Genetics and Genetics and Genetic Genetic Engineering Engineering termsterms

clonesclonesorganisms or cells of organisms or cells of nearly identical genetic nearly identical genetic makeup derived from a makeup derived from a single sourcesingle source

complementarycomplementarycontaining structures containing structures that match or bond that match or bond with related structureswith related structures

electrophoresiselectrophoresistechnique used to technique used to separate migrating separate migrating molecules in an molecules in an electrical fieldelectrical field

ExpressionExpressionthe appearance of a the appearance of a trait directed by a genetrait directed by a gene

Codon (Genetic Codon (Genetic code)code)a series of three a series of three nucleotide bases that nucleotide bases that determine the amino determine the amino acid order and the acid order and the proteins formed in cell proteins formed in cell reproductionreproduction

TransgenicTransgenic

a cell or organism that harbors another organism or DNA from a foreign source.

Genetic Genetic EngineeringEngineeringtechnology involved in technology involved in removing, modifying, removing, modifying, or adding genes to a or adding genes to a DNA moleculeDNA molecule

LigaseLigaseenzyme used to join enzyme used to join two pieces of DNAtwo pieces of DNA

MutationMutationa heritable change in a heritable change in genetic makeupgenetic makeup

NucleotidesNucleotidesbuilding blocks of building blocks of nucleic acid composed nucleic acid composed of a sugar, a phosphate of a sugar, a phosphate and a nitrogenous baseand a nitrogenous base

PlasmidPlasmida small, usually a small, usually circular, piece of DNA circular, piece of DNA that is separate from that is separate from the chromosomal DNAthe chromosomal DNA

PolymerasePolymerasean enzyme that joins an enzyme that joins nucleotides to make nucleotides to make nucleic acidnucleic acid

Recombinant Recombinant DNADNADNA that has been DNA that has been altered by genetic altered by genetic engineeringengineering

Restriction Restriction enzymeenzymerestriction restriction endonucleaseendonuclease

enzyme that cuts DNA enzyme that cuts DNA strands at specific sitesstrands at specific sites

sequencesequenceorder of nucleotides or order of nucleotides or amino acidsamino acids

templatetemplatea pattern used for a pattern used for developing a developing a complementary complementary structurestructure

traittraita characteristic a characteristic resulting from gene resulting from gene expressionexpression

transformtransformto change the genetic to change the genetic makeup of an makeup of an organism by alteration organism by alteration of the DNAof the DNA

vectorvectoran agent such as a an agent such as a plasmid used to plasmid used to transfer DNA into a transfer DNA into a host cellhost cell

Complex Complex OrganismOrganismhigher organismhigher organisman organism with cells, an organism with cells, tissues, and organs tissues, and organs arranged to function as a arranged to function as a single unitsingle unit

ex. Plants, animals, humansex. Plants, animals, humans

cell membranecell membranedelicate structure that delicate structure that surrounds the cellsurrounds the cell

CytoplasmCytoplasmcell fluid containing all cell fluid containing all cell structurescell structures

NucleusNucleuscontrol center of a cell control center of a cell contains most of the contains most of the DNADNA

ChromosomesChromosomesstructures that are structures that are physical carriers of genesphysical carriers of genes

made up of DNA made up of DNA are located in cell are located in cell nucleusnucleus

RibosomeRibosomesite where new site where new proteins are produced proteins are produced

result of genetic result of genetic expressionexpression

Genetic Genetic engineeringengineeringtechnology involved in technology involved in removing, modifying, removing, modifying, or adding genes to a or adding genes to a DNA moleculeDNA molecule

Genetic Genetic engineeringengineeringmovement of a gene movement of a gene from one organism to from one organism to anotheranother

Other namesOther namesrecombinant DNA recombinant DNA technologytechnology

recombinant DNA sciencerecombinant DNA sciencegene transfergene transfergene splicing gene gene splicing gene cloningcloning

Naturally Naturally occurringoccurringalterations in the genetic alterations in the genetic makeup of plants and makeup of plants and animals allow them to animals allow them to respond to changes in respond to changes in their environmenttheir environment

Naturally Naturally occurringoccurringsome bacteria and some bacteria and viruses change the viruses change the function of cells by function of cells by inserting their DNA into inserting their DNA into the DNA of the cellthe DNA of the cell

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.Scientists have Scientists have developed the ability developed the ability to transfer genetic to transfer genetic material from one material from one organism to anotherorganism to another

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.Plasmids found in Plasmids found in some organisms can some organisms can be engineered to be engineered to accept DNA from other accept DNA from other sourcessources

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.Restriction enzymes are used Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA at specific to cut the DNA at specific sitessites

cut ends of plasmid rings can cut ends of plasmid rings can accept pieces of DNA from accept pieces of DNA from other organismsother organisms

Scientific Gen Scientific Gen eng.eng.The ability to cut and The ability to cut and splice DNA segments is splice DNA segments is providing many providing many opportunities for opportunities for changing the function of changing the function of organismsorganisms