CONTENT: 1.0 GCMx64(GCM2009) Command Overview 2.0 Command Reference 2.1 Group DTMEDIST GENPTS PTSTIN CALCTIN DRAWTIN TINSKIRT DEFGRID CALCGRID DRAWGRID GRIDSKIRT ISOLINE ISOLBL ISOLBLX NEWPTS CHGDIAG FITBRK XFITBRK WPSELECT TRIMOD TRI2SOL TRIGRADES SHOWER DOWNFLOW UPFLOW RIDGE PEAKS BOTTOM DEPRESSIONS LOCKDTM

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03 0303 04 04 04 04 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 06 06 06 06 06 07 07 07 07 07 07 08 08 08 08 FITLINE FITARC CLTEXT VCLPLAN LOCKPLAN 13 13 13 13 14

2.3

Group PROFGETPROF CHKTCL DRAWPROF DRAWSRF GRADE CURVE XCURVE DEFVCL DRAWVCL LBLGRADE LBLCURVE LBLVPI SPOT STAELEV EXTREME PROFTEXT ADDELEVE ADDELEVP ADDSEC VEGZAG GRADELST VCL2STR STR2TCL PAVE2PAV TMC2PAV PAV2SUPER SUPERELEV

1414 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 19 19

2.2

Group PLANCC CT TC CTC TRANS INSCLO ARA LRL EDITARA 3R EDIT3R LINK GCMOFFSET GCMTANG MOVETANG ABSTANG LBLHOR LBLDET DEFCL OFFSETCL SHOWCL LBLCL STATION STAOFS STF2STA FSTAOFS ROTSTA CLIN CLOUT

0808 09 09 09 09 09 09 09 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 13

2.4

Group TMPLDRAWTMP LINTMP BLKTMP STRTMP CLTMP DEFTMP INSTMP EXTTMP GRADETMP SETTMP 3DMODEL 3DVER ADDTMP MAKETMC 3DDYN LOCKTMPL

1919 19 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23

2.5

Group GRADSLOEDIT STRING SURFACE SLOPE CONESLOPE FILLSLOPE FILLCONE

2323 23 24 24 24 25 25

CONST MULTI TWIST INTSLOPE TEMPLATE STRSPLINE LBLSLOPE LOCKGRAD

25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27

SUMVOL SUBSITE TABLEVOL QUANTITIES PROFVOL

38 38 38 39 39

2.11

Group UTIL (UTIL) 39CODES CODESTR TABLECOORDS COORGRID RESCALE CLRLAYER BRINGUP FREEZE OFF THAWALL ONALL CHKFILE GCMDICT LOCK-GCM-REACTORS KILL-GCM-REACTORS 39 39 40 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 41 41 41 42

2.6

Group PTSPTSIN PTSSET PTSLAYER DIFFELEV MAKEBRK POLY2BRK ADDBRK PTSLINE PTSDIR PTSMOVE PTSLOPE PTSPERP PTSPEN PTSIDE PTS2TRI TRIPLANE SRF2SRF GRADE2LIN LOCKPTS

2727 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30

2.12

Group GCMDRIVE 42INSVEHICLE ADDTRAILER GCMDRIVE GCMDRIVEPATH CHKTURN DYNVEHICLE MAXTURN TUG SIGHT SIGHTCHART LOCKDRIVE 42 42 42 43 43 43 43 43 44 45 45

2.7

Group EDITEXTSLOPE FIXELEV DIRSLOPE CHGSLOPE MOVEVRT EXTTRI TRINT RMAX SHOWTRI HIDETRI HIDESIDE

3131 31 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33

2.13

Group DYNPROF 45VPI VTANG DYNCURVE EDITDYNCURVE VLINK DYNPROFLBL LOCKPROF 45 45 45 46 46 46 46

2.8

Group UTIL (TUTIL) 33TRIPOLY ROW SWEEP TRI2TRI FACE2TRI SINGLE 33 34 34 34 34 34

2.14

Group CSC1INSPAVETL INSPAVEML EDITPAVE PAVE2HCL SETEDGE ADDEDGEH ADDEDGEV SHOWEDGE CREATEALN EDITALN CALCPAVE CSCTEST DRAWSEC0 PAVE2XSEC APPLYCSC DRAWSLOPE FILLETSLOPE

4750 50 50 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 53 53 59 59 60 60 60

2.9

Group XSECSTASEC FINDSEC LINE2XSEC CALCSEC DRAWSEC LBLSEC XLBLSEC XFORMAT UPDATESEC XFRAMES XREORDER MAKESTF

3435 35 35 35 35 36 36 37 37 37 37 37

2.15

Group CSC2XSTRX XSTRY XSTRSLOPE

6161 61 61

2.10

Group VOLGRIDVOL CALCVOL

3838 38

XSTRGRADE XSTRINT XSTRLINK XSTR2LINE XSTRSRF XSTRTOPSOIL XSTRSTEP XSTRBLOCK XSTRTMPL XSTRIN XSTROUT XSTRROW

61 62 62 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 64 64

2.16

Group CSCiPAVESYMBOL CSCPOINT CSCLINE CSCBLOCK CSCSTRING CSCIN MUDETAIL MLDETAIL FUDETAIL FLDETAIL CUDETAIL CLDETAIL MAKECSCM MAKECSC PAV2STR XSTRDENSE PAVELINE XPAVELINE

6465 65 65 66 66 66 67 67 67 67 67 67 67 68 68 68 68 68

2.17

Group GCMTABTABENZ TABPROF TABXSEC TABQTT TABVOL

6969 69 69 69 69

APPENDICES:Guide to GCM2000 movies Guide to GCM2004 movies Guide to GCM2006 movies Guide to GCM2009 movies GCMPAVE Pavement Resurfacing Module

1.0 GCMx64 (GCM2009) Command OverviewGCMx64 (GAVRAN Civil Modeller Rel.2009, or GCM2009) supports modeling of linear (highways, railways) and planar (parking lots, airports, crossroads etc.) civil engineering facilities. Working drawings (profiles, cross sections, grading plans, mass diagrams etc.) are generated from the 3D model automatically. GCM2009 manipulates standard entities, 3DFACEs, LINEs, POLYLINEs, ARCs, POINTs etc. 3D models consist of triangles, rd th which are standard 3DFACEs (with 3 and 4 vertex identical). Though created from simple entities, models produced with GCM2009 are fully dynamic move a centerline and the entire model of the road changes automatically, including crossroads (!!!). In GCM2009 there are two major toolbars, GAVRAN CLASSIC and GAVRAN NEW. On Fig1-01, GAVRAN CLASSIC is aligned along the left edge of the screen, while GAVRAN NEW is on the right side.

Fig.1-01. GCM2009 Toolbars GAVRAN CLASSIC contains 11 toolbars, or command groups: DTM, PLAN, PROF, TMPL, GRAD, PTS, EDITRI, TUTIL, XSEC, VOL and UTIL. GAVRAN NEW contains 7 more toolbars: GCMDRIVE, DYNPROF, CSC1, CSC2, CSCi, GCMTAB and GCMPAVE. Short descriptions of each command group are listed below by using format Groups Name (Toolbars name Meaning). GAVRAN CLASSIC Toolbar (11 groups of commands): DTM (DTM Digital Terrain Modeling) This group of commands is intended for digital terrain modeling and the modeling of existing civil engineering facilities. By using these commands, you can generate both the TIN and grid terrain model, generate contour lines of existing and proposed surfaces etc. There are also tools for the analyses of watersheds and drainage patterns. PLAN (PLAN Horizontal Alignment) With these commands you can design horizontal alignment, define centerlines, station and label centerlines

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PROF (PROF Longitudinal Profile) By using these commands, you can literally cut longitudinal profiles out from the terrain model, design vertical alignment, correlate horizontal and vertical alignment, label profiles etc. TMPL (TMPL - Templates) Cross sections arrangement and its changes along the centerline are defined by using, the so called templates. Based on horizontal alignment, vertical alignment and the templates, 3D models of linear facilities (highways, railways) are generated. GRAD (GRAD - Grading) By using these commands, you can generate linear slopes along linear facilities, complex slopes surrounding planar facilities and conical slopes at the sharp corners. Curbs, sidewalks and shoulders, encircling crossroads and parking lots, are created with GRAD commands too. PTS (PTS Setting Points) With these commands, you can import surveyed data and manipulate break lines to be fitted into the terrain model. You can also position points that will serve as a base (or as a skeleton) for modeling planar facilities. EDIT (EDIT Editing Triangulated surfaces) These commands support editing of triangulated surfaces, especially manmade triangulated surfaces, such as pavements at crossroads. UTIL (TUTIL Triangulation Utilities) With these commands, you can create some specific triangulated surfaces, either simple ones, such as rows of paired triangles representing building pads, or more complex, such as lakes with island openings. XSEC (XSEC - Cross Sections) By using these commands, you can extract cross sections from the most complex 3D models. Multiple surfaces could be labeled and all quantities (such as cut and fill areas) calculated. VOL (VOL - Volumes) While basic options for cut and fill area calculations are included in the labeling options of the cross sections (group XSEC), VOL commands primarily support grid cell volume calculations, which are more appropriate for planar facilities. UTIL (UTIL - Utilities) These commands support layer manipulation, coordinate extraction and tabulating, rescaling labels etc.

GAVRAN NEW toolbar (7 groups of commands): GCMDRIVE (GCMDRIVE Vehicle Movement Simulation) The old commands for vehicle movement simulation are moved to this new group. These commands simulate movement of vehicles along the selected trajectories, providing dynamics. It means that all the trajectories are dynamically linked to the crossroads geometry, causing automatic repositioning of vehicles, while manipulating a crossroads layout. Interactive techniques of puling and pushing vehicles are introduced in GCM2009. Sight distance analyses are added to this group as well. DYNPROF (DYNPROF Dynamic Longitudinal Profile) New commands dealing with dynamic longitudinal profiles. Points of vertical intersections, tangents and vertical curves are dynamically linked now, providing creation of fully dynamic vertical alignments. By moving some elements of vertical geometry, entire alignments are recalculated and modified, together with all accompanying labels. CSC1 (CSC1 Cross Sections Constructor 1) New design approach, introduced in GCM2006, aims to produce highly detailed cross sections directly, avoiding template definition. Simple pavement definitions are attached to the key points along the centerline. Based on these pavement definitions, the cross grade and the width of the pavement are calculated wherever the cross section is to be extracted. Thus, these rudimentary pavement descriptions (pavement LINEs) are automatically imported into empty cross sections (cross sections containing existing terrain only). Finally, by using roadway details stored in *.csc files, detailed cross sections are automatically constructed upon the pavement LINEs. All types of two lane road and motorway details are supported: complex drainage details, nonparallel pavement layers etc. Complex cut/fill slopes and filleted slopes may also be used. CSC2 (CSC2 Cross Sections Constructor 2) Just as the strings of POINTs are used to mark important features (edges) of the 3D model, Xstrings (XSTR) are used to identify some important positions within the cross sections. Thus, for example, by using Xstrings the ditches can be inserted into the cross sections and manipulated them vertically. Also, by using Xstrings, cross sections can communicate with the 3D model by importing and exporting strings into 3D. The entire CSC2 module is intended for Xstrings manipulation.

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CSCi (CSCi Cross Sections Constructor i) This group supports graphical design of CSC details. GCMTAB (GCMTAB GCM Tables) A few commands exporting coordinates, cross sections data, profiles data, quantities and volumes, all by using new tabular format. PAVE (GCMPAVE Pavement Resurfacing Module) For road resurfacing projects. Scraping and leveling, optimizing vertical alignment, drafting resurfacing details within cross sections.

2.0

Command Reference

While GCM2004 came with more than 7 hours of AVI files (06:20:15 of GCM2000 movies and 00:48:25 GCM2004 movies), GCM2006 brought additional 06:16:23 of movies and, finally, GCM2009 introduces 02:56:06 of new video material. It is highly recommended to go through all these movies first. Real design examples are worked out in these movies and each GCM command was invoked several times while working. Thus, while watching movies, you can see each command, its options, functionality and operational use. And each movie is accompanied with the text windows containing appropriate comments. Therefore, only short descriptions are given for each command here. But, these brief descriptions are followed by movie titles in which a certain command appears and the times of its appearance are given. Commands and options from GCM2000 are given in black. Also, GCM2000 AVI files are listed in black at the end of each command. Commands and options new in GCM2004 are given in blue. Also, new GCM2004 AVI files are listed in blue at the bottom of the command. Commands and options new in GCM2006 are given in green. Also, new GCM2006 AVI files are listed in green at the bottom of the command. Commands and options new in GCM2009 are given in reddish brown. Also, new GCM2009 AVI files are listed in reddish brown at the bottom of the command. Command names and comments that are obsolete are given in grey color. If new buttons are added to a particular toolbar, both old and new look of that toolbar are shown.

2.1 Group DTM

Commands from this group are intended for terrain modeling and modeling of existing civil engineering facilities.

EDISTContour lines, digitised or vectorised, are usually represented as POLYLINEs. Usually, they are left at 0.0 elevation. By using the EDIST command, you can quickly raise these POLYLINEs at proper elevations. Select base POLYLINE, set its real elevation and specify contour interval. Elevations of subsequently selected POLYLINEs will be incremented automatically.

3

DTM2 00:00

DTM4 02:23, 03:03

GENPTSThe command GENPTS generates POINT entities from which the TIN model will be calculated later. These POINTs could be generated from POLYLINEs and LINEs depicting contours, from blocks representing surveyed data etc. POINTs could be generated from all entities belonging to the certain layer or from its interactively selected subset.DTM3 00:25 DTM4 02:08 DTM6 00:52

PTSTINThe TIN model is calculated from sets of POINT entities which are stored in *.pts files. These files are created by using PTSTIN command. The command takes POINTs belonging to a certain layer (all POINTs or an interactively selected subset) and stores them in *.pts file.DTM4 00:00 DTM6 00:52 XROAD7 04:46 NOTE: PTSTIN, CALCTIN and DRAWTIN are always called in sequence. Whenever CALCTIN is invoked, PTSTIN and DRAWTIN are invoked as well. Therefore, when looking for PTSTIN and DRAWTIN commands, you should see CALCTIN movies too.

CALCTINTIN model is calculated from POINTs stored in selected *.pts file. Break lines, stored in the selected *.brk file, are fitted into the calculated model automatically. The calculated TIN model will be stored in *.tri file (with the same name as specified *.pts file), while the TIN border will be stored in *.bdt file. In GCM2006, CALCTIN runs 20 to 100 times faster, while fitting break lines (with the *.brk file specified).DTM4 00:28 DTM5 03:22, 03:53 GRAD6 08.53 GRAD8 02:55 XROAD1 09:08 XROAD3 01:20, 11:28 DTM6 00:52, 05:28 PLAN3 07:28 XROAD4 12:30, 14:17

XROAD7 04:46

DRAWTINDRAWTIN takes selected *.tri file and draws the TIN model.DTM4 00:47, 02:36 DTM6 00:52 XROAD3 02:22 XROAD7 05:01 NOTE: PTSTIN, CALCTIN and DRAWTIN are always called in sequence. Whenever CALCTIN is invoked, PTSTIN and DRAWTIN are invoked as well. Therefore, when looking for PTSTIN and DRAWTIN commands, you should see CALCTIN movies too.

TINSKIRTThe skirt (or border) encircling the TIN model is drawn with the TINSKIRT command. The command asks for *.bdt file and base elevation of the skirt.DTM4 01:31

DEFGRIDDEFGRID defines the grid pattern for the grid terrain model. Origin point, grid orientation, grid cell size and other grid data are stored in *.grd file.DTM7 00:00, 00:42

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CALCGRIDCALCGRID takes the grid definition file (*.grd file) and the triangulated surface file (*.srf file created with SURFACE command group GRAD). Grid model is calculated as if laid over TIN terrain triangles (these triangles are stored in *.srf file). The calculated grid model is stored in *.trg file with the same name as the specified *.grd file, while the grid models border is stored in *.bdg file.DTM7 00:00, 01:07

DRAWGRIDDRAWGRID reads selected *.trg file and draws the grid terrain model.DTM7 01:19

GRIDSKIRTGRIDSKIRT reads selected *.bdg file and draws the skirt encircling the grid model.DTM7 01:19

ISOLINEThe command ISOLINE generates contours from the selected group of triangles (3DFACEs having 3 and 4 vertex identical). Triangles are selected by using the layer/color criteria. You can select contouring interval, color for th th highlighted contours (color for every 4 or 5 contour) etc.DTM5 00:00 DTM6 01:43, 02:29, 07:00 GRAD1 00:36 GRAD2 03:10 GRAD7 10:00, 14:21, 18:53 TEMPLATE3 05:14, 17:29, 18:34 XROAD1 14:19 XROAD2 00:24, 01:16 XROAD4 06:08, 08:50, 15:25, 16:15 XROAD6 03:28 XROAD7 06:57, 07:32 DTM7 02:08 DTM8 03:45 GRAD4 06:44 GRAD5 03:14 GRAD8 02:08, 07:22, 12:07, 16:24 TEMPLATE6 06:08 XROAD3 03:00, 07:21, 07:38, 08:20 XROAD5 04:40, 05:59, 09:26 DTM11 00:20 GRAD6 10:04rd th

ISOLBLContour lines are labeled by using the ISOLBL command. Elevation inscriptions are placed inside or outside selected contours (POLYLINEs).DTM2 00:36 GRAD5 06:29 GRAD6 10:25

ISOLBLXUnlike ISOLBL command, which labels contours one by one, ISOLBLX labels entire groups of contours. Labels are placed along the auxiliary LINE entity that intersects contours, which must be drawn first. Labels could be placed either inside or outside the contours. The number of decimal places used for labeling is set by UNITS command.DTM / 2-ISOLBLX

NEWPTSNEWPTS inserts new POINTs into the selected triangles. Select a group of entities, pick a pattern for triangles rd th (3DFACEs having 3 and 4 vertex identical) and a pattern for POINTs. The program searches the group and takes all triangles belonging to the same layer as the triangles pattern and all POINTs belonging to the same layer as the POINTs pattern. For each POINT the program looks for a triangle to which it belongs in plan projection. If

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the POINT belongs to a certain triangle, the triangle is exploded into three smaller triangles, with the central vertex coinciding with that POINT. The command is used to include POINTs generated along the outer edges of cut/fill slopes into the existing TIN terrain model. Then, the break line following these POINTs is defined and fitted into the terrain model.GRAD5 00:59 TMPL5 21:25 XROAD6 05:23

CHGDIAGSelect the common edge of two neighbouring triangles. If these two triangles form a convex quadrilateral, the selected edge is taken as its diagonal and switched into an alternative position. CHGDIAG is used to manually fit break lines into the TIN model. Intersections with ridges, stream banks, cut/fill slope edges and other natural or manmade features could be eliminated by manually switching triangles edges.DTM5 01:29, 04:26 GRAD6 09:26 XROAD3 07:36, 08:04 DTM6 01:43,05:42 XROAD5 05:48 DTM8 03:26

FITBRKSelect one POLYLINE (LWPOLYLINE or 3DPOLY) and a triangle pattern. The program takes the POLYLINEs segments and switches all the triangle edges crossing these segments. The program switches only the triangles belonging to the same layer as the selected triangle pattern. With FITBRK you can fit long break lines into the TIN terrain model. In fact, FITBRK performs automatic CHGDIAG on the POLYLINEs segments.DTM5 01:56, 04:26 GRAD5 01:30 TEMPLATE5 21:25 XROAD6 06:22 DTM6 04:57, 05:42

XFITBRKUnlike FITBRK, XFITBRK command takes several POLYLINEs and fits them into the TIN model as break lines.1-xfitbrk 00:00

WPSELECTSelect LWPOLYLINE and one triangle (as a pattern). The program takes all triangles belonging to the same layer as the triangle pattern and which are enclosed within a selected LWPOLYLINE. These triangles are stored into Previous selection set. Then, you can erase Previous selection set or move it to another layer. When splicing the model of a newly designed facility into the existing terrain model, you will have to go through these steps: - include POINTs along the outer edges of cut/fill slopes into the terrain model (NEWPTS) - generate POLYLINE through these POINTs (command STRING group GRAD) and fit this POLYLINE into the terrain model as a break line (FITBRK command) - by using WPSELECT, take terrain triangles enclosed within the POLYLINE and move them to another layer.GRAD5 01:58 TEMPLATE5 21:25 XROAD6 06:45

TRIMODTRIMOD supports import of TIN models generated with software solutions other than GCM. While GCM generates rd th TIN triangles as 3DFACEs with 3 and 4 vertices identical, some software solutions use the same entities st th (3DFACEs) but overlap 1 and 4 vertex. TRIMOD takes 1-4-identical-vertex triangles and converts them into 3-4-

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identical-vertex ones.DTM / 4-TRIMOD

TRI2SOLTRI2SOL command overlaps selected triangles (3DFACEs with 3 and 4 vertices identical) with triangular SOLID entities (drawn in current layer/color), enabling solid hatching of cut slopes, fill slopes etc.DTM / 3-TRI2SOLrd th

TRIGRADESTRIGRADES determines grades of selected triangles, sorts them according to grade intensity, and overlaps each triangle with SOLID. SOLIDs are placed into specific layers, each layer covering exact range of grades.1-DTM / DTM-2009 00:39

SHOWERCommand SHOWER traces the flow of the water over the triangulated model in the same manner as the command DOWNFLOW (the next command) does, except it traces not only one, but several drops of water at the same time.1-DTM / DTM-2009 03:54

DOWNFLOWDOWNFLOW asks you to pick up a position where a drop of water falls and for a set of triangles surrounding selected position. The command then traces the flow of the drop down the triangles. If the trajectory ends in a depression (and not on the outer boundary of the selected group of triangles), a special block will be added at the end of the trajectory.1-DTM / DTM-2009 02:54, 05:46

UPFLOWUPFLOW is opposite to DOWNFLOW. UPFLOW traces the up-flow of the raindrop. The command traces the trajectory of the raindrop ending in a selected position. From the selected position up, the trajectory is calculated backwards using the steepest possible path. The command is very handy when determining cachment area (watershed) for an inlet. Pick an inlet position and the surrounding triangles, and the water will start flowing-up from the inlet using the steepest possible path.1-DTM / DTM-2009 06:49

RIDGECommand RIDGE marks ridge lines on a selected set of triangles. These are the triangles edges from which the water is directed away. Optionally, RIDGE analyses not only TIN edges, but even non-TIN edges. Non-TIN edges are edges modified with TRI2TRI command (in this case, the command runs slower). Handy for drafting watershed boundaries.1-DTM / DTM-2009 09:03

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PEAKSCommand PEAKS marks isolated peaks on a selected set of triangles. Peaks are the triangulation nodes from which all triangles edges are directed downward.1-DTM / DTM-2009 11:08

BOTTOMCommand BOTTOM marks bottoms on a selected set of triangles. If both grades of two neighboring triangles are directed towards their common edge, then this edge becomes a bottom line. The command may optionally analyze not only TIN edges, but even non-TIN edges (edges modified with TRI2TRI command). The command runs slower when non-TIN analyses are required.1-DTM / DTM-2009 11:55

DEPRESSIONSCommand DEPRESSIONS marks the depressions on a selected set of triangles. Depressions are the triangulation nodes from which all triangulation edges are directed upward. Optionally, the command asks whether to analyze nodes entirely surrounded by the triangles only, or to include the nodes located on the perimeter of the selected set of triangles. The nodes marked as depressions that are located on the perimeter, may not necessarily be real (absolute) depressions.1-DTM / DTM-2009 14:00

LOCKDTMLOCKDTM temporary disables (locks) all aspects of DTM dynamics. By entering 1, the dynamics is locked. By entering 0, DTM dynamics is active again.DTM / 5-LOCKDTM

2.2 Group PLAN

With these commands you can design elements of horizontal alignment, label these elements, create centerlines, station centerlines etc.

CCThe command connects two selected ARCs by using reverse curve (continuous S curve) with no straight section in between. Continuous reverse curve consists of two clothoids specified by parameter A (or two A parameters). The first ARC is treated as a fixed one, while the second ARC, rotating around the specified point, comes to a position required by A parameters. If selected ARCs intersect or fall within each other, the program will try to construct an O curve and you will be asked for one parameter A only.

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PLAN2 01:51, 04:02, 04:44, 05:29, 11:28 PLAN / 2-TRANS

CTConnects ARC (curve) and LINE (tangent) with a clothoid of the specified parameter A. ARC is fixed, while LINE, rotating around an interactively selected position, comes to a distance required by the parameter A.PLAN2 09:34 PLAN / 2-TRANS

TCConnects LINE (tangent) and ARC (curve) with a clothoid of the specified parameter A. LINE is fixed, while ARC, rotating around an interactively selected position, comes to a distance required by the parameter A.PLAN2 09:46 PLAN / 2-TRANS

CTCConnects two ARCs with two clothoids, leaving a straight section between them. Both ARCs are fixed and the LINE entity fills the gap between two successive clothoids.PLAN2 08:52

TRANSCommand TRANS fits the transitional element between two fixed ones, The command is usually called in conjunction with rotating commands: CC, CT, TC.PLAN / 2-TRANS

INSCLOBy using iterations, INSCLO inserts a clothoid between the fixed tangent and fixed arc. Tolerance for the clothoids ending point must be specified as it never perfectly fits the fixed arc (by default, the tolerance is 0.00001).2-PLAN / PLAN-2009 05:24

ARADraws a standard roadway curve: clothoid-arc-clothoid (parameter A radius R parameter A) between two selected tangents.PLAN2 00:56, 12:27 PLAN4 00:19, 01:20, 02:30, 05:10, 05:38, 07:00, 09:26, 10:20 PLAN / 4-EDITARA PLAN / 6-GCMTANG

LRLThis ommand does the same as ARA command, except that the clothoids are entered by using their length instead of parameter A.PLAN / 3-LRL

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EDITARABy using EDITARA command, it is possible to change R/A parameters of ARA shapes already drawn by ARA command. EDITARA automatically triggers all the graphical changes, including dynamics.PLAN / 4-EDITARA

3RThe command 3R constructs three adjoining ARCs. 3R shapes are used when designing sharp turns at crossroads.PLAN2 10:11, 12:27 PLAN4 00:19, 02:30, 03:23, 06:31, 09:26, 11:01 XROAD7 00:09 PLAN / 5-EDIT3R PLAN / 6-GCMTANG

EDIT3RBy using EDIT3R, it is possible to change radii within the already drawn 3R shapes. EDIT3R automatically triggers all the graphical changes, including the dynamics.PLAN / 5-EDIT3R

LINKCreates a dynamic LINE entity (LINK). Placed between successive roadway curves (ARA shapes constructed between successive pairs of tangents), LINK entities maintain continuity of a centerline. While changing tangents, ARA (and 3R) shapes are dynamically modified. LINK entities automatically follow any change in ARA (or 3R) shapes keeping up the continuity of the centerline.PLAN2 12:52, 13:06 PLAN4 00:29

GCMOFFSETBy using GCMOFFSET, elements of roadway geometry are offset one by one. When offsetting clothoids, you will be asked whether to apply widening (different starting and ending offsets) or not. Entities offset with GCMOFFSET dynamically follow their parent entities.PLAN2 14:10, 14:41, 15:22 PLAN3 04:12 PLAN4 00:49, 03:23, 05:10, 05:38, 06:51, 08:26, 10:28 PLAN / 6-GCMTANG

GCMTANGGCMTANG draws a tangent in relation to the ARC, clothoid or clothoids offset. The command is primarily used to construct the tangents upon the curved pavement edges. As the pavement edges are moved, the tangents drawn by GCMTANG are automatically repositioned as well. If some ARA or 3R shapes (crossroad edges) are constructed upon these tangents, they are repositioned too. Thus, GCMTANG enables construction of a fully dynamic crossroad plan, even when the crossroad is constructed upon the curved intersecting centerlines.PLAN / 6-GCMTANG

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MOVETANGAs parent entities (ARCs, clothoids or clothoid offsets) are moved, the tangents drawn upon them, by using GCMTANG command, are moved as well. While automatically sliding along the ARC, the dynamic tangent is attached to the specific tangent point, keeping the angle ratio constant (ratio of angle between the tangent point and the starting point of the ARC and angle between the tangent point and the ending point of the ARC). While automatically moving along the clothoid or its offset, the tangent is attached to the tangent vertices. If you are not satisfied with the existing tangent points, especially after automatic dynamic changes of the parent entities, you can slide the already drawn tangent along the parent entity manually with MOVETANG command.PLAN / 6-GCMTANG

ABSTANGWhile tangent LINEs enclosing entire ARA or 3R shapes represent typical roadway tangents, ABSTANG draws local tangents (or absolute tangents) upon the specific ARCs and clothoids. These shorter tangents are drawn upon curve labels inserted by using LBLHOR command and are perpendicular to them.1-abstang 00:00

LBLHORLabels clothoids and ARCs one by one. A clothoid is labeled with parameter A, while ARC is labeled with its radius.PLAN2 01:17, 04:36 PLAN4 03:05, 09:57

LBLDETPlaces tables containing detailed numerical data on selected ARCs and clothoids.PLAN2 15:41 PLAN4 06:07

DEFCLSelect a starting entity of a centerline and specify a starting station. The program looks for consecutively adjoining entities and forms a centerline. Centerline entities are stored in *.hcl file.PLAN3 00:30, 01:44, 02:19, 02:49 PROFILE2 00:09 TEMPLATE4 00:00, 08:32 XSECTION4 02:34 XROAD1 10:47 PLAN4 01:40,

XROAD7 03:08

OFFSETCLThe command offsets an entire centerline to the left or right. The command asks for the centerline file (*.hcl file) and offsets entities listed in the file.PLAN3 03:57 PLAN4 00:49, 02:11, 03:23

SHOWCLThe command asks for the centerline file (*.hcl file) and highlights its entities.

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PLAN3 01:17, 02:08, 02:36 TEMPLATE4 10:18 XROAD4 00:00

PLAN4 04:28 TEMPLATE5 00:32 XROAD7 01:36

LBLCLPerforms the LBL command on all entities belonging to a specified centerline. Clothoids are labeled with parameters A, while ARCs are labeled with radii.PLAN3 03:36 PLAN4 01:52

STATIONAfter selecting *.hcl file, the command stations (labels) either all entities belonging to the centerline or selected entities only.PLAN3 04:42 TEMPLATE4 00:10, 05:27 PLAN4 01:56

STAOFSPerforms two opposite calculations. By using the option Spot, you can label stations and offsets for points interactively selected along the centerline. By using the option Find, positions determined by a specified station and offset, are marked with appropriate station/offset blocks.PLAN3 05:47, 06:24 PROFILE2 06:32, 07:56 XROAD1 10:57 PLAN / 7-STF2STA PLAN4 06:16 XROAD7 02:32

STF2STASTF2STA command takes STAOFS blocks positioned along the selected centerline and creates *.sta file. The command asks for *.hcl file name, some STAOFS blocks and *.sta file.PLAN / 7-STF2STA

FSTAOFSThe command asks for the centerline file (*.hcl file) and for the station/offset file (*.stf file). Station/offset file contains points listed in station-offset-elevation format. Positions coinciding with stations, offsets and elevations listed in the selected file are labeled with special blocks (INSERT entities). From these blocks you can generate POINTs (PTSTIN command), calculate the TIN model (CALCTIN command) etc. By using FSTAOFS, you can import cross sections surveyed along the predefined cntreline and generate the TIN model from them.PLAN3 06:50 XSECTION3 01:40, 02:16, 03:13

ROTSTATakes stationing labels and rotates them for 90 . With this command, you can align stationing labels with the centerline (without redefining stationing blocks).o

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PLAN3 08:07

CLINCLIN command takes *.lst file in format: Station Stat-Diff R T1 A T2 Phi-T D-Phi YH YT XH XT

and draws ARCs, LINEs and clothoids based on the files content. This format is quite common in Central European countries.PLAN / 8-AXIS

CLOUTCLOUT takes *.hcl file and creates centerline description in the format: Station Stat-Diff R T1 A T2 Phi-T D-Phi YH YT XH XT

which is stored in *.lst file.PLAN / 8-AXIS

FITLINEThe command takes a selected set of LINEs (chosen from a specific layer) and overlaps them with three new LINEs. The first new LINE is a mathematical regression on the selected LINEs, based on the least square method. The remaining two new LINEs are tangent to the selected LINEs, from the left and from the right. Of all the lines passing through two endpoints of the selected LINEs and not intersecting them, the two tangents (left and right) producing least squares are drafted. These least square tangents are handy when analyzing pavement edges on road reconstruction projects.2-PLAN / PLAN-2009 00:26

FITARCFITARC is similar to FITLINE command, except it draws three new ARCs instead of new LINEs. Inner and outer tangent ARCs are the ones producing least squares of all the ARCs passing through three endpoints of the selected LINEs and not intersecting them. The middle ARC passes through the midpoints of lines connecting starting points, midpoints and ending points of least square ARCs.2-PLAN / PLAN-2009 00:26

CLTEXTCLTEXT places text inscriptions perpendicular to the centerline. The inscriptions are attached to the selected station-offset blocks (inserted by using STAOFS command).2-PLAN / PLAN-2009 04:27

VCLPLANVCLPLAN labels elements of vertical alignment along the selected centerline. Command asks for *.vcl and *.hcl file (vertical alignment to be labeled and the centerline) and for a lateral offset. If negative offset is specified, labels

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are placed to the left. Otherwise, they are placed to the right from the centerline. Current vertical exaggeration is used for grade labels.2-PLAN / PLAN-2009 03:34

LOCKPLANLOCKPLAN temporary disables (locks) all aspects of plan dynamics. By entering 1, the dynamics is locked. By entering 0, plan dynamics is active again.PLAN / 9-LOCKPLAN

2.3 Group PROF

Commands from this group are intended for vertical alignment design. With these commands you can extract longitudinal profiles from a terrain model (or models of existing or newly designed facilities), design elements of vertical alignment, define vertical alignments, arrange profiles etc.

GETPROFLongitudinal profiles are extracted from triangulated surfaces (TIN terrain models or facilities modelled by using triangles) with the GETPROF command. You are asked for the name of a triangulated surface (*.srf file created with the command SURFACE from GRAD group) and a centerline name (*.hcl file). The profile could be calculated either along the selected centerline or at the specified lateral offset. The extracted profile is stored into *.tcl file. Command GETPROF runs 10-60 times faster in GCM2004 than in GCM2000.PROFILE2 00:57, 03:25, 05:21 TEMPLATE6 01:18 XROAD4 00:42 PROFILE4 01:18, 01:54

CHKTCLBy using GETPROF, you can extract not only terrain profiles, but profiles from existing or newly designed civil engineering facilities. Some numerical modifications are made to GETPROF in order to enable extracting profiles from closed structures (tunnels, overpasses etc.). But, in some rare cases (when terrain triangles are extremely large and centerline curves extremely small), a new algorithm produces improper results. In cases like these, the CHKTCL command must be used to correct the extracted *.tcl file. CHKTCL must be invoked before drawing a profile with the DRAWPROF command or before inserting an additional profile into the already drawn profile with DRAWSRF.PROFILE4 00:11, 02:04 02:29, 03:03

DRAWPROFDRAWPROF draws a longitudinal profile. The command asks for *.hcl file (centerline file) and *.tcl file (terrain profile file). The profile is drawn by using vertical exaggeration set with the VEGZAG command. A curvature

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diagram is placed along the bottom of the profile.PROFILE2 02:28 XROAD1 01:20 PROFILE3 02:41 XROAD4 01:09 PROFILE4 02:11, 03:31

DRAWSRFWith DRAWSRF you can import additional profiles (*.tcl files) into already drawn longitudinal profiles. The program asks you to select a profile and *.tcl file. By using DRAWSRF, you can subsequently import profiles calculated at parallel offsets (in relation to the centerline), profiles cut out from tunneling structures, bridges, underground utilities etc.PROFILE2 03:43, 05:39 PROFILE4 02:38 TEMPLATE3 10:08, 11:28 TEMPLATE6 01:08, 01:34 XROAD4 01:28 XROAD7 00:48

GRADEDraws a LINE at a specified grade within the selected longitudinal profile. First, you are prompted to select a profile. While drawing the grade, the profiles vertical exaggeration is applied automatically.PROFILE3 00:00

CURVEDraws a vertical curve between two LINEs representing grades (either drawn manually or by using the GRADE command). After picking one of the profiles entities, indicating the profile you are working with, you have to enter the radius of a vertical curve. Then, you have to pick two LINE entities (grades).PROFILE3 00:00 XROAD1 12:00 XROAD4 02:27

XCURVECommand XCURVE draws vertical curve between two selected tangents and through the selected point. The radius is calculated automatically.PLAN / 1-XCURVE

DEFVCLAfter placing elements of vertical alignment (grades and curves), you have to group them as a vertical alignment and store it into *.vcl file. First, specify the name for the alignment and select a profile by picking one of its entities. Select the first entity of vertical alignment and then, select other entities that could be consecutively joined to the first one. The program searches for adjoining entities and stores vertical geometry into the specified *.vcl file.PROFILE3 00:34 TEMPLATE3 12:04, 13:45 TEMPLATE6 01:53 XSECTION4 02:50 XROAD1 12:16 XROAD4 02:45 XROAD7 01:08

DRAWVCLA vertical alignment could be imported into an already drawn longitudinal profile with the DRAWVCL command. Just specify the vertical alignment to be imported (*.vcl file) and select a profile by picking one of its entities.

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PROFILE3 02:58

LBLGRADEAfter selecting a profile (by picking the profiles entity), select a pattern for the TEXT inscriptions and enter precision. Then you are asked to select several grades and the program will calculate and label elevations along these grades.PROFILE3 01:11, 03:07

LBLCURVEAfter selecting a profile (by picking the profiles entity), select a pattern for the TEXT inscriptions and enter precision. Then you are asked to select several vertical curves and the program will calculate and label elevations along these curves. You will also be asked to specify positions for additional labels (labels containing radius, grade change, tangent length etc.).PROFILE3 01:25, 03:14

LBLVPIThe command LBLVPI labels vertical points of intersection (VPI). After selecting profile, TEXT pattern and precision, you are asked to select a vertical alignment (*.vcl file) whose VPIs are to be labeled.PROFILE3 03:21

SPOTAfter selecting the profile you are working with, pick several points within the selected profile and the program will label their stations and elevations.PROFILE2 05:49 TEMPLATE5 07:58

XROAD4 02:11

STAELEVWithin the selected profile, STAELEV marks positions calculated from entered stations and elevations. By using the Manual import option, pairs of stations and elevations are entered manually, from the command line. If the option STAOFS blocks is required, you are expected to select a set of station/offset blocks (placed with STAOFS command from group PLAN). The station and elevation from each of these blocks are retrieved and marked within the selected profile.PROFILE2 06:17, 06:34, 06:17 XROAD1 11:22 XROAd7 02:45

EXTREMEThe command EXTREME marks extreme points of selected vertical curves (bottom of the sag curve or top of the crest).PROFILE2 01:51

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PROFTEXTThe command takes text inscriptions placed along the centerline by using CLTEXT command and transfers them into a selected longitudinal profile. All transferred text labels are placed at the same elevation, by using selected layer/color/style pattern.3-PROF / PROF-2009 00:27

ADDELEVEIn some cases, especially while working on final designs, a terrain is surveyed at the stations that do not coincide with the constant stationing intervals. Therefore, you will need elevations (both existing and proposed ones) labeled at these stations too. These additional stations are labeled with ADDELEVE (existing elevations) and ADDELEVP (proposed elevations). Before invoking these two commands, you must create the stations file (*.sta file) containing stations for which additional elevations are needed. Stations files are created with the STASEC command from the XSEC group. Additional terrain elevations are labeled by using the ADDELEVE command. First, specify *.sta file containing stations to be labeled and pick a profile. Then, select a TEXT pattern and a grid LINEs pattern (labels will be drawn by using their styles, colors, layers etc.). Finally, after specifying precision (number of decimal places), you are asked to pick a pattern for terrain LINEs and a group of these LINEs. Based on these LINEs, the program calculates elevations coinciding with the stations listed in the selected *.sta file.PROFILE3 03:41, 04:34

ADDELEVPAdditional proposed elevations are labeled by using the ADDELEVP command. First, specify *.sta file containing stations to be labeled and pick a profile. Then select a TEXT pattern and a grid LINEs pattern (labels will be drawn by using their styles, colors, layers etc.). Finally, after specifying precision (number of decimal places), you are asked to pick elements of a vertical alignment (grades and vertical curves). The program checks whether stations listed in the *.sta file lay within the stationing boundaries of a selected entity (grade or curve) and calculates corresponding elevations.PROFILE3 03:41, 04:12

ADDSECIn some countries, cross sections numbers should be placed at the bottom of the longitudinal profile. The command ADDSEC asks you to select a drawn longitudinal profile and one *.sec file. This type of file is created with the FINDSEC command from the XSEC group (FINDSEC labels cross sections in horizontal plan). ADDSEC reads the cross sections stations/numbers from the selected *.sec file and labels them along the bottom line of the profile (you are asked to specify text height for the labels).XSECTION4 01:33

VEGZAGWith this command you can set vertical exaggeration for subsequently drawn profiles, templates and cross sections.GRAD2 02:29 PROFILE2 01:49 XROAD2 07:19 PROFILE4 02:07

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GRADELSTGRADELST checks the grade of a selected LINE entity. By using this command, you can check grades of LINEs belonging to longitudinal profiles, templates, cross sections etc. While reporting the grade, the current vertical exaggeration is taken into account.TEMPLATE2 07:40, 09:07 TEMPLATE5 22:29

VCL2STRWhen manipulating 3D models of linear facilities, the commands VCL2STR and STR2TCL are used in conjunction. By using these commands, you can vertically reposition drain trenches, retaining walls, pavement edges etc. The commands 3DMODEL and 3DDYN (group TMPL) generate triangulated models of linear facilities. Along certain edges (bottom of the drain trench, top of the retaining wall) strings of POINTs are automatically generated (and stored into *.str files string files). Each of these POINTs inherits station and elevation. The command STR2TCL takes these POINTs and stores their stations and elevations in the terrain profiles file (*.tcl file). For example, you can import a thus created profile of a drain trench into an existing profile by using DRAWSRF. Based on this profile, you can design new vertical alignment for a drain trench and define it with DEFVCL. A new vertical alignment is applied to the POINTs from a string (POINTs on the model) by using the VCL2STR command. VCL2STR asks for the name of a vertical alignment (*.vcl file) and for a string file (*.str file). Then, the command vertically repositions POINTs from the string to comply with the new vertical alignment. Consequently all triangles attached to these POINTs are vertically repositioned as well.TEMPLATE3 12:16, 13:03, 13:13 TEMPLATE6 02:06

STR2TCLSTR2TCL asks for a string name (*.str file) and for a profiles name (*.tcl file). Then it takes POINTs from a string and stores their stations/elevations into the terrain profiles file (*.tcl file).TEMPLATE3 09:51, 11:14 TEMPLATE6 00:52

PAVE2PAVCommand PAVE2PAV asks for a centerline (*.hcl file) and takes all the pavement blocks attached to that centerline. The command creates *.pav file (pavement configuration file) that is defined only at stations to which pavement blocks are attached (unlike *.pav file created with CALCPAVE command from CSC1 group which calculates pavement configuration at all the stations taken from a selected *.sec file). Pavement configuration defined at the key stations (to which pavement blocks are attached) enables quick drafting of superelevation diagrams (see command PAV2SUPER).3-PROF / PROF-2009 03:32, 09:34

TMC2PAVStarting from GCM2004 on, it is suggested that when a road template is created, LINE No.1 should act as the left, and LINE No.2 as the right side of the pavement. Thus, by analyzing the selected *.tmc file (the file defining template changes along the centerline) and the *.tmp files listed in the *.tmc file, TMC2PAV command resolves pavement configuration and stores it in *.pav file. Pavement configuration produced this way defines pavement lines only at the stations where the template changes take place and is very handy for quick drafting of superelevation diagrams (see command PAV2SUPER).3-PROF / PROF-2009 06:32, 06:49

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PAV2SUPERPAV2SUPER takes *.pav file and draws a superelevation diagram. The superelevation diagram is added to the bottom of an existing longitudinal profile. Usually, two separate diagrams are drawn for the left and right side of the pavement. If drawn from a *.pav file created by CALCPAVE command, the superelevation diagram is overpopulated with labels, because pavement width, elevation of the outer pavement edge and pavement cross grade are marked at each cross sections station. Thus, it is more appropriate to generate superelevation diagrams from *.pav files created with PAVE2PAV and TMC2PAV commands. In more complex cases, where motorway pavements are staggered vertically, even the inner edges of the pavement (not only the outer pavement edges) depart from the relative zero in relation to the general vertical alignment. In cases like these, both inner and outer pavement edges must be labeled with lateral and vertical offset in relation to the general vertical alignment. So thick labeling does not leave room for the pavement cross grade labels. When both pavement edges depart from zero, it is often hard to know which one is the outer edge. Therefore, in cases like these, small circular marks are placed along the outer edge.3-PROF / PROF-2009 04:00, 08:24, 10:56, 12:00

SUPERELEVBy using SUPERELEV command, superelevation diagrams are added to the bottom of the profile. Each superelevating edge has its own diagram and you can add as many superelevation diagrams as you need. The command asks you for two string names (*.str files). The first string is the string to label (string generated along the pavement edge) and the second string is the central string (usually string generated along the centerline). The program measures cross grades, horizontal widths and elevational differences between matching POINTs from the two strings (matching POINTs are the POINTs at the same station). Thus, besides cross grades and elevational differences, the program labels the width of the pavement as well.TEMPLATE3 15:29, 16:07, 17:45, 18:47

2.4 Group TMPL

The template is the inner part of a cross section, excluding cut or fill slopes. Commands from this group are used to create templates and define template changes along the centerline. Finally, based on horizontal and vertical alignment and template changes, the 3D model of a linear facility (highway, railway, tunnel etc.) is generated.

DRAWTMPTemplates are defined by using LINE entities and blocks consisting of LINE entities only. Though these LINEs could be drawn manually, there is the DRAWTMP command that draws LINEs of specified width/grade or width/slope combinations.TEMPLATE2 04:15, 05:12

LINTMPBefore finally defining a template (with DEFTMP command), all LINEs, blocks and strings within the template must be properly coded. LINEs within the template are coded with LINTMP. The command attaches coding blocks (blocks with numbers) to the selected LINE entities. First enter the starting number and the insertion scale for coding blocks. LINEs are picked one by one and, as you pick the LINEs, the coding number is incremented automatically.TEMPLATE2 05:26

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BLKTMPBlocks within the template are coded with the BLKTMP command. Specify starting number and insertion scale for coding blocks. As you pick blocks one by one, the coding number is incremented automatically. In GCM2004 you can use rotated blocks, which might be suitable for railway and tunnel templates.TEMPLATE4 00:45 TEMPLATE / 2-DEFTMP

STRTMPString positions within the template are marked by using the STRTMP command. Strings from which cut or fill slopes will be generated later, are positioned along the outer shoulder edges. Strings from which superelevation diagrams will be retrieved are positioned along the centerline and along the pavement edges. And, if you want to vertically control elements, such as the bottom of the drain trench or the top of the retaining wall, strings must be positioned at these places too. First, enter an insertion scale for coding blocks. Then, specify string positions and enter their coding numbers. You are allowed to use up to 12 strings per template.TEMPLATE2 05:50

CLTMPThere must be one (and only one) centerline position for each template. This position is marked with the CLTMP command. You are prompted for the coding blocks insertion scale and asked to pick the centerlines position.TEMPLATE2 05:37

DEFTMPThe command DEFTMP is used to define a template. Actually, the command reads coded LINEs and blocks, reads marked strings and a centerline position, recalculates template arrangement from these data and stores template definition into *.tmp file. First, you are asked to specify the templates name (name of the *.tmp file). As there may be several completed (drawn) templates ready for final definition (with DEFTMP) and created by using different vertical exaggeration, the vertical exaggeration for this template must be specified next. Then you are expected to select coding blocks (inserted by LINTMP, BLKTMP, STRTMP and CLTMP). The program reads coding blocks and template entities to which these blocks are attached, retrieves necessary numerical data and stores these data into the selected *.tmp file. In GCM2004 you can use rotated blocks, which might be suitable for railway and tunnel templates.TEMPLATE2 06:24, 08:20, 08:48, 09:33 TEMPLATE / 2-DEFTMP TEMPLATE4 02:19

INSTMPWith the INSTMP command you can import template into the drawing. The template is retrieved from the selected *.tmp file. You are asked for vertical exaggeration, scale of coding blocks and for the templates insertion point. LINEs and blocks are imported into the drawing and automatically coded with LINTMP and BLKTMP blocks. String positions and centerline position are coded as well. When creating a new template that is similar to an existing one, it is a good practice to import the existing template with INSTMP and edit it. A template could be edited either manually or by using the EXTTMP and GRADETMP commands.TEMPLATE2 07:22, 10:00, 10:14 TEMPLATE4 00:27, 02:10 TEMPLATE5 01:08, 22:49

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XROAD3 03:34

EXTTMPBy using the EXTTMP command, you can widen the template or make it narrower. For example, pick the LINE representing pavement surface near the shoulder and specify extension. If extension is negative, pavement edge will be moved to the left, keeping its cross grade constant. Positive extension moves the edge to the right. And all elements adjoining pavement edge (shoulder, retaining wall, sidewalk etc.) are displaced automatically, following modified edge.TEMPLATE2 08:30, 08:59, 10:14, 22:49 TEMPLATE6 04:30

GRADETMPGRADETMP changes the cross grade of a selected LINE within the template. Just select the LINE and specify a new cross grade. The endpoint of the LINE that is closer to the selection point is moved vertically to comply with the specified grade.TEMPLATE2 07:53, 08:30, 10:14 TEMPLATE5 22:49

SETTMPAfter the templates have been defined, they should be assigned to the key stations along the centerline. The link between the templates and the key stations is established by *.tmc files. The entire centerline is divided into sections, each section having a starting station and a starting and ending template. These stations and templates are stored in *.tmc files. Command SETTMP starts an editor. By using this editor, you can create new *.tmc files and edit existing ones. SETTMP serves as a template viewer as well.TEMPLATE5 02:28, 02:47, 03:02, 04:40, 07:08, 08:20, 09:08, 10:30, 14:10, 14:32, 15:12 TEMPLATE6 11:11 XROAD 09:31

3DMODELThe command 3DMODEL generates a static model of a linear facility. Unlike the dynamic model created with the 3DDYN command, the static model could be changed only vertically (by applying new vertical alignment with 3DVER command). Triangulated 3D model of a road (tunnel or railway) is interpolated between the templates assigned to successive key stations and listed in *.tmc file. 3D model is generated along the specified centerline (*.hcl file) and by using the specified vertical alignment (*.vcl file). Template changes are taken from the specified *.tmc file. The model is generated between specified starting and ending station and the triangles vertices are calculated at constant stationing intervals. In order to improve the models accuracy, vertices could be calculated at random stations too (these stations are supplied by specifying *.sta file file created with STASEC command, XSEC group). Besides the triangulated model, strings of POINTs are generated as well. These are the strings coinciding with string positions marked within the templates. Names of the strings (*.str files) are composed by adding string numbers to the prefix specified by the user. From the strings generated along the outer shoulder edges, cut/fill slopes will be generated with the SLOPE command (group GRAD). Other strings are used to vertically manipulate drain trenches, retaining walls etc. (see STR2TCL and VCL2STR commands group PROF). If you do not supply template changes and answer with Esc or Cancel to the file dialog asking for *.tmc file, only the POINTs will be generated along the specified centerline (by using supplied vertical alignment). The model is created as a kind of 3D interpolation along the centerline. In GCM2004, at the places where both

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widening and superelevation take place, it is not the same if you are using simple 3D interpolation between the successive templates, or widening/superelevation refinement. The first method might be more suitable for tunnels, while the second one should be (or must be) used on typical road projects.PLAN5 03:21 TEMPLATE3 09:35 TEMPLATE4 04:08 XROAD1 12:31 XROAD4 03:11 TEMPLATE / 3-3DMODEL TEMPLATE5 15:22, 16:31

3DVERCommand 3DVER vertically manipulates both the static and the dynamic model (the static model is generated with 3DMODEL, while the dynamic model is generated with the 3DDYN command). 3DVER command applies new vertical alignment to the model. Select centerline (*.hcl file) and vertical alignment (*.vcl file). The program vertically repositions the model generated along the selected centerline, following the new vertical alignment.TEMPLATE3 13:39, 14:40 XROAD7 06:08, 06:25, 07:18

ADDTMPA dynamic 3D model is generated with the 3DDYN command. The 3DDYN command does not ask for file containing template changes (*.tmc file), like the 3DMODEL command does. 3DDYN reads dynamic template blocks attached to the key points along the centerline. While changing the centerline, template blocks automatically travel along the centerline, keeping the superelevation concept unchanged. First select the template name (*.tmp file) and the centerline name (*.hcl file). Then select the centerlines entity to which the template will be attached. The template block is attached at a specified distance either from the entitys starting or ending station. Regardless of what happens to the entity, the template block moves automatically along the centerline, keeping this distance constant.TEMPLATE3 00:24, 02:07 XROAD7 03:49 TEMPLATE4 03:02, 06:21, 08:40 TEMPLATE6 10:02

MAKETMCWhile the dynamic model is more appropriate for preliminary and conceptual designs, the static (but highly detailed) model is more appropriate for final designs. The static model is generated by using the 3DMODEL command that asks for *.tmc file, containing template changes. Therefore, while moving from the dynamic to the static model, you have to create *.tmc file, by using SETTMP command. Instead of creating *.tmc file with the SETTMP command, MAKETMC can do it for you automatically. The command reads template blocks attached to the selected centerline and stores stations and template names into specified *.tmc file. Later, you can substitute the names of these templates with the names of more detailed ones.TEMPLATE6 09:45, 10:52

3DDYN3DDYN generates the dynamic model of a linear facility (highway, railway, tunnel etc.). The command asks for centerlines name (*.hcl file), vertical alignment (*.vcl file), starting and ending station of the model, stationing step (intervals) etc. The command does not ask for template changes (*.tmc file), but automatically reads templates attached to the selected centerline. The model is created as a kind of 3D interpolation along the centerline. In GCM2004, at the places where both widening and superelevation take place, it is not the same if you are using simple 3D interpolation between the successive templates, or widening/superelevation refinement. The first method might be more suitable for tunnels, while the second one should be (or must be) used on typical road projects.TEMPLATE3 04:14, 04:34, 09:35, 14:24, 03:22 TEMPLATE4 04:19, 06:44, 09:02

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XROAD7 00:21, 01:16, 04:11 TEMPLATE / 3-3DMODEL

LOCKTMPLLOCKTMPL temporary disables (locks) all aspects of template/3Dmodel dynamics. By entering 1, the dynamics is locked. By entering 0, template/3Dmodel dynamics is active again.TEMPLATE / 4-LOCKTMPL

2.5 Group GRAD

Commands from group GRAD are used for the linear and conical slope design, modeling of curbs and sidewalks at crossroads, modeling of ditches etc. Geometry of cut/fill slope is based on these data: - the cross section of the slope - the string of POINTs through which the slope is constructed (to the left or to the right) - the triangulated terrain surface in relation to which the slope is calculated This is why GRAD commands start with three editors.

SLOEDITCross sections of fill slopes are stored in *.fil files, while cross sections of cut slopes are stored in *.cut files. Slopes are defined segment by segment, each segment being defined by its width and slope in 1:n form. Positive slope stands for upgrade, while negative slope stands for downgrade. SLOEDIT is the slopes editor. By using this editor you can create new *.cut and *.fil files or edit existing ones.GRAD3 00:00, 01:50 TEMPLATE3 07:07 GRAD8 10:09

STRINGCut/fill slopes (and some other triangulated forms modelled with GRAD commands) are generated through the strings of POINT entities. Strings are sequences of POINTs stored in *.str files. Strings could be generated automatically, with 3DMODEL and 3DDYN commands, as parts of highway or railway models. Some of these strings are used to manipulate the model vertically (STR2TCL and VCL2STR commands, group PROF). From strings generated along the outer edges of the shoulders, cut/fill slopes are constructed. The STRING command opens the string editor. By using the string editors options, you can manually create new strings (open or closed), break strings in two, join strings etc. When creating a new string, you have to pick a starting POINT first. Then you have to select a group of POINTs. By using proximity criterion, selected POINTs are consecutively connected to the first one and stored into *.str file. Some of the strings of POINTs are automatically generated along the outer edges of cut/fill slopes. After including these POINTs into the terrain model (NEWPTS command, group DTM), POLYLINEs generated through these strings are fitted as break lines into the TIN terrain model (FITBRK command, group DTM). Therefore, by using STRING options, even POLYLINEs could be generated through the selected strings of POINTs.GRAD3 00:00, 00:21, 04:45 GRAD4 00:27, 05:31 GRAD7 02:48, 05:40, 06:31, 15:44, 17:11, 19:30, 20:16, 21:17 PLAN5 06:32, 07:01, 08:02, 09:27, 09:57 TEMPLATE3 06:46, 10:00, 10:53 TEMPLATE5 18:09 XROAD1 05:00, 07:43, 09:11, 15:43, 18:04, 18:44, 20:23 XROAD3 04:12, 09:50 XROAD4 03:58, 10:46 GRAD5 01:29 GRAD8 03:57, 09:15, 13:24 TEMPLATE6 00:18

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XROAD5 00:37, 06:46

XROAD6 00:25, 05:52

SURFACEThe command starts the editor for triangulated surfaces. The outer edges of cut/fill slopes are calculated in relation to the TIN terrain model. This is why triangles forming the terrain surface must be grouped into triangulated surfaces and passed over to the program that calculates cut/fill slopes. By using the SURFACE command, triangles are grouped and stored into surface files (*.srf files). When creating a new triangulated surface, you are asked to pick a triangle pattern first. The selection of triangles to be stored into the surface is layer/color based. You can take all the triangles having the same color or belonging to the same layer as a triangle pattern etc. When calculating volumes between two triangulated surfaces (group VOL), these grouping techniques become more complex. For example, triangles forming cut/fill slopes and subgrade must be grouped (joined) into the top surface and compared to the terrain surface consisting of terrain triangles. Therefore, besides the option for creating new triangulated surfaces, there is an option for joining surfaces. And, there is option that calculates horizontal or slanted (real) area of a selected surface, option that lists the content of the surface etc.DTM7 00:10 GRAD3 00:00, 03:08 GRAD6 00:34, 05:45 PROFILE2 00:38, 05:10 TEMPLATE3 07:27, 15:37 TEMPLATE4 07:06 TEMPLATE5 19:02, 19:56 XSECTION2 12:16 XSECTION3 09:02 XROAD 15:13

SLOPEThe command SLOPE generates a linear slope. The slope is generated through the selected string of POINTs (*.str file), with a specific cut and fill cross section (*.cut and *.fil files), and its outer edge is calculated in relation to the selected terrain surface (*.srf file). Slopes could be generated to the left or to the right (in relation to the string), cut/fill labels could be applied etc. Optionally, the command automatically generates a string of POINTs along the outer edge of the slope. These POINTs could be spliced into the TIN terrain model, by using commands NEWPTS (group DTM), STRING (option 2DPOLY or 3DPOLY) and FITBRK (group DTM).GRAD3 04:10 GRAD4 00:00, 01:15, 04:12, 05:52 GRAD7 03:18, 07:33, 10:11, 15:44, 17:27 GRAD8 04:38, 10:09, 10:28, 13:56 TEMPLATE3 07:07, 07:39 TEMPLATE4 07:16 TEMPLATE5 19:13, 20:53 XROAD1 09:56, 17:08, 18:21, 19:15, 20:56 XROAD3 13:25 XROAD6 01:18 XROAD7 05:28, 05:50, 06:43

CONESLOPEThe command CONESLOPE generates a conical slope. Conical slopes are generated at the sharp corners of parking lots, building pads etc. The CONESLOPE command asks for *.fil and *.cut files and for a *.srf file. While a linear slope is generated through a string of POINTs, a conical slope is generated from its apex point. Therefore, you are asked to pick an apex point and a starting and ending azimuth (in counter-clockwise direction). A conical slope consists of radial segments and you are expected to enter the number of these segments. Optionally, CONESLOPE generates a string of POINTs along the outer edge of the conical slope.GRAD7 08:13 GRAD8 05:17

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FILLSLOPEThe FILLSLOPE command fillets the outer portion of a linear slope. The command asks for string name (*.str file), surface name (*.srf file) and for a tangent width. The command takes the cut/fill slope generated through the selected string and fillets its outer portion, making a smooth transition from the slope to the terrain surface. The width of the fillet is twice the width of the tangent.GRAD7 10:49, 12:42 XSECTION 01:03

FILLCONEThe command FILLCONE fillets a conical slope. The conical slope is selected by picking its first or last segment (for each conical slope, the first and the last segments are reactive segments each change of these segments causes dynamic modification of an entire conical slope). After selecting the conical slope to be filleted, you are asked to select the surface (*.srf file) in relation to which the fillet will be calculated and prompted for a tangent width.GRAD7 12:02, 12:42

CONSTThe command CONST generates a surface at constant cross grade and having constant width, through the selected string. After selecting basic options (whether to generate surface to the left or to the right from the string etc.), a new dialog is opened, asking you for general geometrical parameters. You are expected to specify the width of the surface and its cross grade. Cross grade could be entered in % or in 1:n form. By using CONST command, you can generate horizontal and vertical surfaces as well. Optionally, a string of POINTs is generated along the outer edge of the generated surface. Command CONST is used to generate shoulders along pavement edges at crossroads. Through the POINTs attached to a pavement edge, a constant slope (for example, 1.5m wide and having a cross grade of 8%) is generated. Finally, from the outer string of the thus created shoulder, a cut/fill slope will be generated later, by using the SLOPE command.GRAD7 14:40, 15:03, 19:17, 19:46, 20:43 GRAD8 15:52 XROAD1 01:08 XROAD7 05:28

MULTIThe command MULTI creates a multiple sloped surface. It means that, you can take any *.fil or *.cut file and, the triangulated model having the cross section retrieved from the file, will be generated through the specified string of POINTs. The multiple sloped surface is generated in fixed width. On the other hand, slopes generated with the SLOPE command and based on the same *.cut or *.fil files are of variable width (the slopes ends are calculated in relation to the terrain surface). Multiple sloped surfaces are used while modeling ditches along the outer edges of cut/fill slopes. A *cut or *.fil file containing two segments, inner face of the ditch and its horizontal bottom, is created first. Multiple sloped surface, based on this file, is generated through the string of POINTs following the outer edge of a cut/fill slope. An outer string, following the outer edge of the bottom, is generated too. Finally, the outer face of the ditch is generated as a standard cut/fill slope, running along this string (along the bottoms outer edge).GRAD7 16:25 GRAD8 13:36

TWISTThe command TWIST generates a twisted (superelevated) surface. The twisted surface is generated along the string of POINTs in constant width and with a specified starting and ending cross grade. Cross grades in between

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are calculated as linear interpolation. The command could be used when modeling superelevated pavements passing behind triangular isles at crossroads, when modeling very short access roads with superelevated pavements etc XROAD1 00:00, 06:10 XROAD4 04:24, 04:48, 05:24

INTSLOPEIntersecting slopes running through two opposite strings of POINTs can be generated with the INTSLOPE command. The command asks for two string names and for cross grades of intersecting surfaces. INTSLOPE is rarely used. If you have an idea of modeling intersecting cut/fill slopes with the INSTLOPE command, apply to the TRINT command (EDIT group) for a right answer.XROAD1 00:00, 15:32, 16:07

TEMPLATEThe TEMPLATE command asks for a string name and for a template name (*.tmp file). The command generates a complex triangulated model based on the template (cross section) stored in selected *.tmp file. By using the TEMPLATE command, you can generate highly detailed models of sidewalks along the edges of crossroads, curbs surrounding traffic isles etc. Strings defined within the template are generated automatically. Thus, after modeling the sidewalk along the crossroads edge, you can generate a cut/fill slope through the string generated along the sidewalks outer edge. Names of the strings (*.str files) are composed by adding string numbers to the prefix specified by the user.GRAD7 15:26 XROAD1 00:00, 08:26, 10:12 XROAD3 04:36, 09:20, 11:05, 14:09 XROAD5 00:07, 01:07, 07:04, 05:50, 06:43

STRSPLINEThe command STRSPLINE takes POINTs from a selected string and places these POINTs along the automatically calculated splined longitudinal profile. The splined profile is based on starting and ending grades - grades determined by the first two and the last two POINTs from the string. STRSPLINE is used for vertical positioning of POINTs along the edges of crossroads. Usually, the first two POINTS from a string are attached to the edge of a main street, while the last two POINTs are attached to the edge of a secondary street. POINTs in between are placed along the plan projection of a crossroads edge (3R or ARA curve). STRSPLINE moves POINTs vertically, leaving the first and last POINTs unchanged. When brought to appropriate elevations, these POINTs are connected with the TIN model, representing the pavement surface. Finally, along these POINTs, models of sidewalks (TEMPLATE command) or shoulders (CONST command) are constructed. The command asks for string name and for some simple calculation parameters. Besides vertical repositioning of the strings POINTs, the command draws a simplified splined profile and you will be asked for the profiles graphical parameters as well.XROAD1 00:00, 03:01, 04:58, 10:35 XROAD4 11:20

LBLSLOPELBLSLOPE labels slopes (or grades) between the pairs of interactively selected positions. First, you are asked for a text height. You can label both grades (%) and slopes (1:n). While labeling grades (%), current vertical exaggeration (VEGZAG command) is used for labels.DTM8 01:22

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GRAD2 01:45, 02:02, 02:23 GRAD5 00:00 GRAD8 08:23, 09:00 XROAD3 03:16

LOCKGRADLOCKGRAD temporary disables (locks) all aspects of grading dynamics. By entering 1, the dynamics is locked. By entering 0, grading dynamics is active again. GRADING / 1-LOCKGRAD

2.6 Group PTS

Commands from this group could be used to import surveyed data, to create and manipulate break lines, to place POINTs in relation to each other or in relation to positions identified on the model etc.

PTSINSurveyed data are imported into the drawing with the PTSIN command. After invoking PTSIN, a dialog with available file formats appears. Surveyed data must be stored in the ASCII files with a *.dat extension. Coordinates of surveyed points could be preceded by point numbers and followed with point descriptions. Surveyed points are represented with blocks named POINT, each block having three attributes: number, elevation, description. After specifying a file format, you are asked to select one of *.dat files and to enter the scale of POINT blocks. Then, you can generate POINT entities from inserted POINT blocks (GENPTS command from group DTM) and calculate the TIN model from these POINTs.DTM06 00:00

PTSSETPOINT blocks (used by PTSIN) can be inserted manually with the PTSSET command. While inserting blocks, you are asked for the insertion scale, point number, elevation and description. To speed up the process, you can fix some of these attributes, by checking appropriate boxes in the dialog. The command is used to manually digitise isolated picks, depressions and other points of interest from the maps. While arranging grading plans, there is always a need for labeling elevations of some important points (usually proposed surfaces points). In this case, enter dot (.) in Elevation edit box of a PTSSET dialog. From then on, POINT blocks will be attached to the positions picked on the model. Elevations of picked positions will be taken as elevation attributes for the inserted POINT blocks.DTM2 01:06 GRAD6 12:45 DTM9 00:00, 00:44

PTSLAYERWhile working with POINT blocks representing surveyed or digitised points, there is always a need for placing some of these blocks into separate layers, by using point description or point number criteria. This can be accomplished with the PTSLAYER command.

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DTM2 01:50

DIFFELEVBy using the PTSSET command, POINT blocks can be attached to the positions picked out from the proposed surface (. Elevation). But, in some countries, terrain elevations coinciding with these positions (and elevational differences) are required as well. The command DIFFELEV asks you to the select a group of POINT blocks attached to the proposed surface and for a set of triangles (terrain triangles). The program calculates corresponding terrain elevations and elevational differences and labels them with POINTVOL blocks (blocks used also by CALCVOL command, group VOL).GRAD6 12:28

MAKEBRKWhile calculating the TIN model, the CALCTIN command (group DTM) asks for *.pts (points file) file and for *.brk file (break line file). Break line files are generated from surveyed data files (*.dat files) and point connection files (*.bk0 files). If *.dat file is created by using one of the formats containing point number, then sequences of point numbers stored in *.bk0 file determine break lines. Based on point numbers stored in *.bk0 file, the coordinates of break line points are retrieved from *.dat file and stored in *.brk file. The command expects you to select an appropriate *.dat file format from the main dialog and then asks you for *.dat file and for *.bk0 file. Besides creating *.brk file (with the same name as selected *.bk0 file), the command draws POLYLINEs following the retrieved break lines. Thus, you can calculate the TIN model with no break lines (call the CALCTIN command and answer with Cancel to the dialog asking for *.brk file) and fit POLYLINEs generated with MAKEBRK into the TIN model later (with FITBRK command from DTM group). And, of course, you can calculate the TIN model by specifying both *.pts and *.brk file, which could be a rather slow process. On the other hand, in GCM2006, TIN calculation with *.brk file specified runs 20 to 100 times faster.DTM6 03:48

POLY2BRKBreak line files can be generated from manually drawn POLYLINEs and 3DPOLY entities. These entities must be drawn with vertices accurately attached to the POINTs from which the TIN model is generated (by using OSNAP NODE). Call the POLY2BRK command, select a set of POLYLINEs and enter the name of a *.brk file. DTM5 03:31

ADDBRKThe command ADDBRK is rarely used. With the ADDBRK command you can merge two *.brk files into a new one.NO MOVIE FOR THIS COMMAND

PTSLINEWith the PTSLINE command, you can insert a chain of POINTs between two interactively picked positions. The POINTs can be inserted at constant intervals, measured from the first selected position (Measure option), or dividing the length between the two selected positions in equal parts (Divide option). Select two positions and specify option (Measure or Divide). If Measure option is selected, you will be asked for the interval length.GRAD2 01:17 XROAD3 00:50 GRAD7 05:50 XROAD4 13:45 GRAD8 00:16

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PTSDIRWith the PTSDIR command, new POINT is placed on the 3D line passing through two selected positions. POINT will be placed either at the specified horizontal or vertical distance (offset), measured from the first selected position.GRAD4 03:14

PTSMOVEIn many cases, the ditch running along the outer edge of a cut/fill slope should be displaced from this edge. The model of the ditch is generated through the POINTs displaced from the slopes outer ends (the model is created with MULTI and SLOPE command, group GRAD). These displaced POINTs are set by using PTSMOVE command. First specify displacement and then pick sequences of the slopes ends (Point to move) and the slopes lateral edges (Back point). New POINTs will be displaced from the selected slopes ends in the directions of the selected slopes edges.GRAD8 12:40

PTSLOPEWith this command you can either place a new POINT in relation to the selected position (reference point) or move an existing POINT vertically to conform to the specified grade (%) or slope (1:n). Thus, you can specify grade in both (%) and (1:n) form. Positive value stands for upgrade and negative value stands for downgrade, in relation to the reference point.GRAD2 00:00 XROAD3 01:55, 13:13 XROAD5 03:12, 08:16

PTSPERPWith the PTSPERP command, a set of POINTs can be positioned at a specified cross grade in relation to the line defined in 3D. First select two positions determining the line in 3D and specify a cross grade. Selected POINTs will be raised (or lowered) to the elevations determined by the specified cross grade, measured perpendicular to the line in 3D. The command is frequently used while modeling building pads and parking lots.DTM8 00:49 GRAD2 00:58 XROAD3 02:28, 05:42, 06:56, 13:13, 13:44

PTSPENThe PTSPEN command places a POINT entity at the position where the 3D line penetrates the triangle. By using the Edge option, you are expected to pick a triangles edge and a group of triangles. Usually, the selected edge is the common edge of two neighbouring triangles. The program treats this edge as infinite in length, calculates penetration through the selected group of triangles and marks this penetration with a POINT entity. By using the Edge option, you can accurately locate points where the edge of the ditch bottom penetrates terrain surface (where the water is disposed of). The Grade option marks the penetration of the line, starting from a specified base point and having specified grade, through the selected set of triangles.GRAD8 10:59, 14:10, 15:03

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PTSIDESelect two triangles edges passing over each other. PTSIDE places POINT entities on both edges, marking the intersection of the selected edges in plan projection. Thus, POINTs placed by PTSIDE have the same X,Y coordinates.XROAD1 00:00, 13:25

PTS2TRIYou are expected to select a set of entities and to pick a pattern for triangles and a pattern for POINTs. PTS2TRI filters the set and takes all POINTs belonging to the same layer as the POINTs pattern and all triangles belonging to the same layer as the triangles pattern. Finally, selected POINTs are raised (or lowered) to selected triangles.DTM9 00:00, 00:35 GRAD4 03:41 XROAD1 02:31 XROAD7 02:07, 02:18 GRAD8 00:45, 02:21, 13:03 XROAD4 07:40, 08:36

TRIPLANETRIPLANE command brings selected POINTs to the plane defined by the selected triangle. The command is handy when creating a TIN model of a crossroad, bringing POINTs along the curb to the plane of the specific pavement triangle, chosen either from the primary road model or from the secondary road model. In many cases TRIPLANE could successively substitute EXTSLOPE / PTS2TRI procedure. TRIPLANE is more appropriate when the pavement surface in relation to which POINTs are modified is relatively uniform, both longitudinally and laterally.4-PTS / PTS-2009 00:00

SRF2SRFThe command asks for two surfaces (*.srf files), proposed (remodelled surface) and terrain surface. SRF2SRF takes each vertex from the first triangulated surface, calculates elevational difference in relation to the second surface and places the POINT entity coinciding with that vertex, but having Z coordinate equal to the calculated difference. And vice versa, the program takes each vertex from the second surface, calculates elevational difference in relation to the first surface and places POINT coinciding with that vertex, but having Z coordinate equal to the calculated difference. From these POINTs, you can calculate an accurate TIN model representing cut depth and fill height. And, contours generated from the thus created TIN model depict lines of equal cut depth or equal fill height.GRAD6 07:56

GRADE2LINGRADE2LIN places a chain of POINTs over the lateral edges of cut/fill slopes, keeping the grade (or slope) between the successive POINTs constant. GRADE2LIN is used when working on ditches following the outer edges of fill slopes. In many cases, longitudinal grades following the outer slopes edge are too small. The ditch following the slope like that one would not convey the water efficiently. Therefore, from the selected point on, the slopes lateral edges should be gradually extended into the ground, increasing longitudinal grade of the outer edge of the slope (and gradually lowering the bottom of the ditch that will be generated later).GRAD8 07:58, 08:08, 08:39

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LOCKPTSLOCKPTS temporary disables (locks) all aspects of points dynamics. By entering 1, the dynamics is locked. By entering 0, points dynamics is active again. PTS / 1-LOCKPTS

2.7 Group EDIT

These commands support the editing of triangulated surfaces (especially regular triangulated surfaces used to model paved areas).

EXTSLOPEThe command EXTSLOPE is used to extend a triangulated paved surface laterally, usually up to the widened pavement edge. Lateral edges are selected one by one and extended, keeping their grades constant. First select one of the entities representing the widened pavement edge in plan projection. This entity serves as an elevation pattern. When you select a lateral edge to be extended, an auxiliary LINE following the selected lateral edge is automatically drawn at the elevation equal to the patterns elevation. The vertex of a selected lateral edge will be moved to the point where the auxiliary LINE intersects the widened pavement edge, keeping the grade of the edge unchanged. And all the elements of the model, gutters, sidewalks, retaining walls etc, next to the extended edge are displaced automatically.GRAD7 18:15 GRAD8 00:43, 01:50, 09:56 TEMPLATE3 18:16 TEMPLATE6 02:44, 04:50, 05:22, 05:46, 07:11, 07:39 XROAD1 00:47, 02:31 XROAD4 08:21 XROAD5 02:58, 08:24 XROAD7 02:07

FIXELEVWhile extending the pavement up to the edge of a left turn lane at the crossroad (edge of a median), not only the grade, but the elevation of the displaced vertex must remain unchanged as well. Only then, the twisting (superelevating) of the narrowed median, accommodating for a left turn lane, would be prevented. Therefore, the command FIXELEV is used to extend lateral pavement edges, keeping both the grade and elevation of the extended edge constant. The commands dialog is absolutely the same as for the EXTSLOPE command.TEMPLATE6 06:21, 08:31

DIRSLOPEIn some cases, after the widening of pavement edges, a model of the shoulder is generated with the CONST command (group GRAD). Lateral edges of the thus modelled shoulder will not be aligned with the corresponding pavement edges. These shoulder edges could be aligned with the DIRSLOPE command. Just pick the pavement edges and shoulder edges in succession. The shoulder edges will be realigned to follow the directions of the selected pavement edges. The grades and lengths of realigned shoulder edges remain unchanged.GRAD7 04:40 XROAD1 00:00, 00:57, 01:37 XROAD5 02:46, 07:56

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CHGSLOPEWith CHGSLOPE you can change the grade of a selected triangles edge. Just pick an edge. The vertex closer to the selection point will be moved vertically, to conform to the specified grade. You will often use this command to check the existing grade of a selected edge only. Just press Esc after reporting the existing grade of the selected edge.DTM6 06:02 GRAD2 02:57 GRAD7 00:38, 01:30, 02:18, 04:25 TEMPLATE3 05:26, 09:11, 17:13 TEMPLATE5 13:05, 13:35 XROAD1 05:59, 06:43, 16:24, 21:40, 22:55 XROAD2 00:38 XROAD3 06:15, 06:43 XROAD4 04:24, 05:14, 16:32 XROAD5 02:20, 02:34, 07:46 GRAD8 02:00, 07:42 TEMPLATE6 04:06, 05:54, 08:15

MOVEVRTWith the MOVEVRT command, the vertex of the triangulated surface can be moved to a new position. Select one of the edges meeting at the vertex to be moved and pick a new position for the vertex.GRAD8 02:40 XROAD4 09:39

EXTTRISometimes, you may wonder what the length of the cut/fill slopes lateral edges would be, after changing their grades. Grade of a selected lateral edge is changed with the CHGSLOPE command. Then, by using the EXTTRI command, the modified edge is extended (or shortened) up to the terrain surface (terrain triangles). The command EXTTRI asks you to select the edge to be extended and asks for a group of triangles (terrain triangles) up to which the selected edge is to be extended (or shortened).GRAD7 01:51, 05:16

TRINTThe TRINT command is indispensable when modeling intersecting cut/fill slopes. By using the Explode triangles option, intersecting triangles (slopes triangles) are exploded into subtriangles that do not intersect any more, but touch each other along the intersection lines. By using the Intersection lines option, only intersection LINEs are generated. In GCM2009 new functionality is added to TRINT command. The command automatically hides the edges of the exploded triangles. Edges that are visible at the end of the process are only those parent triangles edges that had been visible before the explosion. Moreover, subtriangles that are undoubtedly below the intersection line are automatically grouped in the selection set sstridown, while those left above the intersection line are placed in group named sstriup. Subtriangles originating from the triangles at the very end of the intersecting set of triangles might be left partially above and partially below the intersecting line. These triangles are not part of any group. Anyway, after the explosion, you can erase surplus triangles automatically. If you are modeling intersecting fill slopes, you should erase triangles left below the intersection line, by calling ERASE command and specifying the name of the adequate triangles set, preceded with the exclamation mark (command:ERASE Select objects: !sstridown). If you are modeling intersecting cut slopes, you should erase triangles left above the intersection line, by calling ERASE command and specifying the name of the adequate triangles set, preceded with the exclamation mark (command:ERASE Select objects: !sstriup).GRAD4 04:31 GRAD8 06:29, 16:07

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XROAD6 02:43, 03:58 5-EDITRI / TRINT-2009

00:00

RMAXSome of the peripheral triangles calculated with CALCTIN (and drawn with DRAWTIN) are redundant. This comes from the fact that each TIN algorithm tends to create a model that is more convex than needed. The circumscribed radii of these peripheral triangles are larger than those of the inner triangles. The command RMAX removes triangles with circumscribed radii greater than the specified one. Be careful not to specify to small radii you can unintentionally remove some of the inner triangles. Select a triangle pattern first and then select a group of triangles. Only triangles belonging to the same layer as the selected triangles pattern will be analysed. Then, you have to enter a radius. Before the final request, triangles to be erased will be redrawn in red color. In areas where surveyed (or digitised) points are too scarce, triangles with circumradii greater than those of the peripheral ones may be encountered. This is why triangles that are to be deleted are redrawn (marked) first.DTM4 03:14 XROAD4 14:55

SHOWTRIBy using the SHOWTRI command, you can make all edges of the selected triangles visible.NO MOVIES FOR THIS COMMAND

HIDETRIWith HIDETRI command, you can make selected triangles (and other 3DFACE entities) completely invisible.GRAD8 03:36 XSECTION2 05:51 XROAD6 07:39

HIDESIDEHIDESIDE makes the edges of selected triangles invisible. After exploding triangles from intersecting cut/fill slopes (the TRINT command), it is nice to hide some of the resulting triangles edges.GRAD8 03:16, 07:02 XSECTION2 05:51 XROAD5 06:14, 09:40

XROAD6 03:25, 04:02, 07:28

2.8 Group UTIL (TUTIL)

With these commands you can create some specific triangulated surfaces and simple triangulated forms.

TRIPOLYWith TRIPOLY command, you can fill a selected POLYLINE (closed one) with triangles. This POLYLINE must be closed and not splined or fitted. It must consist of straight segments only. If you select more than one POLYLINE, then all subsequent POLYLINEs will be treated as islands. In other words, when triangulating a lake, the POLYLINE selected first is a shoreline and all the others are islands.

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DTM10 00:00 (entire movie is about TRIPOLY)

ROWA row of paired triangles can be drawn with the ROW command. The mechanism is absolutely the same as for the 3DFACE command, except that pairs of triangles are drawn instead of 3DFACE entities. After picking the first four points, the first pair of triangles is drawn and then you are asked for sequences of third and fourth points only.GRAD2 02:33 GRAD6 11:12 GRAD8 11:17, 14:38

SWEEPWith the SWEEP command, you can draw a fan of triangles. First pick the centre of the fan and then pick points to be conn