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SUPPORTING

OPERATING SYSTEM(SOS)

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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................2

SELECTING THE SERVER OPERATING SYSTEM ..................................................................................2

SELECTING THE CLIENT OPERATING SYSTEM ...................................................................................4

COMPUTER HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS ..........................................................................................5

INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF WINDOWS SERVER 2008..............................................7

CONFIGURING A STATIC IP ADDRESS ...............................................................................................11

CONFIGURING DHCP ON THE SERVER ..............................................................................................12

INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF THE CLIENT OPERATING SYSTEM............................ 14

CONFIGURING A DHCP CLIENT ..........................................................................................................18

CLIENT COMPUTER HARDWARE PROFILES .....................................................................................20

IMPLEMENTATION OF PRINT SERVERS ...........................................................................................23

CONFIGURING A PRINT SERVER ........................................................................................................23

TESTING THE PRINT SERVER............................................................................................................. 25

CREATING A PRINTER POOL ..............................................................................................................26

DEMONSTRATING PRINTER PRIORITY .............................................................................................27

SUPPORT FOR MOBILE COMPUTING .................................................................................................29

IMPLEMENTATION OF RAID SYSTEM AND CLUSTERING ...............................................................36

DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN ...............................................................................................................40

NETWORK DISASTERS ........................................................................................................................40

PROPOSAL FOR DISASTER RECOVERY ..............................................................................................41

DISASTER RECOVERY PERSONNELS .................................................................................................42

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................43

TERMINAL SERVICES ..........................................................................................................................43

INSTALLATION OF TERMINAL SERVICES .........................................................................................44

CONFIGURING TERMINAL SERVICES CLIENT ..................................................................................48

TESTING TERMINAL SERVICES ..........................................................................................................50

REMOTE INSTALLATION AND SERVER ADMINISTRATION ............................................................51

INCORPORATING SERVICES INTO THIS NETWORK MODEL ...........................................................52

NETWORK MONITORING AND OPTIMIZATION ...............................................................................53

EVENTS LOG .........................................................................................................................................56

CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................60

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References ............................................................................................................................................61

INTRODUCTION

In every business today, having an excellent human resource base, a robust and an efficient

Network infrastructure plays a huge role in the performance and total output of the company.

Therefore, for every company at this modern era, it is essential that a well built and efficiently

managed Network infrastructure is provided.

This is a case study about a newly established company named LONDON PRIVATE HEALTHCARE

PROVIDER (LPHP), they are based in London and will offer health care services ranging from

Healthcare financing and Home-care to assisted living and Health informatics services. Therefore

they are looking to put in place amongst other things a very robust and efficient IT infrastructure to

aid the business.

As the Network System Administrator handling this project, I will be designing and developing an IT

infrastructure that satisfies the requirements and expected functionalities of the Network. The

Network will be designed to provide scalability to allow ease of future expansion. Even more,

services that would further aid the companys business and activities will be incorporated in the

Network design.

SELECTING THE SERVER OPERATING SYSTEM

Considering Windows server 2008 is the selected operating system to be used, it is important to

consider the various available editions and select the one best suited to this project. The table

below 0compares the editions by the features and services they provide:-

FEATURES ENTERPRISE DATACENTER STANDARD WEB

ADFS Web Agent Yes Yes Yes No

Directory uLDM Yes Yes Yes No

Desktop Experience Yes Yes Yes Yes

Windows Clustering Yes Yes No No

Windows Server Backup Yes Yes Yes Yes

Windows Network Load Balancing Yes Yes Yes Yes

(WNLB)

Simple TCP/IP Services Yes Yes Yes No

SMTP Yes Yes Yes Yes

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Subsystem for Unix-Based Applications Yes Yes Yes No

(SUA)

Telnet Client Yes Yes Yes Yes

Telnet Server Yes Yes Yes Yes

Microsoft Message Queuing (MSMQ) Yes Yes Yes No

RPC Over HTTP Proxy Yes Yes Yes No

Windows Internet Naming Service Yes Yes Yes No

(WINS)

Wireless Client Yes Yes Yes No

Windows System Resource Manager Yes Yes Yes Yes

(WSRM)

Simple SAN Management Yes Yes Yes No

LPR Port Monitor Yes Yes Yes No

The Windows Foundation Components Yes Yes Yes Yes

for WinFX

BITS Server Extensions Yes Yes Yes No

BitLocker Drive Encryption Yes Yes Yes No

Multipath IO Yes Yes Yes No

Removable Storage Management Yes Yes Yes No

TFTP Yes Yes Yes No

SNMP Yes Yes Yes Yes

Server Admin Pack Yes Yes Yes Yes

RDC Yes Yes Yes No

The Web server edition as the name also implies is designed essentially for providing Internet and

information services (IIS) and other Web related services. The standard and Web editions are both

entry level servers because they are targeted at small and mid-sized businesses, though they

provide services like ADDS, DNS, and Remote access, they do not provide services like clustering and

load balancing. The Enterprise and Data center editions provides greater functionality like clustering

and virtualization services with greater scalability, better support and enhanced performance. The

Enterprise satisfies large infrastructures but the Data center is the top range which is tailored formission critical Enterprises with very huge need of stability and uptime levels. Data center edition

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also allows unlimited number of virtual machines on a single license as against the capped

number possible in an Enterprise edition.

Therefore considering the features provided in these different editions in relation to this case

scenario, the Enterprise edition is the most suitable option as it perfectly satisfies the projects

scope needs.

SELECTING THE CLIENT OPERATING SYSTEM

Windows 8 is the selected operating system to be installed on the client computers, but

the comparison table below is considered to help decide what edition should be used:-

FEATURES Windows 8 Windows 8 Pro Windows 8 Enterprise

Availability Most channels Most channels Volume license provided

Architecture Both 32 & 64bits Both 32 & 64bits Both 32 & 64bits available

available available

Maximum physical 128 GB on 64bits 512 GB on 64bits 512 GB on 64bits

memory (RAM) 4 GB on 32bits 4 GB on 32bits 4 GB on 32bits

Secure boot Yes Yes Yes

Start screen, Yes Yes Yes

Semantic Zoom,

Live Tiles

Language packs Yes Yes Yes

Standard apps Yes Yes Yes

File History Yes Yes Yes

Refresh and reset of Yes Yes Yes

OS

Play To Yes Yes Yes

Connected standby Yes Yes Yes

Windows update Yes Yes Yes

Windows Defender Yes Yes Yes

New windows task Yes Yes Yes

manager

ISO image and VHD Yes Yes Yes

mounting

Mobile broadband Yes Yes Yesfeatures

Microsoft accounts Yes Yes Yes

integration

Internet Explorer Yes Yes Yes

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Smart screen Yes Yes Yes

Windows store Yes Yes Yes

Exchange Yes Yes Yes

ActiveSync

Snap Yes Yes YesVPN connections Yes Yes Yes

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Remote Desktop Client only Client and host Client and host

Device encryption With Windows With Windows 8.1 With Windows 8.1

8.1

BitLocker and EFS No Yes Yes

Sideload Windows No Partial Partial

Store apps

Boot from VHD No Yes YesJoin a domian No Yes Yes

Group policy No Yes Yes

Hyper-V No 64bit SKUs only 64bit SKUs only

AppLocker No No Yes

Windows To Go No No Yes

DirectAccess No No Yes

Branchcache No No Yes

Can be virtualized No No Yes

by RemoteFX?

Services for NFS No No Yes

Subsystem for Unix No No Deprecated

based Applications

Having considered the features provided by these three editions, Standard editions doesnt

support joining to a domain therefore its not an option, while the PRO edition seems to have

enough capability to be deployed for use, the Enterprise edition will be selected because apart

from providing some features that the PRO edition does not, it allows licensing to be bought in

volume which will save cost for the company considering about 100 client licenses are needed.

COMPUTER HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS

SERVER COMPUTER HARDWARE SPECIFICATION: With considerations to the Enterprise edition

ofserver 2008 to be deployed and its hardware compatibility list in figure 1 below;

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Figure 1, The HCL. (AG, 2014)

The selected computer hardware specification for the server computers are as follows:

Motherboard supports up to 40 PCI options, 21GbE, and 4 DDR3L Memory

x64 Processor with 2.80GHz speed

RAM memory size of 16GB

5Hard drive of 40GB each (Hot swappable with RAID-5 capabilities)

Intel-HD Graphics 4600 card

Super VGA monitor with 800600 resolution

DVD-Rom drive

USB 3.0 mouse and keyboard

CLIENT COMPUTER HARDWARE SPECIFICATION: With considerations to the Enterprise edition

ofWindows 8 to be deployed and its hardware compatibility list in figure2 below;

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Figure 2, The HCL. (Geekinterview.com, 2014)

The selected computer hardware specification for the client computers are as follows:

x64 Processor with 1.80GHz speed and SLAT support

RAM memory size of 2GB

Microsofts Directx 10 graphics card with WDDM driver

Hard disk space of 32GB

VGA Monitor with 1800768 pixels

DVD-Rom drive

USB 3.0 mouse and keyboard

INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF WINDOWS SERVER 2008

After pre-installation checks has been carried out to ensure that the correct software and

compactible hardware is available and ready, the steps below can be taken to install windows

server 2008 operating system:-

1. Insert Disc into DVD-rom drive

2. At the initial dialog page, select the language to be used for the installation process and click

Next

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3. Click Install now to start installation

4. The Activation key should be entered in the next page

5. After which the operating system type has to be selected. The server core installs only

basic functionalities and services and provides no graphical user interface. Therefore, the

full installation should be selected and the right edition which in this case is the Enterprise

edition

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6. After which the terms for license needs to be agreed to

7. Select the installation type, in this case select Custom as this is a new installation

8. The next page is for drive configuration, here a BOOT partition can be created

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9. The installation starts

10. After the completion of the installation, the Administrators password should be set

11. Then at the initial configuration screen

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12. Select Provide computer name and domain to name the computer

CONFIGURING A STATIC IP ADDRESS

After the installation of the server, a static IP address can now be configured manually by going to the

Network and sharing center, then select Manage network connections, From there you go

into LAN properties then TCP/IPv4 properties then select Use the following IP address, then

manually enter the address.

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CONFIGURING DHCP ON THE SERVER

Below are the steps to configure a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) on a server

to provide IP-addresses automatically to DHCP clients:-

1. Add roles in server manager, then select DHCP server

2. Enter the domain name and IP address of the domains DNS server

3. At the WINS server settings page, leave the default settings and click Next

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4. The next page is the DHCP scope setup page, a single scope or more may be setup

depending on the networks design. For example in this case, if the 100 client computers

were divided equally into five departments and the network is then designed to have 5

subnets, therefore at least 5 DHCP scopes has to be created to apply to each subnet.

5. 7 scopes were created with 2 been redundant for possible future expansion

6. In the DHCPv6 setup page, select Disable DHCPv6 stateless mode for this server

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7. Confirm the installation

8. Installation complete

INSTALLATION AND CONFIGURATION OF THE CLIENT OPERATING SYSTEM

To install the windows 8 client operating system, the following steps should be taken:-

1. Insert the disk into the computers drive, at the initial page select your preferred language and

other settings

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2. Click Install now

3. Accept the license terms

4. Select the type of installation, in this case select custom because its a fresh installation

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5. Create a BOOT partition

6. The installation process begins

7. After installation, to personalize, select a background colour and give a name for the PC

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8. For computer settings, you could use either the express settings or customize, for this

installation select the express settings

9. Enter a Microsoft account here if you have one to link the account to this computer

10.The computer restarts, then Apps and programs are downloaded and installed on the

computer

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11. Desktop home screen is displayed

CONFIGURING A DHCP CLIENT

To configure the computer to obtain an IP address automatically from a DHCP server, thus it

becomes a DHCP client, the following steps below can be taken to do that:-

1. In Network connections inside Network and sharing center, go to the properties of theNetwork adapter card

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2. Go to TCP/IP properties, and then select Obtain an IP address automatically. This

thereby prompts the computer to request for an IP address from any DHCP server

available in the network

3. The screenshot below shows that an IP address was successfully assigned dynamically to the

computer from the DHCP server. In command prompt IPconfig /all is used to show results.

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CLIENT COMPUTER HARDWARE PROFILES

There are two possible states that a client computer could possibly be based, its either as

a standalone computer or a Network client computer:-

CLIENT AS A STANDALONE COMPUTER: To boot the computer as a standalone computer, a local

profile needs to be created.

1. This can be done from the computers control panel, under user accounts and family

safety, select manage accounts then click Add new user, then enter the details to create

the account

2. Confirming that the computer can be booted up using a standalone hardware profile

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COMPUTER AS A NETWORK CLIENT: To boot a computer as a network client it has to be joined to

adomain, then users can log into the network through it using an authenticated domain profile.

1. To add the computer to a domain, Go to my computer properties then click change

settings, under computer name click change, in the next page, select Member of

domain then type the name of the domain you wish to add the computer to

2. The username and password of the domain administrator or any user that has

administrator privileges needs to be used to authorize the computer, after which the

computer is successfully joined to the domain

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3. Now the computer can be booted up as a network client using an authentic domain user

credentials

4. The computer is successfully booted up as a network client

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IMPLEMENTATION OF PRINT SERVERS

Print server role or print service is one of the services in windows server 2008. Designing and

implementing print server means that the server computer will now act as an intermediary between

multiple client requests and the printing device or devices. It therefore, manages all print requests

by creating a queue and implements priority policies if there is any designed. Therefore with a print

server in a scenario where there is limited number of printers, these printers can still be accessed bymultiple computers in a managed order. This highlights the concept behind the server/client

architecture which is about creating resource sharing possibilities. Therefore in this project, it would

be unnecessary or rather wasteful for printers to be provided to each individual staff computers,

instead with the implementation of print servers, couple of printers can be acquired and shared

amongst staffs and printing priority could be implemented for highly important print jobs.

CONFIGURING A PRINT SERVER

To configure a windows 2008 server as a print server, the following steps can be taken:-

1. In server manager, add roles then select print services

2. In role services selection page, select print server and click install in the next page

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3. The server is installed

4. To add a printer device to the server, In print management right click on the print server and

0select Add new printer

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5. Then select Search network for printers

6. After the search result, select the particular printer you want to add and click okay. The

printer is successfully added to that print server.

TESTING THE PRINT SERVER

The print server can be tested by printing from any client in the network to ascertain if it is

now available to the network clients;

1. So we create a notepad document

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2. Then try to print it off the server and it is successfully printed out

CREATING A PRINTER POOLThis is a windows print management technique used in managing print requests faster. More than one

printer with the same driver can be put in a single pool and it appears to users as a single printer.

When printing requests are received, they go to the less busy or next available printer in the

pool. This printer pool can be created by:-

1. To create a pool containing this two printers

2. Inside the printing devices properties

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3. Under the ports tab, enable printer pooling then select the ports for the two printers or if

more that you intend to add to the pool. The pool is thereby created

DEMONSTRATING PRINTER PRIORITY

Printer priority is used when more than one logical printer prints to a single printing device. It is

used to grant privileges to users with higher printing priority needs. For example to grant staffs in

the Informatics group higher priority over staffs in the Designers and Marketing groups. The

following steps could be taken to do that:-

1. I have two logical printers both connected to the same printing device, therefore the first

thing to do would be to give priority access to the Informatics group in one of the

printers then on the other printer access will be granted to the other groups. This is done

in the physical devices properties under the security tab

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2. Then under the advanced tab, set priority to be any number higher than 1

3. Grant access to the Designers and Marketing groups in the other printer

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4. Also under the advanced tab, set the priority as 1

Because the value set for the first printer is higher, the physical printing device gives it more

priority, hence members of the Informatics group inherits this priority over the users in the

Designers and Marketing groups.

NOTE: In real life, to complete this demonstration by testing the print priorities, print requests from

three clients belonging to these respective groups should be sent to confirm which request will be

handled first to confirm the priority settings. Am unable to show that due to my limitations, am

using a virtual platform and I dont have enough system resources to run more than two machines

concurrently.

SUPPORT FOR MOBILE COMPUTING

Due to advancement in technology there is need for an efficient and versatile network

environment to enable its users take advantage to latest available technologies. One of the major

considerations for current network designs is to provide a flexible network that supports and

enhances mobile computing. Therefore, for this project below are some recommended mobile

computing aids that should be provided:-

HARDWARE PROFILE: For ease of mobile computing, it is important that various profiles areconfigured on the computer to allow the user select a profile that corresponds to their current

location or environment. Users can have configured on their mobile computer a profile named

Docked with all the settings readily available to use that computer in a docking station, and another

profile named Remote with preconfigured settings that turn off for example all LAN adapters because a

MODEM will be used for internet access. To configure hardware profiles on a computer, open systems in

control panel, under the Hardware tab click Hardware profiles then go to Available hardware

profiles, here you can create customized profiles and select the default profile.

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Figure 3, Hardware profile configuration. (Howtogeek.com, 2014)

NOTE: Hardware profiles are no longer user configurable from windows vista upwards to windows

8,but it can still be done using third-party softwares like startup selector.

Figure 4, Hardware profile configuration. (Netvoyager.co.uk, 2014)

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DOCKING STATION: This is a very good device to support mobile users, it is a base station that allows

mobile computers to be used like desktops. Evenmore, it allows the computers to connect with other

devices and the networks resources with little effort, as it provides LAN connectivity and is normally

permanently connected to resources like printers, monitor, speakers, etc. Therefore, if this is

provided in the office environment, mobile users could just slot their laptops in and gain direct

access to the network and other resources with ease and convenience. It is worth mentioning that

there are two types of docking station that could possibly be provided, the warm dock allows

connection and disconnection of mobile devices while they are ON but cold docking stations

requires these devices to be shut down before connection or disconnection.

Figure 5, A docked computer. (Orloff, 2014)

POWER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS: Power is obviously an important consideration point when it

comes to mobile computing as most of this devices run on batteries and there are times wherepower might not be available. Therefore, it is important that a good power management plan is

setup on the computer to help extend the battery life. This is achieved by reducing power to

components that are not in use, cutting down on background activities and reducing to some extent

the computers performance. To configure power management it is done in control panel under

hardware and software go to Power options, from the predefined plans select Power saver as

this plan has predefined settings to save and extend the batterys life.

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Or a customized power plan could be created, in the power options page select create apower plan, then select a plan and give the profile a name

Select the turn off display time and click create

The created profile can also now be set as the active profile

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For even further customization of the created plan, click change plan settings then

click Advanced power settings, then more advanced configurations to save power can

be administered

OFFLINE FOLDER SYNCHRONIZATION: This is a very valuable resource that allows network files to be

available to a user even when they are not connected to the server or the server is unavailable. Oncea file has been configured as an offline file, windows automatically creates a copy of the file on the

local computer. Whenever the computer is connected to the network, there is synchronization

either automatically or prompted that causes both the network copy and the offline copy to be

reconciled, meaning that every change made by the user offline or changes to the network copy

while the user was offline is synched. Therefore, the benefit of this to mobile users is that it aids

their productivity while been mobile.

Figure 6, Offline file concept. (Pcmag.com, 2014)

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To configure offline folder in windows server 2008, Desktop Experience feature has to beinstalled

Then offline files has to be enabled in control panel

From the client computer, go to the network shared file, right click and select Alwaysavailable offline to make the file an offline file

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To test if it has been configured, disconnect the client computer from the network and seethat the file share can still be accessed

Make changes to the file while still offline

Confirm that no changes has been made to the file in the server

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Now connect the client computer back to the network, The Network copy is nowsynchronized with the offline copy, therefore the offline file configuration was successful

REMOTE CONNECTION: This is a highly recommended tool to aid the mobile users. Remote

connectivity allows the users to access the companys network from remote locations. Hence, they

could take advantage of remote connectivity in accessing the companys resources irrespective of

their physical location, this will go a long way in improving their productivity as it provides

flexibility and increases availability. This can be done with ISP connections, dial-up connections or

even MODEM links. This remote connection may be implemented using VPN to provide security so

as to avoid exposing the companys network to possible risks or attacks.

Figure 7, Concept of remote connection. (Posey, 2010)

IMPLEMENTATION OF RAID SYSTEM AND CLUSTERING

In an organisation, managing the business data and network environment has always been very

challenging, therefore it is a critical point of consideration when designing a network, even more

critical to the company is this case scenario considering the type of services they provide, hence it

is very essential that efficient plans are put in place for this regards.

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RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent disks, it is a storage technology that combines

multiple physical disks into a single logical unit to provide improved performance, increased storage

capacity and fault tolerance. Depending on the level of redundancy and performance provided,

there are several types of RAID and they are also known as RAID levels. Some of the most common

RAID levels includes:-

RAID-0 has a minimum of two physical drives that are striped to enable it provide excellent

performance, but because it has no error detection mechanism and also doesnt have

neither mirroring nor parity, it therefore provides no redundancy and zero fault tolerance.

Figure 8, RAID-0. (Posey, 2009)

RAID-1 consists of at least two disks, it duplicates the data in all the disks using

mirroringtechnology. Though it doesnt have stripping or parity techniques, it still

provides good performance, fault tolerance and excellent redundancy.

Figure 9, RAID-1. (Scu.edu, 2014)

RAID-4 consists of at least three (3) drives and it has block level stripping with a single drive

dedicated for parity which allows for records to be read off any single drive and because write

operations have to update the parity drive there is no possibility of input/output overlapping.

Figure 10, RAID-4. (Searchvirtualdesktop.techtarget.com, 2014)

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RAID-5 is one of the most widely used of all the levels, it requires a minimum of three (3)

disksbut usually made up of five (5) disks. It provides block level stripping but unlike RAID-4 it

has distributed parity among all the drives which means that in the event of a single drive

failure data is not lost. Data can be reconstructed from the distributed parities, hence it

creates a very good redundancy and even more though write operations might be a bit slow it

is the best option for multi user systems.

Figure 11, RAID-5. (Technet.microsoft.com, 2014)

RAID-6 is similar to RAID-5 as it also has block level stripping, in this level a minimum of four

(4) disks is required. It provides very good performance and because it has a double

distributed parity scheme it offers extremely high fault tolerance.

Figure 12, RAID-6. (Toastytech.com, 2014)

RAID-10 is actually a combination of both RAID-0 and RAID-1, it requires at least a minimum

of four(4) drives and has two subtypes, RAID-0+1 provides stripes across multiple disks and

the stripped disk sets are mirrored, while the RAID-1+0 mirrors the data and the mirrors are

stripped. Therefore this RAID level provides excellent redundancy and performance but witha very high implementation cost which means it is only required or recommended for mission

critical applications and environment.

Figure 13, RAID-10. (Webopedia.com, 2014)

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Upon considerations of the above RAID levels, for this project RAID-5 will be implemented as shown

in the server computer hardware specifications. The reason for selecting this particular level is

because it achieves a good balance between performance and availability and because it provides a

comparable higher usable capacity of between 67%-96%. Furthermore, though RAID-6 and RAID-10

are probably better options, but with considerations to the object company in this case in relations

to financial strength as a new company and also the data protection and availability level required

added to the performance level required also, I think those two RAID levels might not be feasible or

perhaps not really required, therefore the selection is based on the fact that RAID-5 is satisfactorily

cost effective and efficient enough for this project.

SERVER CLUSTERING is another very efficient technique in protecting business data and operating

system environments. This involves the interconnection of more than one independent server through a

dedicated network to work as a single system in providing a very high level of availability, scalability and

reliability. Clustering ensures that data is protected and it keeps applications and services runningconsistently even when there is a failure to one of the servers. Clustering protects the company from

major failures as a result of Application and services breakdown or system and hardware failures. This is

achieved by configuring all the servers in the cluster to aggregate resources and in the event of a failure,

the failed server is automatically shut down and its dependent users are dynamically switched to

another server in the cluster. There is a possibility that any failure could occur at any time, hence the

importance of taking these measures. Some of the typical uses of clustering include Domain servers,

Terminal services, Application servers and Database servers.

Therefore considering that in the proposed Network, there will be Domain, Database and Terminalservices installed. Hence it is critical to the company that the data and applications are all

protected, therefore clustering will be implemented to ensure that the data is protected, fault

tolerance is provided and a high level of availability and reliability is also achieved. Below is the

proposed clustering plan for this project.

Figure 14, Network clustering plan.

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DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN

A Network disaster is an abrupt disruption or breakdown of the networks infrastructure or operations.

This could be due to causes possibly from little hardware or software malfunctions or failures to as much

as even a natural problem like Earthquakes and Flood. The effects may range from small interruptions to

total shut down for a period of time or even as worse as a fatal damage to a company that it actually

threaten their existence. Disasters are mostly unpredictable and inevitable, therefore it is critical thatsome sort of measures are provided in anticipation of this ever happening.

Therefore Disaster recovery can be defined as the procedure or series of action taken in the event of

a disaster to minimize the adverse impact on network services and productivity which goes a long

way in cutting the companys revenue loss. Hence, it is essential that a disaster recovery plan that

provides guidelines for responding and restoring the network back to normal operations is produced.

A good recovery plan will encompass detecting disasters quickly, notification of the affected party so

that actions can be taken, isolation of the affected system to prevent damage spread and finally

steps for repairing and restoring the network back to normal.

Figure 15, Disaster recovery cycle. (Www-css.fnal.gov, 2014)

NETWORK DISASTERS

Having seen the possible effects of disasters and the need for an efficient disaster recovery plan, it

is important that possible threats/risks that may lead to disasters are identified and put into

considerations. Therefore below are some possible disasters causing events:-

INFRASTRUCTURE ATTACKS: One of the most common cause of Network disasters, this is carried

outby hackers and crackers who exploits a Networks weakness in carrying out malicious and

harmful acts to the Network. The aim of the attack could be to establish unauthorized remote access

into the Network to hijack control of it, or initiate a denial of service (DOS) attack by flooding the

Network with nuisance packets that causes it to breakdown thereby making the Networks services

unavailable.

MALWARE ATTACKS: This is another very common cause of disasters in Networks. Malware includes

viruses, worms, Trojan horses, spywares and rogue security software. They are malicious software

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codes that are designed to wreak havoc in a computer Network, A well-engineered malware could

have devastating effects to a Network, disrupting productivity and even to the extent of causing a

Network to breakdown. This malwares could be gotten from infected files on the internet or even

infected files sent on purpose to the company from attackers to get it infected.

ELECTRIC POWER FAILURES: This is a major occurring disaster in networks. Because literally all

network devices requires electric power supply therefore it is critical that even a minute of power

shortage should be avoided as this can cause the whole network to be unavailable. Therefore,

this should be a priority when designing a Network disaster recovery plan.

HARDWARE AND MEDIA FAILURES: Client or server computer hardware failures or network media

open circuitry or failures can result into a Network catastrophe. It could be as a result of a human

error or an unprovoked failure due to factors like expired lifetime of media. Depending on the

failed object the whole network could be caused to fail, therefore this is a critical point of concern.

ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTERS: Natural disasters like earthquake, floods and hurricane can have adevastating effect on a networks infrastructure, though chances of this occurring varies according

to the location of the company but it is important that measures are put in place for whenever and if

this ever happens.

FIRE: Another very common cause of Network disaster, it could be a natural or human caused,

plansfor fire occurrence is another major point of consideration when outlining a recovery plan.

SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION ERROR: An error by a system administrator or member of the

administration team can have effects on the network ranging from minor issues that can be easily

fixed to a massive problem that might take a while to diagnose and fix which might lead tonetwork unavailability or downtime. Therefore this is another essential consideration in disaster

recovery planning.

PROPOSAL FOR DISASTER RECOVERY

With considerations to possible network disasters, below are some techniques and devices that

will be used for disaster recovery:-

UNINTERRUPTED POWER SUPPLY (UPS): This is a device that is used to prevent power outage from

Network critical components like servers and routers. It acts as a secondary power source in an

event of the main power source failure, this gives administrators time to backup and shutdown

important processes, while depending on the capacity scale, some UPS can provide power for hours

which gives time for the main power source to be resolved. Therefore it is used to prevent a

Network disaster resulting from power outage.

BACKUP SERVERS: This is a recovery technique used in avoiding total loss of data and applications inthe

event of a server failure, administrative error or any other disaster. This is achieved by backing up all the

networks data and applications in another standard hardware server with substantial storage capacity

with redundant drives and a purposefully built backup application. Though this backup servers could bemaintained in house, it is recommended that a remote backup infrastructure or

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online backup and recovery services be adopted instead. Therefore this technique protects the

companys data and application from even natural disasters as the backups are in remote

locations, therefore the company could easily retrieve the data and applications.

MULTIPLE SERVERS: This is another technique for network recovery. In a network designed with

single servers providing multiple services, in an event of this server failure will lead to unavailability

of all the services it provides which will cause the company a big loss. Implementing multiple servers

in a network with dedicated services provided in each of them will not only improve performance, a

failure to any of them only causes that single service they provide to be unavailable as other servers

will be up and running. This therefore minimizes the companys loss and reduces disaster recovery

time.

SERVER CLUSTERING: This is another technique that is similar to multiple server technique, but the

concept in this case is that all the servers in the cluster provides the same services and applications,

and because this technology is not location dependent, servers in different locations can be put

together in a single cluster. In the event of a disaster, the workload or clients relying on the affectedserver is automatically routed to other servers in the cluster. This helps the computer achieve

almost 100% availability as services are made available to clients even when there is a disaster.

RAID IMPLEMENTATION: Redundant array of independent disks implementation is a technology that

implements multiple physical disks as a single logical unit to provide better performance,

redundancy and fault tolerance. Selecting a server computer with this technology will provide the

network with disaster recovery means, as data saved on this technology can be recovered or

reconstructed after a failure or disaster.

DISASTER RECOVERY PERSONNELS

An effective disaster recovery (DR) requires adequate planning, testing and regular updating as

technologies improves. Another key component of a successful disaster recovery process is

personnel. There are key personnel that are delegated with various tasks, below are some of

them and what their responsibility involves:-

DR MANAGER: This should be a senior manager in the IT department. The responsibility of this

roleincludes;

Oversees and manages the data recovery process

Makes the final decisions on how things should be executed

Oversees the monitoring of the Network recovery process

DR COMMITTEE: This should be made up of the heads of the different departments in the

company.Their responsibilities include;

They design the data recovery plan

Research the plan feasibility

Perform risk analysis research and calculations

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Review and update the plan periodically

DR IMPLEMENTATION TEAM: A team of IT staffs, their responsibilities includes;

Implement the data recovery plan in the event of a disaster

Test the data recovery plan

Monitor network with the aim of identifying any possible disaster before hand Maintain list of emergency phone contacts

Declare a disaster

COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS

Developing and implementing the above disaster recovery plan might be expensive financially, but

the implications of a network disaster to a company without recovery plans might be as worse as

putting the company out of business. Network downtimes or total loss of data are now too great a

risk for companies to ignore, therefore though expensive to implement data recovery has provedto be an indispensable and invaluable investment that a company is expected to make, especially

with recent natural disasters, terrorist attacks and widespread cyber-attacks. At the long run when

the benefit over time is calculated against the cost of implementation it is proved that this is a very

beneficial endeavour.

TERMINAL SERVICES

This is a service that allows multiple clients to simultaneously access a server computer remotely. It

is based on centralized services architecture, therefore the clients could be fully loaded computers or

dumb terminals like thin clients all simply functioning as an input/output terminal. All the clients

share the operating system and application on the terminal server, therefore all processing occurs in

the server. Terminal services is used to simultaneously deliver windows based applications to

multiple clients which could be windows-based terminals, remote users or local desktops and even

more it supports delivery to an heterogeneous desktop environment. The service could be delivered

over the local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN) or through dial-up connections.

Terminal services are accessed from terminal clients using remote desktop connection, remote

desktop snap-in or remote desktop web connection.

Figure 16, Concept of Terminal services. (Blogs.technet.com, 2014)

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Reduced cost of ownership is one of the primary aims behind the concept of terminal services. This is

achieved by an easy and cost efficient centralized deployment and management of applications. To

provide applications on individual standalone computers, the software licenses will have to be

purchased for each computer, a terminal service deployment of that application will cost far less as

only a single copy of any application will have to be purchased, then with user client access licenses

(CAL) for all the network staffs or users they will be able to access the applications from anywhere.Even more deploying an application is also quite easier because only a single software has to be

installed on the terminal server as against having to install on every individual computer.

Furthermore, apart from the extra cost and stress in deploying applications in a non-terminal

services environment, another massive advantage provided by terminal services is Application

updating, in the case of a line of business application that requires frequent updating and repairs,

because it is only carried out on a single computer, time and cost in saved. Another way terminal

services reduces cost of ownership is because it supports the use of thin clients or older hardware to

be used as terminal clients, which to run the same applications in a non-terminal services

environment would have required the older hardwares to be upgraded as they are not capable ofrunning new windows applications. Other benefits of terminal services include:

It improves performance for users connecting from a remote location with bandwidthconstraint

A more consistent experience can be provided to mobile users Its centralized management allows for a highly controlled environment

With regards to LPHP, implementing terminal services in the network will allow a more cost effective

licensing policy, easy, efficient deployment and stress free updating process of all the companys

services and applications, thereby reducing the network infrastructures cost of ownership.

Therefore Terminal services will be implemented in this network.

INSTALLATION OF TERMINAL SERVICES

1. From server manager, add roles then select Terminal services

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2. In the role services selection page, select Terminal server and to allow remote connectivity

over the internet select TS Gateway

3. In the specify authentication method page, select Require Network Level Authentication

4. Select the Per user licensing mode

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5. In the next page, select the group of users that can access the terminal server

6. In the server authentication certificate selection page, use the recommended SSL

encryption

7. Additional configurations for TS Gateway, select create authorization now

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8. Add the groups of users that are allowed to access the terminal server over the internet

9. Create a TS CAP name and specify either or both authentication method

10. Create a TS RAP and select Allow user to connect to any computer on the network

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11. Confirm and click install

12. Installation complete

CONFIGURING TERMINAL SERVICES CLIENT

1. Open remote desktop connections from Accessories in the start menu

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TESTING TERMINAL SERVICES

For testing purposes to confirm that clients can actually access the applications shared on the

terminal server. An application will be hosted on the server, and then an attempt will be made

to access the application from a client terminal.

1. In server manager, select terminal services then expand TS Remote App manager

2. On the right hand pane, select Add RemoteApp programs, then the installation wizard

starts up, select the application you want to make available for the clients like windows

mail, Paint and Notepad

3. Select install to complete the installation, under RemoteApp manager, check to confirm these

applications are now available

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4. Then log into a terminal client and try to access the shared application

5. The application can be successfully used from terminal clients

REMOTE INSTALLATION AND SERVER ADMINISTRATION

Remote installation services (RIS) is a feature in windows server 2008, it is used to create installation

images of operating systems or applications which could then be made available to users at the

client computers. Though it might look similar to terminal services it provides a distinct service,

unlike terminal services the application will be installed on the client computer, its just that the RISserver acts as the source location of the operating system or application. Instead of going around all

the computers in the network to carry out installations, an image of the operating system or

application can be created on the RIS server, and then all client computers simply install it remotely

over the network.

Remote Server Administration tool (RSAT) is a new windows server feature that provides server

administration flexibility by enabling the possibility of running management tools and snap-ins from a

remote client computer to allow remote administration and management of the server roles,

services and features. Though not all roles can be administered using this tool, the basic roles andfeatures can be.

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The main considerations when performing remote installation and server administration are:

The network has to be TCP/IP based There has to be active directory and DNS services on the network A DHCP server has to exist in that network Must be a member of the administrations group The file system used by the server must be NTFS

Therefore in this project, RIS will be used for client operating systems and applications

installations over the network, while RSAT will be used for flexible server administration over the

network or remotely.

INCORPORATING SERVICES INTO THIS NETWORK MODEL

There are several services that can be incorporated into this network model as the company

grows with time. These services will contribute to better network performance and efficiency.

Some dedicated services and what they can offer are:-

ACTIVE DIRECTORY DOMAIN SERVICES (ADDS): This is the primary service that has to be

implemented to create a network domain. Most of the other services depend on this to function

and it facilitates unified connectivity and resource sharing in a network. An ADDS server facilitates;

Single Network log on to access all the networks resources A centralized management and control of the network and its resources Policy based administration which causes ease of complex network management

Provides security using log-on authentication and access control of users to the networksresources

DOMAIN NAME SERVICES (DNS): A DNS server is a very important commodity for internetwork

communications, this server provides translation services. To achieve this it implements a distributed

database in maintaining records of host names/resource names in relation to corresponding IP

addresses. Computers understand only numbers, but it is impossible or rather very difficult for

humans to keep records of IP addresses, Alphabetical names are relatively easier for us to

remember, therefore we type in the address of a website in our computer, it is the DNS that actually

converts it to the corresponding IP address which then makes it possible for the computer to locate

that resource. In a nutshell, DNS provides host name to IP addresses mapping in a network.

DYNAMIC HOST CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL (DHCP): DHCP is a protocol that allows automatic

assignment of IP addresses to computers. Configuring a computer as a DHCP server, it therefore centrally

manages the networks IP address pool and provides it to clients on request. For a computer to request

for an IP address from this server, in the computers IP settings it should be set to Obtain

IP address automatically. Manual assignment of IP address in a small network might not be an issue

but to do that in a large network it might prove really challenging, hence DHCP makes it easy to

assign IP addresses irrespective of the networks size and evenmore it allows better management

and removes the risk of errors that are possible when assigning manually.

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RELIABILITY AND PERFORMANCE MONITOR: This tool is made up of previously standalone tools

likeperformance log and alerts, system monitor and reliability monitor. It is used to track

performance and stability of services and applications in the network. This tool can either be

accessed from the administrative tools or a snap-in could be added to the MMC, for this

demonstration MMC will be used.

First add the reliability and performance monitor snap-in

It provides an overview of the computers resources

For more expand reliability and performance, then expand monitoring tools, performancemonitor uses graphs to display impact of selected applications or activities

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The reliability monitor uses a chart to show the networks stability

PRINT MANAGEMENT: This tool is used for managing and monitoring network printers, queue

statusand print jobs information.

IP SECURITY MONITOR: This is another very important monitoring tool, it is used to monitor

thenetworks IP security

Add IP security snap-in

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Here IP security related settings or statistics can be monitored

EVENTS LOG

An event log just as the name implies is a record of significant events in the network. There are

various logs like, application events, security related events, setup events, system events and

forwarded events. All tailored with different scopes with their names giving the hint. An event

could be things like log-in attempts, driver installation, email backups, granting or removal of access

privileges, installation of a role or service, etc. These events are normally classified as Error which

means a significant problem, Warning which means there might be possible problems in future or

Information which means that an operation or event was successful. Events are viewed using

Event viewer application which is also a basic component of windows server operating systems.

Hence, this log allows an administrator to be able to monitor and keep records of what is going on in

the network generally and also for troubleshooting purposes. Some more benefits of events log to an

administrator includes:-

Security checks can be performed using events log monitoring and security information todetect network issues in real time

Event viewer can aggregate logs from numerous systems into a central location, therebymaking it easy for the administrator to store, manage and analyse

Event logs allows the administrator to detect possible network attacks, as the log will show

failed attempts by attackers

Event logs allows easy search through for a specific event

Using events log, events can be correlated for use by the administrator, this is almostimpossible manually.

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HOW TO VIEW AN EVENT LOG

An event viewer is used, it can be found in administrative tools or a snap-in can be added in

MMC

Select and expand a log class (Windows) and select the log you want to view (setup)

HOW TO ARCHIVE AN EVENT LOG

This simply means manually saving an event log. It can be done as follows:

Navigate to the particular log, then on the right hand pane click save events as then enter aname for the archive

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If the saved log is to be viewed on another computer click display information for theselanguages if not click no display information

Event log successfully archived

SEARCHING FOR A SPECIFIC EVENT IN AN EVENTS LOG

This could be very difficult if you intend to go through the whole log manually, therefore an efficient

and easy way to look for specific events, for example the administrator wants to find the event logged

for windows defender scan, to find this event its either a time period is specified, or the event level

could also be used but more efficiently and easily an event ID could be used to search.

Open the particular log you intend to find the event from, in this case we should be looking at

the system logs

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Select Filter current log then enter event ID as the means of searching

The specific events with that particular ID is found which means the search is successful

IMPORTING AN ARCHIVED LOG INTO A SPREADSHEET

An administrator might want to import an archived log into a spreadsheet to allow him

manipulate the output. The archived file must be saved with the .csv file extension

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Then from a spreadsheet like Microsoft Excel open the saved archive, the file is successfullyopen therefore it can be edited and manipulated by the administrator

CONCLUSION

With the specification of hardware and software selected, a high performance network will be

developed, with the print server implementation savings will be made on the amount of print

devices to be procured. Terminal services implementation will help reduce the cost of ownership

considering that this is a new company and it will help deployment of applications in the network,

with the recommended devices and technologies to aid mobility in the network this will provide the

staffs with flexibility and improve their productivity. The disaster recovery measures will be put inplace to ensure that in the event of a disaster, the discovery plan can be executed to get the network

back up as quickly as possible.

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