gem presentation bld4
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
2010
Mohammad Farmad Hamed Ouchany
Supervised by
Dr Abolghasem [email protected]
Dr Mohammad [email protected]
1. Introducing GEM
2. Entrepreneurship Elements
3. Economic Development
4. GEM Model
5. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development
Decision needs Data
GEM is an International
and valid Data Source + Plus valuable reports
Global Monitoring
Entrepreneurship
Academic research consortium that has as its goal making high quality international research data on entrepreneurial activity
GEM is the largest single study of entrepreneurial activity in the world.
Year Participated Countries
1997 4
1999 10
2000 21
2001 29
2006 42
2009 63
To measure differences in the level of
entrepreneurial activity among countries To uncover factors determining national
levels
of entrepreneurial activity To identify policies that may enhance the
national level of entrepreneurial activity
Nascent entrepreneur (نوظهور) New entrepreneur(جدید) Early –Stage entrepreneur Activity (TEA)
(نوپا) Established entrepreneur( شده (تثبیت
Adult Population Survey (APS)
National Expert Survey (NES)
Standard National Data
National
Global
“someone who identified the willingness to bear the personal financial risk of a business venture.”
Cantillon (1755)
Godin and colleagues (2008)
Attitudes toward entrepreneurship
the extent to which people think there are good
opportunities for starting a business level of risk bearing Perception of skills, knowledge and experience
in business creation.
Activity is the extent to which people in a
population are creating new business activity
Aspirations the effort of the entrepreneur to
engage in new product and process open foreign markets plan to increase the number of employees be ambitious for high growth
Factor-Driven Economies Large agricultural sector
Based on natural resources
Angola, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina*, Colombia*, Ecuador*, Egypt, India, Iran*
self-employment opportunities in order to make a living
Nascent and new business activity is expected to be high based on economic necessity
Efficiency-Driven Economies Industrial sector develops Higher productivity through economies of scale Increasing economic productivity contributesto financial capital formation
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Croatia**, Dominican Republic, Hungary**, Jamaica, Latvia, Macedonia, Mexico, Peru, Romania, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, Turkey, Uruguay
necessity-driven industrial activity to gradually fall and give way to an emerging small-scale manufacturing sector.
Innovation-Driven economies
Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea,
Netherlands, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom, United States
In innovation-driven economies, opportunity-driven entrepreneurship is expected to be higher than in factor- and efficiency driven economies
Increase in research and development Support of opportunity-seeking
entrepreneurial activity ‘agents of creative destruction’Innovative entrepreneurial firms may emerge as
significant drivers of economic growth and wealth creation
Indicators of a country’s potential to promote the development of entrepreneurship
Necessity-based entrepreneurship :starting a business because you were pushed into it
Opportunity-based entrepreneurship: starting a business to exploit a perceived business opportunity
supply side :willingness and perceived ability to become an entrepreneur
demand side : opportunities for entrepreneurship ,but equally important is that entrepreneurs perceive that there are opportunities for starting a business
see more and more successful entrepreneurs
in their direct environment assessment of opportunity costs risk-reward assessment
Although most individuals are pulled into entrepreneurial activity because of
opportunity recognition, others are pushed into entrepreneurship because they have no other means of making a living or because they fear becoming unemployed in the near future
Many businesses that are discontinued are not failed businesses
GEM Global Report 2008 GEM Global Report 2007 http://www.gemconsortium.org http://www.gemiran.com GEM National Report (LONDON) Profile of GEM, By Dr Zali