gardening presentation (document) final 5
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8/12/2019 Gardening Presentation (Document) Final 5
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Begin Your Food Garden
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Why We Grow FoodWhy We Grow Food● Provide f or the LarderProvide f or the Larder● Improve HealthImprove Health● Good ExerciseGood Exercise● Improve BudgetImprove Budget● Resist ShortagesResist Shortages●
Resist InflationResist Inflation
● Living ProvidentlyLiving Providently● Part of Establishing ZionPart of Establishing Zion
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Words from the Brethren● “We are m ost grateful for the excel lent
response by t he peo ple of the C hurch toour urging t hat gardens be p lanted andthat fruit trees b e cu ltivated and ourplaces cleaned up an d made m orelivable.”
- Spencer W. Kimball (1976)
● “I do not want to be a cal amity h owler. Idon’t know in detail what’s go ing t ohappen in the f uture. I know what the
prophets h ave predicted. But I tell youthat the w elfare p rogram, organized toenable u s to take car e of our own needs,has not yet performed the f unction that itwas set up to perform. We w ill see t he d aywhen we live on what we pr oduce.”
- Marion G. Romney (1975)
● “We encourage you to be m oreself-reliant so that, as t he L ord hasdeclared, “notwithstanding thetribulation which shall descendupon you, … the church maystand independent above al l othercreat ures b eneath the c elestialworld” (D&C 78:14). The Lordwants us to be independent andself-reliant because t hese w ill bedays of tribulation. He h as warnedand forewarned us of theeventuality.”
- Ezra T aft Benson (1980)
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“We encourage you to grow all the food that youfeasibly can on your own property. Berry b ushes,
grapevines, fruit trees–plant them if your climate i sright for their growth. Grow vegetables and eat them
from your own yard. Even those r esiding i napartments or condominiums can generally gr ow a
little food in pots and planters. Study the b estmethods of providing you r own foods. Make your
garden … neat and attractive as well as productive. If
there ar e c hildren in your home, involve t hem in theprocess with assigned responsibilities” ( in Conference
Report, Apr. 1976, 17071; or Ensign, May 1 976,124).
“
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“When we conclude t o m ake a Zion we will make it, and this work com mences in theheart of each person. When the father of a f amily wishes to make a Z ion in his ownhouse, he m ust take t he l ead in this good work, which it is impossible f or him to dounless he h imself possesses the s pirit of Zion. Before h e can produce t he w ork ofsanctification in his family, he m ust sanctify h imself, and by t his means God can helphim to sanctify h is family (D BY, 118).”
“The Lo rd has done hi s share of the work; he has surrounded u s with elementscontaining wheat, meat, flax, wool, silk, fruit, and everything with which to build up,beautify a nd glorify t he Z ion of the l ast days, and it is our business to mould these
elements to our wants and necessities, according t o the kn owledge we n ow have an dthe w isdom we can obtain from the h eavens through our faithfulness. In this way w illthe Lord bring agai n Zion upon the e arth, and in no other (DBY, 294).”
“There i s not one t hing wanting in all the works of God’s hands to make a Z ion uponthe earth when t he peop le conclude to make i t. We can make a Zion of God on earth
at our pleasure, upon the s ame p rinciple t hat we can raise a f ield of wheat, or buildand inhabit. There h as been no time when the m aterial has not been here from whichto produce corn, wheat, etc, and by t he judicious management and arrangement ofthis e ver-existing material a Z ion of God can always b e b uilt on the ear th. (DBY,118)”
Teachings of Brigham Young Manual, Ch. 16, pp 10-12
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Basic Food Storage Amounts
For One Year
● 400 lbs of Grains● 60 lbs of Beans and Legumes● 60 lbs of Sugars● 20 lbs of Fats● 16 lbs Dry Skim Milk●
8 lbs S alt
Per Day
● 17.5 o z G rains● 2.6 oz B eans and Legumes● 2.6 oz Su gars● .87 oz F ats● .7 oz Dry Skim Milk
● .35 oz S alt
Food Storage w ill only g o so far as to keep a p erson alive, but notactive; gardens extend and replenish a f ood storage p rogram
Home Storage Center's Recommended Amounts
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Planning Ahead● In the earl y sp ring, plan your
garden for the s easons ahead● Research how much space each
plant needs, how muchsunlight is needed, and if yourplanned g arden area canprovide t hat
● Check what pests, varmints,and predators are i n your area
● Discuss which foods you wouldlike t o eat, which ones you'dlike to try
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Plant Pathology● Plant seeds at a d epth 3X the
size of the see d● Root systems respond to water
saturat ion● Plants manufacture their own
food (glucose) by u sing w ater,sunlight, CO2, and nutrients
●
By u sing t he p lant's naturalgrowth, and pruningmethodically, most plants canbe t rained to grow in certainways; i.e. espaliers
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Genetically Modified Crops (GMO's)● Plants t hat are g enetically altered
or spliced to gain an attribute n otpossible i n the o riginal species
● Advantages such as higher yields,disease resi stance, etc. - al lows afamily to gr ow more food insmaller s paces
● Seed costs are ver y h igh andsaving see d probably n ot possible
due t o genetics, or is protected bycopyright laws
● Some concerns about long-termeffects on people an d cross-pollination
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Plant Hardiness ZonesPlant Hardiness Zones● Certain plants, especiallyCertain plants, especially
peren nials, will only live inperen nials, will only live incertain temperature zo nescertain temperature zo nes
●
Plant Hardiness ZoningPlant Hardiness ZoningMaps help with planningMaps help with planningwhat can be d one with awhat can be d one with agardengarden
● Average first /last frostAverage first /last frostdates must also bedates must also beconsidered: May 18considered: May 18 thth September 29thSeptember 29th
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Light Requirements● Plants use l ight to crea te
their own food (glucose)through Photosynthesis
●
Plants u tilize visible light;between the b lue-redspectrum
● Check for lighting
requirements of each planttype some n eed full sun (6-10 hours), part sun (3-6hours) or shade ( 1-3 hours)
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Weather● Use o f irrigation and other methods
has reduced d ependency on weatherto grow gardens
● Severe w eather i s s till an issue, andlight rains are still needed
● High winds, sudden t emperaturechanges, hail and early f reezes canruin entire gard ens
● Weather is very u npredictable, even
for NOAA supercomputers● Check 3- day f orecasts and look w ith
your own eyes to d etermine whatmust be do ne with your garden; lookonline for plans for homemade
weather instruments
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Frost● Frost occurs when the h umidity in
the ai r reaches the d ew pointfollowed by a d rop intemperature, freezing the w ater
vapor
● Frost damage i s done o n a ce llularlevel; freezi ng the cytoplasminside a plant cell, causing itsfunctions to cease: can ruin most
annuals and can kill peren nials ifthe f rost reach es t he ro ots
● No treatments for frost damage,only p reven tion is useful; coverplants day before a f rost issupposed is hit
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Air Pollution●
Plants breathe i n through their leavesmost of what we consider airpollution: that's w hy p ollution ismore evi dent in wintertime
● Plants thrive o n carbon dioxide,
water vapor, and smoke p articulates● Pine t ree c ones will not open and
seeds not germinate w ithout fire h eatand smoke, so some p ollution isuseful
● Plants are h armed b y o zonepollution: ozone (O 3) i s a d isinfectantto all carbon-based life; O3 decaysquickly i n water vapor
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Types of Gardens● Choose a garden type a nd
layout to suit your l ifestyleand desires
●
Take i nto account allaspects: what is t o begrown, what is yourbudget, your own mobility
and how much time can bespent working, waterissues, and so on
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Traditional Garden● Utilizes t he so il already presen t
on a p roperty● May n eed a lot of
improvements to cr eate good,arab le so il (loam)
● Can grow a lot more food persquare i nch than any o thermethod
● The larger the gar den, the m orepowered tools might be n eeded
● Not suitable f or w heelchairs o rpersons with mobility i ssues
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Raised Bed Gardens● Raised beds are go od for
intensive gar dening with handtools
● Necessary for places with moleproblems (attach h ardwarecloth underneath)
● Easy to maneuver around;excellent for t hose w ithmobility problems
● Burying strips o f sod, right-sideup, one f oot under the t opsoilwill maximize garden
production for decades
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Container Gardens● Helpful for those r enting, have
little sp ace, or w ish to maximizetheir space by gr owing wherethere i s n o soil
●
Most any thoroughly cleanedcontainer with suitable d rainagecan be u sed
● Bucket gardens, elevated beds, andgrowing directly i n a b ag ofcompost are popular method
● Water each container 'til watercomes out the bo ttom
● Also good for persons withmobility issues
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Square-Foot Gardening● Utilizing the rai sed bed
method and minimum plantspacing requirements, thismethod can produce a goodamount of food in a smallspace
● Very labor and timeintensive: requires a lot ofpreparation and sterile so il(perfectly free o f weeds andpests) and attention todetails
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French Method● Mixing ed ible p lants and
decorative f lowers in alandscape p lan is commonlyreferred to as t he ' FrenchMethod'
● West Valley Zoningregulations does not allowtraditional cultivation infront yards; it's consideredmore o f a p ublic s pace thismethod is allowed so long asthe c rops are w orked into
the d esign
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Victory Gardens● A response t o rationing an d
shortages during W orld War's 1and 2, along w ith other times inhistory
●
Victory Gardens r equire i ntensivegrowing and maximum foodproduction grown anywhere t hereis soil; no flowers or n on-foodproducing plants
● Growing f lowers in a V ictoryGarden during wartime wasactually i llegal in WWII Britain it carried a h efty fine, and apossible p rison sentence
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Community Gardens● For large groups who have no
private y ards, such asapartment renters and condoowners, or for families looking
to expand their productivereach● A vacant lot or section of a
public p ark is rented by the
members● Some community garden
agreements have everyonework a c ertain amount of timefor a s hare o f the p roduce, orallow a plot rental
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Indoor Gardens● Citrus, aloe v era, and other
tropical plants d o well indoors; very useful fo
in the w intertime●
A commercial system with redto blue s pectrum lights can be very expensive● To grow indoors on a bu dget,
get “daylight” f lorescen t bulbs;provide p lenty o f space● Water regularly
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Clay Soil Improvements
● Clay soil is abundant inWest Valley and can be
improved● Add sand and compost, or
sand and peat moss● Adding s and to clay w ill not
turn the so il to “concrete” a sconcrete r equires highamounts of slaked lime
●
Aerate b efore p lanting
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Soil pH and Liming● Acid soil is n atural in nature
created by chemical forcesof soil decomposition
● Acidic so il retains n utrientsand starves plants
● Adding h ydrated limereleases the n utrients
● Chances are good that nopH testing i s needed forWest Valley s oils add limeanyway
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Soil Salinity● Utah is notorious for high
soil salinity (sa lted soils)● To remove saline, the s oil
must be washed in binswith hot water; drain outthe s alty water separatefrom the s oil
● Salt reclaimed from theground can be refined andused as normal salt
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Soil Erosion● Erosion is topsoil depletion by ei ther
water or wind● Caused by a l ack o f vegetation on
slopes, or by l ack of vegetation theyear round
●
If a garden is t o rest , it's b est t o planta g reen mulch of winter rye, grass,etc. that w ill be tilled in the followingyear d o not allow it to go to seed orgrow over 1 yea r
●
Build horizontal terraces on contoursgreater than 8 degrees
● The du st bowl of 1935-1940 is thecostliest disast er i n US history: 30,000killed; 2.5 million displaced; damage
in $ is still unknown
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Water and Irrigation● An irrigation system is n ecessary
for today's modern gardens
● Can be exp ensive t o water largergardens o n utility water
●
A simple, cheap irrigation systemcan b e home built
● Harvesting rai nwater is a go odmoney savi ng activity
● Rainwater cannot be p otableunless i ts b een filtered and treat ed
● Harvesting rainwater i s n ow legalin Utah; sign up online for a F REEwater right up to 2,500 gallons
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Sample of Water Right's Web Page
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Garden Construction andMaintenance
● After planning what kindof garden will work for ahome, and preparing allthe su pport for t he p lants;start creating your ga rden
● Many simple tools andmethods can keep costs
down and provide plentyof return for the w ork
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Hand Tools for Gardening● Hand tools are t he l east
expensive an d easiest touse but can be timeconsuming with a l arger
garden● Hand tools can be bought
for less at DeseretIndustries or made athome
● Basic h and tools includerakes, shovels, spades,
hoes, forks, water ca ns, etc.
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Powered Tools for Gardening● When gardens expand, hand
tools may not be enough tokeep up with the work load
● Most powered garden toolscan be pu rchased f or a go odprice at Deseret Industries,or can be b uilt at home.
●
www.vintageprojects.comhas f ree y ard and tractorplans
SdBdPi
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Seed Bed Preparation
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Stones in Soil● Most gardens will develop
issues with stones; duringwinter, the f rost and ice t endsto open soil and push the r ocks
from the bed rock s ubsurfaceupwards● These s tones w ill interfere w ith
plants and make gr owthdifficult
● Build and utilize a ro ck screenout of wood and hardwarecloth to remove unwantedstones
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Fertilizer Facts
● Fertilizer i s not plant food: it's the m ultivitaminsthat plants use t o produce the f oods we eat
● Lack of fertilizers has h istorically led to long-termfamines, dust bowls, and ends of states and nations
● In 1945, the British Government stated in aninternal memo that food production had stalleddue t o intensive cr opping and lack of all kinds offertilizers (tired soils). If VE-Day did not come t hatyear, Britain would've f aced a full-blown famine
and surrendered to the A xis Forces
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Transplanting●
Grow seedlings early i n the year and use t hem for transplanting● Especially go od for growing warm
climate cr ops in colder areas
●
Transplant seedlings into pots,and a m onth later transplant intothe gar den
● Transplant potted plants intolarger p ots 1 inch deeper, and 1inch wider than previouscontainer
● Growing indoors under lights is very hard to ge
best to grow seedlings o utside
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Greenhouse● A greenhouse i s a h eated
enclosure u sed to grow plantsyear round
● Excellent for seed lings,transplants, citrus o r an y plantsthat do not grow in ourtemperature zone
● Can be made of cheapmaterials such as PVC pipes,lumber, plastic l ined withbubble wrap
● Heating co sts might beexpensive
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Cold Frame and Hot Bed● A cold frame i s a gr eenhouse
with no heater; good forstarting seed lings early byprotecting them from frost
● A hot bed is a cold framewith plenty o f manure u ndera 6 inch layer o f topsoil; thedecaying m aterial andsunlight heats the b ed
● A set of old windows or clearplastic, and some l umberwill make a good frame
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Cloches and Tunnels● Most homes might not have
the s pace for a gre enhouse o rcold frame
● Cloches and tunnels are agreat greenhouse-replacementmethod to ext end growingseasons
● Most cloches are i nexpensive
to make o ut of waste m aterials● Great way to start transplants
such as tomatoes andcucumbers
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Weeding● Weeds are any plants growing
in an undesirable l ocation;most are n ative o r invasiveplants
● Invasive p lants are n on-nativespecies that have n o naturalpredators
● Weeding removes competition
of nutrients and space f or crops● Do not allow weeds to go to
seed: one year of germinatedweeds is seven years of weeding
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MulchingMulching
● Mulches help gardensMulches help gardensfight off weeds, retainfight off weeds, retainmoisture, and addsmoisture, and adds
nutrientsnutrients● Mulches can be woodMulches can be wood
chips, compost,chips, compost,
newspaper, weed-freenewspaper, weed-freegrass cl ippings, straw,grass cl ippings, straw,or any o ther slow toor any o ther slow todegrade organicdegrade organicmaterialsmaterials
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No-Till Gardening●
The t rend in agriculture t oday is t onot till the en tire acreage anymore,but just the i mmediate p lace where aseed is bedded with previous plantsleft on top to naturally d ecompose
●
Good for preventing soi l erosion,avoid the n eed to bring i n mulch,retains w ater; needs ext ra n utrients
● Requires s terile so ils: free o f weedsand crops rotated without exception
● Can be do ne in the home garden, buthas n egative aesthetics an d possibleodor problems
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Companion Planting●
Plants are s usceptible t ocertain pests and diseases
● Companion planting pairsplants that have sp ecific
properties that symbioticallythrive together
● Some p lants releasenutrients t hat it doesn'tneed, or releases enzymesthat inhibit a p est or diseaseof another plant; both worktogether to maximize t heir
chances
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Crop Rotation
● Success ive plantings o fthe s ame p lants foryears will lead to soil
depletion, disease an dpest buildup, and poorharvests
●
Crop rotation keepsthe so il fresh and useseach plants strengths
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Saving Seeds● Plants that are l abeled “hybrid”
might not be able t o p roducesustainable offspring it's t henature o f the p lant
● To save s eeds, grow plants labeled
“heirloom”● Good rule of thumb is to allow 1
of every 30 plants w ith excellentattributes t o go to seed
●
Collect by allowing seed heads tomature a nd dry; for squash andmelons, clean seeds and air dry store i n a d ark, cold, dry p lace
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hich Plants to Grow● The majority of our diet come
from plant sources● “Every h erb in the s eason
thereof, and every f ruit in the
season thereo f; all these t o beused with prudence andthanksgiving.” D&C 89:11
● “All grain is good for the f ood
of man; as al so the f ruit of thevine; that which yieldeth fruit,whether in the gr ound orabove the ground” D&C 89:16
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Grains in the Garden●
Grains are f ine t o grow in abackyard garden: if you can growa l awn, you can grow cereal grains
● An area of 110'X10' will grow anaverage 2 10 lbs of grain
● Oats germinate and mature in 2months and will eradicate w eedsin their immediate ar ea
● Don't use l awn fertilizers withherbicides an d pesticides, unlessdirected
● Start winter va rieties betweenSeptember - November; spring
varieties in
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Tubers in the Garden● Potatoes can feed more peo ple per
square f ootage t han the s ame ar ea ca ngrow grains, which is why t hey ar emore p opular in a u rban garden setting
● Leave s eed potatoes in a m oist, lighted
area t o sprout; cut up tubers if needed,but make s ure t here i s one eye an dplenty o f starch below it plant eye u p
● Potatoes require ear thing u p as the n ewtubers grow on top of the s eed potato;
watch for s igns o f blight or d isease● Sweet Potatoes (not related t o common
potatoes, but are Morning G lories)don't require ear thing u p as they gro wfrom the r oot stock o utwards
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Beans and Legumes●
Beans and legumes come ineither b ush or pole v arietiesto suit differen t gardenlayouts
● Does not require a nitrogenfertilizer; they extract it fromthe a ir an d restores n itrogento the so il - helps o ther
plants grow● Easy a nd prolific● Excellent source o f proteins,
fats, and fiber
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Vegetables● Vegetables produced in the
home gar den is better inquality a nd flavor
● Greater n utrition value;local enzymes d istinct to thearea t hat imported foodslack
● Provides s avings for a t ightbudget
● Some veget able p lantsproduce d ecorative flowers;
useful in landscape d esigns
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Culinary H erbs●
Growing herbs and spiceswill help your budget andcooking p rowess
● Herbs and spices in thegarden guard against pestsand disease; companionplanting with a suitablecrop will lessen the n eedfor p esticides an dfungicides
● Example: Carrots and
Parsley
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Medicinal Herbs● Aloe Vera and Myrrh are two
of the b est medicine p lants inthe w orld
● Other useful herbs areValerian, Wormwood, St.John's Wort, Passion Flower,White W illow bark, Fever-few,and dozens more
● Use w ith skill and care;
sometimes the cu re i s just asbad as the d isease
● Tobacco, cannabis, and cacoashrubs are NOT legal to gr ow
and they damage/poison soil
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Perennials●
Most garden produce is grownfrom annuals (plant dies at endof growing season)
● Perennials regrow year after
year; providing a st able f oodsource● Examples are ar tichokes,
asparagu s, rhubarb,strawberri es, etc.
● Some p eren nials are p rolific;such as strawberries, but somelike ar tichokes do not have ahigh return on investment
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Trees, Brambles, and Vines● Fruits grow in many d ifferent
ways● All are p eren nials; they p rovide
a st eady, yearly food supply● Most brambles and shrubs will
last for 30 years, trees for 15-20 years before g oing wild;grape v ines can thrive f or
hundreds of years● Citrus can be gr own indoors in
containers in Central toNorthern Utah
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Nut Trees and Bushes● Nuts provide a second
source o f fats and proteins● The t rees can take s everal
years before p roducing,while t he s hrubs take 1 2years to start.
● Walnut and Pine t rees,Hazel, Peanut, and Filbertshrubs are the most commonin our climate
● Many local nurseries do not
keep in stock; must order in
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Edible Flowers
● Edible f lowers make aninteresting garnish
● Examples are r oses,black hollyhock, pinkmallow, vegetable an dherb flowers
● Some e dible f lowers donot have h igh nutritive
values, busome m edicinal value
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Growing Cotton and Flax● Growing co tton or flax i n the
home garden will produce enoughto create yo ur own textiles
● Requires a l ot of specialized
equipment to make r aw fibers intocloth: cotton gin, flax breaker an dcomb, spinning wheel, loom, dyes,etc.
● Temperate Zone cotton is now
available● Cotton and flax ar e bo th
harvested by p ulling t he p lant upby the r oot when gone t o seed
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Growing Sugar Crops●
A space o f 15'X15' will yield anaverage o f 82.4 lbs of finished rawsugar f rom beets; 3 10-yearmature sugar maples produce 1gallon of syrup per year
● Further processing throughdiffusion, evaporation, andcrystallization into raw sugar noother r efining is r eally needed
● Centrifuging d uring evap orationseparates white an d brown sugar,and m olasses
● Sugarcane i s a t ropical plant andnot suitable f or o ur cl imate
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Sprouting● Sprouting seeds is an
excellent method forquickly growing greenswith no soil involved
● The s pouts have d ifferentnutritive va lues comparedto their s eeds
● Takes 3 5 d ays to grow ina moist environment
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Composting● Composting is a gr eat way t o
save money an d soilnutrients
● Garden scraps, kitchenscraps, and some forms oftrash are recyc led into anutritious mulch for thegarden
● Do n ot use any foodscontaining fats, grease, yeast(or yeast raised), or anythingwith high salt orpreservatives
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Plant Diseases● Diseases are i nevitable
most can be p revented andtreated
● Most diseases are c aused bybuildup in soils, nutrientdeficiencies, or p esttransmission
● Aphids will always l ead tofungal infections
● Treat appropriately with skilland knowledge
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Pest Control● Aphids are the most common
pests to infect a g arden● Other p ests are y ellow-jackets,
mealy b ugs, mice, and birds●
Use c rop rotation andcompanion planting● Bird netting a nd shiny m etal
will keep away m ost birds
● Make sure t hat what is in yourgarden IS a p est before d ealingwith it
● Use p esticides with care an d
skill
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Helpful Animals● With plenty o f pests,
there's usually theirpredators nearby
●
Garder Snakes, toadsand frogs, spiders,earwigs, ladybugs,praying m antis, and
lacewing flies are h elpfulin controlling p ests andprotecting the g arden
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Earthworms● Earthworms help digest
biological material in thesoil, creates u nder s oilaerat ion, and fert ilizes
● Worms digest by takingfoodstuffs in by m outh andexcreting out of the sk in,creating “worm casings”; an
excellent f ertilizer● Night Crawlers, a g reat
fishing bait, thrive on rabbitmanure an d fallen leaves
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Snails● Snails an d Slugs are t errible p ests
in the b ackyard garden
● Snails, however, are n ot insect s;they are i nland shellfish... and iffed properly for a m onth, areedible
● A snail garden can be cr eated tosequester and cleanse t hem foreating
● Good source of trace vi tamins andminerals, especially iodine; snailsabsorb flavors well, plain theyhave a taste an d texture o f oysters
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Honeybees● Honeybees are es sential for
the home garden as theypollinate y our p lants essential for growing most
crops● Must check with local laws
first, as h oneybees w illsocialize w ith commercial
apiary's● Provides pollination,
protection against somepests, honey a nd beeswax
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Discouraging an d Trapping Birds● Birds can become a n uisance; best
not to encourage n esting n earyour garden
● Netting o ver plants is a go od wayto discourage b irds from eatingyour garden
● During crisis s ituations s omebirds will be a g ood source o ffood; during n ormal times this is
illegal● Arapuca-style t raps are t he m ost
efficient and easiest to build fortrapping pigeons, doves, and quail
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Small Livestock● West Valley C ity an d Salt Lake C ounty re cently
changed their cod es; allowing chickens, ducks,and rabbits i n residential areas ag ain
● Small livestock provide a great s ervice t o thegardener i n extra k inds of foods, recycl ingwaste ef ficiently, and is t he d ifferen ce b etweengrowing a f ew vegetables an d true s elf-reliance
●
“If we have eno ugh land and live w here we canlegally k eep livestock, we s hould buy an d raisesome animals. efore we decide which animalswe w ill raise, however, we m ust be p repared tocare f or them properly. This means learningabout the f ood, shelter, and care t hey n eed inorder to be h ealthy. Some an imals t hat are eas y
to care f or are ch ickens, rabbits, ducks, andmilk goats.”
Duties and lessings of the Priesthood; Lesson22
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Animal Products● Most common return from
livestock is recycling yourgarden waste an d kitchenscraps into manure
● Rabbits, ducks, chickens,and goats regularly p rovidemilk, eggs, meat, feathers,and pelts ( leather), etc.
● If raising small animals,research the many by-products that comes fromthem
HarvestingAnimalsinaR esidential
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Harvesting Animals in a R esidentialArea
● Salt Lake C ounty s ent noticethey are al lowing theharvesting (s laughter) ofanimals for non-commercialpurposes only
● Utah Department ofAgriculture d oes not regulatenon-commercial, privatelivestock
● This is a g reat blessing forthose impoverished an dafflicted to have a choice t odistance t hemselves from or atleast to supplement welfare
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Rabbit Facts● Rabbits ar e n ot rodents their cl osest
related species i s d eer
● A breeding s tock o f 1 b uck & 3 d oes willproduce aver age 4 00 lbs of meat in a year;roughly t he same am ount of meat as abeef cow
●
Rabbits have an average 4- 10 bunniesevery 5 2 d ays 16 bunnies at most; re-breed after 3 w eeks; harvest litter at 5weeks
● Angora ra bbits a re n ot good for f ood, butdo provide goo d spinner's wool and
manure; shearing n ot necessary, simplybrush off the wool
● Many ci ty an d suburban families from theGreat Depression era cred it their r abbitsas having saved them from starvation
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Feeding Rabbits● Pellets are t he e asiest way to feed
your r abbits a b alanced diet, but alsothe m ost expensive
● They w ill thrive o n grass and hay,such as t imothy a nd alfalfa; and feed
a m ix of fresh leafy vegetables an dfruits provide a mineral salt lick
● Rabbits love c ertain weeds likedandelion, milkweed, clover andcrab grass; t hey w ill also t hrive o n
lawn grass so long a s no pesticides orherbicides ar e u sed
● Do not use a nything (leaves, fruits,roots) from peppers, tomatoes,potatoes, or noxious weeds
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Harvesting Rabbits● Make s ure t he r abbit being
harvested has no food 24 hoursbeforehand; do provide water
● Perform the h arvest in the m osthumane and quickest way
possible; use a b reaking b oard● There ar e go od videos online t hat
can give a s tep-by-step method
● Salt Lake C ounty H ealth
Department requires the act isdone i n a n on-visible s pace(garage o r s hed), and that bloodand entrails are d isposed properly similar to how we d ispose o f
rotten m eat
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Products From Rabbits
Fresh M eat: standard m eat cuts, heart s, kidneys, sweetbread s,and liver
Canned Rabbit Meat
Rabbit Sausages
Rendered Fat s
Glyceri n
Gelatin
Soaps
Candles
Pet Food and Treats
Fur P elts
Leather (l ight duty)
Raw Hide
Rabbit Skin Glue
Blood Meal
Bile A cids; anti-inflammatory, used for gal l stones
Pepsin; digestive aid
Chondroitin Sulfate; blood c lot dissolution
Fibrinolysin; blood clot d issolution
Chalones; anti-cancer therapy
Phosphoric Acid
Calcium
Magnesium
GlucosamineInsulin
Blood Plasma
Prussian Blue
Lapinized B rains for A nimal Vaccines
Fur f orBedding/Stu ffing/Insulation
“Lucky” R abbit's Feet
Methane ( Natural) Gas
Charcoal
Fresh M anure
Compost
Liquid Fertilizer
Feed f or N ight Crawlers
Potassium Nitrate (Sal tpeter)
Ammonia
Bone H andles, Tools, andJewelry
Bone Meal
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Poultry and Fowls● Poultry an d fowls in the gar den
provides a g reat service b y g razingweeds and weed seeds before cropplanting, eating pests, and layingeggs
● Examples include ch ickens, ducks,geese, pigeons, quail, etc.
● Requires a l ot of set-up and extrafeed
● Chicken roosters are s tillforbidden due t o noise o rdinancesand hostility issues
● Manure does require composting
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Poultry an d Fowl Facts● Will lay for 2 years; at an average o f
1-2 eg gs per day
● Duck egg s are l arger than chickeneggs and have a h igher proteincontent, but ducks l ay less often;
geese l ay much less often● Ducks and geese require a po nd or
body o f water for health
● Quails can be r aised and thriveindoors; they l ay as o ften as d ucks
● Most fowls are s cavengers: during t heGreat Depression, families wouldfeed most anything to them goodway of disposing o f leftovers
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Poultry and Fowl Housing● Only 4 chickens are al lowed by
law; so a l arge ch icken coop is notnecessary
● West Valley C ity re quires coopsmust be t horoughly cl eaned oncea week; manure an d waste e ithercomposed or disposed of in wastebin
● An Ark-Type Coop and Run may
work for m any families: small,easy t o clean, easy t o move, cheapto build
● If a large c oop is d esired, abuilding permit may be n eeded
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Poultry an d Fowl Feeding● Poultry and fowls eat a v aried diet
that includes animal protein and finepebbles
● Chickens used to be f ed a f amily'sleftovers; this p ractice is g ood forthem and produces lots of good eggs,but is frowned upon by local HealthDepartment it's tolerated forresi dential activity, but still frownedupon
● The feed need t o be w ell-balancedand ground into m eal; probablybetter o ff purchasing
● Include a scrat ch into their d iet thrown onto the gr ound and theyscrat ch it out; they will also scrat chout grass and other vegetation
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Poultry and Fowl Breeding● West Valley C ity co de w ill not allow a
rooster i n resi dential area s; maleducks are q uestionable an d probablyallowed
● Most poultry v arieties have h adsitting o n eggs (brooding) bred out ofthem, and will rarely h atch their ow n
● If your hens are s erviced by a rooster,then an incubator i s n ecessary; eggscan be sexed rounder eggs arefemale, pointy eg gs ar e m ale
● Rotate a f lock of chickens e very y ear(harvest and begin with chicks n extspring), keep ducks an d other fowllonger
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Eggs
● By far, most peopleonly k eep poultry f orthe egg s
● Collect 3 times a d ay● If your flock has a m ale
(such as a m ale d uck),
candling the eg gs to seeif it's fertilized isnecessary
ild l
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Harvesting Poultry an d Fowls●
Harvest in the m osthumane and quickest waypossible
● There ar e vi deos onlinethat provide go odinstructions
● Many folks do not like t opluck the f eathers andhairs off (yes, they havehair); a m otorized pluckersaves time an d effort, butcan be co stly
PdFPldFl
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Products From Poultry and Fowls
EggsFresh Meat: standard m eat cuts,
hearts , kidneys, and liver
Various Meat and Egg Produ cts
Canned Chicken Meat and Eggs
Rendered Fat s
Glyceri n
Gelatin
Soaps
Candles
Pet Food and Treats
Writing Q uills
Downy Feathers forBedding/Stuffing/Insulation
Additives f or P lastics
Hyaluronic ac id: “Chicken Shot” KneeInjection Treatments
Chondroitin Sulfate; blood clotdissolution
Fibrinolysin; blood clot dissolution
Gene T reatment Proteins
Phosphoric Acid
Calcium
Magnesium
Glucosamine
Blood Plasma
Prussian Blue
Hormone Treatments
Cellophane P lastics
Carbon Paper Additive
Immunization (vaccine)Production
Methane ( Natural) Gas
Charcoal
Fresh Manure
Compost
Liquid F erti lizer
Sulphates
Ammonia
Bone H andles, Tools, and Jewelry
Bone Meal
Blood Mea l
G
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Goats● At this time g oats are n ot legal to
possess in West Valley C ityresidential areas; however t hatmay change depending oneconomic factors
● Goats are u sed more t han dairycows by more peopleinternationally very popularwith arid and rough countryside
●
A small dairy b arn along withplenty o f hay, grain, brush andshrubs, and root crops are n eeded
P/DfGF
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Pygmy/Dwarf Goat Facts● Full-sized goats ar e n ot viable i n our area
without at least ½ acre t o live o n due t otheir bre eding f or c ommercial production
● Pygmy/Dwarf goats would work f or t hisarea as th eir si ze is 1 /3 of the fu ll-sizedNubian's and Saneen's; about the s ame as amid-sized d og
● Pygmy's can be kep t in a s mall corralled areafar better than Dwarfs, which relies on apasture ar ea
● Pygmy go ats give up to ½ gallon of milk perday: the m ilk i s better suited to humans thancows milk; healthier for people w ith heartconditions an d better f or t oddlers; goat'smilk has a go od milk fat to butter f at ratio
● Goat meat is called “C hevon”; pygmy's anddwarfs are goo d for both meat and dairyuses
GHi
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Goat Housing● Goats n eed a draft-less,
comfortable s hed or dairybarn that is 6X their ownmass
● The b est floor for a d airybarn is cl ay soil with cleanstraw
● Ensure t here's a h eater f orwinter; goats can tolerat ecold to 45°F, any lower isdangerous
GFdi
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Goat Feeding● Goats ar e ru minants, like rab bits;
feed requirements are higher forgoats than rabbits, so e xpect to storemore r ations
● Goats can eat pretty m uch an ything arabbit can, except they also needsome shrub an d brush to chew on;but goats get their protein direct lyfrom their f ood, so feed more al falfaand root crops
● Unlike cart oons go ats w ill not eatanything l aying arou nd, but canaccidentally eat a p iece o f metal; ifthis h appens, then force f eed amagnet to the go at which will stay i nthe f irst stomach for t heir en tire l ife,
but will save their l ife
GtBdi
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Goat Breeding● Might be d ifficult to keep a r am
in a resi dential area; willprobably n eed to arrange f oryour goat to be s erviced by alarger h erd's ram, or order infrozen seed and place bysyringe
● At the f irst sign of heat in thenanny, take h er to the r am assoon as p ossible, or order in thefrozen seed as fast as available;thaw and inject
● Gestation takes 145 days
GtMilki
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Goat Milking● To m ilk, lead the lamb aw ay f rom the
nanny w ith a t reat, and then lure t henanny t o a m ilking s tand
● Goats require el evated milking s tandsdue t o their ground clearance an d
height; make su re s he's eat ing a t reatwhile o n the s tand
● Machine m ilking i s okay, but notpractical due t o cost and how littletime is needed t o m ilk a p ygmynanny; to hand milk close f irst fingerand thumb ar ound the teat, push upon her milk sack, then close t he o therfingers in succession while al lowingthe t eat to naturally d rop do notpull!
GtDiPdt
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Goat Dairy Products
● After milking, be s ure t ostrain through cheeseclothor a f ine st rainer, followedby p asteurization, and
chilling● Separate t he c ream from the
milk by shallow pantechnique or a m echanical
separator● Milk is good for the same
products that cows milk isgood for
ChMkig
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Cheese Making
● Cheese making is alaborious and long-termprocess
● Good way t o store excessmilk an d cream
● The p rocess on the r ight isfor harder, longer l asting
cheese, but a q uick cottageor farmer's cheese p rocesscan take a co uple h ours toa few days
HtigGt
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Harvesting Goats
● Study o nline h ow to harvestgoats in the most humaneand efficient ways possibleand legal for our area ( no
firearms)● Harvest in a s hed or garage,
away f rom public vi ew; besure t o dispose o f all blood
and entrails appropriately sothere's n o trace left
● Red meat with a lower fatcontent than beef
PdtFGt
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Products From GoatsFresh Meat (Chevon): standard
meat cu ts, heart s, kidneys,sweetbreads, and liver
Canned Chevon Meat
Chevon Sausages
Dairy P roducts: milk, cream,cheese, sour cr eam, yogurt, etc.
Baby Formula
Casein (Wood) G lue
Rendered Fat s
Glyceri n
Gelatin
Soaps
Facial Creams
Candles
Pet Food and Treats
Blood meal
Bile A cids; anti-inflammatory, used for gal l stones
Rennet Extract
Chondroitin Sulfate; blood c lot dissolution
Fibrinolysin; blood clot d issolution
Chalones; anti-cancer therapy
Phosphoric Acid
Calcium
Magnesium
Glucosamine
Insulin
Blood Plasma
Prussian Blue
Lapinized B rains for A nimal Vaccines
Fur Pelts
Leather (medium duty)
Rawhide
Methane ( Natural) Gas
Charcoal
Fresh M anure
Compost
Liquid Fertilizer
Potassium Nitrate (Sal tpeter)
Ammonia
Bone H andles, Tools, andJewelry
Bone Meal
MethaneGas
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Methane Gas● Aerobic Respiration works on animal
manure t o break i t down into the s oil;Anaerobic R espiration (lackingoxygen) extracts methane gasbacteri ologically
● Requires an air tight digester s ystem:raw manure goes in, methane(natural gas), industrial liquor, andliquid fertilizer are en d products
● Do not allow methane t o contact theair; will cause chemical react ion withoxygen an d expl ode
● Methane works for cooking, heating,and power g enerat ors; liquid fertilizeris pathogen free, safe an d good forgardens
StoringGardenProduce
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Storing Garden Produce
● Storing excess at the h eightof the s eason will cut foodbudgets considerably
● Drying, canning (bottling),cellar, pickling, freezing,fermenting, etc.
● Some ve getables can be
stored outside d uringwinter, a m ethod called“heeling”
Drying
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Drying
● Removing m oisture topreserve f oods requiredfor a ll cereal grains
● Concentrates sugars andlocks in nutrients
● Most economical method lowest cost for results
● Some foods need anti-oxidants ( citrus o rcommercial) or flavoringadded before p rocessing
Canningan dBottling
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Canning an d Bottling● Uses 3 different methods of
preservation: heat, pressure, and acid● Canning i s done i n metals cans; dry
goods with oxygen absorber, or moistgoods using specialized eq uipment
● Bottling is done in tempered m ason jars with speci
● Water bath canners or steam cannersare ch eaper, less time consuming, andsafer t o operate only high acidfoods
● Pressure canners are m ore expensive,uses more t ime, and carries some r isk use for both high and low acidfoods, including m eats
●
Watch for signs of botulism
Freezing
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Freezing
● Quickest way t o store gar denproduce
● Some f oods require ' blanching'before f reezi ng: place i n hot
water for several seconds, thentake o ut and plunge i nto icewater for several seconds
● Not economical for long-term
storage: most foods l ast 3months to a yea r beforenutrient depletion takes p lace;costs extra t o keep freezerpowered for that long
Cellar
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Cellar●
Not a common method todayfor storing garden foods -might not be f easible f orapartments/renters
●
Can be made as a h ole-in-the-ground in backyards● Clamping i s a ce llar method of
storing root crops in thegarden under straw and soil
● Keeps foods at a s teadytemperature u sing the ear th.No power required
OilExtraction
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Oil Extraction
● Extraction of essen tial oilsand fats f rom seed s i s a l ittledifficult, but the p ayoff isgreat
● Use p ressure ex traction,alcohol extract ion, or adistiller/condenser
● Sunflower, cottonseed, nuts,and some h erbs and spicesare go od sources
Fermentation
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Fermentation● NOT FOR DRINKING!!!
● Yeast fermentation creates ethanol(ethyl alcohol); this i s t oxic toconsume i nternally a s ethanol starvesthe bo dy o f nutrients and oxygen
● Useful in hundreds of chemicalformulas for everyday u se, and usedin thousands of chemical processes
● First stage b eer f ermentation isexcellent for m aking bread in Utah'shigher altitudes
● Cooking with wines (deglazing)releases flavorings and helps keeppans clean ethanol vaporizes at84°F; food will not be t ainted
GardenyProducts
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Garden y-Products
● Useful items for thehome can be madewith the l eftovers from
your garden andprimary products● Research how to
effectively use w aste:one p erson's waste i sanother person's rawmaterials
CraftProjects
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Craft Projects
● Hand crafts have been atradition in the C hurchsince an cient times
● Sensible things l ike st rawbrooms and corn huskdolls
● Interesting items s uch as
corn stalk fiddles, jack-o-lanterns and such
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LeatherWorking
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Leather Working
● Rabbit and goat hides arefurther processed intoleather and furs
● Can be t ime consuming;takes 12 days to go fromfresh rawhide t o tannedleather
● Multiple st eps are r equired;along with weak acids,tannins, and lime; dispose o fall chemicals properly
Basketry
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Basketry
● Using leftover t reebark, corn husks, straw,and grasses, many
kinds of baskets can beweaved● Baskets are weaved in
the s ame p atterns ascloth; except no loomis necessary
RopeandTwine
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Rope and Twine
● Many p lants with stalks havethread-like f ibers; someplants such as f lax and birchare gro wn for their fibers
● When long fibers areextracted, spin them intothreads for use as twine
● Twisting fibers into twine,and then twisting severaltwines in the o ppositedirection creates r ope
Soap
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Soap
● Using leftover r endered fats (plantor animal), soaps can be m adethrough a p rocess o f saponification
● Be caref ul using lye (caustic s oda) can cause ch emical burns; lye i sextracted f rom wood ash byleeching an d evaporation in a n on-metal container. Roebic© DrainOpener is 100% commercial lye
● Soap can be m ade us ing a c oldprocess o r h ot process; either o nstove t op or in the o ven
● Allow the s oap to age fresh soapcan burn the s kin
PaperMilling
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Paper Milling●
Paper can b e made f rom any plantwith fine f ibers; longer t he f ibers,great er t he n eed for f urtherprocessing
● Most leftover p lants can beutilized; along w ith used paperand tattered cloth
● Using a chopping machine or byhand, turn the f ibrous m aterial
into pulp, strain through a scr een,press out the ex cess water, andhang u p to dry; cut to size w hendry (leaving in the su n will bleachthe p aper white)
WoodandOtherLeavings
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Wood and Other Leavings●
Save d ead trees, or prune o ldertrees and limbs to use as firewoodor lumber
● Lumber can be made with achainsaw's sawmill attachment orcrosscut saw
● Corn cobs and sticks make goodcharcoal: place i n metal containerthat has a l id; when set ablaze,
cover a nd seal off all air after a day an d when the h eat is done,only ch arcoal remains
● Fall leaves and wood chips used asmulch or composted
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Masonry
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Masonry
● As mentioned earlier,gardens will grow rocks use them to your advantageand build
● Simple m asonry t ools andcement, with a l ot ofplanning an d imaginationcan creat e r etaining walls
and pathways● Concrete i s a m ix of slaked
lime, sand, and gravel (orsmall stones) good for
otherhomep rojects
Blacksmithing
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Blacksmithing● Tools for gardening w ill eventually
wear ou t; blacksmithing i s an easyway t o m ake n ew or repair tools
● A cheap set-up includes a br ake d rumwith some pl umbing parts and a h airdryer, a st riking su rface, and a b ucketof water heat with h omemadecharcoal
● Requires few tools: hammer, grips(tongs), hot set, cold chisel, file, andbench vice
● A thick metal surface o r scraprailroad track m akes a go od anvil
● Be sure t o only smithy o n green burndays; between 9 A M and 5 P M be
careful not to start a fire
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ResourcesforGardening
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Resources for Gardening
Websites
providentliving.org● YU Independent
Study(Free classes o nline)
● LDS Charities.org● USU Cooperative
Extension
B ks & Publicati ns
● Home Production andStorage
● asic Self-Reliance● Duties and lessings of
the P riesthood parts A
and● The Latter-Day S aint
Woman parts A and
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Give a m an a f ish and he w ill eat for a
day. Teach a m an to fish and he willeat for a lifetime...
Teach a man to garden, and the wholeneighborhood gets tomatoes, and
squash, and cucumbers, and carrots,and