Genetic Genetic EngineeringEngineering

Conceptual BiologyConceptual BiologyCh. 5.3Ch. 5.3

VocabularyVocabulary

1.1. genetic genetic engineeringengineering

2.2. selective breedingselective breeding

3.3. hybridizationhybridization

4.4. inbreedinginbreeding

5.5. mutationmutation

6.6. transgenictransgenic

7.7. cloneclone

8.8. inheritable genetic inheritable genetic modification (IGM)modification (IGM)

II. Manipulating Genetics. Manipulating GeneticsA.A. Selective breedingSelective breeding = to only allow those = to only allow those

with with ““desireddesired”” traits to pass on their genes traits to pass on their genes1.1. Most farm animals and crop plants are from Most farm animals and crop plants are from

selective breedingselective breeding

2.2. HybridizationHybridization = crossing two dissimilar = crossing two dissimilar organisms to get the best of bothorganisms to get the best of both

3.3. InbreedingInbreeding = continued breeding of individuals = continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristicswith similar characteristics

a.a. animal breeds are maintained by inbreeding (ex: dog animal breeds are maintained by inbreeding (ex: dog breeds)breeds)

b.b. chance for recessive genes increase (many breeds chance for recessive genes increase (many breeds have genetic diseases from recessive alleles)have genetic diseases from recessive alleles)

Selective Breeding of Wild Selective Breeding of Wild MustardMustard

B. Increasing DifferencesB. Increasing Differences1.1. MutationMutation = permanent change in a = permanent change in a

gene or chromosomegene or chromosomea.a. usually harmfulusually harmfulb.b. small % of mutations can be beneficialsmall % of mutations can be beneficial

2.2. New Bacteria & PlantsNew Bacteria & Plantsa.a. Scientists cause mutations in bacteria Scientists cause mutations in bacteria

to try to get a useful mutation.to try to get a useful mutation.1)1) Scientists cause mutations in plants so that Scientists cause mutations in plants so that

they do not get sick as easily, grow better, they do not get sick as easily, grow better, have different colors, etc. have different colors, etc.

2)2) Ex: bacteria that eat sewage or clean up oil Ex: bacteria that eat sewage or clean up oil spillsspills

IIII. Genetic Engineering. Genetic EngineeringA.A. Transgenic OrganismsTransgenic Organisms

1.1. In 1986, we inserted the gene which In 1986, we inserted the gene which causes fireflies to glow with light into a causes fireflies to glow with light into a tobacco plant. tobacco plant.

2.2. TransgenicTransgenic organism = an organism organism = an organism that contains genes from another that contains genes from another speciesspecies

3.3. TransgenicsTransgenicsa.a. Transgenic bacteriaTransgenic bacteria

1)1) Reproduce rapidly and are easy to growReproduce rapidly and are easy to grow

2)2) Produce important substances for health Produce important substances for health and medicineand medicine

1)1) ex: human insulin and human ex: human insulin and human proteinsproteins

Spider genes being injected into a goat's egg to produce a transgenic goat

BioSteel = silk produced by goats from spider DNA used to make bullet proof vests

b.b. Transgenic plants – major part of US agriculture; Transgenic plants – major part of US agriculture; weed resistance, insecticides, vitamin enrichedweed resistance, insecticides, vitamin enriched

c.c. Transgenic animals – growth hormones in livestock, Transgenic animals – growth hormones in livestock, resistance to bacterial infections, production of resistance to bacterial infections, production of human proteinshuman proteins

B. CloningB. Cloning1.1. Clone = individual with genetically identical Clone = individual with genetically identical

cells produced from a single cellcells produced from a single cella.a. Ex: an identical twin is a clone occurring Ex: an identical twin is a clone occurring ““naturallynaturally”” in in

the first days of an embryothe first days of an embryo’’s developments developmentb.b. In 1997, 1st cloned mammal - a sheep named DollyIn 1997, 1st cloned mammal - a sheep named Dolly

• VIDEO NOTES 1) – 3)VIDEO NOTES 1) – 3)

c.c. Successfully cloned cows, pigs, mules, cats, mice and Successfully cloned cows, pigs, mules, cats, mice and other mammalsother mammals

d.d. 11stst human cells cloned in 2001 (for use as stem cells) human cells cloned in 2001 (for use as stem cells)

Donor Nucleus

These two cells are fused using an electric shock.

Fused Cell

The fused cell begins dividing normally.

Embryo

The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.

Foster Mother

The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly

Cloned

Lamb

Egg Cell

An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep.

The nucleus of the egg cell is removed.

3.3. Cloning goals – make copies of transgenic organisms Cloning goals – make copies of transgenic organisms and endangered species, make advances in medicine and endangered species, make advances in medicine like transplants that a body wonlike transplants that a body won’’t reject and cloned t reject and cloned stem cells stem cells

4. Cloning process

A body cell is taken from the animal you want to clone.

An egg cell is taken from a different animal.

The new cell begins dividing, becoming an embryo.

The nucleus is removed from the egg.

The body cell and egg are combined by electricity.

The embryo is implanted into a foster mother.

The embryo develops into a cloned animal.

5.5. Cloning problems at this timeCloning problems at this timea.a. Genetic errors - health problemsGenetic errors - health problems

b.b. Cloning techniques inefficient and difficultCloning techniques inefficient and difficult

C.C. Inheritable genetic Inheritable genetic modification (IGM) or modification (IGM) or ““designer babiesdesigner babies””

1.1. A child whose A child whose genotype would be genotype would be purposefully purposefully selectedselected

2.2. allows parents to allows parents to weed out weed out genetically genetically defective embryos defective embryos in the lab in the lab

PGD involves screening embryos for

genetic defects

3.3. Ethical implications – ability for parents Ethical implications – ability for parents to select for any preference, producing a to select for any preference, producing a custom designed infant custom designed infant

a.a. Today - parents can choose genderToday - parents can choose gender

b.b. Future – parents choose traits they want Future – parents choose traits they want injected into the embyros in the labinjected into the embyros in the lab

Designer Babies Movie:Designer Babies Movie: http://www.pbs.org/teachers/connect/resources/5288/preview/