, 188, 239, 319, 321, 349, 437integration of, 437-440normal, 320-321public, 138school term, 319-320segregated, 321, 352-353, 436-437superintendent of, 534, f534, 567See also education.

Scott, Winfield, 201, 258Screven County, 590scrip, 362seal, 142, 157seal, U.S., 506sea life, 50-51seaports, 60secession, 247, 301, 302Second Continental Congress, 153, 154secretary of state, 534, f534, 580sectionalism, f216, 223Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), f393segregation, 321, 351, 384, 413, 436, 437, 440, 441, 442, 444select committees, 512semidiurnal tides, 57Seminole County, 590Seminole Lake, 64senate, state, 175, 533, 536

committees of, 537-538districts, m536making laws, 540, f540, f541member requirements, 536

Senate, U.S., 174, 510, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 520separate-but-equal concept, 351, 352, 436separation of powers, 156, 509, 546, f546September 11th, 481-483Sequoyah, 193, p193services, 90settlers,

early, 116, 120-125, 142, 147Highland Scots, 124, 147Jewish, 121, 139Moravians, 123, 139Salzburgers, 121-122, 123, 124, 147

Seven Deadly Sins Act, 549seven natural wonders, 34-39Seventeenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution, 510shale, 74sharecropping, 307-308, 326Sherman, William Tecumseh, 263, f270-271, 272, 273

March to the Sea, 263, 268, 273-274Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 363

Index 637

Sibley Commission, 437-438siege, 158silk, 127sit-ins, 442Skidaway Island, 82skirmish, 211Slaton, John, 360, p398, 593slave codes, 233slavery, 116, 124, 127, 128, 147, 248, 302

and antislavery movement, 220, 222and Civil War, 256, 267-268compromises over, 222, 223, f224, 225, 506cost of, 221Emancipation Proclamation, 235, 267-268growth of, in state, 219, 237end of, 267-268life under, 228-236resistance to, 233See also African Americans, blacks, slaves.

slaves, 112, 146, 162, 221community, 230-231and cotton production, 220and education, 232-233families, 230-231in Georgia, 506living conditions of, 228ownership of, 237population of, 219and religion, 231-232, 242restrictions on, 232, 233revolts by, 232and social class, 219, f219work done by, 229-230See also slavery.

slave state, 222Smith, Charles Henry, 325Smith, Hoke, 315, 340, 348, p348, 349, 358, 593Smith, James M., 307. 592Smith, Joseph, 186-187, p187Smith-Hughes Act, 349Smith-Lever Act, 349Smyrna, 572social classes, southern, 215, 217-219Social Security Administration (SSA), f393 , 396soils, 10, 12, 14, 16soldiers, Civil War, 278-285song, state, 31, f559Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 442Southern Colonies, 136, 139, 140-141sovereignty, 508-509, 582Spain,

colonies of, 108, 143, m143exploration, 105, 107-109help during Revolutionary War, 164-165

missions, 108-109war with, 124-125, 127

Spalding, Highes, 398Spalding County, 590Spanish moss, 44, p44Sparta, 185special-purpose districts, 573-574special purpose local option sales tax (SPLOST), 574special use tax, 569Spelman College, 357, 596Springer Mountain, 14Springfield Baptist Church, 186, p186, 299, p299stagecoaches, 181, p182Stallings Island, 78, f83Stamp Act, 149-150standing committees, 512, 538Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 288, 340State Capitol, p526-527state courts, f545, 546state flag, 486-487, 555-556state government, see government, state.state seal, 157, 431, , 558-559state song, 31, f559state symbols, 48, 554-559, f559state school superintendent, 472, 534, f534states rights, 215, f216, 242, 247, 398States Rights party, 244Stephens, Alexander H., 243, 244, 247, 248, 252, 302, 314, 590,

593Stephens, William, 127, 591Stephens County, 194, 453, 590Stewart County, 395, 590stock market, 293, 387, 388, 469Stone Mountain, p17, 34, 37-38, p37, 360, 432Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 222strategy, 260stretch out, 392, 394Strickland, Alice Harrell, 342strike, 338, 394Strong, C. B., 242Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 442,

444, 445subcommittees, 513subsidy, 396suburbs, 424, 454, 576suffrage, 306

blacks and, 303, 304, 306, 357-358, 383, 430, 444-445grandfather clause, 357women and, 293, 336, 340, 342-343for young people, 401

suffragettes, 342Sugar Act, 149Sumter County, 590Sunbury, 142, 148, 157


superintendent, of schools, 472superior courts, state, f545, 546supply-side economics, 469supreme court, state, 306, 432, 545Supreme Court, U.S., 520surplus, 519sutler wagons, 278, p278Suwannee River, 59sweatshops, 338syllabary, 193symbols, state, 554-559, f559

Ttabby, 328TAG Corner, 10Talbot, Matthew, 592Talbot County, 590Taliaferro County, 562, 590Tallulah Gorge, 15, 34, 35, p35, 43Talmadge, Eugene, 394, 396, p398, 399, p399, 400-401, p401,

430-431, 432, 593Talmadge, Herman, 431, 432, 593tariff, 160, f216, 227, 243, 246, 388Tate, 52Tattnall, Josiah, Jr., 590, 592Tattnall County, 590taxes, 60, 160, 469, 519, f539, 568-569

ad valorem, 574during colonial period, 149, 150, 151income, 260, 414, 429, 469, 539poll, 357, 401property, 568sales, 432, 539, 569, 574special use tax, 569tariffs, 227

Taylor, Zachary, 212, p212, 223, 590Taylor County, 590Taylor Ridge, 12Tea Act, 151Tecumseh, 195, p195telecommute, 468television, 425-426, 434, 457, 468Telfair, Edward, 195, 592Telfair County, 590temperance movement, 293, 315, 339-340, 364temperature, 23, m23tenant farming, 307-308, 396Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), f393Tenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 536Terminus, 182, 543Terrell, Joseph Meriwether, 593Terrell County, 590terrorism, 481

Operation Enduring Freedom, 483-484

Operation Iraqi Freedom, 484485September 11th, 481-483

Terry, Alfred, 306Texas, 210-211textiles, 226, 308, 322, 372, 392, 394, 427Thirteenth Amendment, to U.S. Constitution, 301, f301, 302Thomas County, 54, 561, 590Thomasville, 43, 369Thompson, Melvin, 431, 432, 593Thomson, 21Thornton House, p140three governors episode, 430-432Three-Fifths Compromise, 506tides, 57, 58Tift County, 590Title IX, 456tobacco, 110, 112, 308Toccoa, 321Toccoa Falls College, 453, 596Tomochichi, Chief, 118, p118, 119, 122Tompkins, Sally, 287Tondees Tavern, 152, 153Toombs, Robert, 243, 244, 248Toombs County, 590topography, 34Tories, 149, 150, 153, 157, 179, 180tornado, 25, 29-30, p29tourism industry, 486Towaliga River, 61Towns, George Washington, 592towns, life in antebellum, 185-186Towns County, 99, 590Townshend Acts, 150, 151trade, 183, 502

and mercantilism, 110with Native Americans, 143routes, 104-107

trade winds, 26Trail of Tears, 201-202, m202transportation, 183

aviation, 390during colonial era, 136-137and desegregation, 440-441, 442ferries, 182public, 577railroads, 181, m182roads, 181-182, m182, 390, 399, 471ports, 60, 471

treaty,of Ghent, 190of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 213of Indian Springs, 196with Indian tribes, 124of Paris (1763), 145

Index 639

of Paris (1783), 161of Washington, 197

trees, 44, 46, 559Treutlen, John Adam, 157, 590, 591Treutlen County, , 590trial courts, f545, 546trial jury, 546tribe, 78-79. See also specific tribes.Troup, George, 196, 590, 592Troup County, 590truancy, 547trustees, 116, 123, 124, 142trusts, 363Truth, Sojourner, 235, p235Tubman, Harriett, 235Turner, Henry McNeal, 305, p305, 352Turner, Nat, 232Turner, Ted, 426, 452, p452Turner County, 590turnpikes, 181-182Tuskegee Airmen, 406, 407Tuskegee Institute, 353, 406TVA, f393Twenty-fifth Amendment to U.S. Constitution, 515-516Twenty-second Amendment to U.S. Constitution, 515Twiggs County, 8, 590two-Georgias debate, 473-474, 491Tybee Island, 158, 269, 395

UUncle Toms Cabin, 220, 222underground railroad, 232, 234, m234, 236Union County, 542, 590Union League, 305unions, labor, 338, 392, 429U.S. Constitution, 174-175, 503

amendments to, 175, 301, f301, 302, 303, f303, 304, 306,f306, 340, 342, 536

U.S. government,branches of, 174House of Representatives, 174Senate, 174See also government, federal.

University of Georgia, 45, 187-188, 432, 433, 438-439, 485, 596Upson County, 590urban area, 575urban sprawl, 488, 575-576user fees, 574Utoy Creek, f270-271

VVandiver, Ernest, 437, 439, p493, 593Vann, Chief James, 192Velazquez, Loreta, 283

Venable, James, 238Venable, Willis, 364-365vertical climate, 23Vesey, Denmark, 232veto, 513Vidalia onions, 559Vidalia Upland, 18Vietnam War, 452, 457-458, m457Vinson, Carl, 410, p410, 411Virginia Plan, f504, 505vocational education, 349, 434voting, 580-581, 582

during colonial period, 142and disfranchisement, 301, 303, 336, 349districts, 358, 433-434electorate, 409grandfather clause, 357polls, 348qualifications for, 357, 580and Voting Rights Bill, 444-445for women, 336, 340, 342See also suffrage.

WWade-Davis Bill, 300-301Wagner Act, 394Walker, Clifford, p398, 593Walker County, 590Walter F. George Reservoir, 62, 64Walton, George, 155, p155, 157, 590, 592Walton County, 590war,

of 1812, 189-191, 195Civil, 257-289Cold, 426-427, 468, 469, 470French and Indian, 143-146, m146, 149of Jenkinss Ear, 124-125, 127Korea, 427, m427Mexican-American, 211-213Operation Enduring Freedom, 483-484Operation Iraqi Freedom, 484485Persian Gulf War, 458, 475-476Revolutionary, 153-165on terrorism, 481-485Vietnam, 452, 457-458, m457, 581-582World War I, 370-371

World War II, 402-414Ware County, 590War Hawks, 189-190Warm Springs, 34, 36-37, p36, 395, 408Warner Robins, f570Warner Robins Air Field, 411, 413, 427Warren County, 347, 590Warrenton, 21


Washington, 157, 243Washington, Booker T., 353-354, p353, 355, 356Washington, D.C., 190, 496Washington, George, 143, 144, p144, 153, 161, 162, 163, p163,

174, p174, 175, 195, 233, 502, 503, 590Washington County, 590Watergate, 458-459water resources, 14, 64-65, 491

aquifers, m64, 65Atlantic Ocean, 56-57coastal waterways, 57-58lakes, 64reservoirs, 65river systems, 59, 61-63waterfalls, 10, 21

watershed, 63Watson, Thomas Edward, 293, 346-348, p346, 349, 358, 360,

381, 399Waynesborough, f270-271Wayne County, 590weather, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27-30, 452-453weather phenomena, 27-30Weaver, Robert, 397Webster, Daniel, 201, 590Webster County, 590Wereat, John, 591Wesley, Charles, 123, 128Wesley, John, 123, 128, p128, 187Wesleyan College, 188Western and Atlantic Railroad, 182, 264, 313, 543West Point, 63West Point Lake, 62, 64Westville, 240, p240, p241wetland, 20whales, 48Wheeler County, 590Whig party, 242, 243, 245Whigs, 149, 156White, John,White, William, 447White County, 80, 198, 590White Sticks, 195, 196white supremacy, 312, 348, 349, 351, 399Whitfield, George, 128, 590Whitfield County, 590Whitney, Eli, 180-181, p180Wilcox County, 590wildlife, 47-51, 56Wilkes County, 156, 186, 590Wilkinson County, 590wind currents, 26, m26winds, 25Winecoff Hotel, fire, 428-429, p428Winfrey, Oprah, 490

women,in 1920s, 380-381in Civil War, 287-288and Equal Rights Amendment, 456and rights movement, 235, 288, 454-456and politics, 380-381suffrage, 288, 315, 340, 342, 380and Title IX, 456in World War II, 405, 412, 414, 454

Womens Christian Temperance Union, 339Woodland culture, 78-80Woodruff, Ernest, 365Woodruff, Robert, 365, 367Worchester, Samuel, 199, 200Works Progress Administration (WPA), f393, 396World Congress Center, 471World Trade Center (New York), 481, 482World War I, 293, 370-372World War II, 293, 402-414

costs, 409in Europe, 407-408events leading to, 402-403Georgia in, 411-414military forces, 405in the Pacific, 409social effects, 414Tuskegee airmen, 406U.S. entry into, 404-405

Worth County, 590Wright, James, 147-148, 150-151, 153, 154, 157, 591WSB radio, 382WTBS-TV, 426

YYamacraw Bluff, 119Yamacraw Indians, 84, 118Yamassee Indians, 84Yazoo land fraud, 177-178, 195yeoman farmers, 218Yorktown, 161-162Young, Andrew, 446, 447, 450

ZZimmermann telegram, 371Zubly, John, 154

ga 2004 06 -...

Documents