gdi 15 - drone negative core

7/21/2019 GDI 15 - Drone Negative Core

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***DRONE NEGATIVE***


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Topicality


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Topicality- ItsIts is possessive and indicates an agent of an actionMerriam-e!ster no date

[Merriam-Webster, Full Defnition o ITS, http://!merriam-ebster!"om/#i"tionar$/its , Date %""esse# &une '( ')*+, MM

o or relatin to it or itsel espe"iall$ as possessor, aent, or ob.e"t o ana"tion oin to its 0ennel1 a "hil# prou# o its frst #rains1 its fnalena"tment into la1

Violation" T#e a$rmative reg%lates t#e private sector& states&and local la' enforcement2see plan spe"if" e3i#en"e 4 it ill usuall$ ma0e reeren"e to la enor"ement,states, or the pri3ate se"tor nee#in reulation! 5ither the plan te6t "an7t resol3ethat or the$ aren7t T, "lari$ that in 89!

(tandards" )irst is predicta!le limits t#e topic mandates+nited (tates states federal government, Allo'ing etratopical a$rmatives allo's for %npredicta!le epansions of a.s,T#is eplodes t#e case list to any researc# done !y anyindivid%al or private entity 'it#in t#e +(

(econd is gro%nd, T#e negative loses private actor /01s&

federal government criti2%es& t#e politics and spending disad&as 'ell as any ot#er arg%ment predicated on +()G action,

T#ird is topic speci3c ed%cation, e s#o%ld de!ate on federals%rveillance programs li4e 0RI(M or )I(A allo'ing privatea.s epands t#e p%rvie' to %nrelated mec#anisms,
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/itshttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/itshttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/itshttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/its


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Topicality- /%rtailInterpretation" /%rtail means to eliminate some partMerriam-e!ster no date

[Merriam-Webster, Full Defnition o 8;


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Meico Terror DA


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(#ell


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6N/+nfettered drone s%rveillance is #elping sta!ili7e t#e +(-Meican !order88/& 69

[??8, *@ Ao3ember, ??8 Aes, ;S-Me6i"o bor#er Bpatrolle# b$ #rones,http://!bb"!"om/nes/orl#-us-"ana#a-@))CC)', a""esse# E-'-*+, D%

The ;S o3ernment is usin #rones to patrol hal o its bor#er ith Me6i"o, a reportb$ the %sso"iate# ress sa$s!GThe strate$ means that the ;S is in"reasinl$ able to mo3e aa$ romusin lare numbers o bor#er patrol aents alon the entire rontier!GThe #rones allo bor#er "ontrolaents to o"us on areas o Hreater threatH, sa$s the report!GThe ;S bor#erimmiration s$stem is un#er pressure in the a"e o a orsenin bor#er "risis! G%""or#in to an in3estiation b$ the nes aen"$, there ha3e been about *),)))#rone ihts sin"e the ne bor#er "ontrol strate$ bean in Mar"h ')*@!G are bein

The unmanne# #rones #eplo$e# in an e>ort to "ontrol J)) miles 2*,C+) 0m o

remote areas, alloin bor#er patrol aents to o"us their resour"es elsehere, %sa$s!


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or terrorists! Mu"h li0e the rest o our militar$ "ommitments, e are mo3in rom amanpoer-intensi3e mission to a se"ret, o>-boo0s, robot ar mission, ithunmanne# aerial 3ehi"les #ominatin! We73e alrea#$ hear# about the in"reasin use o #rones on ;S soil to ai#la enor"ement, so #rones on the bor#er as a loi"al an# e6pe"te# step! That #oesn7t ma0e it parti"ularl$ appealin!

Meican insta!ility ens%res a terrorist catastrop#e- controlling

t#e !order is vital to a s%staina!le Meico(c#aan& )ello' in ;omeland and sec%rity terrorism& e"ti3e intellien"e atherin X brutalintimi#ation ta"ti"sG2in"lu#in behea#ins, torture, burnins an# threatene# #e"apitation o "hil#renX an# #eepGpo"0ets orbriber$! %llo me the opportunit$ to #es"ribe to $ou a phenomenon in the "$"le oG3iolen"e as e6perien"e# in other "ountries! %s"i3il authorities strule to maintain "ontrol an#Gare approa"hin the tippin point o "ontrol, la enor"ement oQ"ials, ele"te#oQ"ials an#G.u#es are assassinate#X poli"e stations are atta"0e#X oraniPe# "rime inuen"es an# thenG"ontrols ele"te# oQ"ials,

an# the press is silen"e#! Rn"e past the tippin point, the oraniPationsG "ontrol a "ommunit$,an# those that #o not a"uies"e to their a"ti3ities must lea3e or a"e the G"onseuen"es!In its most e6treme orm, "i3il authorities "e#e entire eoraphi" reions, an# theGlaless oraniPations#e3elop en"la3es o autonom$, as has been the "ase in 8olombia an#G=ebanon! In re"oniPin the se3erit$ o the situation inMe6i"o, resi#ent 8al#eron is ta0inGunpre"e#ente# measures to "ombat oraniPe# "rime! Me6i"o is in the thros o this struleas e spea0, an# in no pla"e is it more e3i#ent than inGAue3o =are#o! The "riminal oraniPations "ontrol the streets ater mi#niht!

&u#es, poli"eG"hies an# "it$ "oun"ilmen ha3e been assassinate#! 56e"utions an# frefhts o""ur on a reularGbasis an# ha3eor"e# the %meri"an 8onsulate to "lose or as mu"h as ee0s at a time! Se3ent$Gper"ent o the businesses in Aue3o =are#o ha3e"lose# in the last e $ears, thouh some o theGshop spa"e has been reo""upie#! Me6i"an businessmen are #esperate to li3e onthe Te6as si#e oGthe bor#er, #ue to the multiple 0i#nappins a ee0! The lo"al press has stoppe# reportin onG"rime ater multipleatta"0s on their personnel an# oQ"es, an# the San %ntonio 56press AesGan# the Dallas Mornin Neral# ha3e pulle# their =are#o

reporters #ue to "on"erns or theirGsaet$! In a"t,


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Me6i"an militant roup inG the bombin o ener$ inrastru"ture! The oraniPe#"riminal a"ti3it$ in3ol3es Te6as an#GTe6ans! %rrests in Me6i"o reularl$ in3ol3e ;!S!persons an# ;!S! 3ehi"les! Stu#ents "rossinGrom &uareP to 5l aso are bein tarete# b$ #ru traQ"0ers! e"tso this "rime also are elt in Nouston, here appro6imatel$ *,'+) For# F-'+)G an# F-@+) tru"0s ere stolen last $ear, man$ o hi"h ere later oun# to be in3ol3e# in Gsmulin operations alon the bor#er!Turnin to the national se"urit$ impli"ationso the bor#er en3ironment, e6tremists are ellaareG o the ;nite# States7 inabilit$to "ontrol its bor#ers, an# use o the bor#er is mentione# notG inreuentl$ ine6tremist "hat rooms in the "onte6t o #is"ussin ta"ti"s an# loisti"s! 56tremistsGha3e ha# their on smulin operations in Me6i"o, an# unaQliate# smulinoraniPationsG ha3e e6presse# a illinness to assist e6tremists illin to pa$ thepri"e! % '))+ D5% 2DruG5nor"ement %#ministration report outlines an onoin s"heme in hi"h multiple Mi##leG5astern #ru-traQ"0in an# terrorist "ells operatin in the ;nite# States un# terror netor0sGo3erseas, ai#e# b$ establishe# Me6i"an "artels

ith hihl$ sophisti"ate# traQ"0in routes!GThis is o parti"ular "on"ern to the metropolitan areas, su"h as Nouston! Froman illeal a"ti3it$G perspe"ti3e, the nature o the "it$ pro3i#es a reat operatinen3ironment or "riminals an#G terrorists anon$mit$, ease o entr$ an# e6it,rea#il$ a3ailable resour"es, robust "ommer"ialG tra#e! From a terrorist perspe"ti3e,Nouston pro3i#es not onl$ a oo# operatin en3ironment, butG it is "onsi#ere# oneo the top f3e e"onomi" tarets in the ;nite# States! Terrorist asso"iates an#Gs$mpathiPers are 0non to ha3e been a"ti3e in the Nouston area an# are belie3e#to ha3e ellestablishe#G netor0s! Their oraniPations ha3e shon the means,0nole#e, "apabilities an#G moti3ation to "arr$ out terrorist operations!

Even a deat# toll of a 6


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=ebanon, the R0lahoma 8it$ bombin, an# the #onin o an %m Fliht *)@ ea"h resulte# in a "asualt$ "ount o rouhl$ the samemanitu#e 2*+)4@)) #eaths! %lthouh these e3ents "ause# aner an# a #esire or retaliation amon the %meri"an publi", the$prompte# no serious "all or massi3e or nu"lear retaliation! The bo#$ "ount rom a sinle bioloi"al atta"0 "oul# easil$ be one or to

or#ers o manitu#e hiher than the "asualties "ause# b$ these events, +sing t#e r%le ofproportionality as a g%ide& one co%ld @%sti3a!ly de!ate '#et#er t#e +nited(tates s#o%ld %se massive force in responding to an event t#at res%lted inonly a fe' t#o%sand deat#s,Noe3er, hat i the "asualt$ "ount as aroun# @)),)))Y Su"h an unthin0ableresult rom a sinle 8?W in"i#ent is not be$on# the realm o possibilit$: %""or#in to the ;!S! 8onress RQ"e o Te"hnolo$%ssessment, *)) 0 o anthra6 spores #eli3ere# b$ an eQ"ient aerosol enerator on a lare urban taret oul# be beteen to an#

si6 times as lethal as a one meaton thermo-nu"lear bomb!CE Woul# the #eaths o @)),))) %meri"ans beenouh to trier a nu"lear responseY In this "ase, proportionalit$ #oes not rule outthe use o nu"lear eapons! ?esi#es simpl$ the total number o "asualties, thet$pes o "asualties- pre#ominantl$ militar$ 3ersus "i3ilian- ill also a>e"t the naturean# s"ope o the ;S reprisal a"tion! Militar$ "ombat entails 0non ris0s, an# the emotions resultin rom asinif"ant number o militar$ "asualties are not li0el$ to be as or"eul as the$ oul# be i the atta"0 ere aainst "i3ilians! Worl#War II pro3i#es perhaps the best e6amples or the 0in# o e3ent or "ir"umstan"e that oul# ha3e to ta0e pla"e to trier a nu"lear

response! A /8 event t#at prod%ced a s#oc4 and deat# toll ro%g#lye2%ivalent to t#ose arising from t#e attac4 on 0earl ;ar!or mig#t !es%$cient to prompt a n%clear retaliation! resi#ent Narr$ Truman7s #e"ision to #rop atomi" bombs onNiroshima an# Aaasa0i- base# upon a "al"ulation that up to one million "asualties miht be in"urre# in an in3asion o the &apanesehomelan#C- is an e6ample o the 0in# o thouht pro"ess that oul# ha3e to o""ur prior to a nu"lear response to a 8?W e3ent!

Ui"tor ;to> suests that i n%clear retaliation is seen at t#e time to o.er t#e !estprospects for s%ppressing f%rt#er /8 attac4s and speeding t#e defeat oft#e aggressor& and if t#e original attac4s #ad ca%sed severe damage t#at#ad o%traged American or allied p%!lics& n%clear retaliation 'o%ld !e moret#an @%st a possi!ility& '#atever promises #ad !een made,9=


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Impacts


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Impact" >N/- Terrorism Relation/#ance of las# o%t and miscalc are #ig#Ayson& Victoria strategic st%dies professor& >


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pla"e allotte# #urin the earl$ 8ol# War $ears to ne state possessors o small nu"lear arsenals ho ere seen as raisin the ris0so a "atal$ti" nu"lear ar beteen the superpoers starte# b$ thir# parties! These ris0s ere "onsi#ere# in the late *J+)s an# earl$*JE)s as "on"erns re about nu"lear prolieration, the so-"alle# n* problem! It ma$ reuire a "onsi#erable amount o imaination

to #epi"t an espe"iall$ plausible situation here an a"t o nu"lear terrorism "oul# lea# tosu"h a massiveinter-state n%clear 'ar! For e6ample, in the e3ent o a terrorist nu"lear atta"0 on the;nite# States, it miht ell be on#ere# .ust ho


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the nu"lear use taboo, but an entirel$ #i>erent thin or a state a"tor, an# in#ee# the lea#in state in the international s$stem, to #oso! I


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atta"0, in"lu#in eather phenomena, a ault$ "omputer "hip, il# animal a"ti3it$, an# "ontrol-room trainin tapes

loa#e# at the ron time! J Se"on#, terrorist gro%ps or other a"tors miht ca%se attac4son either the ;nite# States or


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Impact" >N/- Meico /ollapse R%nMeican collapse ca%ses arms race and glo!al insta!ility;addic4& speciali7es in +( national sec%rity policy andemerging sec%rity iss%es&6erent thin or a state a"tor,an# in#ee# the lea#in state in the international s$stem, to #o so!I


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Impact" >N/- Relations (cenarioT#e plan 'rec4s t#e +s-Meico sec%rity relations#ip- spillsover to ot#er areas8a4er Instit%te 0olicy Report& C

[&ames %! ?a0er III Institute or ubli" oli"$ o


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anonymo%s tipGlines and s%rveillance #as also played a constr%ctiveGrolein arming local la' enforcement 'it# improvedGinformation a!o%t illegalactivities and dr%gGsm%gglers, ;!S! poli"$ in re"ent $ears has aile# tore"oniPeG the "riti"al importan"e o the beneft o positi3eG relations ith Me6i"o! %"ontinuation o this nele"tG b$ Washinton, D!8!, ris0s urther #eterioration inG a

bilateral relationship alrea#$ un#er se3ere strain!G

Me6i"o a"es serious "hallenesin the $ears toG "ome that ill be o ra3e importan"e to the ;nite#G States as ell!Me6i"o is un#er se3ere pressure asG 3iolen"e relate# to #ru traQ"0in in"reases,an#G 8al#ern7s poli"$ o i3in the militar$ a lea#in role G in "ombatin oraniPe#"rime is in"reasinl$ "ominG into uestion! %t the same time, Me6i"o a"es anotherGpossible "risisas its oil pro#u"tion "ontinues to sin0,Gthroin into possible .eopar#$ a ma.or sour"e oGin"ome or o3ernment

e6pen#itures! In a##ition,Gli0e the ;nite# States, Me6i"o a"es an un"ertainG uture at a time ointernational fnan"ial "risis! TheG lobal e"onomi" #onturn has eliminate# .obs inGboth "ountries an# threatene# the abilit$ o or0ersG in the ;nite# States to sen#remittan"es to Me6i"o!G More than e3er beore, Me6i"o an# the ;nite# StatesG nee#to or0 "losel$ toether to enhan"e se"urit$ inG the bor#er reion an# to allo theire"onomi" ties toG rea"h ull potential!

0ositive +(-Meico relations are 4ey to trade and !oosts t#eeconomy- Meico 4ey to t#e +( economyMontealegre& diplomatic co%rier contri!%tor& 6?

[Rs"ar, &an '+, Diplomati" 8ourier, ;!S!-Me6i"o


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[&e#e#iah, 5"onomi" Interation, 5"onomi" Sinalin an# the roblems o 5"onomi"8rises, 5"onomi"s o War an# ea"e: 5"onomi", leal an# oliti"al erspe"ti3es, e#Kol#smith an# ?rauer, p! '*@-'*C

=ess intuiti3e is ho perio#s o e"onomi" #e"line ma$ in"rease the li0elihoo# o e6ternal "oni"t! oliti"al s"ien"eliterature has "ontribute# a mo#erate #eree o attention to the impa"t o e"onomi" #e"line an# the se"urit$ an##een"e beha3iour o inter#epen#ent states! e"t! Wan 2*JJE, De


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Impact" >N/- Grid (cenarioMeican !order terrorist t#reat co%ld ta4e o%t t#e grid- 4ey tos%rvival and sec%rityorld Net Daily& 69

[J/C, Worl# Aet Dail$, ISIS TNe"t !GNe note# a series o in"i#ents at a Met"al poer plant in San &ose, 8aliornia, that suest someone 4 stillun0non 4 has been e6plorin hat it ta0es to brin #on a ma.or "omponent o the nation7s ri#! GFormer


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ISIS, an# the bellierent threats ma#e aainst the ;!S! b$ that roup!G%n# he note# that the ;!S! ri# remains 3ulnerable an# ta0in it #on in an$ sinif"ant a$ "oul# "ause

"alamities or the ;!S!, sin"e the nation7s oo#, uel, ener$, ban0in an# "ommuni"ationsin#ustries all are #epen#ent on ele"tri"it$!GWhene3er $ou start tamperin ith the ri#, $ou7re a>e"tin thelie-sustainin "riti"al inrastru"tures, Maloo sai#! Rur entire sur3i3al is base# onte"hnolo$ an# ele"troni"s that, in turn, are base# on the ele"tri"al o! I that7sinterrupte# or an$ perio# o time, there are "atastrophes o3er a i#e eoraphi"

area!


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Impact" >N/- T%rns EconomyMeico /ollapse o%ld Tan4 t#e EconomyMoran& RGE1s senior on political ris4&


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alls


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>N/- 5in4 all)o%r ne' lin4s

)irst is deference-

/ongress intervention in data collection al'ays allo's t#e

eec%tive !ranc# to collect too m%c# data& '#ic# ma4ess%rveillance ine.ective,eis!erg& 8ro'n +niversity Researc# associate at t#e 0oliticalT#eory 0ro@ect&


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an# #e"isions rear#in relationships ith orein poers!


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hostae an# barri"a#e# himsel in an un#erroun# bun0er! %ter almost a ee0, the F?I7s Nostae


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roun# that "oul# be han#e# o3er or prose"utions! Some o the air"rat "an also be euippe# ith te"hnolo$ that"an i#enti$ thousan#s o people belo throuh the "ellphones the$ "arr$, e3en i the$Bre not ma0in a "all or inpubli"! RQ"ials sai# that pra"ti"e, hi"h mimi"s "ell toers into "ouhin up basi" subs"riber inormation, is rare!Details "onfrme# b$ the F?I tra"0 "losel$ ith publishe# reports sin"e at least '))@ that a o3ernment sur3eillan"eproram miht be behin# suspi"ious-loo0in planes slol$ "ir"lin neihborhoo#s! The % tra"e# at least +) air"ratba"0 to the F?I, an# i#entife# more than *)) ihts sin"e late %pril orbitin both ma.or "ities an# rural areas! Rneo the planes, photoraphe# in iht last ee0 b$ the % in northern Uirinia, bristle# ith unusual antennas un#erits uselae an# a "amera on its let si#e! % e#eral bu#et #o"ument rom ')*) mentione# at least **+ planes,in"lu#in J) 8essna air"rat, in the F?IBs sur3eillan"e eet! The F?I sai# it also o""asionall$ helps lo"al poli"e ithaerial support, su"h as #urin the re"ent #isturban"e in ?altimore that olloe# the #eath o '+-$ear-ol# Fre##ieKra$, ho sustaine# rie3ous in.uries hile in poli"e "usto#$! Those t$pes o reuests are re3iee# b$ senior F?I

oQ"ials! T#e s%rveillance Hig#ts comply 'it# agency r%les& an )8I spo4esmansaid, T#ose r%les& '#ic# are #eavily redacted in p%!licly availa!ledoc%ments& limit t#e types of e2%ipment t#e agency can %se& as 'ell ast#e @%sti3cations and d%ration of t#e s%rveillance! Details about the ihts "ome as the&usti"e Department see0s to na3iate pri3a"$ "on"erns arisin rom aerial sur3eillan"e b$ unmanne# air"rats, or#rones! resi#ent ?ara"0 Rbama has sai# he el"omes a #ebate on o3ernment sur3eillan"e, an# has "alle# ormore transparen"$ about sp$in in the a0e o #is"losures about "lassife# prorams! HThese are not $ourran#parentsB sur3eillan"e air"rat,H sai# &a$ Stanle$, a senior poli"$ anal$st ith the %meri"an 8i3il =iberties ;nion,"allin the ihts sinif"ant Hi the e#eral o3ernment is maintainin a eet o air"rat hose purpose is to "ir"leo3er %meri"an "ities, espe"iall$ ith the te"hnolo$ e 0no "an be atta"he# to those air"rat!H Durin the past

e ee0s, the % tra"0e# planes rom the F?IBs eet on more than *)) ihts o3er at least ** states plusWashinton, D!8!, most ith 8essna *('T S0$lane air"rat! These in"lu#e# parts o Nouston, hoeni6, Seattle,8hi"ao, ?oston, Minneapolis an# Southern 8aliornia! 53ol3in te"hnolo$ "an re"or# hiher-ualit$ 3i#eo romlon #istan"es, e3en at niht, an# "an "apture "ertain i#enti$in inormation rom "ellphones usin a #e3i"e 0nonas a H"ell-site simulatorH -- or Stinra$, to use one o the pro#u"tBs bran# names! These "an tri"0 pinpointe#"ellphones into re3ealin i#entif"ation numbers o subs"ribers, in"lu#in those not suspe"te# o a "rime!

O$cials say cellp#one s%rveillance is rare, althouh the % oun# in re"ent ee0s F?I ihtsorbitin lare, en"lose# buil#ins or e6ten#e# perio#s here aerial photoraph$ oul# be less e>e"ti3e thanele"troni" sinals "olle"tion! Those in"lu#e# abo3e


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the bureau! T#e )8I does not generally o!tain 'arrants to record video fromits planes of people moving o%tside in t#e open, but it also sai# that un#er a ne poli"$ ithas re"entl$ beun obtainin "ourt or#ers to use "ell-site simulators! The Rbama a#ministration ha# until re"entl$been #ire"tin lo"al authorities throuh se"ret areements not to re3eal their on use o the #e3i"es, e3enen"ourain prose"utors to #rop "ases rather than #is"lose the te"hnolo$Bs use in open "ourt!

)o%rt# is sec%rity relations-

Eliminating drones 'o%ld !ring !ac4 Meico to its state ofterror and %nconventional t#reats s%rveillance is 4ey tomaintain e.ective !order cooperation8a4er Instit%te 0olicy Report& C

[&ames %! ?a0er III Institute or ubli" oli"$ o


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;nite#G States see0 to #e3elop their human an# materialG "apabilities in a$s thatmeet the nee#s o theirG so"ieties! Su"h #e3elopment "annot pro"ee#G eQ"ientl$ an#e>e"ti3el$ hen people ear or theirG se"urit$, either as "itiPens o a nation un#eratta"0G or as in#i3i#uals sub.e"t to #omesti" harassment,G 3iolen"e, "orruption, or apau"it$ o material oo#sG an# ser3i"es that meet basi" human nee#s ! %lthouhGmiration is primaril$ a so"ial an# e"onomi"Gphenomenon, the mo3ement o lare numbers oGpeople #isrupts

both the "ommunities the$ lea3eGas ell as the "ommunities in hi"h the$ settle orGtemporaril$ "onreate#urin their .ourne$! TheG#isruptions a>e"t not onl$ these "ommunities, butGalso the in#i3i#ual mirants! Thereion alon the international bor#erGbears the brunt o the a#.ustments as both nationsGstrule to a#opt an#

implement their nationalGpoli"ies! Deterioration in the manaement o theG bilateralrelationship b$ national poli"$ma0ers isG e3i#ent lo"all$ in the roin problemsbu>etinG "itiPens alon the bor#er: polariPation o attitu#es,G re#u"e# e"onomi"intera"tion, in"reasin le3elsG o 3iolent "rime, an# a orsenin en3ironment!Get,sta0ehol#ers #o not ala$s pla$ a "onstru"ti3eGrole in the #ialoue to ease "ommon problems!Ge"ti3e!GMeanhile, un#in oes to national resour"es thatGill be less e>e"ti3e in lo"al "ommunities! Thea"tionsGo se3eral national poli"$ma0ers an# sta0ehol#erGroups sho an unortunate la"0 o un#erstan#inGothe a"t that prosperit$ an# se"urit$ or the nationGan# its bor#er reions are inter#epen#ent! %s the ;nite# Statesmo3es orar# ith aGne presi#ent an# Me6i"o hea#s into mi#termGele"tions, it is an appropriate moment tota0e sto"0Go hat is happenin on the bor#er an# "onsi#er Gho to impro3e the "urrent situation! Some arueGthat the ;nite# States nee#s to 3iorousl$ pursue a G"omprehensi3e seal the bor#er poli"$ until Me6i"oGsol3es its

#omesti" problems! ?ut the bor#er problemsG#o not resi#e onl$ insi#e Me6i"o! Tra#e, ater,G illeal an#leal ;!S! arms tra#e, mone$ laun#erin,G an# ener$ inrastru"ture tren#s on the;!S! si#eG o the bor#er are a ma.or inuen"e on the healthG an# ell-bein oMe6i"an bor#er "ommunities,G as is ;!S! immiration poli"$!Throuh a"tions thatGsuest theproblems all oriinate in Me6i"o, theG;nite# States harms its on interests an# ris0sGpro#u"in an unappealinpoliti"al out"ome: theGele"tion o a stri#entl$ anti-%meri"an reime similar Gto those alrea#$ in poer in anin"reasin numberGo =atin %meri"an nations to#a$, li0e UenePuelaGan# Ai"araua!


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>N/- Drones E.ectiveDrones provide a.ective s%rveillance- stats prove8ec4er& +,/, 8er4eley Grad%ate (c#ool of o%rnalism& 6?

[%n#re, C/)C, The Dail$ ?east, Ae Drone eren"e beteen a ;!S! "itiPenan# non"itiPen! Rn-the-roun# 3i#eo an# other sensors are sometimes nee#e# to "onfrm these so-"alle# nearioustra"0s!G%n# simpl$ i#enti$in someone "rossin the bor#er is .ust the frst step! Rn the roun#, ?or#er atrolaents oten are not a3ailable to respon# be"ause o rue# terrain or other assinments! %s a result, thousan#s opeople ha3e slippe# throuh! %t the ?or#er atrol, the$7re 0non as otaa$s! In one ee0 in &anuar$, orinstan"e, the sensor #ete"te# @++ #ismounts, or on-oot mo3ement, on the ;!S! si#e o the bor#er in %riPona!?or#er atrol aents "auht *'+ o those, about @+ per"ent, hile an a##itional *C* people e3a#e# apprehensionan# ( more turne# ba"0 south to Me6i"o! To ere una""ounte# or! The sensor #ete"tions le# to more than *,*))

poun#s o seiPe# #rus!GU%D5< has pro3en to be an e6tremel$ e>e"ti3e s$stem in"ounterin threats an# supportin the roun# "omman#er7s mission in theater,?oomer


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In the #ea# o niht, rom a trailer hummin ith sur3eillan"e monitors, a pilot or the ;!S! 8ustoms an# ?or#errote"tion aen"$ as remotel$ $in a re#ator #rone more than *,))) miles aa$!GFrom an altitu#e o *+,)))eet, o3er the #esert ran"hlan#s o %riPona, the #rone7s all-seein e$eball si3ele# an# poerul niht-3isioninrare# "ameras Peroe# in on a pi"0up tru"0 rattlin alon a ashboar# roa#! GNe$, here7s that u$ oinY themission "ontroller as0e# the #rone7s "amera operator, ho tole# his .o$sti"0, lue# to the monitors li0e ateenaer ith a 8hristmas mornin 9bo6!GThis is the semi-"o3ert "uttin e#e o homelan# se"urit$, here e#eralla enor"ement authorities are rapi#l$ e6pan#in a militar$-st$le unmanne# aerial re"onnaissan"e operation alon

the ;!S!-Me6i"o bor#er a reion that pri3a"$ at"h#os sa$ in"lu#es a lot o %meri"an ba"0 $ar#s!GFans othe re#ators sa$ the ') million air"rat are a pere"t platorm to 0eep a at"hule$e on %meri"a7s rue# bor#ers, but "riti"s sa$ the #rones are e6pensi3e, in3asi3ean# fni"0$ to$s that ha3e #one little "ompare# ith hat ?or#er atrol aents #oon the roun# to stem the o o illeal immirants, #ru smulers orterrorists!G R3er %riPona, the re#ator "ir"le# a ran"h, as unseen an# silent as a huntin ol! Rn a ban0 o"omputer s"reens, the monitorin team at"he# the tru"0, hi"h appeare# in hostl$ inrare# bla"0 an# hite, turnan# pull up b$ a mobile home! In the $ar#, three sleepin #os ui"0l$ o0e up, their tails ain!GWel"ome

home, one o the aents sai#!G% popular se"urit$ solutionG5iht re#ators $ or the 8ustoms an#?or#er rote"tion aen"$ f3e, an# soon to be si6, alon the southestern bor#er! %ter a slo rolloutthat bean in '))+, #rones no patrol most o the southern boun#ar$, rom uma, %riP!, to ?rons3ille, Te6! GFor

supporters, re#ators are the ne, se6$, uturisti" f6 or immiration "ontrol! The$ areirresistible to bor#er ha0s an# the Drone 8au"us in 8onress, ho "onsi#er the

air"rat a must-ha3e te"hnolo$ to meet the threat o spillo3er 3iolen"e $etunrealiPe# rom Me6i"an #ru "artels !G


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reporte# that their #rone operations ha3e le# to the apprehension o C,(E+un#o"umente# immirants an# '@( #ru smulers sin"e the proram bean!

+( drones necessary to 3g#t d%g and immigration 'ar DronesNecessary to )ig#t t#e Dr%g and Immigration ar

T#ompson& and Ma77etti& !ot# 0%lit7er 0ri7e-'inning Ne' or4Times correspondents& 66

[Kiner an# Mar0, ulitPer riPe-innin Ae or0 Times "orrespon#ents, M%orts to pre3ail o3er a "ommon threat! Ina##ition to e6pan#in the use o #rones, the to lea#ers aree# to openG a "ounternar"oti"susion "enter, the se"on# su"h a"ilit$ in Me6i"o, hereG Me6i"an an# %meri"anaen"ies oul# or0 toether, the oQ"ials sai#!G In re"ent $ears, the ;nite# States has stea#il$steppe# up its role inGfhtin Me6i"an #ru traQ"0in, thouh oQ"ials o>er e #etails o theG"ooperation!Thereatest roth in3ol3es intellien"e atherin, ithG Nomelan# Se"urit$ an# the%meri"an militar$ $in manne# air"rat an#G #rones alon the ;nite# States7southern bor#er an# no o3er Me6i"anG territor$ that are "apable o peerin#eep into Me6i"o an# tra"0inG "riminals7 "ommuni"ations an# mo3ements, oQ"ialssai#! In a##ition, the ;nite# States trains thousan#s o Me6i"an troops an# Gpoli"e oQ"ers, "ollaborates ithspe"iall$ 3ette# Me6i"an se"urit$ units,G"on#u"ts ea3es#roppin in Me6i"o an# upra#es Me6i"an se"urit$euipmentGan# intellien"e te"hnolo$, a""or#in to %meri"an la enor"ement an# Gintellien"e oQ"ials! Itasn7t that lon ao hen there as no a$ the D!5!%! "oul# "on#u"tGthe 0in#s o a"ti3ities the$ are #oin no,sai# Mi0e Uiil, a retire# "hie oGinternational operations or the Dru 5nor"ement %#ministration! %n# theGonl$a$ the$7re oin to be able to 0eep #oin them is b$ alloin Me6i"o to Gha3e plausible #eniabilit$! In a##ition toariness b$ Mr! 8al#ern7s o3ernment about ho theG%meri"an inter3ention miht be per"ei3e# at home, theMe6i"an 8onstitutionGprohibits orein militar$ an# la enor"ement aents rom operatin inGMe6i"o e6"ept

un#er e6tremel$ limite# "on#itions, Me6i"an oQ"ials sai#, soGthe leal oun#ation or su"h a"ti3it$ ma$ be sha0$,In t#e +nited (tates&Gla'ma4ers #ave epressed do%!ts t#at Meico&'#ose sec%rity agencies areGrife 'it# corr%ption& is a relia!le partner,?eore Mr! Rbama met ith Mr! 8al#ern at the White Nouse, #iplomati"Gtensions threatene# to ea0en the"ooperation beteen their o3ernments!GState Department "ables obtaine# b$ Wi0i=ea0s ha# reporte# "riti"ism o
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/world/americas/16drug.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/world/americas/16drug.html?_r=0


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theGMe6i"an o3ernment b$ %meri"an #iplomats, settin o> a frestorm oGresentment in Me6i"o! Then inFebruar$, outrae in Washinton o3er Mr!Gdapata7s mur#er prompte# Me6i"an oQ"ials to "omplain that the;nite#GStates o3ernment pai# attention to #ru 3iolen"e onl$ hen it too0 the lie oGan %meri"an "itiPen! In theen#, hoe3er, mutual interests pre3aile# in the Mar"h @ meetinGater a ran0 e6"hane o rie3an"es, Me6i"anan# %meri"an oQ"ials sai#!GMr! 8al#ern tol# Mr! Rbama that his "ountr$ ha# borne the brunt o aGs"oure #ri3enb$ %meri"an uns an# #ru "onsumption, an# ure# theG;nite# States to #o more to help! Mr! Rbama, orrie#about Me6i"o allinGinto "haos an# about 3iolen"e spillin o3er the bor#er, sai# his a#ministration Gas eaer topla$ a more "entral role, the oQ"ials sai#! The lea#ers emphasiPe# the 3alue o inormation sharin, a senior GMe6i"an oQ"ial sai#, a##in that the$ re"oniPe# the responsibilities share#Gb$ both o3ernments in the fhtaainst "riminal oraniPations on both si#esGo the bor#er!G% senior %meri"an a#ministration oQ"ial note# that

all "ounternar"oti"sGa"ti3ities ere "on#u"te# at the reuest an# #ire"tion o the Me6i"anGo3ernment!GMr,/aldern isintensel$ nationalisti", but he7s also 3er$ pramati", sai#G%n#re Selee, #ire"tor o the Me6i"oInstitute at the Woo#ro WilsonGInternational 8enter or S"holars! ;e1s not really a fan of t#e+nited (tates&G!%t #e 4no's #e needs t#eir #elp& so #e1s 'illing to p%s#t#e politicalG!o%ndaries, Me6i"an an# %meri"an oQ"ials sai# that their "ooperati3e e>ortsha#G been "ru"ial to helpin Me6i"o "apture an# 0ill at least ') hih profle #ruGtraQ"0ers, in"lu#in *' in the last $ear alone! %ll those traQ"0ers, Me6i"anG oQ"ialssai#, ha# been apprehen#e# than0s to intellien"e pro3i#e# b$ the G ;nite# States!GStill, mu"h o the "ooperation is shrou#e# in se"re"$! Me6i"an an#G%meri"an authorities, or e6ample, initiall$#enie# that the frst usion "enter,Gestablishe# o3er a $ear ao in Me6i"o 8it$, share# an# anal$Pe# intellien"e! G

Some oQ"ials no sa$ that Me6i"an an# %meri"an la enor"ement aen"iesGor0 toether aroun# the "lo"0,hile others "hara"teriPe it more as anGoperational outpost sta>e# almost entirel$ b$ %meri"ans! Me6i"an an#%meri"an oQ"ials sa$ Me6i"o turns a blin# e$e to %meri"anGiretappin o the telephone lines o #rutraQ"0insuspe"ts, an# similarl$Gto %meri"an la enor"ement oQ"ials "arr$in eapons in 3iolation oGlonstan#in

Me6i"an restri"tions! RQ"ials on both si#es o the bor#er also sai# that Me6i"o as0e# theG;nite# States to use its #rones to help tra"0 suspe"ts7 mo3ements! The oQ"ials Gsai# that hile Me6i"o ha# its on unmanne# aerial 3ehi"les, the$ #i# notG ha3e therane or hih resolution "apabilities ne"essar$ or "ertainG sur3eillan"e a"ti3ities!GRne %meri"an militar$ oQ"ial sai# the entaon ha# on a number oG ihts o3erthe past month usin the Klobal Na0 #rones a sp$ plane that G "an $ hiherthan E),))) eet an# sur3e$ about C),))) suare miles oG territor$ in a #a$! The$"annot be rea#il$ seen b$ #ru traQ"0ers orG or#inar$ Me6i"ans on the roun#!

?ut no one oul# sa$ e6a"tl$ ho man$ #rone ihts ha# been "on#u"te#Gb$ the ;nite# States, or ho man$ere anti"ipate# un#er the ne areement!GThe oQ"ials "ite# the se"re"$ o #ru in3estiations, an# "on"ernsthat airinGsu"h #etails miht en#aner %meri"an an# Me6i"an oQ"ials on the roun#!G=t! 8ol! orts to "ounter Gtransnational"riminal oraniPations, but #i# not "omment spe"if"all$ on theG%meri"an #rone ihts! Similarl$, Matt 8han#ler,a Nomelan# Se"urit$ spo0esman, sai# it oul#Gbe inappropriate to "omment on the use o #rones in the dapata"ase, "itinGthe "ontinuin in3estiation!GThouh "ooperation ith Me6i"o ha# sinif"antl$ impro3e#, theoQ"ialsGsai#, it as still ar rom pere"t! %n# %meri"an oQ"ials a"0nole#e# thereGere still internal lapses o"oor#ination, ith the entaon, Department oGNomelan# Se"urit$ an# the Dru 5nor"ement %#ministration attimesGunaare o one another7s operations! More than an$thin, thouh, oQ"ials e6presse# "on"ern about

reinitinGlonstan#in Me6i"an "on"erns about the ;nite# States7 usurpin Me6i"o7sGauthorit$!GI thin0most Me6i"ans, espe"iall$ in areas o "oni"t, oul# be fne aboutG ho mu"h the;nite# States is in3ol3e# in the #ru ar, be"ause thins ha3eG otten so s"ar$ the$

.ust ant to see the ba# u$s et "auht, sai# Mr! Selee oGthe Wilson 8enter! ?ut the Me6i"ano3ernment is arai# o the moreGnationalisti" elements in the politi"al elite, so the$ ten# to hi#e it!

Domestic drones are res#aping crime response and presentrevol%tionary forms of evidence for @%ries)rancescani& Re%ters reporter& 6?

[8hris Fran"es"ani, Ae or0 State ress %sso"iation Aes Stor$ o the ear, *JJ+,eabo#$ aar#, '))', Mar"h C, ')*@,


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reshapin ;!S!"rime-fhtin, http://!reuters!"om/arti"le/')*@/)@/)C/us-usa-#rones-laenor"ement-i#;S?Bs #eput$! H?ut the realit$ is $ouBll ha3e a mission li0e that on"e or ti"e a $ear,H he sai#!

HThe real utilit$ o unmanne#aerial s$stems is not the se6$ stu>! ItBs the crime sceneand accident reconstr%ction!H MillerBs #epartment in rural estern 8olora#o has the i#est appro3alto $ #rones o an$ lo"al la enor"ement aen"$ in the ;!S! Mesa has on C) missions in .ust o3erthree $ears, Hnone o them sur3eillan"e,H sai# Miller, ho "rate# the #epartmentBs#rone proram an# spent a $ear #e3isin trainin proto"ol or ello #eputies beore

re"ei3in F%% appro3al! HWe "an no brin the "rime s"ene riht into the .ur$ bo6,an# literall$ re-enact t#e crime or .urors,H he sai#! Miller "an proram the #epartmentBs KS-enable#, @!+-poun# Draan$er9E ua# "opter to $ to "on"entri" "ir"les, at to ele3ations, "apturin about )photos, or about '+ an hour! Ne then ee#s those imaes into online #iital mappin sotare, hi"h "reates a3irtual "rime s"ene that he uploa#s to his ia#! Nol#in the ia# ith one han#, Miller re"entl$ #emonstrate# or


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>N/- /ongress 5in4s TT#e eec%tive #as t#e a!ility to administer t#e %se of legalforce e.ectively even in t#e a!sence of formal legalproced%res

Issac#aro.& Ne' or4 +niversity 0rofessor of /onstit%tional5a'& 6?

[Samuel Issa"haro>,


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/ongress #ampers +( s%rveillance e.orts empirics proveall& senior o$cial at Alston and 8ird& 6>

[%n#ru Wall, senior oQ"ial at %lston an# ?ir#, Dem$sti$in the Title, *)-Title +)Debate: Distinuishin Militar$ Rperations, Intellien"e %"ti3ities Z 8o3ert %"tion,Nar3ar# Aational Se"urit$ &ournal, %MM

/ongress1s fail%re to provide necessary interagency a%t#orities and!%dget a%t#ori7ations t#reatens o%r a!ility to prevent and 'age 'arfare,8onress7s stubborn insisten"e that militar$ an# intellien"e a"ti3ities inhabitseparate orl#s "asts a pall o illeitima"$ o3er interaen"$ support, as ell asun"on3entional an# "$ber arare!The ;!S! militar$ an# intellien"e aen"ies or0 toether more"losel$ than perhaps at an$ time in %meri"an histor$, $et 8onressional o3ersiht an# statutor$ authorities sa#l$

remain mire# in an obsolete para#im! %ter ten $ears o ar, 8onress still has not a#opte#"riti"al re"ommen#ations ma#e b$ the J/** 8ommission rear#in "onressionalo3ersiht o intellien"e a"ti3ities! 8onress7s sto3epipe# o3ersiht sos "onusion o3er statutor$authorities an# "auses 56e"uti3e ?ran"h attorne$s to aste "ountless hours #istinuishin #istin"t lines o authorit$

an# un#in, O%r military and intelligence operatives 'or4 tirelessly tocoordinate& sync#roni7e& and integrate t#eir e.ortsP t#ey deserveinteragency a%t#orities and /ongressional oversig#t t#at enco%rages ands%pports s%c# integration,


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+ni2%eness


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+ni2%eness" >N/- Relations 8rin4Relations are on t#e !rin4- any c#ange in sec%rity policy ris4!ac4las#/astillo& International and 0%!lic A.airs Degree& 6?

[Mariano, Ma$ ', 8AA, Se"urit$ #ominates tal0 o ;!S!-Me6i"o relations,http://!"nn!"om/')*@/)+/)'/orl#/ameri"as/me6i"o-us-relations/in#e6!html,a""esse# E-'E-*+, D%

%hea# o their meetins in Me6i"o 8it$ this ee0, resi#ent Rbama an# Me6i"an resi#ent 5nriue ega Aieto

hinte# that the$ ante# to put e"onomi" ties atop their aen#a! G?ut reports that Me6i"o isrestru"turin the a$ it "ooperates ith %meri"an oQ"ials on se"urit$ matters -- inessen"e restri"tin "ommuni"ation -- threaten to impose a sha#o o3er the positi3ee"onomi" stor$ the lea#ers ant to tell!GThe apparent ri"tion hihlihts the "riti"alse"urit$ relationship an# illustrates the "omple6ities o ;!S!-Me6i"o relations !GHWespen# so mu"h time on se"urit$ issues beteen the ;nite# States an# Me6i"o thatsometimes I thin0 e oret this is a massi3e tra#in partner, responsible or hue amounts o "ommer"e an# hue

numbers o .obs on both si#es o the bor#er,H Rbama sai# this ee0!G?ut ritin a ne narrati3e on ;!S!-Me6i"orelations that #oesnBt lea# ith Me6i"o as a ma.or transit point or nar"oti"s, or the ;nite# States as a mar0ethunr$ or the #rus, isnBt eas$!GThat as ma#e "lear b$ the spate o nes reports this ee0 on both si#es o thebor#er about "hanes to ho Me6i"o "ooperates ith the %meri"ans!GG;n#er the ne rules, all ;!S! reuests or"ollaboration ith Me6i"an aen"ies ill o throuh a sinle oQ"e, Interior Minister Miuel %nel Rsorio 8hon"onfrme# to Me6i"oBs state-run Aotime6 nes aen"$!GGIt is a #rasti" "hane rom re"ent $ears, hen ;!S! aentsen.o$e# i#esprea# a""ess to their Me6i"an "ounterparts!GGSo in the #a$s lea#in up to RbamaBs arri3al in theMe6i"an "apital, the buPP as not about the e"onom$, but hether Me6i"o as bein un"ooperati3e ith the ;nite#

States!GGRsorio 8hon #onpla$e# the i#ea that the "hane sinife# a retreat in se"urit$ "ooperation! GGThe;nite# States Hshoul# ha3e the "onf#en"e that thins are on a oo# path,H he tol#Aotime6! In a "oneren"e "all ith reporters, O!ama administration o$cial 8en R#odessai# it as natural that ega Aieto, ho has been in oQ"e or onl$ f3e months,'o%ld 'ant to revisit its sec%rity str%ct%re!GHWeBre "urrentl$ or0in ith the Me6i"ans to

e3aluate the means b$ hi"h e "ooperate, the means b$ hi"h e pro3i#e assistan"e, an# eBre "ertainl$ open to#is"ussin ith Me6i"o a$s to impro3e an# enhan"e "ooperation, streamline the pro3ision o assistan"e,H sai#


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+ni2%eness" Meico Ris4 No'Meican Government at ris4 of collapsing- Internal corr%ptionand s4yroc4eting crimeGalen& senior fello' at t#e /ato Instit%te and editor to T#e

National Interest& :6L[Te#, &anuar$ 'J, The Aational Interest, Wat"h Rut, %meri"a: Me6i"o Ma$ ?e theAe6t Faile# State, http://nationalinterest!or/profle/te#-alen-"arpenter, a""esse#E-'J-*+, D%

When 5nriue ega Aieto be"ame presi#ent o Me6i"o in De"ember ')*', there as "onsi#erable hope that the3iolen"e that ha# roile# that "ountr$ so ba#l$ o3er the pre3ious si6 $ears miht subsi#e! ega Aieto seeme##etermine# to a#opt a #i>erent approa"h than his pre#e"essor, Felipe 8al#ern, to the problems o #ru traQ"0in

an# oraniPe# "rime! 8al#ern ha# use# the militar$ to ae open arare on the"ountr$7s poerul #ru "artels #urin his presi#en"$, an# the results ere"alamitous! More than E),))) perishe# in #ru-relate# 3iolen"e #urin those $ears,an# at least another '+,))) #isappeare# un#er m$sterious "ir"umstan"es! 5arl$ in

his presi#en"$, ega Aieto #e-emphasiPe# the "onrontational strate$, returnin tothe more ambi3alent posture toar# #ru traQ"0in that the Me6i"an o3ernmentha# maintaine# throuhout the #e"a#es beore 8al#ern7s es"alation! %n# or a time, thatloer-0e$ approa"h seeme# to or0! %lthouh 3iolen"e beteen ri3al "artelsan# beteen3arious "artels an# the o3ernment#i# not #isappear, it #i# subsi#e ! That asespe"iall$ true in 8iu#a# &u`reP, Aue3o =are#o, Ti.uana an# other "ities on the bor#er ith the ;nite# States, hi"hha# been the epi"enters o bloo#she# #urin 8al#ern7s a#ministration! ?ut the en"ourain tren# has re3erse# inan alarmin ashion in re"ent months! %lthouh some on"e-#ominant traQ"0in oraniPations, su"h as the Kul8artel an# =a Familia, ha3e a#e# or #isappeare# entirel$, ne an# euall$ ruthless "ompetitors ha3e ta0en their

pla"e! %mon the latter are the Lnihts Templar an# =os Uiaras! Uiilante roups, hi"h ha3e beenon the rise or se3eral $ears as o3ernment or"es seeme# unable or unillin tomaintain or#er an# #eeat the "artels, ha3e aine# e3en reater prominen"e sin"e

mi#-')*C! The spi0e in 3iilantism is espe"iall$ troublin be"ause it ree"ts aroin la"0 o publi" "onf#en"e in Me6i"o7s poli"e an# "riminal-.usti"e s$stems!;nortunatel$, there are ample reasons or that la"0 o "onf#en"e! Me6i"o has lonbeen ai"te# b$ per3asi3e "orruption, ith #ru "artels an# other "riminaloraniPations easil$ penetratin o3ernmental institutions! ?ut #e3elopments o3erthe past e months suest that some o those institutions #o not merel$ e6hibitmun#ane "orruption, but ma$ be "ompromise# in horrif" a$s! The most troublinin"i#ent too0 pla"e in September ')*C, hen stu#ents rom a tea"hers "ollee#isappeare# in the estern state o Kuerrero! The stu#ents ha# shon the temerit$to "on#u"t a protest #emonstration aainst the ma$or o Iuala an# his ie !53i#en"e soon emere# that the stu#ents ere li0el$ mur#ere# an# their bo#ies

burne#! Worse, there are stron in#i"ations, in"lu#in e$eitness a""ounts rom to in#i3i#uals ho sur3i3e# theatta"0, that elements of !ot# t#e police and t#e army& along 'it# enforcersfrom a local dr%g cartel& 'ere responsi!le for t#e massacre, The ensuin s"an#alis ro"0in ega Aieto7s a#ministration, as anr$ #emonstrators in se3eral "ities ha3e #eman#e# his resination!

8on"erns that Me6i"o miht be"ome a failed statehi"h ha# aine# tra"tion#urin the most turbulent $ears o 8al#ern7s presi#en"$are again on t#e rise!Su"h "on"erns are e6"essi3e, sin"e Me6i"o has an arra$ o poerul institutions ranin rom the 8atholi" 8hur"h toell-oraniPe# politi"al parties to a sinif"ant 2an# roin leal business "ommunit$! Me6i"o is not Somalia,?osnia, emen, Su#an or other aile# states, here su"h stabiliPin eatures are larel$ absentX nor is it ra"ture# b$
http://nationalinterest.org/profile/ted-galen-carpenterhttp://nationalinterest.org/profile/ted-galen-carpenter


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bitter i#eoloi"al or reliious "oni"ts, as those "ountries ha3e been! Ae3ertheless, the re"ent#e3elopments are orrisome! R3erall, the #ru "artels remain as poerul an#ruthless as e3er, an# some o those oraniPations are bran"hin out into humantraQ"0in, the hi.a"0in o oil shipments, e6tortion an# other "riminal a"ti3ities toaument their in"ome rom the #ru tra#e ! %lthouh the "hallene the$ pose to the authorit$ o theMe6i"an o3ernment ma$ ha3e be"ome less blatant #urin ega Aieto7s a#ministration, su"h roups remain 3er$

poerul pla$ers, an# in some areas o the "ountr$ 3ere on "onstitutin a parallel o3ernment!


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+ni2%enessB AT" Alt /a%ses to (ta!ilityB Meico+nsta!le No'

Reforms #ave t#e potential to resolve economic and sec%rityconcerns moving on many sectors

IM)& International Organi7ation of 6== co%ntries promoting ands%rveying economic gro't#& 69

[International Monetar$ Fun#, Ao3ember *, Me6i"o7s 5"onom$ Shos Stea#$Kroth Fuele# b$ Le$ orts to a##ress this issue! IMF Sur3e$: What are some o the stru"tural reorms, an# ho are the$ a>e"tin rothYGerent las! %ll o these "hanes point in the#ire"tion o impro3in the a""ess o small businesses to the fnan"ial s$stem, an#tr$in to raise "re#it as a share o KD! There as also anti-trust reorm or mar0ets outsi#e o tele"ommuni"ations! Man$ o Me6i"oBsmar0ets ha3e been #ominate# b$ la"0 o "ompetition! So throuh reater anti-trust enor"ement the o3ernment "an promote "ompetition that "an loer "osts an# e6pan# in3estment

an# roth!G=abor mar0et reorm is another area here Me6i"o has mo3e# orar#,"reatin a number o in"enti3es to mo3e or0ers into the ormal labor se"tor, hi"h
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2014/car111714a.htmhttp://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2014/car111714a.htm


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has hiher pro#u"ti3it$! The "ountr$ also embar0e# on a "omprehensi3e e#u"ation reorm that "reates mu"h more perorman"e-base# assessment otea"hers an# also intro#u"es a number o other steps to impro3e the ualit$ o e#u"ation!GI thin0 those are the 0e$ reorms! %ll o these ha3e the potential to boost roth b$ ma0inthe e"onom$ more eQ"ient an# b$ steppin up ener$ pro#u"tion! We estimate a boost to roth on the or#er o a hal a per"entae point to a point per $ear o3er the me#ium term!

The a"t that Me6i"o intro#u"e# a lot o reorms toether allos or them to beneft rom the s$neries o the reorms! So o3erall this is 3er$ positi3e or the Me6i"an e"onom$!


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Ans'ers To


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AT" No Ris4 of TerrorRis4 of n%clear terrorism is #ig# and gro'ing t#ey #ave t#emeans and motiveQroenig& Associate 0rofessor and IR Georgeto'n& 69

2

a##ition, 8he"hn$a-base# separatist roups,5ash0ar-e-Taiba in South %sia, an# %um Shinri0$o in&apan ha3e also e6presse# the #esire or nu"lear eaponsin the past!J* Most anal$sts "onsi#erit unli0el$ that a state oul# 0noinl$ pro3i#e a terrorist roup ith a bomb, but it is "on"ei3able that aroup "oul# steal one!This ear is espe"iall$ a"ute in the "ase oa0istan, here anunstable o3ernment ith a roin nu"lear arsenal e6ists in an area ith man$ terroristoraniPations! The o3ernment o a0istan has ta0en steps in re"ent $ears to alla$ these ears, $et reason or

"on"ern remains!J' % se"on# means b$ hi"h a terrorist roup "oul# attain a nu"lear "apabilit$ isb$ obtainin fssile material an# "onstru"tin its on "ru#e nu"lear bomb ! The main"hallene or terrorist oraniPations see0in this "apabilit$ is fn#in suQ"ient fssile material! %ppro6imatel$( 0ilorams o plutonium or '+ 0ilorams o hihl$ enri"he# uranium 2N5; isne"essar$ or abomb! Sin"e J/**, the ;nite# States, orts to #e"rease the ris0s o terrorists a""essin nu"lear material! ;A Se"urit$ 8oun"il orts to 0eep nu"lear eapons out o terrorist han#s ever fail& 'e may'itness a n%clear CB66,
http://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_The%20Next%20Nuclear%20War.pdfhttp://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_The%20Next%20Nuclear%20War.pdfhttp://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_The%20Next%20Nuclear%20War.pdfhttp://www.matthewkroenig.com/Kroenig_The%20Next%20Nuclear%20War.pdf


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AT" +(-Meico Not Q> economy+(-Meico commerce is 4ey to t#e glo!al economy(elee& (enior Advisor Meico Instit%te& and ilson& associateMeico instit%te& 6>

[%n#re an# 8hristopher, Ao3ember ')*', Wilson 8enter, % Ae %en#a ithMe6i"o,http://!ilson"enter!or/sites/#eault/fles/aVneVaen#aVithVme6i"o!p#,a""esse# E-'+-*+, D%

8ommer"e beteen the ;nite# States an# Me6i"o is one o the reat$etun#erappre"iate#su""ess stories o the lobal e"onom$ ! In a"t, in ')** ;!S!-Me6i"ooo#s an# ser3i"es tra#e rea"he# thema.or milestone o one-hal trillion #ollarsith 3irtuall$ nore"onition!*The ;nite# States is Me6i"o7s top tra#in partner, an# Me6i"ohi"h has aine#ma"roe"onomi" stabilit$ an# e6pan#e# its mi##le "lass o3er the last to #e"a#esis the ;nite# States7 se"on#larest e6port mar0et an# thir# larest tra#in partner! Se3ent$ per"ent o bilateral"ommer"e "rosses the bor#er 3ia tru"0s, meanin the bor#er reion is literall$here the rubber hits the roa# or bilateral relations ! This also means that not onl$ 8aliornia an#?a.a 8aliornia, but also Mi"hian an# Mi"hoa"`n, all ha3e a ma.or sta0e in eQ"ient an# se"ure bor#er manaement!j
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdfhttp://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/a_new_agenda_with_mexico.pdf


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AT" Drones Qill RelationsDrones are a @oint operation 'it# limited +( presence inMeico- its all re2%ested5icn& Asociante 0ress /orespondent& 66

[%#riana KmeP, )@/*/')**, 5l aso Times, ;S #rones help fht Me6i"o #ru"artels, http://!elpasotimes!"om/"iV*E@*E', a""esse# E-'-*+, D%

The ;!S! o3ernment has beun #eplo$in #rones into Me6i"o ater Meicano$cials re2%ested +,(, aircraft to help them fht #ru-traQ"0inoraniPations!G%lthouh ;!S! aen"ies remaine# tiht-lippe# We#nes#a$ on $in #rones o3er Me6i"o, the"hie o the Me6i"an Aational Se"urit$ 8oun"il, %le.an#ro oir^, a#mitte# that hiso3ernment as0e# or this t$pe o support to ather intellien"e!Goir^ in a statement sai#the Me6i"an o3ernment #efnes the operations, most o hi"h ta0e pla"e in bor#er areas!GHWhen theseoperations ta0e pla"e, t#ey are a%t#ori7ed and s%pervised !y nationalagencies& in"lu#in the Me6i"an %ir For"e,H oir^ sai# We#nes#a$!GFurthermore, oir^

sai#, the o3ernments 'ere not !rea4ing any national sovereignty la'sbe"ause the$ ere simpl$ assistin in atherin intellien"e! The #rones are orsur3eillan"e onl$ an# are not arme#!GThe announ"ement "ame the #a$ The Ae or0 Timespublishe# a stor$ re3ealin that ;!S! aen"ies ha3e been sen#in an un#etermine# number o Klobal Na0 #ronesto interior Me6i"o sin"e last month! Nomelan# Se"urit$ #rones e alon the ;!S!-Me6i"o bor#er in past $ears toather intellien"e on oraniPe# "rime!GKlobal Na0s are militar$ #rones that ha3e been use# or sur3eillan"e

missions in %han istan as ell as or relie e>orts in natural #isaster Pones! Klobal Na0s "an loo0 o3erareas as lare as C),))) suare miles!GThe nespaper "ite# oQ"ials ho spo0e anon$mousl$be"ause the Department o Nomelan# Se"urit$ an# the Department o Deense, ho reporte#l$ operate the #rones,

#i# not publi"l$ "omment!GH%ll ;!S! "ooperation ith Me6i"o is at the o3ernment oMe6i"oBs in3itation an# is ull$ "oor#inate# ith the o3ernment o Me6i"o ,H sai# Matt8han#ler, Nomelan# Se"urit$ spo0esman!G8han#ler #e"line# to "omment spe"if"all$ on the use ounmanne# air"rat in Me6i"o!GDepartment o Deense oQ"ials #i# not return "alls on We#nes#a$! ;!S!


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HThere is enormous sensiti3it$, but there is also a realiPation that the threat pose# b$ #ru "artels is se3ere!H GRlsen

sai# the ;!S! presen"e is still limite#! There are no la enor"ement operations on the roun#, an#%meri"an aents are not arme#!


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8ennett /o%nterplan


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InformationFirst some ba"0roun#,


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6N/Tet" T#e )AA s#o%ld cond%ct a st%dy on t#e implications of+A( integration into national airspace on individ%al privacy,T#e 3fty states s#o%ld %tili7e t#is st%dy to reg%late and litigate

private drone %se

T#at solves-

T#e co%nterplan incrementally ad@%st done policy- its slo'erapproac# avoids t#e lin4s to s%rveillance good and doesn1toverreg%late t#e drone ind%stry '#ic# t%rns solvency8ennett& 8roo4ings National (ec%rity 5a' )ello' and 5a'fareManaging Editor& 69

[Wells 8! has a ?!%! rom Keoreton ;ni3ersit$ an# a &!D! an# =!=!M! rom Du0e;ni3ersit$ S"hool o =a, September ')*C, ?roo0ins Institute, 8i3ilian Drones,ri3a"$, an# the Fe#eral 4 State ?alan"e,http://!broo0ins!e#u/resear"h/reports'/')*C/)J/"i3ilian-#rones-an#-pri3a"$,a""esse# E/'/*+, K5

?ut that7s .ust the thin: pri3ate air"rat matter, too! These #a$s in#i3i#uals, pri3ate uni3ersities an#"ompanies "an an# #o $ sur3eillan"e-"apable air"rat, both ith an# ithout thespe"if" blessin that the F%% reuires!J %s unmanne# iht te"hnolo$ matures an#ros e3er "heaper, it 'ill 3nd its 'ay into more private #ands! The alrea#$ sit"lip ill ui"0en, on"e the F%% rites rules or i#er #omesti" #rone iht! SuQ"e it to

sa$ pri3ate a"tors ill soon operate #rones in eual i not reater numbers than theo3ernment #oesan# also a"uire the potential to un#erta0e@%st as m%c#s%rveillance! %s pressin as the uestion o ho best to saeuar# publi"pri3a"$, is t#e 2%estion of #o' !est to safeg%ard its %nderst%diedco%nterpart& private privacy,The uren"$ is ree"te# in a han#ul o leislati3e proposals"on"ernin #rone sur3eillan"e, an# in a #e"ision reporte#l$ orth"omin rom the Rbama %#ministration!Thouh#etails remain s0et"h$, the White Nouse is set to or#er the Aational

Tele"ommuni"ations an# Inormation %#ministration 2ATI% to #e3elop, in"onsultation ith 3arious sta0ehol#ers, 3oluntar$ pri3a"$ ui#elines or "ommer"ial#rone use!*) This essa$ e6amines the "urrent #i3ision o labor beteen state an# e#eral o3ernments, ithrespe"t to "i3ilian #rones an# pri3a"$! It pro"ee#s in three parts, the frst o hi"h re"oniPes the most "ompellinreason, put orar# b$ a#3o"ates o a state-base# reime, or the states7 prima"$ in shiel#in pri3ate pri3a"$

rihts! T#ere1s already a state la' fa!ric meant to safeg%ard t#ose veryrig#ts& one 'oven of common la' doctrines& stat%tes& and la's meant toacco%nt for drone s%rveillance in partic%lar,This bo#$ o la ill bein"reasinl$ rele3ant as more pri3ate #rones $, an# "i3ilian #rone sur3eillan"ebe"omes more "ommon! %n#, as the #rone e#eralists rihtl$ point out, c%rrentlyt#ere is no 3rm consens%s about ho best to saeuar# pri3a"$ rihts rom non-governmental drone s%rveillancesomet#ing a top-do'n& federalapproac# 'o%ld re2%ire! Still, as the essa$7s se"on# se"tion e6plains, the F%%7s in3ol3ement
http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2014/09/civilian-drones-and-privacyhttp://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2014/09/civilian-drones-and-privacy


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in pri3ate #rones an# sur3eillan"e, thouh small, has been uietl$ in"reasin sin"e')*'!This rather subtle #e3elopment inorms an arument at the heart o the thir# sement: t#e)AA1s emerging presence in private privacy and %nmanned aerials%rveillance s%pports a contin%ed role or the aen"$ in a##ressin the issue! Doin so oul# be "onsistent ith re"ent pra"ti"e! Moreo3er, incrementally ad@%sting t#e stat%s

2%o, perhaps b$ ha3in e#eral a3iation oQ"ials ta0e aa$ the orst pri3a"$3iolators7 #rone $in "re#entials, oul# e3en be a oo# i#ea ! % ourth se"tion o>ers"on"lu#in thouhts!


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>N/


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8ennett" >N/- (olves all(tates are 4ey t#ey #ave eisting legislation and priorities t#e plan is preemptive and 'on1t solve privacy implications t#e feds #ave no moment%m

8ennett& 8roo4ings National (ec%rity 5a' )ello' and 5a'fareManaging Editor& 69


Rn one si#e o the frst uestion are "ertain members o 8onress an# "i3il libertiesa#3o"ates, ho ha3e "alle# or a robust e#eral approa"h to #rones an# pri3a"$!'Rn the other are #rone e#eralists: s"holars an# poli"$ma0ers ho enerall$

oppose ena"tment o a preemptive, e#eral #rone statute, an# ho oul# in an$e3ent 0eep e#eral reulation to a minim%m or reser3e it or #is"rete sub.e"ts onl$!In re"ent $ears, only states ha3e passe# leislation meant to a""ount or%meri"a7s #rone e6periment an# its impli"ations or pri3a"$! In that sense,moment%m isn1t 'it# t#e feds: the F%%, or e6ample, pointe#l$ reuse# toreulate pri3a"$ in a broa# ashion 2thouh, as e6plaine# belo, it ne3erthelessun#ertoo0 some #rone pri3a"$ or0 later! %n# unli0e some state houses, the ;!S!8onress #asn1t serio%sly considered or passed a !ill to set eneral pri3a"$stan#ar#s or to reulate #rones an# pri3a"$ spe"if"all$! Meanhile, state leislatorsmostl$ ha3e their sihts set on a parti"ular "lass o #ronethat on b$o3ernments! The past e $ears ha3e seen a rat o propose# an# ena"te# las,

prin"ipall$ or e6"lusi3el$ aime# at restricting drone s%rveillance b$ publi"oQ"ials! Some states, li0e Flori#a, ;tah, an# Montana, enerall$ pre"lu#e poli"erom usin #rones, unless oQ"ers obtain a .u#i"ial arrant oun#e# on probable"ause or "onront an emeren"$!+ Uirinia probabl$ ta0es the ol# me#al in thisrear#, ha3in banne#, ith some e6"eptions, all publi" #rone operation b$ statepersonnel until &ul$ ')*+!E We "an uess the reasons behin# the o3ernment-"entri" approa"h: the state7s uniue poer to imprisonX the 8onstitution7stra#itional prote"tions aainst publi" rather than pri3ate a"tionX an# the a"t that,li0e mu"h in the realm o te"hni"a, the #rone as initiall$ #e3elope# or o3ernmentappli"ations an# onl$ aterar#s transitione# to pri3ate ones! Drones ha# been astaple o militar$ a"ti3ities abroa# or $ears, lon beore 8onress e3en thouht

about i#esprea# "i3ilian operations! %n#, oin to the F%%7s "urrent li"ensins"heme, #rone pilots are reuentl$ poli"e or bor#er se"urit$ oQ"ers! It thus ma0esintuiti3e sense to prioriti7e policyma4ing for p%!lic aircraftS'#ic# t#estates largely #ave done t#at so far,=


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(tates and t#e )AA solve t#ey #ave eisting frame'or4s andt#e a!ility to reg%late non-governmental drones8ennett& 8roo4ings National (ec%rity 5a' )ello' and 5a'fareManaging Editor& 69


Some sa$ the e#eral o3ernment shoul# be prin"ipall$ responsible or reulatin#rones,* nono3ernmental a"tors, an# pri3a"$X others ha3e sueste# a blen#e#approa"h, ith states ta0in "enter stae an# the national o3ernment "ast in asupportin role! This essa$ ta0es essentiall$ the latter position! %s #rones are ol#e#urther into %meri"an airspa"e& states s#o%ld ta4e t#e initiative, both b$appl$in lonstan#in liabilit$ rules an# b$ #e3isin ne ones! ?ut e also shoul#

ta0e a#3antae o the )ederal Aviation Administration1s 2F%% small butroin "ompeten"e in nono3ernmental #rones an# pri3a"$an# ha3e the aen"$perorm a 0in# o superinten#en"e un"tion!


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in#i3i#uals! For this reason, the F%% is #ire"te# to "on#u"t a stu#$ on theimpli"ations o ;%S interation into national airspa"e on in#i3i#ual pri3a"$! Thestu#$ shoul# a##ress the appli"ation o e6istin pri3a"$ la to ;%S interationXi#enti$ aps in e6istin la, espe"iall$ ith rear# to the use an# retention opersonall$ i#entifable inormation an# imaer$X an# re"ommen# ne6t steps or ho

the F%% "an a##ress the impa"t o i#esprea# use o ;%S on in#i3i#ual pri3a"$ as itprepares to a"ilitate the interation o ;%S into the national airspa"e!C' Aote thene6t steps phrase an# its esture toar#s uture F%% pri3a"$ or0! It oul# beron to o3er-rea# the lanuae abo3e, mu"h as it oul# be ron to o3er-rea# theF%%7s malleable pri3a"$ rules or #rone-test ranes! 8onress is not ma0in the F%%the oremost uarantor o pri3a"$ rihts in the ;nite# StatesX it is not i3in the F%%the authorit$ to sue or ereious pri3a"$ lapsesX it is not "allin or the F%% tobe"ome some a3iation o"use# outpost o the Fe#eral Tra#e 8ommission! Instea#,the leislature is simpl$ #oin hat the F%% has been #oin or a hile: reiteratinthe F%%7s tra#itional remit in a3iation saet$, re.e"tin an$ implie# #ilution o itssaet$ portolio, an# $et also uietl$ imposin mo#est ne pri3a"$ responsibilities!It1s more mission creep t#an po'er gra!! That mission "reep shoul# inorm ourthin0in about "i3ilian #rones, pri3ate pri3a"$, an# e#eral-state "ooperation! Theor0 o the F%% sin"e ')*' "an be plotte# out as #ata points on a hite boar#! %n#hen "onne"te#, these suest a slihtl$ upar# tra.e"tor$! Fe#eral reulatorsra#uall$ are ta0in on 2unilaterall$, or on instru"tions rom 8onress more or0, ina##ressin the pri3a"$ an# te"hnolo$ tra#eo>s pose# b$ #omesti" #rones! 8all thisinormin #ialoue, reulatin pri3a"$ or somethin elseX the label #oesn7tmatter espe"iall$! More important is the a"t that federal oversig#t of civiliandronesSmarginal t#o%g# t#at oversig#t may !eSis on t#e %ps'ing,

T#e /0 is a prere2%isite -t#e A)) ta4es a too m%c# to fastapproac# prevents drone development and #ampers privacy

t#e )AA alone solves8ennett& 8roo4ings National (ec%rity 5a' )ello' and 5a'fareManaging Editor& 69


% la"0 o mission-"riti"al #ata "uts aainst ha3in the e#eral o3ernment #i3e

hea#lon into "ratin liabilit$ rules or "i3ilian #rones an# pri3a"$! It oul# be har#to #esin a preempti3e, national-le3el poli"$ ithout 0noin more about hatsorts o #rones ill $, hat sorts o pri3a"$ rules ill sur3i3e a frst roun# o lealre3ie, an# so orth!(tate reg%lation and drone integration toget#er 'illf%rnis# some 4ey ans'ers to t#ose 2%estions over time,To put the pointsomehat #i>erentl$, the prin"ipal #rone e#eralist aruments seem mostl$"orre"t! ?ut there7s a #onsi#e, an# it hints at small reulator$ spa"e that e#eraloQ"ials shoul#n7t be sh$ about fllin! % lot o sur3eillan"e, intrusions on pri3a"$,


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an# First %men#ment litiation ill ha3e to happen beore or0able an# broa#l$appli"able solutions "ome ull$ into 3ie! %s that pro"ess oes orar#, the nationalo3ernmentthe F%% in parti"ularhas suQ"ient e6perien"e to minimiPe the short-run pri3a"$ "osts! It shoul# ta0e urther steps to minimiPe them as #omesti" #roneinteration pro"ee#s, an# ithout rettin too mu"h about #ilutin the aen"$7s

heartlan# e6pertise in a3iation saet$! The #i3i#in line beteen saet$ an# pri3a"$isn7t espe"iall$ neat or ob3ious, as the post-FM


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8ennett" >N/- (tates (olve all(tates solve drone reg%lations t#ey avoid privacy concerns'it# civilian %se and avoid re@ection from co%rts,Qamins4i& 5ect%rer in 5a' at ale 5a' (c#ool& >


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"riti"ism that oes to the heart o the First %men#ment! The First %men#ment #oes not pre3ent people rom beinarreste# or trespassX but i the$ are leitimatel$ on a propert$, it miht pre3ent their arrest or re"or#in 3i#eo o

matters o publi" interest! n@ ;!S! la has lon re"oniPe# the "ompli"ate# tensionbeteen pri3a"$ an# a""ountabilit$! n@( ?annin #rone photoraph$ or 3i#eoraph$ prioritiPes [kECthe pri3a"$ rihts o photoraphi" sub.e"ts o3er the First %men#ment rihts o the photorapher or 3i#eorapher!This ma$ be the balan"e states an# "ourts e3entuall$ "hoose, but as the #e3elopin "ir"uit split o3er 3i#eotapin

shos, it is not an eas$ balan"e to stri0e! T#e important 2%estion in privacy reg%lation ofcivilian drone %se is t#%s '#et#er t#is reg%lation s#o%ld !e enacted !y t#efederal government& or !y states,The tension beteen pri3a"$ an# First %men#ment ree#om isunli0el$ to be resol3e# in one ell soop b$ a e#eral statuteX moreo3er, e#eral preemption illpre"lu#e state e6perimentation! )ederal legislation is also costlier and moredi$c%lt to enact& and ris4s getting overt%rned !y co%rts"on"erne# about First%men#ment impli"ations!


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8ennett" AT- /larityB (ignal (olvency De3citDiversity of la' is inevita!le states are necessary to generateconsens%s on r%les8ennett& 8roo4ings National (ec%rity 5a' )ello' and 5a'fare

Managing Editor& 69[Wells 8! has a ?!%! rom Keoreton ;ni3ersit$ an# a &!D! an# =!=!M! rom Du0e;ni3ersit$ S"hool o =a, September ')*C, ?roo0ins Institute, 8i3ilian Drones,ri3a"$, an# the Fe#eral 4 State ?alan"e,http://!broo0ins!e#u/resear"h/reports'/')*C/)J/"i3ilian-#rones-an#-pri3a"$,a""esse# E/'/*+, K5

We miht not et to "omplete "larit$! Di.erent 4inds of drones 'ill Hy in#i>erent .uris#i"tions, an# to #i>erent #ereesX man$ .uris#i"tions alrea#$ 3ie#omesti" #rone prolieration more or less a3orabl$ than others! Toether, su"h a"tsessentiall$ uarantee a measure o poli"$ #i3ersit$ nationi#e! %t present, the poli"$

lan#s"ape hasn7t beun to approa"h e3en that point! We lac4 general agreement about hat anoptimal set o liabilit$ rules miht loo0 li0e or #rones an# pri3ate pri3a"$somethin that a larel$ or e3en "ompletel$ e#eral approa"h oul# seem toreuire an# that the #rone e#eralists ha3e stresse#!'+ For no, pramatism "ounselsaainst a #eavy-#anded e#eral response, and in favor of reg%lation at t#estate level!


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8ennett" AT- 0ermT#e perm co-opts state la's it1s too fast and lin4s to t#e net!ene3t8ennett& 8roo4ings National (ec%rity 5a' )ello' and 5a'fare

Managing Editor& 69[Wells 8! has a ?!%! rom Keoreton ;ni3ersit$ an# a &!D! an# =!=!M! rom Du0e;ni3ersit$ S"hool o =a, September ')*C, ?roo0ins Institute, 8i3ilian Drones,ri3a"$, an# the Fe#eral 4 State ?alan"e,http://!broo0ins!e#u/resear"h/reports'/')*C/)J/"i3ilian-#rones-an#-pri3a"$,a""esse# E/'/*+, K5

We thus "an re3ie the bi##in: states ha3e a loose, larel$ unteste# rameor0 inpla"e or reulatin nono3ernmental, aerial sur3eillan"e! This in turn issupplemente# b$ tin$ po"0ets o e#eral a"ti3it$, hi"h ha3e e6pan#e# mo#estl$sin"e ')*'! The nas"ent tren# is to tin0er ith this arranement rat#er t#an to

res#ape it radicallysa$, b$ ena"tin an all-encompassing, state-la-preemptin pri3a"$ statute! 56hibit % is 8onress7s "omman# to the F%% to stu#$ pri3a"$ issues urther,olloin the aen"$7s issuan"e o F%% enor"e# pri3a"$ rules or test sitesX 56hibit ?, the White Nouse7s or#er an#orth"omin ATI% prin"iples! The latter reporte#l$ ill not a##ress all pri3a"$ #ilemmas asso"iate# ith all orms ounmanne# sur3eillan"e! Instea#, ater "onsultin ith 3arious sta0ehol#ers, ATI% e3entuall$ ill issue 3oluntar$pri3a"$ ui#elines, hi"h in turn ill appl$ to "ommer"ial #rone operations onl$, an# hi"h, as beore, ill reser3ethe #eense o pri3ate pri3a"$ larel$ to ba"0roun# la!C@


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8ennett" >N/- Terrorism Net 8ene3t/0 doesn1t lin4 to terror )AA enforcement is limited to onlyt#e 'orst s%rveillance violations t#e plan1s over reg%lationca%ses price spi4es

8ennett& 8roo4ings National (ec%rity 5a' )ello' and 5a'fareManaging Editor& 69


It is eas$ to imaine poli"$ i#eas that oul# 0eep the abo3e ar"hite"ture inta"t! ?$ a$ o e6ample,8onress "oul# "on#ition authoriPation to $ on a ple#e to respe"t pri3a"$! The F%%miht insist that beore re"ei3in permission to operate an unmanne# air"rat, a

business or in#i3i#ual frst oul# ha3e to "ommit to obser3in appli"able pri3a"$las!CC Thereater, the F%% oul# ha3e #is"retion to res"in# the operator7s iht"re#entials, upon submission o proo that a "ourt or similar bo#$ has aulte# theoperator or serious pri3a"$ 3iolations un#er state la !The seriousness "riterionhere also "oul#an#, so as not to@ac4 %p t#e cost o #eplo$in a "riti"alte"hnolo$ too mu"h, li0el$ shoul#be ma#e sti> enouh so as to "apture only t#e'orst varieties of %nmanned aerial s%rveillance!C+ Leep in min# the s"ope!The F%%7sreulator$ poers #on7t e6ten# e3er$here an# to e3er$ mo#e o unmanne# iht!

The limitation has impli"ations or an$ F%% measure a>e"tin pri3a"$! For e6ample,hobb$ists7 mo#el air"rat are mostl$ e6empte# rom F%% reulation!CE Koin orar#, ho $ou eel about thee3i#ent reulator$ ap probabl$ has to #o ith ho $ou eel about li0el$ sour"es an# lo"ations o unmanne# aerialsur3eillan"e! Thus, i $ou orr$ most about rampant ]ua#"opter ea3es#roppin, then the abo3e proposal miht not

#o that mu"h to assuae $ouX su"h ma"hines seeminl$ "an be operate# as mo#el air"rat, an# thus reuire noF%% li"ense! 8on3ersel$, an F%%-base# o3ersiht approa"h to pri3a"$ miht help"onsi#erabl$, i $ou pre#i"t that the most intrusi3e sur3eillan"e te"hnoloies ill bepaire# ith larer-siPe# #ronesthat is, #rones li0el$ to "ome ithin the F%%7s

.uris#i"tion, an# to reuire operator "ertif"ation an# trainin!C % proposal li0e theabo3e 2or one li0e it oul# mean onl$ incremental c#ange! %ter all, the F%% alrea#$e6er"ises a "omparable authorit$ o3er operators o the si6 test ranes establishe# un#er FM


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R "ourse, that the abo3e or an$ other poli"$ "hane oul# ft ni"el$ ith e6istin institutional arranements #oesnot .usti$ that poli"$7s a#option! ?ut there are oo# reasons to e6ten# e#eral o3ersiht o#rones an# pri3ate pri3a"$, hile the a#eua"$ o the un#erl$in state larameor0 "omes into sharper o"us! Ta0e the i#ea s0et"he# out abo3e! The larest "ompaniesha3e the reatest abilit$ to a"uire the most sophisti"ate# unmanne# air"rat, an#thus also to enae in the most ar-rea"hin sur3eillan"e! It happens that thosesame "ompanies "oul# be best situate# to ithstan# the 0in#s o e6 post reme#ies"ourts t$pi"all$ impose upon rampant pri3a"$ 3iolatorsin.un"tions, mone$#amaes, an# the li0e!In that respe"t, the s"heme abo3e miht pro3e helpul, b$#eterrin the 'orst privacy violations not the marinal or the reall$ ba#, butthe orstin a#3an"e o holesale #omesti" #rone interation, an# in a#3an"e o lon an# un"ertain litiation

in state "ourts! ?ut hate3er the poli"$ miht ultimatel$ loo0 li0e, the e#eral o3ernment7s"ompeten"e in "i3ilian #rones an# pri3a"$, su"h as it is, shoul# be brouht to bear !C(


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0olitics


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5in4s


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0olitics" 6N/- 5in40olitics lin4 drone !oosterism& military comm%nity& privatecontractors& and paid o. congressman 'ant drones,8arry& senior policy analyst for t#e /enter for International

0olicy& April >


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0olitics" >N/- 5in4Drone legislation ca%ses 4nee@er4 reaction from congress toomany iss%es of safety;ers# and ;opmeier& ris4 analyst and fello' of t#e Tr%man

National (ec%rity 0ro@ect& president of +nconventional/oncepts& Inc& 6L

[Melissa S! an# Mi"hael, E-'@-')*+, The Nill, HWhat are the real threats pose# b$small #ronesYH, http://thehill!"om/blos/"onress-blo/te"hnolo$/'C+()-hat-are-the-real-threats-pose#-b$-small-#rones, a""esse# E-'(-')*+, 88

%#mitte#l$, the number o c#rone in"i#ents7 rom small, "ommer"ial #rones isin"reasin! %n# ith that the amount o sensationaliPe# inormation in"reases as ell, resultin in 0nee

.er0 rea"tions rom poli"$ ma0ers!The re"ent #rone buPP has ostere# relati3el$ littleinorme# #is"ussion on hat are the a"tual ris0 an# threats pose# b$ small ;nmanne#%ir"rat S$stems 2;%S to "riti"al inrastru"ture, "i3il a3iation, an# publi" saet$!In turn,

there has been relati3el$ little inorme# #is"ussion on here publi" saet$ an# laenor"ement shoul# o"us their limite# resour"es! For e6ample, $in small ;%S in an open fel#shoul# not be seen as an eual threat to $in small ;%S into a "ro#e# sta#ium ith an impro3ise# e6plosi3e#e3i"e, or near an airport here #rones "an fn# their a$ 4 #eliberatel$ or a""i#entall$ -- into the inta0e o a

passener or "aro plane! %n#, there are ris0s 4 both threats an# 3ulnerabilities 4asso"iate# ith semi-autonomous or autonomous aerial 3ehi"les 4 hate3er their siPe ornumber! TraQ", #ebris, an# "ollateral #amae are real "onsi#erations! While lon-anti"ipate# #efniti3e lealui#an"e on the "ommer"ial use o ;%S is still bein pursue# b$ the Fe#eral %3iation %#ministration 2F%%X the"reation o an F%% 8enter o 56"ellen"e 28o5 to in3estiate these issues "oul# be seen as ensurin that the ;!S!"ontinues to oster inno3ation, remains "ompetiti3e, an# a"hie3es "ommer"ial su""ess! To #ate, the pri3ate se"toran# a"a#emi" response in the ;!S! has been o3erhelminl$ positi3e to the i#ea o some orm o inorme# an#rational poli"$! Whate3er the reason or in#ustr$7s parti"ipation, it is in its interest an# the publi"7s or them to

"ontinue to 0eep their eet frml$ on the roun# hen "onsi#erin ho to best mitiate ris0!The threat o a

;%S bein use# or a #anerous a"ti3it$ must ala$s be eihe# aainst thebeneft o a ;%S bein use# or oo#! We must be "lear that no "ountermeasure isithout "osts, an# an$ "ost must be eihe# aainst the beneft it pro#u"es, orinhibits! %ll too oten there ha3e been 0nee-.er0 responses to per"ei3e# threats thatha3e resulte# in aile# s$stems, "a3alier spen#in, an# loss o publi" "onf#en"e!


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/ase )rontline


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(olvency


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(olvency" (tat%s F%o (olvesEec%tive action on drones solves drone programs,#itloc4& masters degree in @o%rnalism from /ol%m!ia+niversity and ? time 3nalist for t#e 0%lit7er pri7e& 69

[8rai, J/'/*C /, Drone poli"$ bein rea#ie#, p!* =e6is, #ate a""esse# E/'C/*+,53ann

The White Nouse is preparin a #ire"ti3e that oul# reuire e#eral aen"ies topubli"l$ #is"lose or the frst time here the$ $ #rones in the ;nite# States an#hat the$ #o ith the torrents o #ata "olle"te# rom aerial sur3eillan"e! Thepresi#ential e6e"uti3e or#er oul# or"e the entaon, the &usti"e Department, theD epartment o N omelan# S e"urit$ an# other aen"ies to re3eal more #etails aboutthe siPe an# sur3eillan"e "apabilities o their roin #rone eets - inormation thatuntil no has been larel$ 0ept un#er raps! The man#ate oul# appl$ onl$ to e#eral #roneihts in ;!S! airspa"e! R3erseas militar$ an# intellien"e operations oul# not be "o3ere#! resi#ent Rbama has$et to sin the e6e"uti3e or#er, but oQ"ials sai# that #rats ha3e been #istribute# to e#eral aen"ies an# that the

pro"ess is in its fnal staes! H%n interaen"$ re3ie o the issue is un#era$,H sai# Ae# ri"e, aWhite Nouse spo0esman! Ne #e"line# to "omment urther! ri3a"$ a#3o"ates sai# the measure as lono3er#ue!=ittle is 0non about the s"ope o the e#eral o3ernmentBs #omesti"#rone operations an# sur3eillan"e poli"ies! Mu"h o hat has emere# as obtaine#un#er "ourt or#er as a result o publi"-re"or#s lasuits! HWeBre un#eroin a uiet re3olution inaerial sur3eillan"e,H sai# 8hris 8alabrese, leislati3e "ounsel or the %meri"an 8i3il =iberties ;nion! H?ut e ha3enBtha# all in one pla"e a "lear pi"ture o ho this te"hnolo$ is bein use#! Aor is it "lear that the aen"ies themsel3es

0no ho it is bein use#!H Most a>e"te# b$ the e6e"uti3e or#er oul# be the entaon,hi"h "on#u"ts #rone trainin missions in most states, an# Nomelan# Se"urit$,hi"h ies sur3eillan"e #rones alon the nationBs bor#ers roun#-the-"lo"0! It oul#also "o3er other aen"ies ith little-0non #rone prorams , in"lu#in A%S%, the InteriorDepartment an# the 8ommer"e Department! Militar$ an# la enor"ement aen"ies oul# not ha3e to re3eal

sensiti3e operations! ?ut the$ oul# ha3e to post basi" inormation about their pri3a"$ saeuar#s or the 3astamount o ull-motion 3i#eo an# other imaer$ "olle"te# b$ #rones!
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prizehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize


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(olvency" 6N/- /irc%mventionRestrictions on Drones are empirically circ%mvented !y am%ltit%de of federal agencies-t#at destroys t#eir solvency5endman& A'ard inning Investigative o%rnalist and Radio

;ost& U-9[Stephen, /C/*+, lobalresear"h!or, riter an# broa#"aster, hostin Theroressi3e

tolerate! % learne# the F?I uses at least *@ a0e "ompanies to "on"eal its a"ti3ities4in"lu#in FU9


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ihts sinif"ant i the$7re maintainin a eet o air"rat hose purpose is to "ir"le o3er %meri"an "ities, espe"iall$ith to#a$7s sophisti"ate# sur3eillan"e te"hnolo$! Details the F?I "onfrme# "on"ur ith publishe# reports sin"e atleast '))@ about suspi"ious-loo0in planes o3er$in ;S "ities bein o3ernment ones! The Dru 5nor"ement%en"$ 2D5% an# ;S Marshals Ser3i"e ha3e their on aerial sur3eillan"e prorams usin sophisti"ate# te"hnolo$,

mu"h li0e the F?I7s! ?asi" inormation about these prorams are se"ret! Nea3il$ re#a"te# &usti"eDepartment Inspe"tor Keneral #o"uments alone ina#euatel$ e6plain hat the publi" has a riht to 0no! The$7respie# on 4 b$ the F?I, AS%, 8I%, D5%, Nomelan# Se"urit$ an# other o3ernment aen"ies, espe"iall$ post-J/**!

Spies


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(olvency" >N/- /irc%mventionAgencies don1t follo' congressional mandates on dronerestrictions,#itloc4& masters degree in @o%rnalism from /ol%m!ia

+niversity and ? time 3nalist for t#e 0%lit7er pri7e& 69[8rai, J/'/*C, Drone poli"$ bein rea#ie#, p!* =e6is, #ate a""esse# E/'C/*+,53ann

;ntil no, the arme# or"es an# e#eral la enor"ement aen"ies ha3e beenree6i3el$ se"reti3e about #rone ihts an# e3en less orth"omin about ho otenthe$ use the air"rat to "on#u"t #omesti" sur3eillan"e! Se"urit$ oQ"ials are enerall$ relu"tantto #is"lose operational metho#s an# te"hniues! ?ut #rones are in a spe"ial "ateor$ o sensiti3it$, i3en the top-se"ret role the$B3e lon pla$e# in 8I% an# militar$ "ounterterrorism missions! ThereBs also e3i#en"e that e#eralaen"ies simpl$ ha3e been unable to #e3elop internal ui#elines an# poli"ies ui"0l$ enouh to 0eep up ith rapi#

a#3an"es in #rone te"hnolo$! HFe#eral use o #rones has one a$ up, but itBs har# to#o"ument ho mu"h,H sai# &ennier =$n"h, a la$er ith the 5le"troni" Frontier Foun#ation, a San Fran"is"o-base# roup that has sue# the Fe#eral %3iation %#ministration or re"or#s on o3ernment #rone operations! HItBsbeen in"re#ibl$ #iQ"ult!H 53en 8onress has strule# to un"o3er the e6tent to hi"h thee#eral o3ernment uses #rones as a sur3eillan"e tool in ;!S! airspa"e! In Mar"h ')*@,lama0ers #ire"te# the Deense Department to pro#u"e a report, ithin J) #a$s,#es"ribin its poli"ies or sharin #rone sur3eillan"e imaer$ ith la enor"ement aen"ies! 5ihteenmonths later, the entaon still has not "omplete# the report ! %ir For"e =t! 8ol! Thomas8rosson, a Deense Department spo0esman, sai# oQ"ials hope# to pro3i#e an interim response ne6t ee0 an# a ull

3ersion Hin the "omin months!H Department o &usti"e oQ"ials ha3e also been relu"tant toanser ueries rom lama0ers about their #rone operations! The F?I frst #is"lose#its use o small, unarme# sur3eillan"e #rones to 8onress in &une ')*@ an#subseuentl$ re3eale# that it ha# been $in them sin"e '))E! The &usti"e Departmentinspe"tor eneral reporte# last all that the F?I ha# not #e3elope# ne pri3a"$ ui#elines or its #rone sur3eillan"e

an# as rel$in instea# on ol# rules or "olle"tin imaer$ rom reular air"rat! Sin"e then, &usti"e oQ"ials ha3esai# the$ are re3iein their #rone sur3eillan"e poli"ies but ha3e not #is"lose# an$ results! %n F?I spo0esman #i#

not respon# to a reuest or "omment!The F?I has resiste# other attempts to #i3ule #etailsabout the siPe o its #rone eet an# its sur3eillan"e pra"ti"es! 8itiPens or


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enor"ement aen"ies an# strenthen pri3a"$ prote"tions, but none has passe#! Ao#epartment ies more #rones than the entaon, hi"h has about *),))) o the air"rat in its in3entor$, rom our-poun# Wasps to the *+-ton Klobal Na0! While man$ are #eplo$e# o3erseas, Deense Department #o"uments shothat the militar$ is ma0in plans to base #rones at *CC sites in the ;nite# States! entaon oQ"ials ha3e sai# the$soon e6pe"t to $ more #rones in "i3ilian airspa"e in the ;nite# States than in militar$-onl$ Pones! The Departmento Nomelan# Se"urit$ also "on#u"ts e6tensi3e sur3eillan"e ith unarme# #rones! Its 8ustoms an# ?or#er rote"tionser3i"e has nine lare re#ator ? mo#els, hi"h a""ount or about three-uarters o all #rone iht hours reporte#

b$ e#eral "i3ilian aen"ies! 8ustoms an# ?or#er rote"tion #rones patrol a '+-mile-i#e "orri#or alon the nationBsnorthern an# southern bor#ers, as ell as o3er the 8aribbean Sea an# Kul o Me6i"o!


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Drone Ind%stry


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Drone Ind%stry" 6N/- Reg%lation DA(trict legal reg%lation #arms t#e +( drone ind%strySens%res'e stay !e#ind ot#er co%ntriesSt%rns aerospace and #egolfgang& as#ington Times& #ite ;o%se correspondent& 6L

[?en Wolan, Februar$ *E, ')*+, Washinton Times, Drone in#ustr$ ears F%%rules too restri"ti3e, http://!ashintontimes!"om/nes/')*+/eb/*E/#rone-in#ustr$-ears-aa-rules-too-restri"ti3e/Ypaeall, a""esse# E!'(!*+, %M

The Rbama a#ministration7s propose# ne rule or "ommer"ial #rone ihts oul#gro%nd mu"h o the unmanne# air"rat in#ustr$ an# ma$ leave t#e +,(, trailingbehin# international "ompetitors, anal$sts an# some lama0ers ear! Drone in#ustr$lea#ers hope 8onress ill nu#e the Fe#eral %3iation %#ministration orar# ater this ee0en#7s lon-aaite#

proposal, an# some on 8apitol Nill alrea#$ appear open to "hanin the stri"t F%% rules!The reulations,amon other thins, prohibit the use o "ommer"ial #rones outsi#e the line o sihto the pilot, meanin some ambitious i#eas su"h as %maPon7s #esire to #eli3er pa"0aes 3ia#rone

oul# not be not 3iable! The F%%7s #rat proposal, release# Sun#a$, alsooul# outla $in #rones o3er an$ persons not #ire"tl$ in3ol3e# in theoperation, a pro3ision that amounts to a #e a"to ban on usin #rones or nes"o3erae an# a host o other a"ti3ities! I the a#ministration7s true oal is to 0eepthe ;!S! at the forefront of aviation, the reulator$ stru"ture as "urrentl$ rittenisn7t a""eptable, anal$sts sa$! That "an7t or0, Mi"hael Droba", e6e"uti3e #ire"toro the Small ;nmanne# %erial Uehi"le 8oalition, sai# o the F%%7s approa"h,parti"ularl$ the measure prohibitin ihts abo3e an$one not in3ol3e# ith theoperation! It reall$ is so far !e#ind '#ere ot#er co%ntries are! \ It7s notproressi3e enouh, sai# Mr! Droba", hose "oalition in"lu#es lea#in te"hnolo$"ompanies! The F%% rules oul# appl$ to #rones eihin less than ++ poun#s an#bein use# or non-re"reational a"ti3it$, su"h as "ommer"ial use b$ pri3ate"ompanies! ?usiness interests as 3arie# as real estate #e3elopers, flm pro#u"ersan# armers ha3e all e6presse# a 0een interest in the "ommer"ial possibilities oa#3an"e# #rones! The reulations reuire all #rone operators be at least * $ears ol#,pass an aeronauti"al 0nole#e test an# et an operator7s "ertif"ate rom theaen"$! Drones also "oul# not e6"ee# an altitu#e o +)) eet or a spee# o *)) mph,nor "oul# the$ $ o3er populate# areas or restri"te# airspa"e, su"h as airports ! %nin"i#ent late last month hen an out-o-"ontrol pri3ate #rone "rashe# on the White Nouse roun#s onl$ hihlihte#

ears o alloin "ommer"ial #rones to operate ithout ell-#efne# reulations! F%% %#ministratorMi"hael Nuerta sai# the aen"$ trie# to be e6ible ith its approa"h, but 0e$lama0ers sa$ "ertain aspe"ts o the proposal are too limiting! These F%% rulesare a soli# frst step but nee# a lot more re3ning, Sen! 8hu"0 S"humer, Ae or0

Demo"rat, tol# the ;S% To#a$! The in"lusion o the rule that #rones must be onithin the operator7s line o siht appears to be a "on"ernin limitation on"ommer"ial usae! I ure the F%% to mo#i$ that as these rules are fnaliPe#! In theNouse,Transportation an# Inrastru"ture 8ommittee 8hairman ?ill Shuster,enns$l3ania


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nations alrea#$ are ar ahea# o the ;!S! in alloin pri3ate "ompanies to use#rones! 8ana#a, or e6ample, also has line-o-siht pro3isions but #oes not reuireoperators7 "ertif"ates, pro3i#e# the "rat in uestion eihs less than ++ poun#s !%nal$sts sa$ some 5uropean "ountries, %ustralia an# other nations also ha3e moree6ible reulator$ s$stems an#, as a result, are better positione# than the ;!S! to

reap the e"onomi" benefts o a thri3in "ommer"ial #rone in#ustr$!


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Drone Ind%stry" >N/- Reg%lation DA/ompanies 'ant fe'er reg%lations not more - )AA reg%lationson domestic drones are one of t#e !iggest road!loc4s to t#eind%strySot#er co%ntries1 la's don1t #ave s%c# o!tr%sive

re2%irements8lac4& Ins%rance o%rnal& 6L

[Thomas ?la"0, Ma$ +, ')*+, Insuran"e &ournal, 8orporations ush or Feer ;!S!Drone


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Agric%lt%re" 6N/ )rontlineNo Agric%lt%re Transition8oyd& Researc#er at 8,/, Al!erta& 6?

[


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"on"entration in see# pro3i#ers, ith E o the lea#in see# "ompanies also bein ithin the top *) "ompanies or

pesti"i#es an# biote"hnolo$! With su"h sinif"ant "on"entration onl$ a han#ul o proftma6imiPin "ompanies ha3e "ontrol o3er the ma.orit$ o plant pro#u"tion that hasbeen interate# into the orl# mar0et e"onom$*(!The ossil uel inputs to thepro#u"tion pro"esses or su"h thins as herbi"i#es an# uni"i#es, as ell as theari"ultural an# oo# transport ma"hiner$, are pro3i#e# b$ the hihl$ "on"entrate#

ossil uel in#ustr$ hi"h in"lu#es some o the larest pri3ate "orporations in theorl#, su"h as 566on Mobil, to help #ire"t o3ernment poli"ies, an# international aen"$ #e"isions, in a$sbenef"ial to them!

0recision )arming doesn1t (olve-;%rts 5ocal )armers

8%nge& Agric%lt%ral Reporter& 69[&a"ob, %ri"ultural


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o the biest "orn-pro#u"in states! Farmers pa$ the "ompan$ *) an a"re! 5A=%e# larel$ b$ retire# la-enor"ement oQ"ers,to at"h or sins o armers ho are sa3in se"on#-eneration see#s! Sa3in the see#s 3iolates li"ensinareements armers sin hen the$ bu$ see#s! Monsanto has fle# lasuits aainst nearl$ *+) ;!S! armers sin"e*JJ or replantin see#s that "ontain the "ompan$Bs proprietar$ "hara"teristi"s! =ast $ear, the "ompan$ on a

;!S! Supreme 8ourt 3i"tor$ in a "ase aainst an In#iana armer ho as +

gdi 15 - drone negative core

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