gender effects of the crisis on labor market in six...

Gender effects of the crisis on labor market in six European countries

OECD meeting, 06-20-2011

Hélène Périvier Marion Cochard et Gérard Cornilleau

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I. Introduction

II. Trends on labor markets

III. Analysis of the crisis by industry and occupational sex segregation

IV. Concluding Remarks

I. Introduction

• Starting point : Men were particularly affected by unemployment during the crisis in most developed economies

an opportunity for gender equality and for strengthen women economic empowerment?

1. Gender effects of the crisis on employment? 2. Explanation of this gender effect…

• Researches on gender analysis of crisis are scarce • Data :

Data are available until 2009 for the main indicators, until 2010Q3 for some indicators (sources : OECD, Eurostat, Insee EE, ILO)

No gendered statistics concerning wages and income by now.

I. Introduction




Source : OCDE -8

-4

0

4

8

12

16

1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Unemployment rate : difference between women and men

France Germany

Italy Spain

Sweden United Kingdom

5

Trends on labor market (1/4)

Gender gap in the labor force participation rate

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Germany Spain France Italy Sweden United Kingdom


-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women

Germany Spain France Italy Sweden United Kingdom

Employment growth between 2008 Q1 and 2010 Q1 : contributions of the different levels of education

Tertiary education

Upper secondary and post-secondary non tertiary education

Pre-primary , primary and lower secondary education

Source : Eurostat


→ male employment has been much more affected by the

recession than female employment

decrease of the gender gap unemployment rate

increase in female graduate employment

stability of the gender gaps in part time work

increase in older workers labor force participation

young workers were the most affected by the crisis (Employment outlook, 2010, OECD).

8

II. Trends on labor market (4/4)

I. Introduction




Why a gendered impact of the crisis? Women as flexible reserve of labor force

Substitution hypothesis : during crisis « cheap labor force » is

searched

Occupational sex segregation hypothesis

The secondary worker effect : during crisis if one partners lost his job, it is an incentive for the second one to increase her participation to the labor market (extensive or intensive labor supply)

10

III. Crisis and occupational sex segregation (1/2)

All labor markets in developed economies are characterized by a occupational sex segregation :

• Women are over represented in social, education, care industries

• Men are over represented in manufacturing and construction industries

11


Source : ILO

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage of women in employment in different sectors, in 2008

France

Germany

Italy

Spain

Sweden

United Kingdom

Industry Private services Public services

12


→ All labor market in developed economies are characterized by a occupational sex segregation :

• Women are over represented in social, education, care industries

• Men are over represented in manufacturing and construction industries

→ The labor force participation of women is positively linked to the occupational sex segregation of labor market

13


Sex segregation indicator and female labour force participation rate

in 2007

Australia

AustriaBelgium

Bulgaria

Canada

Croatia

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Georgia

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Israel

Italy

Japan

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland Portugal

Romania

Russian Federation

Serbia

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

United States

R2 = 0,3088

9

11

13

15

17

19

21

35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85

Sex segregation

Labour force

participatio

Source : ILO; calculation by authors


→ the current crisis has affected manufacturing and construction industries where :

• Men are overrepresented

• Temporary employment is widespread (flexible labor force)

• Within services industries, the crisis has affected the sub-industries where men are over-represented

15


Variation of employment during the crisis by industry et according to the share of women in each industryin France

Water, gas, energy, waste collection

Manufacture of food and tabacco products and beverages

coke and refined petroleom product

Manufacture of machinery and equipement, electrical equipement,

computer

Manufacture of motos vehicules, trailers, and semi trailers

Manufacture of others products

Construction Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

Transporting and storage

Accomodation and food service activities

Information and communication

Financial and insurance activities

Real estate activities

Professional, scientific and technical activities

Administrative and support service activities, education, human health social

work activities (except civil services)Others service activities (except

extraterritotial activities)

200,0

150,0

100,0

-50,0

0,0

50,0

100,0

0,0% 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 70,0% 80,0%

Share of women in the private employment for each industry

Variation of employment between Q1- 2008 and Q2-2010 (in thousand)

source : Insee


Variation of employment during the crisis in the services industry according to the share of women in each industryin France

Activities of households as em

Arts, entertainement and recreation

Residential nursing care activities

human health social work activities

Education

Public administration

Administrative and support service activities

Other professional, scientific and technical activities

Scientific research adn development

Legal and accounting activities ; architectural and engineering activities

Financial and insurance activities

Information service activities

Telecommunications

Publishing,, video, radio programming

Accomodation and food service activities

Transports et entreposage

Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

-140,0

-120,0

-100,0

-80,0

-60,0

-40,0

-20,0

0,0

20,0

40,0

60,0

20,0% 30,0% 40,0% 50,0% 60,0% 70,0% 80,0% 90,0% 100Share of women in the private employment for each in

Variation of employment between Q1- 2008 and Q2-2010 (in thousand)

Source: Insee


→ shift and share analysis of the variation of employment in order to distinguish inside the evolution of women's employment :

1. what is due to the change in employment inside each industries,

2. of what is due to the evolution of the share of women in each industries

18



-0.58%

-9.05%

-1.03%

-2.00%

-2.43%

0.73%

-3.44%

-0.13%

-1.09% -1.37%

0.25%

-3.60%

-0.23%

-0.98%

-1.32%

0.53% 0.23% 0.12%

-0.14% -0.05%

-10.00%

-8.00%

-6.00%

-4.00%

-2.00%

0.00%

2.00%

Germany Spain France Italy Sweden

Shift and share analysis of the evolution of employment during the crisis in six European countries (2008-2009)

Men

Women

Effect of employment variation

Effect of the variation of the share of women

source : Eurostat

Conclusions of the shift and share analysis: the effect of the change in the distribution of women

by industries is low

the variation of employment by industries explains much of the variation in female employment

→ the occupational sex segregation of the labor market explains most of the gender impact of the current crisis on

employment

20


I. Introduction




IV. Concluding remarks

Male employment is more sensitive to economic shocks than women’s one Women are stuck in a second labor market

→ 2nd round of the crisis with the

austerity plan

22

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