ge tting in and o ut of a car - rica
TRANSCRIPT
2013A guide for older and disabled people
Getting in and out of a car
The information contained in this guide is correct at the time of goingto print (November 2013). It will be reviewed every two years. See our website for any changes since printing.
Rica is a charity that researches and publishes independentinformation on products and services for older and disabled people.
Unit G03 The Wenlock50-52 Wharf RoadLondon N1 7EUTel 020 7427 2460Fax 020 7427 2468Textphone 020 7427 2469Email [email protected]
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If you find it difficult to get in and out of acar, this guide can help. It starts withadvice on techniques you may find useful,and then covers aids for those who needmore help. It also gives advice forwheelchair users about getting from awheelchair into a car.
Many people just need to choose a carof a shape and size that is easier to get inand out of. If you need more than this,these are the options:
n Simple accessories.Transfer boards,additional hand holds and lifts.
n Swivel seats.The car seat swings outof the car to help you get in – someraise or lower the seat too.
n Hoists.You sit in a sling, and a hoistlifts you up so that a helper can moveyou into the car.
n Wheelchair systems. A speciallydesigned wheelchair slides into the carwhile you are sitting in it, to becomethe car seat.
n Wheelchair accessible vehicle(WAV). Another option for wheelchairusers – you travel while in yourwheelchair.
The options listed on page 4 should helpyou decide what will suit you best.
Equipment for loading a wheelchair intoa car is covered in our companion guideGetting a wheelchair into a car.
Options 4Techniques 5Accessories 9Swivel seats 12Hoists 17Wheelchair systems 20WAVs (wheelchair accessible vehicles) 22Suppliers 23Finance 24The law 28Useful organisations 30
Find the right carTry the CarSearch featureon our website,www.rica.org.uk.You can searchover 1,000 carsto find the onesthat are easiestfor you to get inand out of. Ourfactsheets havemeasurementdetails forfeatures likedoor width andsill height, aswell as photos.
Getting in and out of a carA guide for older and disabled people
About this guide Contents
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Many people don’t get in and out of a carin the easiest way, so if you are havingdifficulty try changing your technique.Some techniques are shown on pages 5–8and some simple accessories to help areincluded on pages 9–11.
If you are changing your car, look forhigh and wide door openings andconvenient hand holds. Our guideChoosing a car gives more information.Our website has a Car search feature (atwww.rica.org.uk/car-search) to help youfind a car with the dimensions you need.
If this is not enough, you need to thinkabout getting some equipment to help.Think carefully about what you mightneed now and in the future. Are you ableto duck or bend if necessary? Will youhave someone strong enough to help youalways at hand, or do you aim forcomplete independence? Try out anythingyou are considering before you buy.
Here are the main options forequipment that can help – particularly ifyou use a wheelchair.
Swivel seats (pages 12–16)Swivel seats will help if you have difficultygetting in or out of a car seat. Types thatmove up and down and in and out areparticularly helpful.
If you use a wheelchair and can transfer,they are fairly easy to fit and cheaper(swivel seats cost from £1,250 – £6,000)than wheelchair systems.
You will need to be able to stow yourwheelchair securely once you are in orhave someone to help. Check that theswivel seat does not get in the way if youintend to pull your wheelchair in after you.
Hoists (pages 17–19)A hoist can be used to lift you from awheelchair into a car. When we testedthem in the past nearly everyone wasable to use them (with help), but theyfound them undignified and awkward.They cost £1,350 – £2,445.
Wheelchair systems (pages 20–21)Wheelchair systems replace the originalcar seat. You stay on the seat and transferfrom the car to a wheelchair base, whichmust be stowed separately while driving.
They may not be suitable if you needspecialist support seating.
When we tested them, our testerspreferred wheelchair systems to hoists,mainly because they found them moredignified. They cost £3,000 – £3,800.
Wheelchair Accessible Vehicles(WAVs – page 22)A more expensive option is a vehicle youcan get into while sitting in an ordinarywheelchair. Passenger WAVs cost fromabout £12,000 to over £40,000. WAVswhere you can drive from your wheelchaircost from about £25,000. You can get aWAV from Motability (see page 24).
OptionsWhat to try if you are having difficulty getting in and out of a car – try a new technique,use simple accessories or get specialised equipment.
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FROM A STANDING POSITION
Getting inMost people get into a car in a way whichmeans stooping to move sideways into thedoor, putting in one leg, sitting down andthen bringing in the other leg.
If you have difficulty with this, try sittingon the seat first and then bringing yourlegs in afterwards – mind your head on thedoor frame.
If your legs are long or stiff, it may helpif you move back across the car until thereis enough room to swing them into thefootwell. Some people move right backand sit over the parking brake to do this –you may need a cushion.
Getting outMany people find it easier to get out of thecar by swivelling round in the seat andputting both legs out first. You don’t haveto balance on one leg, and you don’t needto stoop as much. Because both feet areon the ground it is easier to stand.
TechniquesGetting in and out of a car easily can be a matter of technique – you may even find thatyou don’t require adaptations or aids. This section has some examples.
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FROM A WHEELCHAIR
If you cannot stand up you can:n transfer your body sideways to the seat
first and then bring your legs inn put your legs in the footwell first and
then move to the car seat. You need asafe grabbing point and some strengthto do this.
Make sure that the car and chair are onreasonably level ground and that thewheelchair is in the right position andstable before starting to transfer. Parkingby a kerb may make it easier to get thewheelchair in and out, but may make itmore difficult to slide into the car,because the wheelchair seat is higher.
Some drivers get into the car from thepassenger’s side and slide across to thedriver’s seat. This can be difficult with alarge transmission tunnel and becausethe gear stick or brake lever can get in theway. A cushion may help with this.
GETTING A WHEELCHAIR INSome wheelchair users can put their chairin the back of the car and walk the fewsteps round to the front. Some peoplewho can’t do this transfer into the car andpull their wheelchair in behind the frontseats or lift their rigid wheelchair frameonto the front passenger seat.
For this you have to be: n quite strong and flexiblen confident that you can do it even on a
bad day, if your condition is variable.
It also involves putting your wheelchair inthe car with you – you may get yourclothes or upholstery muddy in wetweather.
The car needs to have:n enough clearance around the seat and
doorwayn low door sills and wide, square doors n seats that are easy to adjust.
Some common techniques are describedon the following pages. If these techniquesaren’t suitable for you, your car or yourwheelchair, you may be able to developyour own. This will be easier (and safer) ifyou get some professional advice (eg froma Mobility Centre – see page 30).
Alternatively, you may need to getsome equipment to help you. See ourguide Getting a wheelchair into a car.
Get in through the rear hatch andstow the wheelchair in the backThis works only if you are small and agileand have a vehicle with a flat rear sill and alow floor. You get in through the back, dragthe wheelchair after you, and clamber overto the driver’s seat. On small cars this willbe possible only if the rear seats fold flat.
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TECHNIQUES
Rigid wheelchairsGet in on the driver’s side, put thewheelchair on the passenger seatOnce in the car, remove the larger wheelsfrom the wheelchair and stow thembehind the seat or on the floor in front ofthe passenger seat.
Lift the wheelchair frame over yourstomach on to the front passenger seat.You may have to recline the backrest tomake more room between you and thesteering wheel. If you have a steering ball,this may reduce the distance between yourstomach and the steering wheel.
Safety:n Secure the wheelchair with a strap or
the front passenger seat belt.Otherwise it could cause an injury ifyou have to brake sharply.
Folding wheelchairsGet in on the driver’s side, put thewheelchair behind the seatOnce in the car seat, turn the wheelchairto face the car, and fold it. Lift the frontcastors over the sill behind your seat sothat the wheelchair cannot roll away ortopple over.
Then edge yourself and the car seatforwards to make enough space to get thewheelchair in between the back of the seatand the door pillar. It may be necessary totilt the seat backrest forwards to give youmore room. Now pull the wheelchair in sothat the back wheels ride up and over thesill. Finally move the car seat to yourdriving position. A sliding swivel seat maymake this easier (see pages 12–16).
Safety:n Park facing the traffic so that you can
get out on the kerb. If this is notpossible leave something in sight toalert other drivers. A large luminouswheelchair sticker on the inside of thedoor may help.
Get in on the passenger’s side and putthe wheelchair behind the seatThis technique means you don’t have to goout into the road. It also leaves you moreroom for getting the wheelchair in.
Transfer to the front passenger seat, foldthe wheelchair and lift the front castorsover the sill. Slide across to the driver’sseat. Move the passenger seat forwards asfar as it will go and tilt the backrestforwards. Lean across and pull thewheelchair in over the sill. A walking stickor piece of rope may help you do this. Thisis much easier if the whole car seat tiltsforward.
You need to be able to reach the lever totilt the seat forwards. Some cars havelevers on both sides. Alternatively it maybe possible to attach a cable to it or toswap the driver and passenger seats roundso that the lever is in reach.
Getting over the sillSome people put a small piece of carpetover the door sill to protect the car fromdamage and make it easier to slide thewheelchair over the sill. If the car footwellis deep it might help to make an internalramp or build up the well. Adaptationfirms may be able to help you with this.
SAFETY RESTRAINTSSeat beltsSeat belts will protect you from injury andyou have to use them by law. If you areunable to use a seat belt see your doctorabout an exemption certificate. You shoulddo this only if there is no alternative, andyou must tell your insurance company.
Securing your wheelchairYou also need to secure your wheelchairwhen driving. Some common methods:n Fit seat belts to the luggage
compartment. Their plug-in ends maybe easy to fasten. Don’t use inertia reels(like standard seat belts) because thechair will be able to move and damagethe car.
n Use webbing straps fixed to the floor.n Use tracking bolted to the vehicle floor,
with webbing to tie round the chair.n Fit a ‘boot roll’ – a sheet of strong
material which you throw over thewheelchair. It is secured to bolts withwebbing straps.
The main specialist suppliers of restraintsystems are Q’Straint (01227 773075,www.qstraint.com) and Unwin SafetySystems (01935 827740, www.unwin-safety.com).
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Warning
n Make sure anchoring points arestrong. They need to be firmlyfixed to the metal bodywork ofthe car with reinforcing platesunderneath.
n Use strong ties. Don’t useelasticated bungies or rope thatcan stretch. In a crash at 30mphthe load is up to 20 times theweight of the wheelchair.
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ADDITIONAL HAND HOLDSThe Car Caddie (available from generalaids suppliers) and the Handybar (availablefrom Adaptacar as well as from generalaids suppliers and motoring suppliers – seepage 23) both provide additional handholds to help with getting in and out.
AccessoriesSimple equipment to help with getting in and out of a car.
You just insert the Handybar in the doorcatch
Images courtesy of Nottingham Rehab Supplies
The Car Caddie attaches to the top of thewindow frame
LEG LIFTERSLeg lifters help you lift your legs over thesill. General aid suppliers sell simple leglifters for under £10. A simple DIY solutionis to loop a stiff length of webbing overyour foot. Or use a hooked walking stick orplastic bag – you step into it and use thehandles to pull your leg up.
A simple leg lifter made of stiffened fabric
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FOLDING TRANSFER BOARDSAutoadapt UK supply two folding transferboards, which are bolted to the car and arefolded and stowed when not in use. Theyboth also lower to help you transfer to andfrom a wheelchair.
Foldable sliding plate from AutoadaptUK - operated by handPrice including fitting: £574Weight capacity kg/stone: 140/22
Getting-up Lift from Autoadapt UK -has a power operated liftPrice including fitting: £1,902Weight capacity kg/stone: 140/22
TRANSFER BOARDSIf you don’t have enough arm strength anddexterity to swing yourself in and out ofthe car you may be able to slide sidewaysfrom your wheelchair using a transferboard.
These bridge the gap between yourwheelchair and the car seat. They areusually varnished or polished to makethem easier to slide on. They can be usedwith a swivel seat (see pages 12–16). If you are very heavy, you may need to befairly strong or have an assistant.
Most transfer boards cost £11-£30,from general aids suppliers. There are alsomore expensive versions that have asliding section which you sit on. These costfrom £270.
Using a transfer board
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EQUIPMENT THAT HELPS YOUSTAND UPIf you need help getting onto your feet,you can fit a lifting mechanism. Twomodels are available.
Electric Seat to Standing from BristolStreet VersaPrice including fitting: £1,900
The Electric Seat to Standing consists of asmall folding platform that sits alongsidethe seat. To get out of the car, you turn toface out and move forwards onto thelifting platform, and it lifts you to a heightof 405mm (16 ins) above the seat.
Up & Out Seat from AutochairPrice including fitting: from £2,500Weight capacity kg/stone: 110/17.3
The Up & Out Seat replaces the original car seat. The whole seat cushion lifts to theside. You turn to face outward and the seatlifts you up and out of the door.
ACCESSORIES
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If getting into a car seat and turning to faceforward is difficult, a device to help youswivel may help. The simplest is a cushionwhich you put on the car seat. Some havetwo layers joined with a swivel so they actas turntables; others are just made ofslippery material. Some people just use aplastic bag. Specialist cushions cost fromabout £10 to £60.
If the cushion (or plastic bag) is slipperyyou must remove it before you drive off – itcould be dangerous otherwise as you couldslide off the seat in an accident.
More sophisticated are systems wherethewhole seat swivels to face sideways outof the car. Some are manual (you release acatch and swing the seat round yourself),while some are powered. They are availablefrom adaptation firms, from £1,250.
If you have stiff legs make sure the seatslides back far enough for you to get in –some are designed to slide back as youturn through the door to help with this.You also need to make sure that you willhave enough headroom – especially as youpass through the door.
Most swivel seats replace the originalseat. This means you may not be able tohave matching upholstery or features ofthe original seat like adjustable supports,heating, cooling etc. You will also have tofind somewhere to store the original seat ifyou mean to refit it later.
All swivel seats use the existing seatmountings. This helps ensure that the seatis safe, and also means the original seatscan be refitted if necessary. One or twoneed additional mountings to be attachedto the car.
Swivel seats are more suitable for two-and three-door cars because the doors arewider. Always check with the supplierthat they will fit in your car. The range ofmovement of some swivel seats may belimited in some vehicles, especially on thedriver’s side.
Swivel seatsSwivel seats can help with getting in and out. Some come right out of the car and lift orlower to help you to your feet or into a wheelchair. Some let you transfer from yourwheelchair inside the car.
A simple swivel cushion can help
BASIC SWIVELSEATSBasic swivel seats turn byhand or power through 90ºto face out of the car.
LIFTING ANDLOWERING SWIVEL SEATSThese seats come right outover the sill. They can raiseyou to your feet or loweryou to help you get into awheelchair or down from ahigh vehicle.
Some are programmed tomanoeuvre you out of thecar in the easiest way,avoiding the roof and doorpillars and sliding back tohelp you get your legs out.
SWIVEL SEATS FORTRANSFERRINGINSIDE Some people use a ramp orlift to go into the vehiclewith their wheelchair andtransfer to a swivelling seatto drive. This gives you fullindependence with amanual or power chair.
They are fully powered.Some have a lifting actionthat helps you get your feetround to the front.
ELAP ROTATINGCAR SEAT
Price including fitting:manual: £1,250powered: £1,995 2-way
£2,527 4-way
Lifting capacity kg/stone:140/22
Distributed by:Elap Mobility
n manual swivel seat,operated by lever
n fitted with runners forforward and backwardmovement
n powered versionavailable, including 4-way option (lifts you upand down as well)
n adjustable lumbarsupport
n optional memory foamcushion
n optional arm rests.
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Basic swivel seats
TURNOUT
Price including fitting:manual: £1,250–£1,600powered: £1,675–£2,150Lifting capacity kg/stone:
150/23.6Distributed by:
Autoadapt UK
n manual and poweredversions
n option of poweredsliding action, £700
n arm rests.
Types
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Lifting and lowering swivel seats
BELEK CAR SEAT SYSTEM
Price including fitting: £3,500–£5,500
Lifting capacity kg/stone: 150/23.6Distributed by: Steering Developments
n swivels through 90º and lifts you toyour feet or lowers you level with yourwheelchair
n powered up and down movement;manual or powered swivel, manual orpowered back and forward movement
n extended runnersn adjustable lumbar supportn optional arm rests.
ELAP DISCOVERY2
Price including fitting: £4,458
Lifting capacity kg/stone: 140/22Distributed by: Elap Mobility
n swivels through 90º and lowers youlevel with your wheelchair
n fully programmable powered actionn may use original seat in some vehiclesn adjustable lumbar supportn optional memory foam cushion and
arm restsn can be used with Elap Traveller
(see page 21).
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SWIVEL SEATS
TURNY EVO
Price including fitting: £5,500-£6,000
Lifting capacity kg/stone: 150/23.6Distributed by: Autoadapt UK
n fully programmable powered actionlowers to preset height
n options: side supports, lumbar support,neck roll support, remote control
n fitted to passenger side or rearpassenger seats
n can be used with the Carony(see page 21).
TURNY HD andORBIT
Price including fitting: £4,000-£4,885
Lifting capacity kg/stone: 150/23.6Distributed by: Autoadapt UK
n manual (HD) or powered (Orbit) swiveln powered up and down movement
lowers to preset heightn options: side supports, lumbar support,
neck roll support, remote controln fitted to passenger side or rear
passenger seatsn three lifting heights: 300, 395, 480mm
(12, 15, 19 inches)n can be used with the Carony
(see page 21).
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Swivel seats for transferring inside
RICON 6-WAY SEATBASE
Price including fitting: from £1,320
Lifting capacity kg/stone: 136/21.4
Distributed by:Adaptacar
n swivels through 90º n lifts 228mm (9 inches)n 342mm (13.5 inches)
forward/backmovement
n extended runners £51.
TURNIN
Price including fitting: £1,500
Lifting capacity kg/stone: 150/23.6
Distributed by:Autoadapt UK
n swivels through 90ºn no lift – fixed at one
height.
AUTOADAPT 6-WAY BASE
Price including fitting: £1,400–£1,800
Lifting capacity kg/stone:150/23.6
Distributed by:Autoadapt UK
n swivels through 140º n lifts 180mm (7 inches)n 514mm (20.25 inches)
forward/backmovement
n optional extendedrunners – to 714mm (28 inches).
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HoistsHoists are fairly simple devices which lift you up to a height where you can be swung into avehicle. Some can be taken out of the car and used elsewhere.
A hoist can help you transfer from awheelchair into a car. This section listssome things to think about when decidingwhether a hoist is for you, and explainshow to fit and use one.
HELP NEEDED?Although hoists can in theory be usedalone, in tests we carried out some yearsago none of the disabled people who triedequipment out for us could use themwithout help. To use a hoist without help,you need:n strength and dexterityn to be able to bend your head to duck
under the car door framen some upper body control for balancen to be able to lift your feet over the
car silln to be able to remove and stow the
detachable arm safelyn to be able to pull the wheelchair in after
you. Alternatively, get a rooftop orother hoist fitted to help you do this(see our guide Getting a wheelchair intoa car).
Even with help it can be difficult to use ahoist if you are stiff, have limited control,or are very tall or big. Hoists may not besuitable if you have spasms: if your limbsjerk you could hit them against the car.
Using a hoist on a steep hill can be moredifficult because you may hang at an anglewhich means more pushing is needed.
COMFORTThis is a personal matter, and mostlydepends on the size and shape of the sling. n You should sit upright or lean slightly
backwards in the sling. Without enoughsupport you may need to lean forwardto balance, which can feel insecure.
n If the sling is too low or too high yourisk bumping into the car.
n You may want to think about a slingthat supports your neck and shoulders,or has extra fabric. You can buy a slingseparately from the hoist, but it’s bestto speak to your OT or a specialistbefore you do this.
EASE OF USEIf you can, try before you buy – hoistsuppliers can demonstrate their products.You need to be confident that you can usethe hoist easily. You’ll need to check boththe hoist and the car you intend fitting itinto to see if:n there is enough space between the car
seat and the top of the door for you toswing in without having to bend yourhead and neck too much
n the doors are wide enoughn door sills are low and narrow enough
for you to swing in without hittingthem with your feet
n protruding dashboards and winged carseats don’t get in the way
n whoever helps you can manage the hoist.
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MILFORD PERSON LIFT
Price including fitting: £2,445Lifting capacity kg/stone: 110/17.5Distributed by: Autochair
n use in a vehicle and around the homen optional mobile base (£795) or wall
bracket (£295), battery and chargern lift arm weighs 8kg (17.6 lbs)n hoist motor can be uprated to lift 127kg
(20 stone) for £100.
TOPSLIDER
Price including fitting: £1,350Lifting capacity kg/stone: 130/21.9Distributed by: Autoadapt UK
n requires no modification of the car –attaches to standard roofbars
n transfers easily between vehiclesn manual lift (using ratchet) and slide
into car.
Our previous test of hoists suggestedthat smaller people who have no difficultybending their head or neck could probablyuse any of the hoists tested in all but thesmallest cars. Larger people and peoplewho are stiff needed more headroom andwider doors.
FITTINGTo fit these hoists a small mountingbracket is bolted to the car. The main armof the hoist then fits onto the bracket, andthe spreader arm fits onto this. The sling isattached to the spreader arms. The armscan be removed when not being used,leaving just the bracket in place.
If you want to sell the car you canremove the bracket, and use grommets tofill the holes. The second-hand value of thecar shouldn’t be affected if you have had ahoist fitted.
Which cars?Hoists can be fitted to most cars. MPVsand two- and three-door cars have moreroom for a hoist, but most four- and five-door cars can be fitted with one.
Passenger’s or driver’s side?All of the hoists in this guide can be fittedto either side of the car. However, they arenot often used by drivers. If you drive,check with a Mobility Centre (see page 30)to see if a hoist would be the best way foryou to get into a car.
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HOISTS
1. Getting into the slingThe sling is a canvas seat – you sit on it andit lifts you in. If transferring is difficult, itmay be easier to sit on the sling on yourwheelchair while still indoors. Somepeople find they can slip the slingunderneath more easily if they put a sheetof plastic or bubble wrap on each side.
2. Attaching the sling to the hoistThe sling needs to be attached to the'spreader' arm of the hoist – you or a helpercan do this.
3. Getting into the carThis can be difficult – you may have toduck under the door frame as you swinginto the car. Afterwards, the hoist's armsmust be removed and secured safely.
4. Getting outYou need to get the wheelchair in the rightposition, and then use the hoist to loweryou onto the wheelchair. Then detach andstow the arms.
Using a hoist
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These systems allow you to transfer in andout of a car without getting up from yourseat. For some people they offer a moredignified or an easier option. However, youwill certainly need someone to help you.
The wheelchair replaces the car seat, soyou can’t have matching upholstery orfeatures of the original seat like airbags,adjustable supports, heating, cooling, etc.You also have to use it as your wheelchairso these may not be suitable if you needspecialist support.
You may find that lifting the seat andsliding it in and out of the car andswivelling it in place need considerablestrength and dexterity. Make sure you, orwhoever is helping you, are able to do this.Some have the option of powered liftingand swivelling actions.
The wheelchair base has to be stowedseparately, so you will always needsomeone to help. Some are light enoughto lift into the boot; others (especiallypowered versions) will have to be hoistedunless you have a strong helper (seeGetting a wheelchair into a car for more onwheelchair hoists).
On the following pages we list all thewheelchair systems that are currentlyavailable. Always try before you buy any ofthese systems, and check with the supplierwhether it will fit in your car.
Wheelchair systemsThe idea behind wheelchair systems is that you use a special wheelchair where the seatpart moves into the car to become a front car seat – all while you are sitting in it.
This Elap Traveller swivels in and out byhand - make sure you can do this.Alternatively the Traveller and the Caronyare available in powered versions
Elap Traveller base stowed in boot
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CARONY
Carony paired with Turny Evo (notincluded in price)
Price including fitting: from £3,800Lifting capacity kg/stone: 115/18Distributed by: Autoadapt UK
n fitted to driver or passenger siden uses original seat mountingsn manual lift – or use with Turny (see
page 15) for powered lift and swivel.
Options and pricesn 24 inch (610mm) wheels for self
propelling – £300n powered swivel seat – £400n powered wheelchair version (Carony
Go) – from £6,500n adjustable lumbar supportn optional side supportsn optional seat belt deflector (this
lowers the upper part of the seatbeltand holds it in place).
ELAP TRAVELLER
Elap Traveller, with powered base
Price including fitting: £2,990Lifting capacity kg/stone: 140/22Distributed by: Elap Mobility
n fitted to passenger side onlyn uses original seat mountingsn manual lift – or use with Elap
Discovery 2 (see page 14) for poweredlift and swivel.
Optionsn adjustable arm restsn adjustable lumbar supportn anti tipping devicen self propel wheels.
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Specialist firms convert MPVs, vans andother vehicles so that you can get in andtravel in your wheelchair. If you travel as apassenger you usually sit behind the frontrow of seats, but some designs allow youto sit beside the driver.
Drive from WAVs are designed so thatyou drive from your wheelchair. They canbe fitted with a wide range of hand andother controls – this will be done as part ofthe conversion, which will be tailored tosuit you and your wheelchair. A few WAVsare designed so you transfer to the driver’sseat once you are inside.
WAVs either have a ramp or a lift. Alllifts are powered but some ramps aredeployed by hand – you will need help withthis. If you use a ramp, a winch can befitted to help get you in (only suitable ifsomeone helps you, as you won’t be ableto attach the winch yourself). All drive-from wheelchair WAVs are designed to beused without help so the doors open andthe ramp unfolds at a touch of a button.
The number of passengers a WAV cancarry depends on the base vehicle and the
conversion. Some carry just the driver anda passenger in a wheelchair, but some willcarry five or more additional passengers.Some WAVs have folding or removablerear seats that can be used when awheelchair is not being carried.
You go in at the rear or the side of thevehicle. Side-entry WAVs can be easier foron-street parking (because you don’t needso much room behind, and you don’t haveto get your wheelchair into the road), butyou may not be able to use them in all carparks. The InFront Doblo has a speciallyadapted front door that lets you enterdirectly into the front passenger space.
See our Wheelchair accessible vehiclesguide (see page 35) for more informationor contact converters (see our Mobilityaddress list) for detailed information on thevehicles they supply. Always try out a WAVyou are considering – converters will bringa demonstration vehicle to you. TheWheelchair Accessible VehiclesConverters’ Association (see page 34)requires its members to provide thisservice and meet other service standards.
WAVs
I Can from Sirus Automotivefrom £33,295
InFront Doblo from Wilson Healyfrom £19,995
(WHEELCHAIR ACCESSIBLE VEHICLES)
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SPECIALIST SUPPLIERS Here we list the suppliers who make orimport the equipment listed in thisguide. Some of them fit equipmentthemselves, and they all sell theirequipment to adaptation companies,who may be more local to you.
Contact the supplier for moreinformation about their products and tofind a local installer. Our Mobilityaddress list (see page 35) has acomplete list of adaptation companies.
AdaptacarTel 01769 572785Email [email protected]
Autoadapt UKTel 0121 333 5170Email [email protected]
AutochairTel 0800 214 045Email [email protected]
Bristol Street VersaTel 08443 081 814Email [email protected]
Elap MobilityTel 01254 871599Email [email protected]
Sirus AutomotiveTel 0121 505 7777Email [email protected]
Steering DevelopmentsTel 01442 212918Emailenquiries@steeringdevelopments.co.ukwww.steeringdevelopments.co.uk
Wilson Healy ConversionsTel 01704 512 437Email [email protected]
GENERAL AIDS SUPPLIERSLess specialised equipment is available fromlocal mobility shops (look in the phone bookor online) or from mail-order companies.
Ability AnswersTel 01792 412700www.abilityanswers.com
Hearing and MobilityTel 0844 8881338www.hearingandmobility.co.uk
HomecraftTel 0844 4124330www.homecraft-rolyan.com
Nottingham Rehab SuppliesTel 0845 805 2236www.nrs-uk.co.uk
Suppliers
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Financethree years (five years for a wheelchairaccessible vehicle). Maintenance andservicing costs, insurance for two drivers(up to two additional drivers can beadded for a fee) and RAC breakdownassistance are included. There is a mileageallowance of 20,000 miles per year(additional miles are charged at 5pper mile).
You can choose a model from any ofthe main manufacturers. If you chooseone that is more expensive than iscovered by the mobility allowance, youmake an advance payment with your ownmoney (the amount varies, depending onthe car). Motability offers over 450 carswhich require no advance payment.
AdaptationsThe Motability Scheme will also cover, orcontribute to, the cost of adaptations(such as hoists or swivel seats).Motability has a list of availableadaptations, with costs attached (manyare free). They operate a ManagedAdaptations Programme which can makethe process both easier and cheaper. Youcan only make use of this programmewhen you are ordering your new car.
If you want to fit your own adaptationsduring your lease, or fit something notavailable through the programme, youwill have to fund this yourself. Motabilityadminister a number of funds (seeGrants) which may be able to help. Anyadaptations must be supplied and fittedby a Motability Adaptations Partner.
DISABILITY BENEFITSThe Personal Independence Payment(PIP) is an allowance paid to all disabledpeople to help with extra costs. It is madeup of a daily living component and amobility component. A lower or higherrate of each is paid, depending on howmuch help you need. PIP also works as agateway to other services (eg BlueBadges and the Motability scheme).
PIP is a new allowance that is replacingthe Disability Living Allowance (DLA).Since April 2013, new claimants aged 16or over have been receiving PIP. If youcurrently get DLA, you will be reassessedto determine the level of payment youwill receive under the PIP in a processstarting in October 2013.
There are currently no plans to changethe DLA for people under 16. You willneed to be assessed for PIP when you turn 16.
MOTABILITY
Tel 0845 456 4566Textphone 0845 675 0009If you receive the Higher Rate MobilityComponent of the DLA or the EnhancedRate Mobility Component of PIP you areeligible for the Motability scheme. Yourallowance goes towards the cost of a car,powered wheelchair or scooter.
You can use the mobility componentto lease a new car from Motability for
25
GrantsMotability administer the governmentSpecialised Vehicle Funds as well ashaving their own charitable fund.
If you are considering the MotabilityScheme you can apply for a grant forthings like adaptations, advancepayments on more expensive vehiclesand driving lessons (for people under25). You have to provide details of yourcircumstances, which will be checked.Motability can only help towards theleast expensive solution that meets yourneeds. They will assess your needs andmake suitable recommendations.
OTHER SOURCES OFFINANCECharitiesSome charities give grants to individuals.n Your local library should be able to help
you find sources, such as the RoundTable, Rotary or Lions Club and otherlocal charities.
n Try your appropriate disability groupsuch as Scope, the MS Society or theMuscular Dystrophy Campaign, whomay know of sources of help.
n If you are aged 50 or over, Charity Search provide a free service to help you find a grant-giving charity: Freepost (BS 6610)AvonmouthBristol BS11 9TWTel 0117 982 4060 (9:30 to 2:30 Mon–Thurs)Email [email protected]
n Turn2us provides a free service to helpyou find financial support in the form ofwelfare benefits, grants and other helptailored to your circumstances.Tel 0808 802 2000 (8–8 Mon–Fri)www.turn2us.org.uk
n The Family Fund helps families who areraising a disabled or seriously ill childaged 17 and under. Families must haveproof of entitlement to benefits or taxcredit. They give grants for a range ofessential items, and may be able tocontribute to the cost of adapting aMotability car if Motability fundingisn’t available.4 Alpha CourtMonks Cross DriveHuntingdonYork YO32 9WNTel 08449 744 099Fax 01904 652 625Textphone 01904 658 085Email [email protected]
Statutory sourcesn Social services – may be worth trying,
especially if you do not get PIP/DLA or ifyou have already used your mobilitycomponent to lease a vehicle.
n Access to Work – if you are in work orare applying for a job you may be ableto get help from the Access to Workscheme. They may cover the cost ofadaptations to a vehicle if this is theonly or most cost effective way for youto get to work. Cases are assessed on an individual basis. Contact your local Jobcentre Plus or visitwww.gov.uk/access-to-work
26
Mobility Choice Motoring
Disabled Gear
BUYING SECONDHANDYou can buy adapted vehicles andequipment secondhand. Anything you buysecondhand may be affected by safety andreliability issues. For secondhand vehicles,the seller may have had an inspectioncarried out and/or offer a warranty. If not,you may want to think about carrying outyour own inspection.
Some suppliers will fit secondhandhoists for you. Remember to allow for anyfitting costs.
Classified advertisementsThe following websites carry listings foradapted vehicles and equipment.
The Disabled Living Foundation (seepage 33) also has a list of sources ofsecondhand equipment.
Disability Nowwww.disabilitynow.org.uk/listings/classifieds
Disability Equipment Registerwww.disabilityequipment.org.uk
Disabled Gearwww.disabledgear.com
eBaywww.ebay.co.uk
Mobility Choice Motoringwww.mobilitychoicemotoring.co.uk
Prelovedwww.preloved.co.uk
27
VATYou do not pay VAT on products designedand sold specifically for disabled people.This means all adaptations, installation,repair and maintenance are zero-rated.
What kind of adaptations count?n Those which make it possible for you
to get in and out of the vehicle, such as a swivel seat.
n Those which make it possible for you todrive, such as hand controls for primarydriving controls and infra red systems forsecondary controls. Note that standardextras such as automatic transmissionwould not be enough to qualify.
n Those which enable a wheelchair to be carried in the vehicle, such as a hoist. Trailers, roof or rear rackswould not count as they are notvehicle adaptations.
Adaptations have to be permanent – which means in practice that they have to be welded or bolted on. Repair andmaintenance to the vehicle is also zerorated. The supplier of the vehicle has to be satisfied that you qualify, andyou will have to sign a form declaringyour disability.
Wheelchair and stretcher usersAdditionally, if you use a wheelchair orstretcher you may not have to pay VAT onthe price of the car or for its repair ormaintenance.
To qualify you must:n be a wheelchair user – temporary
users do not count and nor do scooterusers or
n need to be carried in a stretcher.
n You must buy and adapt the vehicleat the same time – you cannot get a VAT refund for adaptationsmade later.n Alterations made to a car before it is registered in your name have tohave type approval. In practice thismeans that it is only legal to fit theseadaptations after registration. Youhave to register the car, have itadapted and then pay for it.n Talk to the firm who is adaptingyour car – they will be able to makeappropriate arrangements.
The car must:n have been designed or substantially
and permanently adapted for theperson who normally uses a wheelchairor stretcher
n have a carrying capacity of no morethan 12 people
n be for domestic or personal use.
Vehicles owned and run by businesses donot qualify. However you can use aqualifying adapted vehicle for work if this isincidental to its main private use.
VAT relief applies only to new cars, so ifyou are buying a car with the intention ofhaving controls fitted, it may be worthyour while to consider buying a new carrather than a secondhand one as you willnot have to pay VAT on the car.
More information: see VAT notices 701/7(adaptations) and 1615 (motor vehicles)from the HM Revenue and Customsnational advice service:Tel 0845 010 9000www.hmrc.gov.uk
Important
FINANCE
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You may be sent a questionnaire andwill be asked to give permission for theMedical Advisor to contact your doctor orspecialist. If your driving licence is forautomatic cars only, you must make surethe clutch pedal is removed if you haveadapted a manual gearbox. Read more atwww.direct.gov.uk/driverhealth or in Whatyou need to know about driving licencesfrom a post office.
VEHICLE EXCISE DUTY (ROAD TAX)You don’t have to pay Road Tax if you getthe Higher Rate Mobility Component of theDLA, the Enhanced Rate MobilityComponent of PIP or the War Pensioner’sMobility Supplement.
If you are not the driver you have toprovide the name of whoever will drive foryou. The vehicle must be registered in youror your nominee’s name. It must be usedonly by you or for your benefit – such as todo your shopping. Anyone can drive it aslong as they are insured.
To claim, get an exemption certificatefrom the Disability Benefits Helpline(08457 123 456) or the Service Personneland Veterans Agency (0800 169 2277). Youcan then get your free tax disc at post officeswhich issue road tax, or by post. If the dealeris registering your new vehicle for you, youwill need to let them have your certificate.Renewals can be made online.
Motability vehicles (see page 24) don’tneed a certificate – the tax disc is arrangedby Motability.
DRIVING LICENCEMobility Centres or disabled drivers’organisations (see page 33) will be able tohelp you find a driving instructor whospecialises in teaching disabled drivers.They use cars with adapted controls orwill teach you in your own car.
Drivers of adapted cars take the sametest as everyone else. If you drive anadapted car and you have advised theDriving and Vehicle Licensing Agency,details will appear in code form on yourlicence. The adaptations recorded are:modified transmission, modified clutch,modified braking and accelerationsystems, modified control layouts,modified steering, modified rear viewmirrors and modified driving seats. Youcan only drive cars with similar equipment.
There’s no top age limit to driving. Youhave to renew your licence at 70 andevery three years after that. A form will besent to you by the DVLA.
You must tell them of any disabilitywhen applying for a licence for the firsttime. You must also tell them if you havea new medical condition or one which hasgot worse since passing your driving testor since your last licence was issued.Conditions you have to tell them aboutinclude fits or blackouts, seizures,diabetes, angina attacks which areprovoked by driving, memory problems,stroke, brain injury, brain surgery,pacemaker, difficulty in using your armsor legs and any visual condition whichaffects both eyes.
The law
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BLUE BADGE SCHEME
The Blue Badge Scheme offers parkingconcessions for disabled people withsevere walking difficulties who need topark close to their destinations. Thescheme also applies to registered blindpeople, people with severe upper limbdisabilities in both arms who regularlydrive a car and children under three withspecific medical conditions.
You can use designated disabled parkingbays in car parks and on the street, park forup to three hours on single and doubleyellow lines and often park for free in localauthority car parks and bays (check first, assome local authorities still charge). InCentral London boroughs, parking is onlyin designated bays.
The scheme is administered by localauthorities which deal with applicationsand issue badges.
For more information contact your localauthority or go towww.gov.uk/apply-blue-badge.
INSURANCEUnder the Equality Act, insurers are notallowed to refuse disabled driversinsurance or charge extra withoutjustifying evidence. Premiums must bebased on a reasonable assessment of risk.Insurers will take account of any DVLArestrictions on your licence, but this is notin itself justification for a higher premium.However, you may have to pay more:
n while you are adjusting to a newdisability if there is evidence that thiswill increase the risk
n to cover any extra cost of repairing an adapted vehicle.
As with all insurance, shop around to get thebest deal. If you feel you are being chargedmore for your policy than other drivers insimilar circumstances, ask the insurancecompany for details of why they consideryou to be a greater risk. Mobility Centres andorganisations of disabled drivers have lists ofspecialist insurance companies.
We know of the following companieswhich specialise in insurance services fordisabled people:
n Chartwell n En-route n First Senior n Fish n Locktonn Premier Care
0800 08901460800 783724501582 8400670800 08830500845 602800001476 591104
30
Key to servicesThe centres vary in the services they offer. This key shows what’s available:I free information serviceD advice on choosing a vehicle, driving it,
driving controls and learning to driveP assessment and advice about getting in
and out of vehicles, loading of wheelchairs and other equipment
W advice on selecting and using a wheelchairor scooter
T driving tuition for new drivers, peoplereturning to driving and those who will beusing different controls
A fitting adaptations for drivers or passengers
BristolLiving Mobility & Driving CentreThe Vassall Centre, Gill Avenue, FishpondsBristol BS16 2QQTel 0117 965 9353Fax 0117 965 3652Email [email protected]: I D P W T
CornwallCornwall Mobility Centre, Tehidy HouseRoyal Cornwall Hospital, Truro TR1 3LJSatellite centres Exeter, Holsworthy,Liskeard, PlymouthTel 01872 254920Fax 01872 254921Email
enquiries@cornwallmobilitycentre.co.ukwww.cornwallmobilitycentre.co.ukServices: I D P W T A
MOBILITY CENTRES
There are 16 Mobility Centres in the UK.They give practical and independentadvice and assessment to disabled driversand passengers. They will assess yourability to drive, advise you about cars thatmight suit you and about any adaptationsyou may need. They are well informed onmotoring and disability issues generally.Each centre has expert and friendly staffwho are likely to have met and solvedsimilar problems before. They are noncommercial and impartial.
An assessment for a driver referring himor herself will cost from £50 to £130(depending on the centre). In Scotlandassessment is free if referred by a GP. Costsfor assessment as a passenger are lower –generally around £20–£50. Motabilitycustomers may qualify for a freeassessment under the ManagedAdaptation Programme.
Mobility Centres are accredited by theForum of Mobility Centres and havecertain minimum standards. For moreinformation on the centres contact:
The Forum of Mobility Centresc/o Providence Chapel, WarehorneAshford, Kent TN26 2JXTel 0800 559 3636Email [email protected]
Useful organisations
31
DerbyshireDerby DrivAbilityKingsway Hospital, KingswayDerby DE22 3LZTel 01332 371929Email dhft.driving@net www.derbydrivability.comServices: I D P T
HampshireWessex DriveAbilityLeornain House, Kent Road, PortswoodSouthampton SO17 2LJTel 023 8051 2222Email enquiries@wessexdriveability.org.ukwww.wessexdriveability.org.ukServices: I D P
HertfordshireHertfordshire Action on Disability (HAD)The Woodside Centre, The CommonsWelwyn Garden City AL7 4DDSatellite centre DunstableTel 01707 324581Fax 01707 371297Email [email protected]: I D P W T
KentSouth East DriveAbilityKent Community Health NHS TrustSt Lawrence Avenue, AllingtonKent ME16 0LLSatellite centres Hailsham, Herne Bay,
Canterbury, Uckfield Tel 01622 606900Fax 01622 606901Email [email protected]/home/our-
services/south-east-driveabilityServices: I D P W T
LancashireNorth West Driving Assessment ServiceFleet House, Pye CloseHaydock WA11 9SJSatellite centre Tyldsley (Manchester)Tel 01942 483713Email [email protected]: I D P T
NorfolkEast Anglian DriveAbility2 Napier Place, Thetford IP24 3RLSatellite centres Coggeshall, Spalding,
Wakes ColneTel 01842 753029Fax 01842 755950Email mail@eastangliandriveability.org.ukwww.eastangliandriveablity.org.ukServices: I D P W T
North EastNorth East Drive Mobility Walkergate Park Centre for Neuro-
rehabilitation and Neuro-psychiatry Benfield RoadNewcastle upon Tyne NE6 4QDSatellite centre PenrithTel 0191 287 5090 Email [email protected]: I D P T
SurreyQEF Mobility Services1 Metcalfe AvenueCarshaltonSurrey SM5 4AWTel 020 8770 1151Fax 020 8770 1211Email [email protected]: I D P W T
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SCOTLANDScottish Driving Assessment ServiceAstley Ainslie Hospital133 Grange LoanEdinburgh EH9 2HLSatellite centre Mobile DrivingAssessment ServiceTel 0131 537 9192Fax 0131 537 9193Email
[email protected]: I D P
WALESNorth Wales Mobility and Driving Assessment ServiceDisability Resources CentreGlan Clwyd HospitalBodelwyddanDenbighshire LL18 5UJSatellite centre NewtownTel 01745 584 858Fax 01745 535 042Email [email protected]: I D P W T A
South Wales Mobility and Driving Assessment ServiceRookwood HospitalFairwater RoadLlandaffCardiff CF5 2YNSatellite centre PembrokeTel 029 2055 5130Fax 029 2055 5130Email [email protected]: I D P T
West MidlandsRegional Driving Assessment CentreUnit 11, Network ParkDuddeston Mill RoadBirmingham B8 1AUSatellite centres Cannock, Hull, Northampton, Oxford, WorcesterTel 0845 337 1540Fax 0121 333 4568Email [email protected]: I D P T
West YorkshireThe William Merritt CentreDisabled Living Centre and Mobility
ServiceSt Mary’s Hospital, Green Hill RoadArmley, Leeds LS12 3QESatellite centres Sheffield, YorkTel 0113 350 89 89Fax 0113 350 86 81Email [email protected]: I D P W
NORTHERN IRELANDDisability Action, Portside Business Park189 Airport Road West, Belfast BT3 9EDSatellite centres Ballymena, Newry,Carrickfergus, Omagh, FermanaghTel 028 9029 7880Fax 028 9029 7881Email mobilitycentre@disabilityaction.orgwww.disabilityaction.orgServices: I D P T
33
USEFUL ORGANISATIONS
OTHER ORGANISATIONS
Assist UKNational network of centresoffering advice onindependent living equipment.Your local centre can advise
about wheelchairs and accessories.Tel 0161 238 8776Email [email protected]
Disability NowA monthly online newspaper published byScope with reviews by disabled people andclassified advertisements. www.disabilitynow.org.uk
Disabled Living Foundation
Advice and information on disabilityequipment. They have a database ofproducts and suppliers. Ground Floor, Landmark HouseHammersmith Bridge RoadLondon W6 9EJTel 0845 130 9177(weekdays 10am to 4pm)Email [email protected]
Disabled Motoring UKThe campaigningcharity for disabledmotorists. They run theBaywatch campaign
against parking abuse and representdisabled people’s needs at a nationallevel. Membership, £20 per year (£30 forjoint members), includes a monthlymagazine, advice service and memberbenefits.Ashwellthorpe, Norwich NR16 1EXTel 01508 489449Email [email protected]
Driver and Vehicle Licensing AgencyDrivers Medical GroupDVLASwansea SA99 1TUTel 0300 790 6806Fax 0845 850 0095Email [email protected]/driving-if-disabled
Northern IrelandDriver and Vehicle Agency Drivers Medical
SectionCounty Hall, Castlerock RoadColeraine BT51 3TBTel 0845 402 4000Email [email protected]
GOV.UKA website providing information aboutpublic services. They have useful sectionson motoring and on disability.www.gov.uk/browse/disabilities
Motability One Big DayMotability run these regional events forusers or prospective users of the scheme –you can see and try cars and equipment.Contact Motability for information.Tel 0800 456 4566www.motability.co.uk
RemapA voluntaryorganisation ofengineers whoinvent, design and
make devices or carry out adaptations tohelp disabled people to be moreindependent or to enjoy leisure activities.
England, Wales and NID9 Chaucer Business ParkKemsing, Kent TN15 6YUTel 0845 130 0456Fax 01732 760204Email [email protected]
Remap ScotlandThe website has a useful map showing thelocations of local groups.Forgue House, Forgue, Huntly AB54 6DATel 01466 730 736Email [email protected]
Service CallA service that allow disabledpeople to use petrol stationsand other services that are
difficult to access. You carry an infraredtransmitter (£14.95 inc p&p), which youuse to signal that you need assistance at
34
participating outlets, which includethousands of petrol stations, banks,supermarkets, shops and others.Tel 0800 458 3008Email [email protected]
Wheelchair Accessible VehicleConverters’ AssociationThe trade association forcompanies who make and sellWAVs. WAVCA aims to improve
the quality and safety of WAVs and lobbiesfor legislation for wheelchair passengervehicles.
Members must: n have been trading for at least 2 yearsn offer at least 3 years warranty n have passed safety tests on restraints
and seat beltsn demonstrate a commitment to
customer service.Email [email protected]
n For full details of the Motability Insurance range visit www.motability.co.uk or call direct: Motability HOME InsuranceMotability PET InsuranceMotability TRAVEL Insurance
n For every policy sold, the insurance providers will pay a proportion of the premium in commission to Motability to help disabled people remain mobile.
Motability has teamed up with leading home, pet and travel insurers
2012
ricability
A guide for older and disabled people
Car controlsRicability is a research charitythat publishes independentinformation on products and services for older and disabled people
RicabilityUnit G03 The Wenlock50–52 Wharf RoadLondon N1 7EUTel: 020 7427 2460Fax: 020 7427 2468Textphone: 020 7427 2469Email: [email protected]
Research and writing: Jasper HolmesPhotography: Robin Beckham,
SuppliersCover illustration: Michael MundayDesign: Price WatkinsPrinting: WPG
ISBN: 978-1-907408-16-8© Ricability 2012
Funded by:
ricability
Rica guidesAll these guides are available in print andonline at www.rica.org.uk. We also havetwo online search tools: one for cars andone for scooters and powered wheelchairs.
FAMILY CARSIssues affecting families ofdisabled children andinformation about cars andstandard and specialistequipment.
Mobilityaddress list
2013
SEVEN SHORTER GUIDESn Motoring after an amputationn Motoring after a brain injuryn Motoring after a stroken Motoring with arthritisn Motoring with cerebral palsyn Motoring with multiple sclerosisn Motoring with restricted growth
CAR CONTROLSIn depth information ontypes of adaptations andhow to get them. It coverssimple and more complexconversions.
WHEELCHAIRACCESSIBLEVEHICLESInformation on vehiclesconverted to allow you totravel in your wheelchair, as a passenger or driver.
CHOOSING A CARThings to think about if youhave a disability, details offeatures that may help youand ways of adapting a carto suit your needs.
PUBLIC TRANSPORTOverview of public transportwith information about access,journey planning, concessions,assistance and how tocomplain.
GETTING AWHEELCHAIR INTO ACAREquipment to help you stow orcarry a wheelchair in a car,including ramps, hoists, racksand trailers.
MOBILITY ADDRESSLISTAddresses of all adaptationsuppliers, fitters and convertersin the UK and the services theyoffer.
0800 783 00610800 369 90940800 519 9957
Rica is an independent researchcharity that publishes practicalconsumer information
RicaUnit G03 The Wenlock50–52 Wharf RoadLondon N1 7EUTel 020 7427 2460Fax 020 7427 2468Textphone 020 7427 2469Email [email protected]
@RicaUKfacebook.com/RicaUK
RICA C=77 M=7 Y=39 K=0
RICA C=41 M=0 Y=89 K=0
Consumer research for older and disabled people
Research
DesignPhotographyCover illustrationPrinting
Cassie Barton,Jasper HolmesPrice WatkinsRobin BeckhamMichael MundayWPG
ISBN: 978-1-907408-22-9© Rica 2013
Funded by: