gehl architects presentations from workshop 21st june 2010

Citi f Bi li tCities for Bicyclists = Cities for PeopleGehl ArchitectsCities for People WorkshopOrder of presentations:Order of presentations:David Sim Lin SkaufelJeff Risom Gil PenalosaJan GehlJan Gehl

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Cities for Bicyclists = Cities for PeopleDavid SimDirector

A city full of moving objects.....or

A city full of faces on the streets I am going to talk about….

About being a human being

About how to make good places for human beingsfor human beings

About the Copenhagen experience

About how biking fits in when making Cities for People

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Gehl Architects

Urban Quality Consultants, Copenhagen

Multi-disciplinary means

Equal focus on

’Hardware’ & ’Software’

N Cit Lif

Life Between BuildingsJan Gehl

Public Spaces ‐ Public LifeJan Gehl & Lars Gemzøe

Founded on literature and research

New City SpacesJan Gehl & Lars Gemzøe

New City Life Gehl, Gemzøe, Søndergaard & Kirknæs

Our Philosophy:

-Empirical base

-Framework rather than plan

Focus:

-Improving Quality of Life in Cities

Our Methodology

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Selected project cities Cultures are different…

Cultures are different… Climates are different… seasons change

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But the way People inhabit and use Space is universal Quality Criteria for Space and Architecture must start with considering People

Man is a Walking Animal – Ground Speed 5 km/hour

Our senses are very important

Our senses are the basis for experiencing the environment

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In search of

Human scale?

“Man is man’s greatest jo(Old Icelandic saying)

Health?

Fresh air, exercise and meeting people…

Litet, lågt och långsamt…

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60km/h environementsmade for driving

60 km/h

5 km/h architecture:

an environment made for walking

Bo 01Malmö Sweden

•small spaces

•small signals

•details

•people

What is Urban Quality?

Aesthetics and design is NOT the only thing that matters!

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• walk • Bike

Denmark as inspiration

Modal split – Commuting to Work in 2008- on a citywide network of bicycle lanes

Bicycling in Copenhagen

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Why do Danes cycle?Is it because of the environment?

Copenhageners cycling save over 90.000 t CO2

annually1% state that it is because of thebecause of the environment

Copenhagen Bicycle Account 2006

Is it because of financial reasons?

6% state that it is because it is cheapbecause it is cheap


Is it part of a healthy lifestyle?

19% state that it is because of thebecause of the exercise


Is it because it is convenient, fast and easy?

61% state that it is because it isbecause it is convenient, fast and easy


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Why do Copenhageners cycle?

61% Easy, fast & convenient

19% E i19% Exercise

6% Financial reasons

1% The environment


Denmark has established a strong bicycling tradition

The Danish bicycling culture has always defined Copenhagen as a city for cyclists Slide 9

Or has it?

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Copenhagen ‐ Process

A gradual process with focus on establishing

a pedestrian- and public space network

PS PL1968

PS PL1985

PS PL1995

PS PL2005New City Life 2006

Cph PSPL 1996

From car invasion

From car invasion....to people places

“Strøget” before 1962

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“Strøget” to day

80.000 people per 24 hours in the summer

Nyhavn - before ……and after 1980

Strædet - before Strædet - before …..and after 1992

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Development of car‐free squares and pedestrian/cycle friendly streets 1968 ‐ 2005

In 1962 m2 pedestrian areas

The first pedestrian

promenade is introduced

By 1973

Car-free street network

is developed

1973-2005

In all 22 squares that were

once parking lots are

today places for people

Copenhagen – stationary activity

1968 1986 1995

From 1968 to 1995: Almost 4 times more space and almost 4 times more activity

12 m2/activity 14 m2/activity 13 m2/activity

The Copenhagen Experience proves that improved conditions mean that more people spend more time in the

city

Better conditions for bicycling = more bicyclists

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The Key to Danish Cycling Success lies in: THE 4 C’S

CONSISTENT

CONNECTED

CONTINUOUS

COMFORTABLE

Simple and user friendly:

Main principles:

CONSISTENT

Main principles:Pedestrians + bicyclists

Parked cars + traffic lanes

Lanes and tracks are always on the right-hand side

CONSISTENT CONNECTED

Placed where demand is highest – where people want to be!

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CONTINUOUS

Sidewalks and biketracks aren’t interupted at sidestreets Integrated with other transport modes

CONTINUOUS

COMFORTABLE

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COMFORTABLE Bicycling has doubled in the last 10 years

More bicycles than cars

Inner city morning peak

Modal split – Commuting to Work in 2008

2010 38%

The benefits of cycling for sustainability are widely known and accepted

SUSTAINABILITY

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SOCIAL

In terms of access and mobility

SUSTAINABILITY

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTAL

In terms of zero emission transport

SUSTAINABILITY


In terms of affordable, private mobility

ECONOMIC

SUSTAINABILITY


A city for cyclists is a sustainable city

ECONOMIC

SUSTAINABILITY

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Der er stor forskel på livet og karakteren i de forskellige typer gader

Nothing new!

cycling

cycling walking cycling walking

Public transport

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Cycling Walking

Public t ttransport Public

space

Cycling Walking

Public Public

transport space

= Cities for People!

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Bicycle toolboxLin Skaufel

I will address:

1.What is a good bicycle city?=Toolbox content2 Wh i d bi l lb d h 2.What is a good bicycle toolbox, and how can a

toolbox improve cities for bicycles?3. Ex. Mexico City bicycle toolbox

1. What characterizes the good bicycle cities?

Sebastian lycra

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Sebastian alle

Climates are different…

Copenhagen

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Culture- software

What characterizes the good bicycle cities?Strong synergy between culture and infrastructure

Infrastructure- hardware

Copenhagen

E.g. CopenhagenCampaigns for safety‐ “Take care of blind angles”

E.g. CopenhagenCampaigns for safety– “preventing car door accidents”

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Copenhagen

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E.g. Copenhagen‐ Bicycles on metro

• MunicipalityMunicipality

What characterizes the good bicycle cities?

Strong synergy between “providers” and users

Users

BicyclesPublic transport

cars

Bicycle account

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What characterizes the good bicycle cities?Strong synergy between what you build and what you learn

E.g. CopenhagenImproving Infrastructure‐ “head‐start bicyclists”

Copenhagen (turtle plan),has never had a masterplan but, slowly grown (40 years) as a bicycle city trough a mindset for

What characterizes the good bicycle cities?

Strong mindset (time?)

years) as a bicycle city trough a mindset for cycling

38% 50% bicycle

Copenhagen new modal-split goal- New tools needed

38% 50% bicycle

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Green wave for bicycles Get a free breakfast! On selected main streets once a year

New bridgesIncreased permeability for pedestrians and bicyclists

Pilot projectsNørrebrogade- extended bicycle path

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Accommodating new users New and improved city bicycles

Paris: 2001-07: Cycling up 94% while car traffic down 20%*1 Bogota: Cycling increased 268% between 2000-2007 *1.

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Berlin: Cycling increased 100% between 1997-2007*1 A toolbox can be a kit based on knowledge, inspiration,

research and best practice from the successfull bicycle cities..

Paris: 2001-07:

Cycling up 94% while car traffic down 20%

Bogota: 2000‐2007

Cycling increased 268% Berlin: 1997‐2007 Cycling increased 100%

Copenhagen: all ages bicycle

2 What is a good bicycle toolbox and how can a2. What is a good bicycle toolbox, and how can a toolbox improve cities for bicycles?

A toolbox can be a kit based on knowledge, inspiration, research and best practice from inspiration, research and best practice from the successful bicycle cities..

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..operationalized to local conditions and challenges.

A toolbox contains tools to achieve your goals and visions

VISION/GOALSWHAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO ACHIEVE

STRATEGIES/INITIATIVESHOW YOU CHOOSE TO ACHIEVE IT

TOOLSHow to make it operational‐ WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE?

HOW DOES IT WORK?

INSPIRATION/BEST PRACTICE

LEGISLATIVE/MANDATORY

Toolbox- content

BEST PRACTICE MANDATORY

Toolbox- content

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Toolbox: research Toolbox: best practice

Toolbox: principles ToolboxDifferent challenges needs different tools

1% 10%1% 10%3-5% 15%

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ToolboxMust have and nice to have‐ priority of needs

The toolbox can be a pedagogical tool to creating an approach….

..limiting confusion... ...increasing safety..

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.....and creating an approach that everybody canagree upon- a future-proof coherent system…

• Lærke alle enige

....that ensures everything is thought of and included to limit poor or ad-hoc solutions.

• Bilde på dette?

Growing a bicycle city in one direction- over time

3. Ex. Mexico City bicycle toolbox

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Mexico City

Flat!

Good climate!

Many short trips!

Dangerous!

Unhealthy!

Slow!

Dangerous!26 pedestrians killed on average every day in Downtown

Unhealthy!…obesity and air polution

”… spending a day in Mexico City is the equivalent of smoking over 40 cigarettes a day, without actuallytaking a drag”

”… Mexico is the second‐fattestnation after U.S.”

Slow!Traffic jams– but the bicycle is the fastest form of transportation during rush hour

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More than a bicycle project…

…bicycle infrastructe as a catalyst for improvingcity quality

One bicycle system for the whole cityy y y

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Based on quality

Integrated!Integrated!Safe!

Comfortable!Enjoyable!

Generated out of the overall visions for Mexico City

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Content has two parts:

Software & Hardware(Culture + infrastructure)

Customisedfor the different users

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A safe streetPhysical separation of cars and bicycles

A safe crossingStreet markings / levels

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Safe bicycle parkingA safe and convenient location

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Improving mobility in NYCThe Insider Story

Jeff Risom

Associate Gehl Architects

MSc City Design and Social Science

Contents for this session

1. Insight into the NYC process

2. Holistic approach

– Integrated with the public realm

– Across city departments

– Public and private sectors

3. Using temporary pilot projects

– Together with empirical data

– Efficient and affordable implementation

– To inspire and as a catalyst for change

New York CityNew York City’s incredible list of accomplishments

In June 2009, DOT completed 200 miles of bike lanes in all five boroughs in just three years. (doubling the citywide on‐street bike network while reshaping the city’s streets to make them safer for users)

Of this: 4.9 miles of bike paths physically separated from car traffic lanes, 20 sheltered bike parking structures, andcar traffic lanes, 20 sheltered bike parking structures, and 3,100 bike racks

These projects led to more than 45% growth in commuter cycling in that time (3 years)

.

New York City… and ongoing work

DOT plans are to install 50 lane miles each year until the citywide bicycle network is complete

Overall goal: double bicycle commuting between 2007 and 2015, triple it by 2020

Goal of 1,800 bike lane miles by the year 2030Goal of 1,800 bike lane miles by the year 2030

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Times Square‐ before

Times Square‐ after

9th Ave. July 07

9th Ave. Sept.079th Ave. Sept.07

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9th Avenue, Manhattan

Pilot Projects as a means to a greater ends – to improve the process

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Build Political BasePilot Projects –QuickWins

Guaranteed SuccessPermanent Projects

Change of Mindset

ConsultStake‐holders

VisionJustificationand strategyfor change

Operationalizing – ensurethat change endures and

adapts

Gehl survey, lectures , visits support

Out‐reach and consultations were across disciplines and departments

‐ both across city agencies

Advocacygroups

Private Business

NeighborhoodGov’t

Interestorganizations

Additionalgroups

‐ and in the community

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Designing objects

Toward a holistically conceived public realm –based on Quality for People!

Making places(creating opportunities for place to flourish)

This process is about balancing interests and needs

Test the waters – the first pilotsSummer 2006Private sector initiatedSupported by Dept. Of Transport

Test the waters – the first pilotsSmall scaleIn ‘forgotten’ city spaces

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Test the waters – the first pilotsWatch and see•What are the problems? And successes?•Who uses the spaces?

Use publications to frame the argumentVision – PlaNYC

Launched ’Earth Day’April 22, 2007

The second pilotsLessons learned from first projectsAugust 2007

Toward a healthy, vibrant, safe, attractive, sustainable New York City

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A strategy for creating real changethrough a series of pilot projects

Gehl Architects are engaged

Unbalanced distribution of space

All were illegallyparked

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Seeing places with fresh eyes Quantifying impressions

Existing paintedcycle lanes werenot performingwell

Tough streets for bicycling

In conflict with other traffic modes Bicycle network is incomplete


Poor access for bicyclists Bicycle network is unclear

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Poor comfort High risk for accidents

Improve the bicycling infrastructureand experience

Introduce bicycling infrastructure as a important step towards a sustainable and healthy

i

city lifestyle.

New York is the perfect City for cycling New York is the perfect City for cycling

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Opportunities to experience potential first‐hand

Test, Refine, Adjust, Re‐launch

2008 –first Summer Streets

2009 –Revised Route

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DOT used in‐house staff and recycled materials and resources to deliver the project quickly and efficiently • Estimated cost $1.5 million

DOT has implemented 200 miles of Bicycle lanes over the last 2 years

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Broadway scheme

Access is allowed butthrough traffic is prohibited

And space is reclaimed at the Pearls on a String for Broadway

Columbus Circle ‐ before

The pilots focused on areas where success was most likely –People cycled already and traffic was minimal

Columbus Circle ‐ after

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Broadway, Manhattan

Madison Square Nov. 2008

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Herald Square ‐ before

And where people already choose to spend time

Herald Square ‐ after

What began with the ‘pearls’ …spread out to the ‘strings’ as well

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The Third Generartion of Pilot Projects place the bicycle lane next to parked cars

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The design is not perfect... But it is a start

Gehl Architects · Urban Quality Consultants · Gl. Kongevej 1, 4.tv · 1610 Copenhagen V · Denmark · www.gehlarchitects.dk

The design is not perfect... But it is a start


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And the new space is appreciated by other user groups


Inviting for new users and uses

And the new space is appreciated by other user groups


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Partnerships and publicity

New public seating integrated with bicycle parking

– on previously disusedsubway vents

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Ian Mahaffy and Maarten De Greeve

Invitations to soak in the atmosphere


Inviting a new user group…

…locals

A place more accessible for all


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BuildingsLife Space

People first

People don’t change their behavior when you tell them to;

People change when the context compels them to

Copenhagen Modal Split61% of those who bike do so out of convenience

Questions for discussion

1. How do we promote a sense of urgency to speed up the process of changing cycling culture?

2. How can we encourage people that don’t cycle to cycle?

The role of cycling in creating cities for people

3. How can we promote intermodal behavior to encourage cycling as part of transport trips?

Please consider strategies for both‘SOFTWARE’ as well as ‘HARDWARE’

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CITIES FOR PEOPLECITIES FOR PEOPLE

JAN GEHL, PROFESSOR, DR. LITT. JAN GEHL, PROFESSOR, DR. LITT. FOUNDING PARTNER: GEHL ARCHITECTS FOUNDING PARTNER: GEHL ARCHITECTS

URBAN QUALITY CONSULTANTS, COPENHAGEN URBAN QUALITY CONSULTANTS, COPENHAGEN

Those were the days when architects were Those were the days when architects were big, and people were quite smal....big, and people were quite smal....

Graduated as Graduated as Architect Architect

19601960The worst period in City Planning ever!The worst period in City Planning ever!

1960..1960..

From 1955…. From 1955…. CarinvasionCarinvasion

Perth, West Australia Elsinore, DenmarkPerth, West Australia Elsinore, Denmark

CarinvasionCarinvasion

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All Cities have Traffic & All Cities have Traffic & Planning Departments and Planning Departments and

perfect statistics concerning perfect statistics concerning traffic and planning issuestraffic and planning issues

**

The Buildings & the Traffic is The Buildings & the Traffic is very very visiblevisible and everpresent and everpresent

in the planning procesin the planning proces

Do you know of any City which have a Do you know of any City which have a People department, a Departments for People department, a Departments for

pedestrians and public life? pedestrians and public life?

Hardly any City have statistics and data Hardly any City have statistics and data concerning the people who use the cityconcerning the people who use the cityconcerning the people who use the cityconcerning the people who use the city

**

The people in the City tends to be very The people in the City tends to be very invisibleinvisible and poorly represented in the and poorly represented in the

planning procesplanning proces

Jane Jacobs Jane Jacobs 19611961

”Life Between ”Life Between Buildings” Buildings”

1st edition 1971 1st edition 1971 Published in Published in

many versions many versions 20 languages20 languages

”New City ”New City Spaces” Spaces” -- 20012001

44decades decades

of of researchresearch

SpacesSpaces 0000

”Public Spaces ”Public Spaces Public Life Public Life

-- 19961996

”New City Life” ”New City Life” --20062006

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Making People VisibleMaking People Visible

CopenhagenCopenhagenLondonLondonEdinburghEdinburghOsloOslo

SeattleSeattleSan FransiscoSan Fransisco

StockholmStockholmRigaRigaRotterdamRotterdamZürichZürich

Major City Improvement Projects:Major City Improvement Projects:

New YorkNew York

ReykjavikReykjavik

xx

PerthPerth

AdelaideAdelaide

HobartHobartCape TownCape Town

Wellington Wellington Auckland Auckland ChristchurchChristchurch

AmmanAmmanMuscatMuscat

Mexico CityMexico City

New YorkNew York

Brisbane Brisbane Sydney Sydney MelbourneMelbourne

xx

Comming ProjectsComming ProjectsCurrent ProjectsCurrent Projects

Previous ProjectsPrevious Projects

GEHLGEHL--ArchitectsArchitects, , Urban Quality Consultants, DenUrban Quality Consultants, Den

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A Presentation with 3 Tales:* The Human Dimension ”The Client”

* New Towns/ New DevelopementsNew Developements

* Cities/City Planning

1.

THE HUMAN DIMENSIONTHE HUMAN DIMENSION - introducing ”the Client”

Children always play where the activity and life is

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People watching - the number one attraction in any city

People watching - the number one attraction in any city

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IN SEARCH OF A HUMAN SCALE

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THE CLIENT:

A slow, linear, horizontal,

max 5 km/h walking creature

5 km/hour Architecture

•small spaces

•small signals

•details

•people

•close up´s + distant views

60 km/hour Architecture•large spaces

•huge signals

•no details

•no people

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5 km/hour Architecture Venice, Italy

100 km/hour Architecture Dubai

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Prerequisities for Planning:

• Human Body

• Human Movements

• Human Senses

• Human Interaction

• Human Behaviour 2.CITIES FOR PEOPLE AS

Almeere, New Town, Holland. 100.000 Inh (1975-2000)

CITIES FOR PEOPLE AS DESIGN CHALLENGE( New Developement / New Towns)

”THE BRASILIA SYNDROME”!

(City Planning from 5.000 meter above the ground )

Brasilia (1955Brasilia (1955-- ))(( ))

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Brasilia Brasilia --The people scale is completely neglected The people scale is completely neglected

Welcome to Kenzo Tange & Singapore Welcome to Kenzo Tange & Singapore

Shanghai, ChinaShanghai, ChinaDowntown, DubaiDowntown, Dubai

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Downtown, DubaiDowntown, DubaiDubaiDubai

”Welcome to the ”New” London””Welcome to the ”New” London”

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”Welcome ?””Welcome ?”

Uninteresting City Uninteresting City Plan ScalePlan Scale

Old Housing area (1905) Old Housing area (1905) Copenhagen, DenmarkCopenhagen, Denmark

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But a realy nice But a realy nice and inviting and inviting

People ScalePeople Scale

Turning the traditional design process upside downTurning the traditional design process upside down

First LIFEFirst LIFE

--then SPACEthen SPACE

--then BUILDINGSthen BUILDINGS

The secret: A public Space Plan as the first step in the planning process

Sibelius Park, Residential district, CopenhagenSibelius Park, Residential district, Copenhagen

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Bo01, Residential district,

Malmö, Sweden, 2001

Rieselfeld & Vauban, Rieselfeld & Vauban, New Towns Freiburg New Towns Freiburg

New City Spaces

Jan Gehl & Lars Gemzøe

3. THE CITIES

Lars Gemzøe

Wanted:Wanted:-- Lively City Lively City -- Attractive City Attractive City --Safe City Safe City --Sustainable City Sustainable City --Healthy CityHealthy CityHealthy CityHealthy City

Needed: Needed:

ONE STONEONE STONE--FIVE BIRDSFIVE BIRDSPOLICYPOLICY

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Lively CityLively City Attractive CityAttractive City

Safe city Sustainable CitySustainable City

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Healthy CityHealthy City

”Houston ”Houston --the City with the the City with the fattest people of the World”fattest people of the World”

Suggestion for simple Suggestion for simple

ONE STONE/FIVE BIRDS ONE STONE/FIVE BIRDS Sustainability PolicySustainability Policy

”In this City everything will be done ”In this City everything will be done t s C ty e e yt g be do et s C ty e e yt g be do eto to inviteinvite people to people to walkwalk and and bicyclebicycleas much as possible in the course as much as possible in the course

of their daily day doings”of their daily day doings”

Copenhagen Copenhagen From traffic place to people placeFrom traffic place to people place

The development of pedestrian areas in the city from The development of pedestrian areas in the city from 1962…….7 times more People Space!1962…….7 times more People Space!

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Many more People are walking in the city 4 times more people spend time in the city

In only 40 years the good season has been In only 40 years the good season has been extended from 2 to 10 monthsextended from 2 to 10 months

Copenhagen: New Public Life Policy 2009: Copenhagen: New Public Life Policy 2009: ”WORLDS FINEST CITY FOR PEOPLE””WORLDS FINEST CITY FOR PEOPLE”

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Official City Poster Official City Poster

September 2007September 2007

Copenhagen Copenhagen The No 1 Bicycle The No 1 Bicycle City in the WorldCity in the World

Goals for 2015: Goals for 2015:

* 50% of all comuting * 50% of all comuting

on bicycles on bicycles * Bicycle Accidents to * Bicycle Accidents to

Melbourne, Melbourne, -- 3 mio. Inh.3 mio. Inh.

The Age c. 1980The Age c. 1980

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MELBOURNE City Center 1994MELBOURNE City Center 1994--20042004

Pedestrian traffic weekdays daytime: +40%Pedestrian traffic weekdays daytime: +40%

Pedestrian traffic evening: +100 %Pedestrian traffic evening: +100 %

Stationary activities +200Stationary activities +200--300%300%

Melburne Melburne --looks like any city in the new Worldlooks like any city in the new World

--but when it comes to street life and ambience it but when it comes to street life and ambience it has by now a distinct touch of has by now a distinct touch of --saysay-- ParisParis

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RetailRetail

ResidentialResidential

Office VacanciesOffice Vacancies

EmploymentEmployment

Bars and PubsBars and Pubs

CopenhagenCopenhagen Melbourne oct 07Melbourne oct 07

A CITY GOOD AT PARTIES, OLYMPICS and SUMMITSA CITY GOOD AT PARTIES, OLYMPICS and SUMMITS….….

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….. BUT NOT SO GLORIOUS FOR THE EVERYDAY LIFE….. BUT NOT SO GLORIOUS FOR THE EVERYDAY LIFE Main Street in Sydney to be transformed Main Street in Sydney to be transformed to Pedestrians, Bicycles and Light Railto Pedestrians, Bicycles and Light Rail

Present situationPresent situation George St. After conversionGeorge St. After conversion

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Copenhagen Style Copenhagen Style Bicycle Lanes Bicycle Lanes (on (on

Copenhagen Corner) Copenhagen Corner)

Sydney, Oct.2008Sydney, Oct.2008

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NYC Dept. of Transp. w/ NYC Dept. of Transp. w/ Gehl Architects, Published: Gehl Architects, Published:

13 nov 200813 nov 2008

WELCOME TO THE 21st CENTURYWELCOME TO THE 21st CENTURY

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”the Client”

PLEASE Never forget who we are working for! ”CITIES FOR PEOPLE”CITIES FOR PEOPLE

The forgotten dimension The forgotten dimension

gehl architects presentations from workshop 21st june 2010

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