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M.P.S Term Paper

Gender Gap and Socio-Demographical Factors affecting on Election Voting Pattern in selected states in India

Presented by Rakesh K BhadaneMPS (Roll no. 33)

Guided by Dr. Murali Dhar

Introduction India is constitutional democratic country with a

parliamentary system Elections determine the composition of the Government The principle of Universal Adult Suffrage women had the voting rights but not active participation in

the democratic process of Elections 1971 to 2014, men have formed 52-53% of the electorate,

while women form 47-48% This Paper is on Gender differences in the voting & electors

The socio-demographical factors affecting in voting Below table shows subsequent gender gap in the election

Cont….

Gr. Election Year Male Woman Total Gap

10th 1991 61.58 51.35 56.93 10.23

11th 1996 62.06 53.41 57.94 8.6512th 1998 65.72 57.88 61.97 7.8413th 1999 63.97 55.64 59.99 8.3314th 2004 61.66 53.30 57.65 8.3615th 2009 54.21 45.79 58.13 8.42

REVIEW OF LITERATURESAuthors, Year Findings

Lynda Erickson et. al,2002

Women compared to men were more supportive of center-right parties, are being replaced by a modern gender gap, where women are more likely than men to support parties of the left.

Jeff Manza et. al, 1998

The authors find evidence that women’s changing rates of labor force participation explain the origins of the gender gap.In the 1992 election, feminist consciousness also emerged as a significant factor shaping women’s voting behavior

Akshay Rout,2009

Decline in participation of voters in election more consistently in recent years in India.Adverse gender ratio is reflected in registration, under-enrolment of women in voting, the gap is widened further with the lesser percentage of women turning up to voted

NEED FOR THE STUDY

To find out socio-demographical causes and factors affected woman voting in India

Less Research work done on this topic in India People must know their identity as electors and voters

and must know importance of voting in election

Gander gap in voting according to their regional socio-demographic status can be expected to give a new insight in understanding reasons in GP

RESEARCH QUESTIONS What is the pattern of voting in major populated states

by sex wise in India? Is their any state wise gender differences (gap) in

election voting and electors (registration)? Is there any socio-demographical factors affecting on

voting pattern of male and female in Indian states?OBJECTIVES To access the pattern of voting by sex wise in selected

states of India To determine gender voting differences in Indian states To examine factors affecting on voting pattern in major

states in India

DATA SOURCESData form Election commission of India 2004 &2009

Data form census of India 2001 and 2011

Data form NSSO 61st(2004-05) and 66th(2009) round

MethodologyTo estimated 18+ populations for election years

(2004 & 2009)To get time of male and female population eligible

for voting

Cont…. To get actual difference between man and woman’s

electors in major state

To get non- voting population of male and females

And for to calculated time of male and female electors

Same as for female (f) voters it gives us the differences in male and woman voting out of electors

Cont… To measure the gender gap (Gp) form total voting among

male and woman voted is calculated as the using below equation.

Used Bivarite correlation for examine demographical variable associate with voting pattern of male and female

Results and finding

1962 1967 1971 1977 1980 1984 1989 1991 1996 1998 1999 2004 200935

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

55.42

61.33

55.29

60.49

56.92

63.5661.95

56.7357.94

61.9759.99

57.98

54.21

46.6

55.5

49.1

54.9

51.2

58.657.3

51.353.4

57.755.6

53.6

45.79

63.31

66.73

60.9

65.63

62.16

68.1866.13

61.58 62.06

65.7263.97

61.66

58.13

% of voters participation in LS election Average TurnoutWomen TurnoutMale turnout

Years

% v

oted

20 States of India Population wise

Estimated population 2009(1)in million

Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote

Male Woman Men Women Male Female

Uttar Pradesh 56.25 51.89 63.39 52.61 1.1 1.01Maharashtra 37.32 36.58 38.16 34.79# 1.0 0.95Bihar

27.76 25.87 29.22 25.28# 1.1 0.98West Bengal 30.08 28.49 27.57# 24.93# 0.9 0.87Andhra Pradesh

27.58 28.02 28.68 29.21 1.0 1.04Madhya Pradesh

21.44 20.09# 20.18# 17.90 0.9 0.89Tamil Nadu 24.50 26.93# 20.90# 20.73 0.9 0.77Rajasthan 19.49 18.63 19.54# 17.52 1.0 0.94Karnataka 20.03 19.77 21.32 20.47 1.1 1.04Gujarat 19.35 18.23 18.90# 17.59# 1.0 0.96

Orissa 13.27 13.09 14.08 13.12 1.1 1.00

Kerala 11.01 12.51 10.53# 11.33# 1.0 0.91

Jharkhand 11.01 12.51 9.48# 8.45# 0.9 0.68

Assam 9.28 8.95 9.03# 8.44# 1.0 0.94

Punjab 9.37 8.76 8.83# 8.13# 0.9 0.93

Chhattisgarh 7.44 7.47 7.85 7.63 1.1 1.02

Haryana 7.99 7.30 6.59# 5.50# 0.8 0.75

Delhi 5.66 4.96 6.19 4.91# 1.1 0.99

Jammu &Kashmir 3.78 3.36 3.42 3.15# 0.9 0.94

Uttarakhand 2.97 2.98 3.04 2.85# 1.0 0.96

20 States of IndiaPopulation wise

Estimated population 2009(1)in million

Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote

Male Woman Men Women Male Female

20 States IndiaPopulation wise

Estimated population 2004(1) in million

Electors (2) in million Eligible for vote

Men Woman Men Women Male Female

Uttar Pradesh 49.70 45.36 60.33 50.30 1.21 1.11

Maharashtra33.28 37.21 32.79# 30.22# 0.99 0.81

Bihar24.35 23.04 27.05 23.51 1.11 1.02

West Bengal27.05 25.16 24.80# 22.64# 0.92 0.90

Andhra Pradesh25.10 25.10 25.36 25.79 1.01 1.03

Madhya Pradesh18.82 17.55 20.03 18.36 1.06 1.05

Tamil Nadu22.21 32.88 23.27 23.98# 1.05 0.73

Rajasthan17.01 16.09 18.15 16.56 1.07 1.03

Karnataka17.85 17.45 19.61 18.99 1.10 1.09

Gujarat17.15 16.13 17.34 16.33 1.01 1.01

20 States India Population WiseOrissa

Men13.27

Women13.09

Men14.08

Women13.12

Male1.1

Female1.00

Kerala 11.01 12.51 10.53# 11.33# 1.0 0.91

Jharkhand 11.01 12.51 9.48# 8.45# 0.9 0.68

Assam 9.28 8.95 9.03# 8.44# 1.0 0.94

Punjab 9.37 8.76 8.83# 8.13# 0.9 0.93

Chhattisgarh 7.44 7.47 7.85 7.63 1.1 1.02

Haryana 7.99 7.30 6.59# 5.50# 0.8 0.75

Delhi 5.66 4.96 6.19 4.91# 1.1 0.99

Jammu &Kashmir 13.78 3.36 3.42 3.15# 0.9 0.94

Uttarakhand 2.97 2.98 3.04 2.85# 1.0 0.96

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

58.055.455.553.150.259.7

50.956.252.856.452.448.6

55.953.652.353.455.657.759.153.9

42.044.644.5

46.949.8

40.3

49.143.8

47.243.6

47.651.4

44.146.447.746.644.442.340.9

46.1

Comparative Male/Female Tunout(for lok sabha elections in 2009) MEN % WOMAN

years

% voting

Uttar Prad

esh

Mah

arash

traBihar

West

Bengal

Andhra Prad

esh

Mad

hya Prad

esh

Tamil N

adu

Rajasth

an

Karnata

ka

Gujarat

Orissa

keral

a

Jhark

handAssa

mpunjab

chhatti

sgarh

Haryan

aDelhi

Jammu an

d kash

mir

Uttarakh

and

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

61.155.458.6

53.751.361.4

52.457.9

52.357.053.249.759.454.753.156.656.158.962.3

55.1

3945

4146 49

39

4842

4843

4750

4145 47

43 4441

38

45

% of men woman voting LS election 2004MENWOMAN

States

% voted

-5.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

16.0

10.811.1

6.3

0.5

19.3

1.8

12.4

5.6

12.7

4.8

-2.8

11.8

7.24.6

6.8

11.2

15.4

18.2

7.822.21

10.79

17.25

7.432.62

22.76

4.76

15.71

4.61

13.95

6.38

-0.58

18.79

9.356.29

13.1512.14

17.70

24.62

10.22

Gender gap in LS 20092009 2004

-5.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

16.0

10.811.1

6.3

0.5

19.3

1.8

12.4

5.6

12.7

4.8

-2.8

11.8

7.2

4.6

6.8

11.2

15.4

18.2

7.8

Gende Gap in voting(for lok sabha elections in 2009)

States

% Gap in voting

BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

PERCENTAGE MALE VOTERS

PERCENTAGE FEMALE VOTERS

Literacy(Sig)

-.526*.017

.543*.013

Urban Populations .015 -0.15

Population Density .158 -.158

Sex Ratio(Sig)

-.586**0.07

.586**.007

Agricultural Employment 0.222 -.222

Correlations between percentage of Male and female voted and demographic factors in Lok Sabha Election, 2004

BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS

PERCENTAGE MALE VOTERS

PERCENTAGE FEMALE VOTERS

Literacy -.303 .651**.002

Urban Populations .073 -.073

Population Density .224 -.224

Sex Ratio(Sig)

-.776**0.00

.776**0.00

Agricultural Employment .113 -.113

Correlations between percentage of Male and female voted and demographic factors in Lok Sabha Election, 2009

Conclusion

The Indian Government and civil society have been working to promote greater participation of women in electoral processes. In our result it was showed that only male and female literacy and sex ratio were significant with percentage of male and female voters. Many awareness programmes and advertisements were conduct through media. Though it was found that women percentage of voting less as compare to males. Male and female voting percentages are dependent on their socio-economical status and family support.

Limitation of the study Study Only Lok Sabha Election 2004 & 2009 has to be

concentrateElectors we assume that population in the respective

state is close to migration Electors enumeration (registration) is close to be

completed prior to Lok Sabha election 2009 and 2004.This study more focus on woman electors and their

voting not on women as a participated in the elections This study proxy and postal voting are not consider to

total voting result.

Thank you