genus acraea fabricius, 1807 - metamorphosis genus acraea... · genus . acraea. fabricius, 1807....

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Genus Acraea Fabricius, 1807

In: Illiger, K., Magazin für Insektenkunde 6: 284 (277-289). Type-species: Papilio horta Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 101 (91-293).). = Solenites Mabille, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1885-92. Exotische Schmetterlinge 2: 82 (282 pp.). Bayern. Type-species: Acraea igati Boisduval, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. Stylops 4: 2 (1-3).).

= Phanopeltis Mabille, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1885-92. Exotische Schmetterlinge 2: 84 (282 pp.). Bayern. Type-species: Acraea ranavalona Boisduval, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. Stylops 4: 2 (1-3).).

= Aphanopeltis Mabille, 1887 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1885-92. Exotische Schmetterlinge 2: 85 (282 pp.). Bayern. Type-species: Papilio horta Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Hemming, 1935. Stylops 4: 2 (1-3).). [Invalid: junior objective synonym of Acraea Fabricius, 1807.]

Synonyms based on extralimital type-species: Pareba Doubleday, Miyana Fruhstorfer. Note: Pareba is an “Actinote” – this is also Boisduval, 1848 and I am not sure whether it would take priority over Hyalites. The type species of Pareba is vesta – now issoria (see Hemming) (Larsen, pers. comm., 2007). A predominantly Afrotropical genus of 131 Afrotropical species, consisting of four subgenera (Acraea Fabricius, Rubraea Henning, Stephenia Henning and Bematistes Hemming). Generic and subgeneric taxonomy follows Silva-Brandao et al., 2008 and Henning & Williams, 2010. Key to the subgenera of the genus Acraea (Henning & Williams, 2010). 1. All forewing radial veins stalked, not branching off from cell, cell of hind wing slightly more than one-third of total wing length…. Bematistes - R1 branching off from cell, cell of hindwing about half total wing length…. 2 2. Aedeagus thin, needle-like…. Acraea - Aedeagus narrow but not needle-like…. 3 3. Aedeagus anteriorly bifid, aedeagus and saccus not very elongated…. Rubraea - Aedeagus not anteriorly bifid, aedeagus and saccus very elongated…. Stephenia Relevant literature: Henning, G. & Williams, 2010 [Classification] Silva-Brandao et al., 2008 [Phylogeny of Acraeini]. Pierre, 2004c [Cladistics and systematics]. Pierre et al., 2003 [Checklist for Ghana]. De Vries, 2002 [Differential wing toughness]. Jiggins et al., 2002 [Infection with Wolbachia].

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Subgenus Acraea Fabricius, 1807 In: Illiger, K., Magazin für Insektenkunde 6: 284 (277-289). Type-species: Papilio horta Linnaeus, by subsequent designation (Scudder, 1875. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 10: 101 (91-293).).

A predominantly Afrotropical subgenus with 40 Afrotropical species.

*Acraea (Acraea) acara Hewitson, [1865]# Acara Acraea

Acara Acraea (Acraea acara) male, upper- and underside – White Elepant Lodge, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acara Acraea (Acraea acara) female, upperside. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea zetes Linnaeus. Trimen, 1862c. [Misidentification] Acraea acara Hewitson, 1865 in Hewitson, 1862-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 16 (124 pp.). London. Acraea acara Hewitson, 1865. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea acara Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a.

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Acraea zetes acara Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson, 1865. Ackery et al., 1995: 247. Acraea acara Hewitson, 1865. Henning, G. 1993: 9. [Not seen by Ackery et al., 1995] Acraea (Acraea) acara Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 82.

Acraea acara acara. Male (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 26 February 2010.

M.C. Williams Collection.

Acraea acara acara. Female (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nibela Peninsula, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 20 November 2010.

M.C. Williams (Williams Collection).

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”; Sudan?: “White Nile”. Diagnosis: Closest to A. zetes but rarely showing a black suffusion of scales on the upperside of the forewings and with the red area more extensive (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Forest and woodland (Pringle et al., 1994). Subspecies melanophanes occurs in Terminalia and Prunioides woodland (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from sea-level to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flutters slowly through the bush, frequently settling on the leaves of trees. Both sexes feed from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 160 [as Acraea Acara Hewitson; KwaZulu-Natal]. “Larva. Ochreous-yellow. Each segment broadly banded transversely with purplish-red, the band occupying the middle portion. Spines long and distinctly branched, blackish, springing from tubercles situated in the purplish-red bands; the two dorsal spines on segment next head longer than the rest, erect. Head ochreous-yellow. Legs and pro-legs purplish-red.” (Plate I fig. I). Pupa. Pinkish-white. Margins of head, limbs, and wing-nervures defined with black. Abdominal rows of spots arranged as in pupae of A. Horta and A. serena, but more continuous; the spots rose-pink in wide black contiguous rings. Median line of under side of abdomen tinged with rose-pink; two spots of the same colour on median line of back of thorax, and one at base of wings. Head ochreous-yellow. (Plate I fig. Ia). This

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pupa appears to be rounder and blunter anteriorly than that of A. Horta, and is so much more curved that the dorsal outline is strongly convex in a lateral view. The above descriptions are made from a coloured drawing executed by the late Dr. Seaman in 1869, exhibiting a lateral view both of larva and pupa.” Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 130.

“The eggs are laid in groups on the under surface of the leaves of a creeper, as yet undetermined. They are a long barrel shape with longitudinal ridges and transverse grooves. Colour yellow. Young larvae in first stage greyish brown, changing at third moult to the following: head orange with black spots above the mandibles and along the bottom edge of the lateral lobes. Segments 1 to 3 bright yellow, 4-9 deep purply crimson, last three bright yellow. Spines long and black, each set on a raised base shiny blue-black in colour. Fore feet yellowish, black tipped, hind feet dirty yellowish with black edges. Undersurface of body yellowish with greenish tinge. The pupa is very elongate, yellow to orange, occasionally white; central dorsal black mark double, diverging at the head and reaching the tips of the head tubercles. Nervures on wing cases complete. Abdominal marks: two dorsal, one lateral and two ventral lines composed of a series of black contiguous spots, each bearing an orange dot in the centre.” Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 99.

“Egg. Eggs are laid in neat clusters, they are 0.8 mm in diameter by 0.95 mm high, yellowish changing to pale yellowish brown, then almost black before hatching. There are 19 longitudinal ribs with some 20 cross-braces, the latter mostly ill-defined. Egg stage approximately 5 days. Larva. Like most Acraea larvae, the young larva eats its way out near the top and devours the discarded shell. There are three groups, one taking five instars, another 6, and a third taking 7 instars, the last being generally in a minority. The larvae are gregarious. There is much colour variation. In the 4th instar of the 5 and 6 instar groups, some larvae are a much lighter salmon-brown than the larva illustrated, while others are a smoky salmon-brown. Heads vary from salmon to brown. Three segments at each extremity are in all cases light salmon-brown. In the 5th instar of the 6 instar group the bases of some protuberances may have a bluish tint. The development proceeds as indictaed below:

5 instar 6 instar 7 instar Instar Size in mm. Instar Size in mm. Instar Size in mm.

1 2-4 1 1.75-3.75 1 1.5-3.5 2 -7 2 -6 2 -5 3 -11 3 -9 3 -7 4 -20 4 -16 4 -11 5 -35 5 -22 5 -17 6 -35 6 -24 7 -35

The duration of each instar is from 3 to 6 days, except for the final instar which is about 6-7 days. Pupa. 23 to 24 mm long; suspended by cremastral hooks attached to a silken mat. The imago emerges generally after 11 days.”

Larval food: Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 82]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921: 99]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921?]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Dr J.E. Seaman, in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 160; KwaZulu-

Natal].

Acraea (Acraea) acara acara Hewitson, [1865]# Acraea acara Hewitson, 1865 in Hewitson, 1862-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 16 (124 pp.). London. Acraea zetes acara Hewitson, 1865. Ackery et al., 1995: 247. Acraea acara Hewitson, 1865. Henning, G. 1993: 9. Acraea (Acraea) acara acara Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 82.

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Acraea acara acara. Male (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 26 February 2010.


Acraea acara acara. Female (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Nibela Peninsula, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 20 November 2010.

M.C. Williams (Williams Collection).

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”; Sudan?: “White Nile”. Distribution: Kenya (east), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (east), Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 150 quarter degree squares (889 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Nyambeni Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Teita foothills (D.A. Trembath, vide

Larsen, 1991c) . Tanzania – Widespread in the eastern and northern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Mhondo (Suffert, 1904);

Ukerewe Island (Le Doux, 1923); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kamaila Forest Reserve (Heath et al.,

2002); Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Chiperone (Congdon et al., 2010) Botswana – Near Gaborone (A. Gardiner vide Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Mica (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse Nature

Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterpoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lapalala Wilderness (Woodhall).

Mpumalanga – Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Burgersfort (Swanepoel, 1953); Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990).

http://vmus.adu.org.za/

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North West Province – Potchefstroom (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Drummond (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel,

1953); Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Mtubatuba (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Mkuze (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002).

Eastern Cape Province – Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

caffra Felder & Felder, 1865 in Felder & Felder, [1865-7] (as sp. of Acraea). Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 369 (549 pp.). Wien. South Africa: “Caffraria Anglica”. Treated as a form of Acraea acara acara by Bernaud, 2009.

tescea Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea zetes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 19 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mhonda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara acara by Bernaud, 2009. mhondana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea zetes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 20 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mhonda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara acara by Bernaud, 2009.

ukerewensis Le Doux, 1923 (as ssp. of Acraea zetes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 223 (207-226). Tanzania: “Insel Ukerewe, Victoria-Nyanza (Deutsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara acara by Bernaud, 2009.

sufferti Le Cerf, 1927 (as replacement name for Acraea zetes mhondana Suffert). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 50 (44-58). Treated as a synonym of Acraea acara acara by Bernaud, 2009.

barberina van Son, 1963 (as f. of Acraea zetes acara). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 96 (130 pp.). South Africa: “Ngqéléni, Pondoland”. Treated as a form of Acraea acara acara by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Acraea) acara melanophanes Le Cerf, 1927 Acraea zetes sufferti form melanophanes Le Cerf, 1927. Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 50 (44-58). Synonym of Acraea zetes acara Hewitson, 1865. Ackery et al., 1995: 247. Acraea acara melanophanes Le Cerf, 1927. Henning, G. 1993: 9. Acraea (Acraea) acara melanophanes Le Cerf, 1927. Pringle et al., 1994: 82. Type locality: [Zambia]: “Pays de Marotse, N.O. Rhodesia”. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in the very large black area in the forewing, which extends from the discal band to the base, and is narrower in the cell (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Zambia, Botswana (west), Nambia (north). Specific localities: Zambia – „Pays de Marotse‟ (TL). Botswana – Near Sepupa (E. Pinhey, 1968-74). Namibia – Rundu (Pennington); Ruacana (Pringle et al., 1994); Caprivi (Pringle et al., 1994); Grootfontein

(Pringle et al., 1994); Tsumeb (Pringle et al., 1994).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea acara acara by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) admatha Hewitson, [1865] Hewitson‟s Glassy Acraea

Acrae [sic] admatha Hewitson, 1865 in Hewitson, 1862-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 15 (124 pp.). London.

http://www.sntc.org.sz/


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Type locality: Nigeria: “Old Calabar”. Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola (north), Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (west), Zambia (north) (Gardiner, 2010b). Records from west of Nigeria refer to related taxa (Larsen, 2005a). Recorded from South Africa, in error for A. boopis, by Swanepoel (1953a) and Dickson & Kroon (1978) (MCW). Specific localities: Nigeria – Old Calabar (TL); near Lagos (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Dalugene (Schultze, 1917); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010);

Massouna 2000 (van de Weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Forest edges, secondary forest and in agricultural lands with a full canopy (Larsen, 2005a). Riparian, close to water (Gardiner, 2010b). Habits: May be locally fairly common (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Pierre, 1979.

Larval food: Rinorea species (Violaceae) [Pierre, 1979 (Gabon)].

mildbraedi Schultze, 1917 (as ab. of Acraea admatha). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 82 (A.3.): 36 (34-39). Cameroon: “Dalugene (Südostkamerun)”. Treated as a form of Acraea admatha by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Hewitson, [1865]# Broad-bordered Acraea

Acraea anemosa Hewitson, 1865, in Hewitson, 1862-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 15 (124 pp.). London. Acraea anemosa Hewitson, 1865. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea anemosa Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea anemosa Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) anemosa Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 83.

Acraea anemosa. Male (Wingspan 53 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 5 December 2010.


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Acraea anemosa. Female (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Makatini Flats, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 7 November 2009.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: “Zambesi”. Distribution: Uganda, Somalia (south), Kenya (coast), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba), Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (Caprivi), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal - north), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 146 quarter degree squares (528 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Somalia – Ola Uager (Storace, 1949). Kenya – Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Sagala

(Larsen, 1991c); Ukambani (Larsen, 1991c); Mrima Hill (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Common in the west (Ufipa, Mpanda, Kigoma) but scarce elsewhere (Kielland, 1990d); Mwera

(Strand, 1911); Kitungulu (Strand, 1911); Urungu (Strand, 1911); Turiani in Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006).

Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Lake Bangweolo (Eltringham, 1912); Mutema (Riley, 1921); Solwezii (Riley, 1921); Ikelenge

(Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Lufubu River (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); below the Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002).

Mozambique – Macequece (Fountaine, 1911). Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (Pringle et al., 1994). Botswana – Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Modipane (Larsen, 1991l); Ngotwane Siding (Larsen, 1991l);

Lobatse (Larsen, 1991l); Tlokweng (Larsen, 1991l); Ngotwane (Larsen, 1991l); Ranaka (Larsen, 1991l); Kanye (Larsen, 1991l); Letlhakeng (Larsen, 1991l); Takotakwane (Larsen, 1991l); Sekoma (Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (Larsen, 1991l); Zanzibar in the Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); 50 km south of Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Gabane (Larsen, 1991l).

Namibia – Katima Mulilo (Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Matlabas

(Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoutpansberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (Williams, Dec. 2006); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist).

Mpumalanga – Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Groblersdal (Swanepoel, 1953); White River (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c).

North West Province – Zeerust (Swanepoel, 1953); Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009).

Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoutpan (Tswaing crater) (Williams); Enoch‟s Walk (male illustrated


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above); Rosslyn (female illustrated above). Free State Province – Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Nongoma (Pringle et al., 1994); Mkuze district (Pringle et al., 1994); Tembe Nature

Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Savanna and open forest. In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from near sea-level to 1800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common species (Larsen, 1991c). Normally seen singly, flying some distance above the ground, between the trees, with a leisurely, fluttering flight pattern. It settles occasionally on low vegetation or the leaves of trees (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year in warmer areas; September to May in cooler localities (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Fountaine, 1911: 61. [Macequece, Mozambique].

“This very handsome, extremely active little larva occurred very commonly at Macequece, on almost every available piece of its food-plant, a creeper, identified at the Board of Agriculture at Pretoria as (most probably) Modecca abyssinica. I first discovered it, in the usual way, by watching a female laying eggs; these are laid in batches of various sizes, some with about ten eggs together, others having as many as twenty-five or even more. The larva is very easy to rear, and feeds up very rapidly, and it remains only about eight days in pupa; but where the difficulty comes in, is that the supply of its food-plant should meet the demand, as it is dark-coloured very inconspicuous little crceper, most difficult to find, and when a piece is discovered it is generally sustaining two or three or more larvae of this same species. In colour it is a bright, shiny red-russet, shaded into deep yellow at the extremities, the spines are long, furry and black. The pupa is dingy white in ground-colour, the wing-case the same, but heavily outlined and veined in black, the rows of abdominal spots are deep orange, very heavily surrounded with black.” Van Someren and Rogers, 1925: 133.

“Eggs yellowish cream, laid in clusters on a vine (unnamed). Larva first brownish, becoming yellow on the first four segments, and the last two, and red-brown on intermediate ones. Spines long and branched, those on segment 2 being the longest. Pupa white with nervular marks on the wing cases, and the usual abdominal black marks with orange spots.”

Larval food: Adenia digitata (Harv.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Williams, 1996: 131; Gravelotte, Limpopo Province]. Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Williams, 1996: 131; Pretoria, Gauteng]. Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Fountaine, 1911: 61; as Modecca abyssinica Hochst.; Macequece,

Mozambique]. Grasses (Poaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 151; highly improbable]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 151].

arcticincta Butler, 1883 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 12: 103 (101-107). Kenya: “Victoria Nyanza”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

welwitschii Rogenhofer, 1893 (as sp. of Acraea). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 42: 573 (571-575). Angola: “Africa occidentalis, Angola”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

alboradiata Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Kungliga Svenska Vetnskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5): 91 (1-561). Namibia: “Damaraland, Zambesi”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

interrupta Thurau, 1904 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 303 (301-314). Uganda. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

mosana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea anemosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 20 (12-107). No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

dubiosa Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea anemosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 20 (12-



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107). Tanzania: “Hinterland von Tanga”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

discoguttata Strand, 1909 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 75 (1.3.): 376 (367-386). No locality given. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

ufipana Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 279 (275-304). Tanzania: “Mwera, N. Ufipa”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

urungensis Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea anemosa). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 279 (275-304). Tanzania: “Kitungulu, Urungu”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

lobemba Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea welwitschii). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 99 (1-374). Zambia: “L. Bangweolo, Lualaba River”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

lutea Riley, 1921 (as ssp. of Acraea welwitschii). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 244 (234-259). Zambia: “Mutema, Lukanga Valley, Kashitu, N.W. Rhodesia”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

nivea Riley, 1921 (as ssp. of Acraea welwitschii). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 245 (234-259). Zambia: “Solwezi”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

conjuncta Niepelt, 1937 (as f. of Acraea anemosa). Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand 3: 558 (556-559). Somalia: “Italienich-Somaliland”. Treated as a form of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

macrosticta Storace, 1949 (as ssp. of Acraea anemosa). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria 64: 25 (12-29). Somalia: “Ola Uagèr”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea anemosa by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) barberi Trimen, 1881# Barber‟s Acraea

Barbers Acraea (Acraea barberi). Male upperside; male underside; female upperside. Specimens ex Pretoria. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte. Acraea barberi Trimen, 1881. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1881: 433 (433-445). Acraea barberi Trimen, 1881. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea barberi Trimen. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea zetes barberi Trimen, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea zetes barberi Trimen, 1881. Ackery et al., 1995: 247. Acraea barberi Trimen, 1881. Henning, G. 1993: 9. [Not seen by Ackery et al., 1995] Acraea (Acraea) barberi Trimen, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 82.

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Acraea barberi. Male (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 September 2004.


Acraea barberi. Female (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 September 2004.


Acraea barberi. Female (pale form) (Wingspan 67 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 23 October 2002.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Transvaal country”. Distribution: Botswana, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng). In South Africa its distribution covers 35 quarter degree squares (206 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Botswana – Kolobeng River (Larsen, 1991l); near Ranaka (Larsen, 1991l); Selibe-Phikwe (Larsen, 1991l);

Zanzibar, Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l); Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Kanye (Larsen, 1991l); Molepolole (Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l).

Limpopo Province – Nylstroom (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Rooiberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus – Zaaiplaats (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Lapalala Wilderness (Joannou); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist).


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Mpumalanga – Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c). North West Province – Groot Marico (Swanepoel, 1953). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Pretoria – Montana (Dobsons); Pienaars River (Pringle et al. 1994);

Boekenhoutskloof on the Moloto Road (Williams, unpublished). Habitat: Savanna (bushveld). Habits: The flight is fluttering and leisurely as they weave their way between trees and bushes in open woodland. Specimens settle often, on flowers or on the leaves of trees (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: September to April but commonest in September and October (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Van Son, 1963: 101. “No complete life-history has yet been recorded, but Mr. G.C. Clark, to whom the writer has sent some young larvae, says that he could not detect any difference from larvae of acara after they have gone through four instars. He also states that he does not think the development will proceed any further, as they do not like Passiflora, the food-plant of z. acara. The full-grown larva is like that of acara from which it seems to differ in the presence of purplish black longitudinal bands just outside the bases of the legs and prolegs, and the colour of the head which is orange and has a black spot at the upper angle of the clypeus. The pupa is white, with two dorsal, one lateral and one ventral row of black-ringed adjacent ochraceous spots; veins of the wing-covers, and markings on head and thorax, black.”

Acraea barberi eggs and early instar larvae. Images courtesy Raimund Jeremy Dobson.

Acraea barberi final instar larva and pupa. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

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Larval food: Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 101].

*Acraea (Acraea) boopis Wichgraf, 1914# Rainforest Acraea

Rainforest Acraea (Acraea boopis). Left – male in Nkandhla Forest, KwaZulu-Natal; right – female in Woodbush Forest, Limpopo Province. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea admatha f. boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 346 (345-353). Acraea admatha Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. [Misidentification] Acraea admatha Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [Misidentification] Acraea boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Pierre, 1979: 719. Acraea (Acraea) boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Pringle et al., 1994: 74.

Acraea boopis boopis. Male (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo, South Africa. 3 January 2012.


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Acraea boopis boopis. Female (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Hlatikulu Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 7 November 2009. M.C. Williams Collection.

Type locality: South Africa: “Urwalde bei Eshowe im Zululand”. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Forest of a drier type (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: This is a fairly common forest species (Larsen, 1991c). Males fly high up, with a floating flight, and perch frequently on the leaves of forest trees. Females mostly fly low down, generally keeping to the forest understorey (Pringle et al., 1994). Males will often swoop down from the forest canopy in order to intercept a female that is flying in the understorey (Van Son, 1963). In hot weather specimens may be seen mudpuddling (Van Son, 1963). Both sexes feed from flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: All year (Van Son, 1963). Summer months; they are especially common in December and January (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Pierre & Bernaud, 2004: 485 [subspecies choloui; Malawi].

Larval food: Gymnosporia species (Celastraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75; as Maytenus heterophylla (Eckl. and Zeyh.)

N.K.B. Robson; M. heterophylla is now four different Gymnosporia species (Botha & Botha, 2006)].

Lauridia tetragona (L.f.) R.H.Archer (Celastraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75; as species of Cassine]. Maytenus acuminata (L.f.) Loes. (Celastraceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75]. Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. (Flacourtiaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 75].

Acraea (Acraea) boopis boopis Wichgraf, 1914# Acraea admatha f. boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 346 (345-353). Acraea admatha Hewitson, 1865. Swanepoel, 1953. Acraea boopis Hewitson, 1865. Pierre, 1979: 719. Acraea (Acraea) boopis Wichgraf, 1914. Pringle et al., 1994: 74.

Acraea boopis boopis. Male (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse N.R., Limpopo, South Africa. 3 January 2012.


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Acraea boopis boopis. Female (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hlatikulu Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 7 November 2009.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: South Africa: “Urwalde bei Eshowe im Zululand”. Distribution: Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 40 quarter degree squares (522 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Mozambique – Amatongas Forest (Van Son, 1963); Dondo Forest (Van Son, 1963). Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963). Limpopo Province – Woodbush, near Haenertsburg (Swanepoel, 1953; female illustrated above);

Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Magoebaskloof (Van Son, 1963).

Mpumalanga – Lone Creek Falls, Sabie (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Eshowe (Type locality); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Shepstone (Van Son, 1963);

Kranzkop (Van Son, 1963); Durban (Van Son, 1963); Etombeni (Van Son, 1963); Balcomb‟s Hill (Van Son, 1963); Gwaliweni Forest (Van Son, 1963); Ngoye Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Port Edward (male illustrated above).

Eastern Cape Province – Embotyi (Van Son, 1963); Port St Johns (Van Son, 1963); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963).

Acraea (Acraea) boopis ama Pierre, 1979 Acraea boopis ama Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 734 (719-737).

Type locality: Kenya: “Marsabit Réserve, 1200-1400 m”. Distribution: Kenya (east), Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Marsabit (TL); Witu (Larsen, 1991c); Gazi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c);

Ngombe Crater (Larsen, 1991c); Matthew‟s Range (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Nyambeni Hills (Larsen, 1991c).

Acraea (Acraea) boopis choloui Pierre, 1979 Acraea boopis choloui Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 735 (719-737).

Type locality: Malawi: “Cholo Mts”. Distribution: Malawi (south). Specific localities:


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Malawi – Cholo Mountains (TL).

Note: Spelt by Bernaud, 2009 as cholui.

*Acraea (Acraea) brainei Henning, 1986 Braine‟s Acraea

Acraea brainei Henning, 1986. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 49: 31 (29-37). Acraea (Acraea) brainei G.A. Henning, 1986. Pringle et al., 1994: 74.

Acraea brainei male. Iona Peak, Iona National Park, Angola. Images courtesy Christopher Willis.

Type locality: [Namibia]: “Hartmanns Valley, 44 km S. of Cunene River”. Diagnosis: Bears some resemblance to Acraea nohara but the genitalia show that it is more closely related to Acraea neobule. It can be distinguished from Acraea nohara by the following: the shape and distribution of the black spotting; the absence of heavy black spotting along the margin and outer part of the veins of the forewing; a row of spots on the marginal black border of the hindwing (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Nambia (north-west). Specific localities: Angola – Iona Peak, Iona National Park [16°55'02.8"S 12°36'10.6"E] (Willis, 2009). Namibia – Hartmann‟s Valley in Kaokoland, in an area extending from about 30 km south of the Kunene

River to the Engo River (TL; Pringle et al., 1994); Etanga, 100 km west of Opuwo (Swart, 2004). Habitat: Granite outcrops on hills and ridges (Pringle et al., 1994). Habits: Both sexes feed from the flowers of the larval host-plant (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: February to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Henning, G., 1986: 29 (J. Ent. Soc. Sth. Afr. 49: 29).

Larval food: Turnera oculata Story (Turneraceae) [Braine, in Henning, G., 1986?].

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Turnera oculata growing on Iona peak, Angola. Images courtesy Chris Willis.

*Acraea (Acraea) camaena (Drury, 1773) Large Smoky Acraea

Papilio camaena Drury, 1773. Illustrations of Natural History 2: index et 12 (90 pp.). London.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Gold Coast”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso (south), Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola (Cabinda enclave). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Guinea – Parc National du Haut Niger (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kintampo Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Nigeria – coast near Lagos (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (van de Weghe, 2010); Iguela (van de Weghe, 2010). Habitat: Drier forest, including open coastal forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A generally scarce species, with occasional population explosions (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes visit flowers, especially during the dry season (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Premna hispida Benth. (Verbenaceae) [Owen, 1971 (Sierra Leone)]. Smeathmannia pubescens Sol. ex R.Br. (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)].

murcia Fabricius, 1781 (as sp. of Papilio). Species Insectorum 2: 33 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. “Africa aequinoctiali”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea camaena by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) chilo Godman, 1880 Chilo Acraea

Acraea chilo Godman, 1880 in Godman & Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 184 (182-185).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Kalamet, Sebka Valley, Abyssinia”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Habitat: Dry savanna, especially in river beds (Larsen, 1991c). Dry thornbush country, up to 1 300 m in

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Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: An uncommon and local species in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). The flight is powerful (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes come to flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea (Acraea) chilo chilo Godman, 1880 Acraea chilo Godman, 1880 in Godman & Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 184 (182-185).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Kalamet, Sebka Valley, Abyssinia”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia (south), Somalia, Kenya (north, east), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Kalamet, Sebka Valley (TL). Kenya – Voi River (Grose-Smith, 1890); Mombasa (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills

(Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (Weymer, 1903); Below Mount Oldeani (Kielland, 1990d); near Arusha (Kielland,

1990d); Same, at the foot of the South Pares (Baker, vide Cordeiro, 1995).

crystallina Grose-Smith, 1890 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 5: 167 (167-168). Kenya: “Voi River, interior of Mombasa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo chilo by Bernaud, 2009.

rosina Rogenhofer, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea [Telchinia]). Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 41: 565 (563-566). “Nyika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo chilo by Bernaud, 2009.

hoehneli Holland, 1896 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 18: 746 (741-767). “East Africa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea regalis by Bernaud, 2009.

wissmanni Weymer, 1903 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 16: 223 (221-235). Tanzania: “Kilima Ndscharo, von Ureguha und Ukami im Hinterlande von Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo chilo by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Acraea) chilo yemensis Le Doux, 1931 Acraea chilo yemensis Le Doux, 1931. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 2: 42 (42-43).

Type locality: Yemen: “Usil-Hagela, Süd-West-Arabien”. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (south-west), Yemen. Specific localities: Yemen – Usil-Hagela (TL).

Note 1: Larsen (1983) doubts that yemensis is a distinct subspecies. Note 2: Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo chilo by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) cuva Grose-Smith, 1889 Chic Acraea

Acraea cuva Grose-Smith, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 126 (121-137). Acraea dammii cuva Grose-Smith, 1889. Dickson & Kroon, 1978.

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Acraea (Acraea) cuva Grose-Smith, 1889. Pringle et al., 1994: 75. Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mombasa”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (TL); coast (Larsen, 1991c); Witu (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Dar-es-Salaam (Suffert, 1904); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d);

Dendene Forest, south of Dar es Salaam (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Port Herald (J.D. Handman, vide Van Son, 1963). Mozambique – Xiluvo (D. Cookson, vide Van Son, 1963; single female); Nahamatanda (Pinhey); Inhaminga

(Pinhey); Salone Forest (Pinhey); Pungoè (Paré). Zimbabwe – Houghton‟s Koppie at Christon Bank near Harare (Chitty; single female). Habitat: Coastal forest (eastern lowland forest). From sea-level to 500 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Generally an uncommon butterfly but periodic irruptions occur (Larsen, 1991c). Larsen (1991c) states that specimens fly high up but Pringle et al. (1994) note that specimens fly only a few metres from the ground and settle on the leaves of trees and bushes. Specimens of both sexes have been noted feeding from the flowers of Lantana (Handman, vide Van Son, 1963). Flight period: Recorded in May, July, August and September but probably occurs throughout the year (Van Son, 1963). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

nidama Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea dammii). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 19 (12-107). Tanzania: “Dar-es-Salaam”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cuva by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) dammii van Vollenhoven, 1869 Acraea dammii van Vollenhoven, 1869. In: Pollen, F.P.L. & Van Dam, D.C. Recherches sur la Faune de Madagascar et de ses

dépendances (5): 12 (7-14).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Nossi-Bé [Nosy Be]”. Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Specific localities: Madagascar – Nosy Be (TL); Mnja, Morondava Province (Oberthür, 1925); Anjajavy Peninsula (R. Schutte,

pers. comm. April 2010). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Habits: Found occasionally flying in dense forest and clearings, often within thick bush or trees (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

percussa Keferstein, 1870 (as sp. of Acraea). Jahrbuch der (Königlichen) Akademie Gemeinnütziger Wissenschaften zu Erfurt 4: 13 (13-17). No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea dammii by Bernaud, 2009. masonala Ward, 1872 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 9: 3 (2-3). Madagascar. Treated as a synonym of Acraea dammii by Bernaud, 2009. villettei Oberthür, 1925 (as sp. of Acraea). Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 22 (2): 63 (63-69). Madagascar: “Ouest-Madagascar (Mnja, Prov. Morondava)”. Treated as a subspecies of A. cuva by Ackery et al. (1995) but as a synonym of A. dammii by Lees et al. (2003). Treated as a synonym of Acraea cuva by Bernaud, 2009.

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*Acraea (Acraea) eltringhami Joicey & Talbot, 1921

Acraea eltringhami Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 47 (40-166).

Type locality: Rwanda: “Kisaba Forest, E. Lake Kivu, Rwanda district”. Distribution: Uganda (west), Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Kivu). Specific localities: Rwanda – Kisaba Forest (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kisaba Carcasson, 1981 (as [unneccessary] replacement name for Acraea eltringhami Joicey & Talbot). Collins handguide to the butterflies of Africa 174 (188 pp.). Treated as a synonym of Acraea eltringhami by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) endoscota Le Doux, 1928 Le Doux‟s Glassy Acraea

Acraea admatha endoscota Le Doux, 1928. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1928: 108 (97-115). Acraea endoscota Le Doux, 1928. Pierre, 1979.

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Elfenbeinküste, W.-Afrika”. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Kivu, Kasai, Sankuru), Uganda, Rwanda, Ethiopia (south-west), Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Democratic Republic of Congo – Albert National Park (Pierre, 1979). Tanzania – Mugondozi River to Kemfu and Mihumu Forests in Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania at altitudes from 800 to 1 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Larsen, 2005a). Males defend territories in sunny spots; when doing so the flight is powerful for an acraea (Larsen, 2005a). Flowers are frequently visited, considering that this is a forest acraea (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Pierre, 1979. [larva and pupa]

Larval food: Rinorea breviracemosa Chipp (Violaceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)].

albanis Pierre, 1979 (as morph [female] of Acraea endoscota). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 730 (719-737). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Parc national Albert, secteur nord, Bauleni, marais entre la rivière Semliki et Abia”. Treated as a form of Acraea endoscota by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) eugenia Karsch, 1893 Small Smoky Acraea

Acraea eugenia Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 196 (1-266).

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Acraea eugenia eugenia Female (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 50 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.

Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Acraea eugenia eugenia male upperside, Wli Falls, Ghana

Images courtesy Torben Larsen Type locality: Togo: “Am Adadia, Bismarckburg”. Distribution: Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Habitat: Open bushland near forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: May be very common in some localities in the Volta Region of Ghana but elsewhere it appears to be very rare (Larsen, 2005a). They are fond of flowers but do not seem to mudpuddle (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea (Acraea) eugenia eugenia Karsch, 1893 Acraea eugenia Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 196 (1-266).

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Acraea eugenia eugenia Female (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 50 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.

Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson collection.

Acraea eugenia eugenia male upperside, Wli Falls, Ghana Images courtesy Torben Larsen

Type locality: Togo: “Am Adadia, Bismarckburg”. Distribution: Ghana (Volta Region), Togo, Nigeria (west). Specific localities: Ghana – Atewa Range (C. Belcastro teste Larsen, 2005a; single stray); Wli Falls (Larsen, 2005a; male

illustrated above); Kyabobo (Larsen, 2005a). Togo – near Bismarckburg (TL). Nigeria – near Lagos (Larsen, 1969).

Acraea (Acraea) eugenia ochreata Grünberg, 1910 Acraea eugenia var. ochreata Grünberg, 1910. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1910: 470

(469-480). Synonym of Acraea eugenia Karsch, 1893. Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea eugenia ochreata Grünberg, 1910. Collins & Larsen, 2008: 86. Stat. nov.

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Acraea eugenia ochreata male upperside, Waak, Cameroon Image courtesy Torben Larsen

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “Spanisch-Guinea, Makomo, Ntumegebiet”. Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Tanganika), Uganda. Specific localities: Cameroon – Waak (male illustrated above). Equatorial Guinea – Makomo (TL). Gabon – Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea eugenia by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) hamata Joicey & Talbot, 1922 Acraea hamata Joicey & Talbot, 1922. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 340 (339-342).

Type locality: [Rwanda]: “Rugege Forest”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Kivu), Uganda (south-west – Kigezi), Rwanda, Tanzania. Specific localities: Rwanda – Rugege Forest (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) horta (Linnaeus, 1764)# Garden Acraea

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Male Garden Acraea (Acraea horta). Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Papilio horta Linnaeus, 1764. Museum Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae 234 (720 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea horta Linnaeus. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea horta (Linnaeus, 1764). Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea horta Linnaeus. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea horta (Linnaeus, 1764). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) horta (Linnaeus, 1764). Pringle et al., 1994: 73.

Acraea horta. Male (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Golden Gate Highlands N. P., Free State, South Africa. 9-14 January, 2001.

M.C.Williams (Williams Collection).

Acraea horta. Female (Wingspan 51 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Platberg, Harrismith, Free State Province, South Africa. 28 January, 2012.

M.C.Williams Collection. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Tulbagh”. [Lectotype designated by Honey & Scoble, 2001: 332]. Diagnosis: The colour of females varies from brick-red to straw-yellow. Melanic and albinistic aberrations of both sexes have been recorded (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Zimbabwe (apparently an occasional migrant), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999), Lesotho (Van Son, 1963). Recorded, in error, from West Africa and Angola by Trimen & Bowker (1887). In South Africa its distribution covers 247 quarter degree squares (1630 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread. Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Chimanimani Mountains (Baseley; single record); Vumba (Barnes; single record) [Both of

these records in 1931] (Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Haenertsburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoutpansberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Lekgalameetse

Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Woodbush (Van Son, 1963). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterval Onder (Swanepoel,

1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Ermelo (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Van Son, 1963); Amersfoort (Van Son, 1963); Dullstroom (Van Son, 1963); Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve


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(Warren, 1990); Sterkspruit Nature Reserve (Williams); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Johannesburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Hennops River (Van Son, 1963);

Krugersdorp (Van Son, 1963); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001).

Free State Province – Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953); Bethlehem (Swanepoel, 1953); Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953); Fouriesburg (Van Son, 1963); Golden Gate Highlands National Park (Williams); Platberg, Harrismith (Dobson, Williams & Schutte, unpublished, 2010).

KwaZulu-Natal – Kokstad (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Giant‟s Castle (Swanepoel, 1953); Greytown (Van Son, 1963); Richmond (Van Son, 1963); Karkloof (Van Son, 1963); Vryheid (Van Son, 1963); Utrecht (Van Son, 1963).

Eastern Cape Province – Uitenhage (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Somerset East (Swanepoel, 1953); Katberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Hogsback (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Elizabeth (Van Son, 1963); Van Stadens Pass (Van Son, 1963); King William‟s Town (Van Son, 1963); Queenstown (Van Son, 1963); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963); Lusikisiki (Van Son, 1963); Embotyi (Van Son, 1963).

Western Cape Province – Tulbagh (TL); Cape Town (Swanepoel, 1953); Caledon (Swanepoel, 1953); Robertson (Swanepoel, 1953); Swellendam (Swanepoel, 1953); Oudtshoorn (Swanepoel, 1953); Knysna (Swanepoel, 1953); Grootvadersbos (Van Son, 1963); Willowmore (Van Son, 1963).

Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Temperate forest and woodland; also in wooded kloofs in grassland. It is often seen in gardens in towns and cities, including Cape Town (Van Son, 1963). Habits: A common species in South Africa, which flies with a slow, gliding flight, usually a few metres from the ground. Specimens are most often encountered in the vicinity of their larval host-plants. Both sexes are frequently seen feeding from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Van Son (1963) states that it often defoliates specimens of its food-plant because it is not eaten by birds, being distasteful. However, Diederik cuckoos have been seen to feed avidly on the larvae in Pretoria (Williams, unpublished observations). Flight period: All year but commoner in the summer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135 [as Acraea Horta (L.); Cape Town, Western Cape]. “Larva. About 1¼ in. long; with strong branched spines. Dull brownish-ochreous, closely striped with black transverse streaks: the incisions of segments and a line down the back pale-ochreous; a broad ochreous band, not crossed by the black streaks, on each side, above the legs, which are of a bright shining yellow; head shining-black. On the second segment are two, and on the last four black branched spines; on each of all the other segments, six similar spines.” Pupa. About ¾ in. long, rather slender; head blunt, hardly bifid; lateral angles at bases of wing-covers prominent and acute; back of thorax not ridged, rather blunt and rounded; abdomen considerably elongate, curved inwardly towards its extremity. Pale-creamy, with a tinge of ochreous: wing-covers streaked with black along the position of the nervures; two curved black streaks from eyes to angles at bases of the wings; two black, short, longitudinal streaks on back of thorax; a transverse black streak at junction of thorax and abdomen; on each side of the back, a row of large, united, black, ochre-yellow-centered spots; each row united by thin, black lines to a row of similar spots below it, on side of abdomen; a shorter row of similar, more contiguous spots along middle of under side of abdomen. Attached to leaves and stems of plants, palings, walls, etc. The silk to which the tail is attached often covers an area of an inch in diameter. The butterfly emerged, in most instances, eight or nine days after the disclosure of the pupa.” Clark & Dickson, 1952: 13. Egg. The eggs are laid in neat clusters on a leaf of the food-plant. They are pale yellow at first, but change to chocolate and finally to purplish brown. The largest diameter is 0.75 mm, and they are 0.75 mm high. The sides are fortified by 23 or 24 longitudinal bars cross-connected by some 25 heavy indentations. They take about nine days to hatch, when the young larva eats a hole in the shell near the top. After crawling through this it proceeds to eat the discarded shell. Larva. Normally there are six larval instars, but in warm weather a moult is skipped. The first instar generally takes seven days, the middle instars five days each and the final instar 10 days, but this varies with climatic


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conditions. The caterpillar is shades of brown and black, with streaks of yellow and salmon on the side and greenish underneath. There is considerable variation on the upper portion. On each side there are three rows of spined black projections normally with a bluish base, one per segment in each row. On emerging the young larva is 2 mm long, and its final length is between 29 and 34 mm. Except for the final instar, the larvae live in clusters and their presence is detected in the early stages by bleached and shrivelled leaves, which have been stripped off their surface parenchyma. Pupa. The pupa is 19 mm long, dull yellow with black markings, and is suspended head downward from the trunk of a tree, from twigs, rocks and, in towns, on walls and door posts. The butterfly takes two and a half weeks to emerge. Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 13. Repeats the description given in Clark & Dickson, 1952. Dickson, 1972. Donaldson, 1991 [parasitoids]. Claassens, 1991b [parasitoids].

Egg, 4th instar larvae and pupa of Acraea horta. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Larval food: Ceratiosicyos laevis (Thunb.) A.Meeuse (Achariaceae) [Dahlgren & Van Wyk, 1988]. Guthriea capensis Bolus (Achariaceae) [Dahlgren & Van Wyk, 1988]. Kiggelaria africana L. (Flacourtiaceae) [Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135; Cape Town, Western Cape]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135; Cape Town, Western

Cape]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 14; according to Raubenheimer, cited by Pringle et

al., 1994: 73 it is not a foodplant of A. horta]. Passiflora manicata (Juss.) Perr. (Passifloraceae) [Dickson, in Pringle et al., 1994: 73]. Passiflora mollissima (Knuth) L.H.Bailey (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Dickson, in Pringle et al., 1994: 73]. Passiflora manicata (Juss.) Pers. (Passifloraceae) [Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 135; Cape Town,

Western Cape; as Tacsonia magnifica].

Relevant literature: Claassens, 2002 [Melanistic aberrations].

conjuncta Blachier, 1912 (as ab. of Acraea horta). Bulletin de la Société Lépidoptérologique de Genève 2: 176 (173-177). No locality given. Treated as a form of Acraea horta by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) hova Boisduval, 1833 Acraea hova Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 177 (149-270).

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Type locality: Madagascar: “Sainte-Marie and Tamatave [Toamasina]”. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Sainte-Marie (TL); Toamasina (Boisduval, 1833). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) hypoleuca Trimen, 1898 Namibian Acraea

Acraea hypoleuca Trimen, 1898. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1898: 2 (1-16). Acraea hypoleuca Trimen, 1898. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) hypoleuca Trimen, 1898. Pringle et al., 1994: 83. Type locality: None given in the original description (the unique holotype label data stated only „Coll. Watson, 1871‟). General remarks: “The first specimen of Acraea hypoleuca was a male collected in 1871 but with no recorded locality. Trimen did his description in 1898 from this specimen. The origin of that specimen was a point of contention for many years; Eltringham came to the conclusion that it could be from South West Africa [Namibia]. The closest relative of Acraea hypoleuca is Acraea chilo Godman, which occurs from East Africa to Arabia. The second specimen was taken by Dr Brown at Maltahöhe in South West Africa; it was a female and was described by Dr Pinhey in 1972. This specimen is illustrated in Pennington’s butterflies of southern Africa (1978) as No. 120. In 1979 I [Stephen Braine] collected a female at Rössing and in 1982 I found a male at the Ugab River. In January 1983 I collected six males at the Ogam Hills and another male at the Ugab River. All these localities are in South West Africa. This butterfly is not as rare as it was originally thought to be. It has been found at several other localities by myself. … I have recorded this butterfly from the Swakop River northwards to the Sechomib River in the central section of Kaokoland.” (Braine & Henning, 1984). Distribution: Namibia. Specific localities: Namibia – Farm Mooirivier in the Maltahöhe district, on the edge of the Zaris mountains (H. Brown);

Rössing (S. Braine); Ugab River (Braine); Ogams Fountain, in Kaokoland (S. Braine); Khumib Konkol (Ficq).

Habitat: Flies in gullies and on granite outcrops where its larval host-plant grows (Braine & Henning, 1984). Habits: Adults fly from 10h00 to 18h00. It has been found to feed on the flowers of two Psilocaulon species, with a marked preference for the flowers of Calicorema capitata (Braine & Henning, 1984). Flight period: December to June, with peak emergence in January and February (Braine & Henning, 1984). Early stages: Braine & Henning, G., 1984: 6 (Metamorphosis 1(10): 6).

“On the 22nd of January 1984, while scouting about the granite hills south of a place known as Ogams Fountain on a patrol in Koakoland, I came across several Acraea hypoleuca. The insects were feeding on flowers of Calicorema capitata and a few perfect specimens were captured between 11h00 and 12h30. After a short lunch break I returned to the area of granite outcrops to search for the foodplant of this “common” acraea! Luck was on my side this particular afternoon for the first specimen observed was fluttering about the large bulbous plant Adenia pechuelli of the family Passifloraceae, which grows fairly prolifically in the above-mentioned area. It seemed as if this particular insect was investigating the plant with the intention of ovipositing and on closer observation I found the „ultimate sight‟, three large larvae peering at me from the top of the upright stems. After searching through several other plants, a few more larvae were collected. Only four of the larvae pupated and all emerged within ten days. No egg cases could be found, but small batches of newly hatched larvae of between 8 to 15 were found together on the buds and shoots of the foodplant, normally placed low down near the bulbous „foot‟ of the plant.

The final instar larvae are pale silvery grey with four large purplish black spots across each segment. The

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spines arise from tubercles situated on these spots. The spines are quite long with small branches and are pale ochreous brown in colour with the branches being dark brown. The head is orange with pale ochreous marks dorsally and a small brown lateral dot near the mouthparts, which are dark brown. The legs and prolegs are ochreous. The pupa is white. The abdomen has two dorsal and one lateral row of black-ringed ochreous spots connected by black marks. On the ventral surface are two closely aligned rows of black marks. The veins on the wing-covers and the markings on the thorax and head are black.” Pringle et al., 1994: 83.

Larval food: Adenia pechuellii (Engl.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Braine & Henning G., 1984: 6].

*Acraea (Acraea) igati Boisduval, 1833 Acraea igati Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 177 (149-270).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Sainte-Marie and Grande-Terre”. Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Specific localities: Madagascar – Sainte-Marie (TL); Grande-Terre (Boisduval, 1833). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) insignis Distant, 1880 Black-blotched Acraea

Acraea insignis Distant, 1880 in Godman & Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 184 (182-185). Acraea (Acraea) insignis Distant, 1880. Pringle et al., 1994: 73.

Acraea insignis insignis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 51mm. Amani, Tanganyika. VII.1936. G. van Son. (Transvaal Museum – TM3479).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Magila, East Africa”. Diagnosis: Specimens from low altitudes have the basal black markings on the hindwing reduced while those at high altitudes have more extensive, solid basal black markings (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Habitat: Forest, heavy woodland and coastal scrub (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-

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level to 2 300 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A very common forest species in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Mostly found flying in clearings and along forest roads, with an exuberant flight pattern when chasing each other around (Larsen, 1991c). On the Holdenby Reserve, Zimbabwe, it flies on the edge of the riverine forest growing along the Pungwe River, disappearing as soon as the sun is obscured (Cookson, vide Van Son, 1963). Both sexes feed from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Probably all year (Pringle et al., 1994). Type series (of subspecies gorongozae) captured in September and May (Van Son, 1963). Early stages: Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 128 [(ssp. insignis)]. “Eggs creamy, long oval, slight striations on long axis and transversely. Young larva dark brownish moulting to orange brown at third instar; underside blackish. Spines long, the base of each reddish. Pupa: golden to orange lined with black. Wing cases lined over the base. Thorax heavily marked above and entirely black below. Two dorsal black lines on abdomen composed of contiguous diamond-shaped spots, each with an orange centre. The orange on the fifth large. Lateral line of spots with yellow centres. Two ventral rows of small black spots with no yellowish centres.” Mullin, in Pringle et al., 1994: 73 [Pungwe Bridge, Zimbabwe; (ssp. gorongozae)].

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 157; ssp. insignis]. Camellia sinensis (Theaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 157; ssp. insignis]. Gossypium species (Malvaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 157; ssp. insignis]. Kiggelaria species (Flacourtiaceae) [Bampton, personal communication, 1993; Tanzania; ssp. insignis)]. Thea species (Theaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 382]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; ssp. insignis].

Acraea (Acraea) insignis insignis Distant, 1880 Acraea insignis Distant, 1880 in Godman & Distant, 1880. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1880: 184 (182-185).

Acraea insignis insignis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 51mm. Amani, Tanganyika. VII.1936. G. van Son. (Transvaal Museum – TM3479).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Magila, East Africa”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Ethiopia, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo (Uele, Ituri, Kivu), Kenya, Tanzania (east, north-east, north, south-west, extreme north-west, including Zanzibar), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique. Specific localities: Kenya – Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen,

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1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); Thika (Larsen, 1991c); Kitosh (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c).

Tanzania – Magila (TL); Zanzibar (Hewitson, 1877); Amani (male illustrated above). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Bwingi Mfumu (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

buxtoni Hewitson, 1877 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 155 (153-155). Tanzania: “Zanzibar”. [Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Telchinia buxtoni Butler, 1875 [Acraeinae].] Treated as a synonym of Acraea insignis insignis by Bernaud, 2009.

balbina Oberthür, 1888 (as sp. of Acraea). Études d’Entomologie 12: 6 (1-8). Tanzania: “Zanguebar”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea insignis insignis by Bernaud, 2009.

siginna Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea insignis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 19 (12-107). “Deutsch Ost. Afrikas”. This is a melanic form of the nominate subspecies (Van Son, 1963: 14). Treated as a synonym of Acraea insignis insignis by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Acraea) insignis gorongozae van Son, 1963 Acraea insignis gorongozae van Son, 1963. Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 14 (130 pp.). Acraea insignis gorongozae Van Son, 1963. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) insignis gorongozae Van Son, 1963. Pringle et al., 1994: 73. Type locality: [Mozambique]: “Gorongoza Mountain”. The type series includes males and females from Gorongosa Mountain and the Holdenby Reserve, captured in September, 1957 and May, 1958, respectively. Holotype in the Natural History Museum, London. Description: “Upperside ground colour light brick-red, similar to A. insignis f. siginna Suff., from which it differs in smaller size and in the shape of the black basal area of hindwing which is larger in proportion, extends further along the anal area than in siginna, and is not invaded anteriorly by the ground colour (in siginna, there is always a distinct wedge of the ground colour in the distal part of the anterior side of the cell); the black area bulges slightly in area Cu2 (in siginna it does so in area M1). Female very similar to male, except that the ground colour is less bright and is slightly more extensive in both fore- and hindwings, the latter being more elongate than in the male. The black marginal band of the hindwing is narrower than in the male, and the veins traversing the black basal patch are tinged with the ground colour.” Distribution: Mozambique (west), Zimbabwe (east). Specific localities: Mozambique – Gorongosa Mountain (TL; E.C.G. Pinhey). Zimbabwe – Lower Pungwe Gorge on the Holdenby Reserve (H. Cookson and D. Plowes).

*Acraea (Acraea) kappa Pierre, 1979 Acraea kappa Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 733 (719-737).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma”. Distribution: Tanzania (west – Kigoma-Mpanda district). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kigoma (TL); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Lowland and submontane forest at altitudes between 800 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This species was common in the Kemfu Forest, but this forest has been completely destroyed by human activities (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published.

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Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) kia Pierre, 1990 Acraea kia Pierre, 1990. Bulletin de la Société Sciences Nat (68): 1 (4 pp.).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma, Mukuyu”. Distribution: Tanzania (west – Kigoma Region). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mukuyu, Kigoma (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) kinduana Pierre, 1979 Acraea kinduana Pierre, 1979. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 15: 732 (719-737).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kindu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Maniema). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kindu (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kinduana Schouteden, 1919 (as ab. of Acraea admatha). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 149 (145-162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kindu”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea kinduana by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) leucographa Ribbe, 1889 Ribbe‟s Glassy Acraea

Acraea leucographa Ribbe, 1889. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 2: 181 (181-182).

Acraea leucographa leucographa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 46mm. Kakamega, W. Kenya, 1650m.. 10.iv.95. A.I. & M.A. Curle.

(Curle Trust Collection – 43).

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Type locality: Central African Republic: “Niam-Niam”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Old records from Sierra Leone are erroneous (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Lowland forest. Habits: In West Africa it is much scarcer than the closely related A. endoscota (Larsen, 2005a) but in the east of its range it is relatively common (Larsen, 1991c). They may fly high up but often come down from the canopy to feed from low-growing flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Rinorea species (Violaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 158].

Acraea (Acraea) leucographa leucographa Ribbe, 1889 Acraea leucographa Ribbe, 1889. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 2: 181 (181-182).

Acraea leucographa leucographa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 46mm. Kakamega, W. Kenya, 1650m.. 10.iv.95. A.I. & M.A. Curle.

(Curle Trust Collection – 43). Type locality: Central African Republic: “Niam-Niam”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Sudan (south), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Central African Republic – Niam-Niam (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri (Aurivillius, 1925). Kenya – Nandi (Larsen, 1991c); Mau (Larsen, 1991c); Elgon area (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest

(Larsen, 1991c; male illustrated above). Tanzania – Mukuyu Forest (Pierre, 1979); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d). According to Kielland (1991)

both of these forests have been destroyed. Thus, leucographa may longer occur in Tanzania. Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002)

gyldenstolpei Aurivillius, 1925 (as ab. of Acraea admatha). Archiv för Zoologi 17 (A) (32): 3 (20 pp.). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ituri”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Treated as a synonym of Acraea leucographa by Bernaud, 2009.

sinalba Pierre, 1979 (as morph [female] of Acraea leucographa). Annales de la Société Entomologique de

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France (N.S.) 15: 732 (719-737). Tanzania: “Kigoma, Makuyu”. Treated as a form of Acraea leucographa by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Acraea) leucographa jolyi Pierre, 2009 Acraea leucographa jolyi Pierre, 2009. Lambillionea 109 (3) (Tome 1): 247 (245-249).

Type locality: Ghana: “?”. Distribution: Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria. Old records from Sierra Leone are erroneous (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Ivory Coast – Banco (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2007).

*Acraea (Acraea) machequena Grose-Smith, 1887# Machequena Acraea

Acraea machequena Grose-Smith, 1887. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 62 (62-66). Acraea machequena HG Smith, 1887. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Acraea machequena Grose-Smith, 1953a. Acraea machequena Grose-Smith, 1887. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) machequena Grose-Smith, 1887. Pringle et al., 1994: 74.

Acraea machequena. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 41mm. Xiluvo, Moc., Vila Machado Distr. 13.V.1961. D.M. Cookson.

(Transvaal Museum - TM3483). Type locality: [Mozambique]: “Delagoa Bay”. Diagnosis: Characterized by the dentate markings on the hindwing upperside margin (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Tanzania (east), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Limpopo Province, KwaZulu-Natal – 2 records for the north). In South Africa its distribution covers 14 quarter degree squares (34 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as localized. Specific localities: Tanzania – Summit of Nyumbenitu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Dar es

Salaam (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); Rondo Plateau (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010).


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Zambia – Single record from just north of Chirundu (Gardiner) (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Delagoa Bay (TL) [Maputo]; Dondo Forest (Pennington); Xiluvo (D. Cookson; male

illustrated above); Maronga Forest on the Lucitu River (Pennington); Bopira (Van Son, 1963); Busi River (Van Son, 1963).

Zimbabwe – Lower Sabi River Valley (Carcasson); Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Butler South (Van Son, 1963); Vumba (Van Son, 1963); Mutare (Van Son, 1963); Mapembi (Van Son, 1963); Lomagundi (Van Son, 1963); Rutenga (Van Son, 1963); Harare (Van Son, 1963); Matobo Hills (Pinhey).

Limpopo Province – Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953 – single record); Buffelsberg, near Munnik (Pringle et al., 1994; probably a temporary breeding population).

KwaZulu-Natal – Eshowe district (J. and A. Nagle; 2 males); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002.

Habitat: Forest and thickly wooded savanna (Van Son, 1963; Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 340 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A comparatively rare species (Van Son, 1963; Kielland, 1990d). Specimens are usually seen gliding slowly over the tops of trees and bushes on the edges of forest. They settle as soon as the sun is obscured by clouds. Males were noted on top of a hill at Xiluvo in Mozambique from late April to early June. From 09:00 to 11:00 they were seen to feed from the yellow daisy-like flowers of a shrub, after which they were seen flying over tree-tops. Males were noted perching on leaves on the highest points of a tree, with the wings outspread. From these perches they made slow patrolling flights, chasing any other butterflies that passed by (Cookson, vide Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year (Van Son, 1963; Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) magnifica Carpenter & Jackson, 1950 Magnificent Acraea

Acraea chilo magnifica Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 19: 105 (97-

108). Acraea magnifica Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. D‟Abrera, 1997: 176 stat. rev.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mt. Marsabit, 4000 ft.”. Distribution: Kenya (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Mount Marsabit (TL); Mount Kulal (Larsen, 1991c); Ol Jogi Ranch, Nanyuki (Williams,

unpublished). Habitat: Dry savanna. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea chilo chilo by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) mahela Boisduval, 1833 Acraea mahela Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 179 (149-270).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Tintingue et Tamataue [Toamasina]”. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Tintingue (TL); Toamasina (Boisduval, 1833). Habitat: Transformed grasslands and anthropogenic environments (Lees et al., 2003).

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Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) matuapa Grose-Smith, 1889 Acraea matuapa Grose-Smith, 1889. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 127 (121-137).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Mombasa”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (TL); vicinity of coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c); Kibwezi (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills

(Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mazumbai, West Usambara (Kielland, 1990d); Lushoto, West Usambara (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Mainly in grassy areas in and around coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c). Found at an altitude of 1 400 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A butterfly that occurs in somewhat localized populations; these populations may sometimes contain a large number of individuals (Larsen, 1991c). On the wing it is difficult to distinguish from the common A. neobule (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) neobule Doubleday, [1847]# Wandering Donkey Acraea

Male Wandering Donkey Acraea (Acraea neobule), Senalala, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Acraea neobule Doubleday, 1847 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 19 (1847),

140 (1848) (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Acraea neobule Doubleday, 1848. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea neobule Doubleday. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea terpsicore neobule Doubleday, 1848. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) neobule Doubleday, 1848. Pringle et al., 1994: 73.

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Acraea neobule neobule. Male (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hartbeespoort Dam, North West Province, South Africa. 12 January 2002.


Acraea neobule neobule. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 50 mm.

Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea neobule neobule. Female (Wingspan 53 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Onderstepoort Nature Reserve, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 October 2013. M.C. Williams Collection.

Acraea neobule neobule. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 April 2004.


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Acraea neobule neobule. Female (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 54 mm.


Alternative common names: Neobule Acraea; Wandering Donkey. Type locality: “Congo”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina-Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho (Van Son, 1963), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Madagascar (Kielland, 1990d), Seychelles. Habitat: Savanna, especially Acacia thornveld (Van Son, 1963) and anthropogenic environments (Larsen, 1991c). Absent only from virgin forest (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common, widespread savanna butterfly that, at times, may be abundant. The flight pattern is low and fairly rapid for an acraea but sometimes lazy and circling (Larsen, 1991c). Males are avid hilltoppers, floating around the highest trees (Pringle et al., 1994). It is attracted to flowers, mainly those of flowering trees and tall bushes (Van Son, 1963). In the Kumasi area of Ghana it is a serious pest of tossa jute (Corchorus olitorius) (Ewete, 1990; Larsen, 2005a). It is also sometimes a pest on sweet potatoes, tobacco and various species of Hibiscus grown as vegetables in Ashanti villages (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: All of the warmer months of the year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 126. “The eggs are laid in groups or clusters on a creeper with a coarse fibrous leaf [unnamed] usually on the underside of the leaves, but often on the main stem. They are creamy at first but become orange as they mature. They are rather longer in shape than most acraeine eggs and rather pointed. The newly hatched larva is blackish or brownish, changing through brown to the reddish brown of the full fed caterpillar. A mature larva is terracotta above and white below, with a narrow white lateral line. The legs are yellowish, with black ends. The spines are fairly long with short barbs. The head is ochre-yellow. The pupa is white with heavy black markings, those on the wing cases particularly so. The abdominal segments have the usual orange spot encircled with black. The thorax is dorsally marked with two inverted U‟s, the lower being joined up to the two black lines from the spines of the head-piece.” Darlow, 1949b. Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 18. Egg. Laid in clusters on the surface of a leaf. They are 0.65 mm in diameter by 0.85 mm high, pale watery yellow when laid, darkening slightly later. There are 18 longitudinal ribs cross-braced by some 18 transverse ridges. Incubation period eight days. Larva. There are two groups discernible in the development, both originating from the same cluster of eggs, one taking six instars, the other seven, but occasionally the seventh instar of the latter group is dispensed with. When the 7th instar is not taken, the larvae grow from 19 mm to 28 mm in the final instar. Six instar group: 1st instar 2mm, growing to 3.5 mm in 5 days; 2nd instar growing to 6.5 mm in 5 days; 3rd instar growing to 10 mm in 5 days; 4th instar growing to 15 mm in 6 days; 5th instar growing to 21 mm in 6 days; 6th instar growing to 28 mm in 10 days. Seven instar group: 1st instar 1.75 mm, growing to 3 mm in 5 days; 2nd instar growing to 6 mm in 5

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days; 3rd instar growing to 9 mm in 8 days; 4th instar growing to 13 mm in 8 days; 5th instar growing to 19 mm in 8 days; 6th instar growing to 24 mm in 10 days; 7th instar growing to 28 mm in 10 days. The duration of each instar varies according to the prevailing conditions, and in warmer districts there is a continuous succession of broods.” Ewete, 1990 [as Acraea terpsichore L.]. Larval food: Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 19]. Barteria fistulosa (Flacourtiaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; as Tryphostemma

zanzibaricum]. Corchorus olitorius L. (Tiliaceae) [Ewete, 1990]. Hibiscus species (Malvaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. (Violaceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); Bernaud

(Benin)]. Ipomoea species (Convolvulaceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Nicotiana species (tobacco) [Larsen, 2005a]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Platt, 1921]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921].

Acraea (Acraea) neobule neobule Doubleday, [1847]# Acraea neobule Doubleday, 1847 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: pl. 19 (1847),

140 (1848) (1: 1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London. Acraea (Acraea) neobule neobule Doubleday, 1848. Pringle et al., 1994: 74.

Acraea neobule neobule. Male (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hartbeespoort Dam, North West Province, South Africa. 12 January 2002.


Acraea neobule neobule. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 50 mm.

Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.

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Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea neobule neobule. Female (Wingspan 53 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Onderstepoort Nature Reserve, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 October 2013. M.C. Williams Collection.

Acraea neobule neobule. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Montana, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa. 12 April 2004.


Acraea neobule neobule. Female (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 54 mm.


Type locality: “Congo”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina-Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province, Northern Cape Province), Swaziland, Lesotho (Van Son, 1963), Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Madagascar (Kielland, 1990d). In South Africa its distribution covers 285 quarter degree squares (934 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread.


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Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Monravia (Le Cerf, 1927). Ghana – Cape Coast Castle (Godman & Salvin, 1884); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2009). Benin – Lokoli (Tchibozo et al., 2008). Cameroon – Rumpi Hills (Helps, vide Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Nyonie (van de Weghe, 2010); Pongara (van de Weghe, 2010); Libreville (van de Weghe, 2010);

Cape Esterias (van de Weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (van de Weghe, 2010); Lambarene (van de Weghe, 2010); Iguela (van de Weghe, 2010); Gamba (van de Weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010); Franceville (van de Weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (van de Weghe, 2010); camp PPG (van de Weghe, 2010).

Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Somalia – Ola Uager (Storace, 1949); Belet Amin (Storace, 1949); Salambo (Storace, 1949). Kenya – Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1928); Rabai (Stoneham, 1943); Dida (Stoneham, 1943); Kilimanjaro

(Stoneham, 1943). Tanzania – Throughout (Kielland, 1990d); Mhonda (Vuillot, 1891); Mikindani (Wichgraf, 1914); Tewe (Le

Doux, 1923); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mokambo (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola

(Heath et al., 2002); Kamaila (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

Mozambique – Zumbo (Aurivillius, 1909b); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

Botswana – Widespread (Larsen, 1991l); Nosop Valley, Kgaligadi Transfrontier Park (Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990);

Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist).

Mpumalanga – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Verloren Vallei Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c).

North West Province – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006); Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams; female illustrated above); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2010).

Gauteng – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001).

KwaZulu-Natal – Throughout (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Muden (male illustrated above).

Eastern Cape Province – Port Elizabeth (Swanepoel, 1953); Hogsback (Swanepoel, 1953); Somerset East (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Bathurst (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Alfred (Swanepoel, 1953); King William‟s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Queenstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Bughersdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Van Son, 1963).

Northern Cape Province – Victoria West (Swanepoel, 1953); Hopetown (Van Son, 1963); Kenhardt (Van Son, 1963); Prieska (Van Son, 1963).

Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Yemen – Makálla, Râs Fártek (Rebel, 1899); Hagher-Gebirge bis 4500' (Rebel, 1907); Wadi el Hebs

(Gabriel, 1954).

seis Feisthamel, 1850 (as sp. of Acroea [sic]). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (2) 8: 247 (247-262). Gambia: “Gambie”. Given as Acraea neobule seis in Ackery et al., 1995. Larsen (2005a: 458) treats this taxon as a synonym of neobule, giving good reasons for so doing. Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.



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calyce Godman & Salvin, 1884 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1884: 221 (219-227). Benin: “Dahomey”; Niger; Ghana: “Cape Coast Castle”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

mhondana Vuillot, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 60: 115. Tanzania: “Mhonda (Zanguebar)”. Given as a synonym of Acraea neobule in Ackery et al., 1995: but regarded to be a synonym of Acraea terpsichore Linnaeus (an extralimital species) by Pierre & Bernaud, 1997 (Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 102 (5): 410). Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

arabica Rebel, 1899 (as sp. of Acraea). Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. 36: 359-361. Yemen: “Makálla, Râs Fártek”. The status of this taxon is uncertain; it may or may not be a valid subspecies (see discussion in Larsen, 1983). Treated as a subspecies of Acraea neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

socotrana Rebel, 1907 (as ssp. of Acraea neobule). Denkschrift der Akademie der Wissenschaften. Wien. 71 (2): 31-130 [1931 republication]. Yemen: “Hagher-Gebirge bis 4500'”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009 and spelt as sokotrana.

zambesina Aurivillius, 1909b (as sp. of Acraea). Arkiv för Zoologi 5 (5): 29 pp. Mozambique: “Zumbo am Zambezi-Flusse, Portug. Ost.-Afrika”. Given as a synonym of Acraea neobule in Ackery et al., 1995: but regarded to be a synonym of Acraea terpsichore Linnaeus (an extralimital species) by Pierre & Bernaud, 1997. (Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 102(5): 410). Treated as a synonym of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

braesioides Wichgraf, 1914 (as female f. of Acraea neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 347 (345-353). Zimbabwe: “Mashonaland”. Probably refers to a deformed specimen (Van Son, 1963). Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

guttata Wichgraf, 1914 (as ab. of Acraea neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 348 (345-353). Tanzania: “Mikindani”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

incredibilis Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violae neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 300 (297-316). South Africa: “Natal”. Van Son (1963) avers that this name refers only to an aberration. Treated as an aberration of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

camaenopsis Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea violae neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 222 (207-226). Tanzania: N.-Usambara, Tewe (Deuthsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009. cyaniris Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. of Acraea neobule seis). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 49 (44-58). Liberia: “Monravia”. Treated as an aberration Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

kibwezina Le Doux, 1928 (as female f. of Acraea terpsichore neobule). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1928: 110 (97-115). Kenya: “Kibwezi, Br.-O.-Afrika”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

isabellina Stoneham, 1943 (as female f. of Acraea neobule). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 3 (4 pp.). Kenya: Rabai”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

didalis Stoneham, 1943 (as female f. of Acraea neobule). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 4 (4 pp.). Kenya: “Dida”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

montana Stoneham, 1943 (as f. of Acraea neobule). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 4 (4 pp.). Kenya: “Kilimanjaro”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

macra Storace, 1949 (as f. [?] of Acraea neobule). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacomo Doria 64: 24 (12-29). Somalia: “Ola Uager”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

pallidepicta Storace, 1949 (as f. [?] of Acraea neobule). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di

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Genova) Giacomo Doria 64: 25 (12-29). Somalia: “Belet Amin; Salambo”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

sheba Gabriel, 1954 (as f. of Acraea neobule). British Museum (Natural History) expedition to south-west Arabia 1937-8 1: 356 (351-391). Yemen: “East Aden Protect., Wadi el Hebs”. Treated as a form of Acraea neobule neobule by Bernaud, 2009.

melanica Woodhall, 2000 (as f. of Acraea neobule). Metamorphosis 11 (1): 30 (28-32).

Acraea (Acraea) neobule legrandi Carcasson, 1964 Acraea neobule legrandi Carcasson, 1964. Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society & Coryndon Museum 24 (4): 69 (67-

72).

Type locality: Seychelles: “Aldabra”. Distribution: Seychelles (Aldabra, Assumption, Astove, and Cosmoledo Islands). Specific localities: Seychelles – Aldabra (TL). Note: Dominique Bernaud and James Lawrence (pers. comm.) believe that subspecies legrandi is a synonym of the nominate subspecies (MCW).

*Acraea (Acraea) oscari Rothschild, 1902 Acraea oscari Rothschild, 1902. Novitates Zoologicae 9: 595 (595-598).

Type locality: Ethiopia: “Banka, Malo”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Banka, Malo (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) pseudolycia Butler, 1874 Acraea pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 213 (209-217).

Acraea pseudolycia pseudolycia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside.

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Wingspan: 65mm. Mokambo Hill, Mokambo, Zambia/Zaire border, 4600'. 6-II-1983. M.A. Newport. (Henning collection – H129).

Type locality: Angola: “Quanza”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Angola. Habitat: Savanna. In Tanzania at altitudes from near sea-level to 2 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively uncommon species (Larsen, 1991c). On the wing subspecies astrigera is impossible to tell apart from A. anemosa (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea (Acraea) pseudolycia pseudolycia Butler, 1874 Acraea pseudolycia Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 213 (209-217).

Acraea pseudolycia pseudolycia. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 65mm. Mokambo Hill, Mokambo, Zambia/Zaire border, 4600'. 6-II-1983. M.A. Newport.

(Henning collection – H129).

Type locality: Angola: “Quanza”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Maniema), Zambia (west). Specific localities: Angola – Quanza (TL). Zambia – a single male taken at Mokambo on the Zambia-D.R.C. border by Newport (Heath et al., 2002;

illustrated above).

brunnea Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea astrigera). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 151 (149-153). Angola; Uganda: “Unyoro and Masindi (Unyoro); Entebbe”. Treated as a form of Acraea psudolycia pseudolycia by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Acraea) pseudolycia astrigera Butler, 1899 Acraea astrigera Butler, 1899. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1899: 421 (417-427).

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Acraea pseudolycia astrigera. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 60mm. Mpanda, Tanzania. J Kielland. (Henning collection – H130).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “On the road from Machako‟s to Naugia, 4800 feet”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda (north), Kenya (central and east), Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia (east). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Lake Auasa (Gabriel, 1949). Kenya – Between Machakos and Naugia (TL); Kitui (Larsen, 1991c); Machakos (Larsen, 1991c); coast

(Larsen, 1991c); Fort Hall (Larsen, 1991c); Ngong (Larsen, 1991c); Meru (Larsen, 1991c); southern Masai (Larsen, 1991c); Narok (Larsen, 1991c).

Tanzania – Ugogo (Weymer, 1903); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kiboriani Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Njoge Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Oldeani-Ngorongoro (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Lolkisale (Kielland, 1990d); Arusha (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006); Mpanda (male illustrated above).

Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mansya River (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002).

emini Weymer, 1903 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 16: 221 (221-235). Tanzania: “Ugogo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudolycia astrigera by Bernaud, 2009.

auasa Gabriel, 1949 (as female f. of Acraea pseudolycia astrigera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 18: 207 (207-216). Ethiopia: “Lake Auasa”. Treated as a form of Acraea pseudolycia astrigera by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) punctimarginea Pinhey, 1956 Acraea punctimarginea Pinhey, 1956. Occasional Papers. Coryndon Memorial Museum (4): 15 (10-16).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kimboza Forest, Uluguru Mountains, near Morogoro”. Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kimboza Forest (TL); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest at 200 to 350 m (Kimboza Forest) (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is feeble and hovering, in the semi-shade of dense forest (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

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*Acraea (Acraea) quirina (Fabricius, 1781)

Common Glassy Acraea Papilio quirina Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 36 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii.

Acraea quirina quirina. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 45 mm.

Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 June 2009. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea quirina quirina. Female (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 46 mm.


Type locality: [Africa]: “India, Madras”. [False locality.] Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi. Habitat: Forest, including disturbed forest. Extends into the Guinea savanna in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1 400 m, while subspecies rosa is found at altitudes from sea-level to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Not particularly common but periodic irruptions do occur (Larsen, 2005a). It flies slowly at variable elevations (Larsen, 1991c), in the semi-shade of the forest (Kielland, 1990d). Owen (1974) noted that, in Sierra Leone, females predominate in April and May, followed by male predominance in June. Males rest on leaves with opened wings and periodically join other butterflies in spiraling flights in shafts of sunlight (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes mudpuddle during very dry periods (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Van Someren & Rogers, 1925. Larval food: Drypetes species (Euphorbiaceae) [Owen, 1971; (Sierra Leone]. Rinorea brachypetala (Turcz.) Kuntze var. brachypetala (Violaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; as Rinorea

46

poggei Engler]. Rinorea convallariiflora M.Brandt (Violaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Rinorea elliotii Engl. (Violaceae) [Owen, 1971; Sierra Leone]. Rinorea subintegrifolia (P.Beauv.) Kuntze (Violaceae) [Owen, 1971; Sierra Leone].

Acraea (Acraea) quirina quirina (Fabricius, 1781) Papilio quirina Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 36 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii.

Acraea quirina quirina. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 45 mm.


Acraea quirina quirina. Female (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 46 mm.


Type locality: [Africa]: “India, Madras”. [False locality.] Distribution: Senegal (south-east), Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Gambia – Abuko (L. Barnett & C. Emms; H. Boersma). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2009). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Iguela (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Mikongo (van de Weghe, 2010);

Ivindo N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010); camp PPG (van de Weghe, 2010).

Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kilometre 245 from Kindu (Schouteden, 1919).

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Tanzania – Northern Mpanda, north to Gombe north of Kigoma town (Kielland, 1990d).

dice Drury, 1782 (as sp. of Papilio). Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 23 (76 pp.). London. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009. Treated as a synonym of Acraea quirina quirina by Bernaud, 2009. Erroneously recorded from South Africa by Trimen, 1862c (MCW).

bourgeoni Schouteden, 1919 (as f. of Acraea quirina). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 148 (145-162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Du Kilomètre 245 de Kindu”. Treated as a form of Acraea quirina by Bernaud, 2009 and spelt as burgeoni.

Acraea (Acraea) quirina rosa Eltringham, 1912 Acraea quirina rosa Eltringham, 1912. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 60 (1-374).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kitui, Rabai”. Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya (north and east), Tanzania (east), Malawi. Specific localities: Kenya – Kitui, Rabai (TL); central highlands (Larsen, 1991c); coast (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Kulal (Larsen,

1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Rondo Plateau (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest

(Kielland, 1990d); Mahenge (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa scarp (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); lower parts of Ngorongoro Forest (1 800 m) (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d).

*Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae Ward, 1873# Clear-wing Acraea

Female Clear-wing Acraea (Acraea rabbaiae) near Tembe Elephant Park, KwaZulu-Natal. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 152 (59-60, 151-152). Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea rabbaiae Ward. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Pringle et al., 1994: 74. Type locality: [Kenya]: “Ribé” [=Rabai]. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland.

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Habitat: Coastal forest and bush (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A rather rare butterfly in South Africa (Van Son, 1963) but common in Kenya (Larsen, 1991c). It generally flies high in the forest canopy, occasionally descending to feed at flowers. The flight pattern is light and dancing (Larsen, 1991c). Females are usually seen fluttering on the edges of the forest, sometimes low down (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: September to April (Pringle et al., 1994). Subspecies perlucida has been recorded from September to June (Henning & Henning, 1996). Early stages: Monteiro, 1891: 219. [subspecies perlucida]. “All the caterpillars of the Acraeas that I have seen are thickly studded with spines, that of A. rabbaiae being bright red with black spines, and make elegant suspended pupa coverings, through which the future wings can be most plainly distinguished, more so than in any other species I have seen.” Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 116 [nominate subspecies; as Acraea rabbaiae mombasa]. “The eggs of this species are long, barrel-shaped, slightly more tapering at the upper end. There is a slight trace of longitudinal and transverse ribs. They are laid in clusters or groups on the underside of the leaves of two species of creepers (as yet unidentified). Newly laid eggs are creamy, but they rapidly turn greyish brown. When the larvae are in their first stages they are greyish brown, becoming in the third and last instar reddish brown on all the segments except the first three and last. These are dull yellowish. The spines are long and branched. Fore legs yellowish, hind black. Underside of body dull whitish. Head glossy black. The pupa is elongate, thicker in the region of the wingcases and tapeing at the tail end. The colour is variable but is generally whitish or cream, inclining to buff on the wingcases. The thorax is angled posteriorly and laterally, a black line arises from the apex of each projection and is carried inward and forward to meet in a common line on the dorsum. The wing cases are finely lined in black. The abdominal segments are decorated with two dorsal, one lateral and one ventral, rows of contiguous spots, one to each segment, each bearing a large orange spot in the centre.” Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 30.

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Passifloraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 163]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J. de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; as Tryphostemma

zanzibaricum].

Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae rabbaiae Ward, 1873 Acraea rabbaiae Ward, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 152 (59-60, 151-152).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Ribé” [=Rabai]. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Mozambique (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Rabai (TL); Mombasa (Grose-Smith, 1889); Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills

(Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mtwara (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d);

Usarumu (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains near Morogoro town (Kielland, 1990d); Kiono Forest at Sadani (Kielland, 1990d).

mombasae Grose-Smith, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 127 (121-137). Kenya: “Mombasa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rabbaiae rabbaiae by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae perlucida Henning & Henning, 1996#

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Acraea (Acraea) rabbaiae perlucida Henning & Henning, 1996. Metamorphosis 7 (2): 66 (65-67).

Acraea rabbaiae perlucida. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal. 12 May 2009.


Acraea rabbaiae perlucida. Female (Wingspan 61 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tembe, KwaZulu-Natal. 14 May 2009.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: South Africa: “South Africa: Tembe, KwaZulu-Natal, 20.v.1993, S.E. Woodhall.” Described from 32 males and 19 females. Holotype in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. Distribution: Malawi (single record), Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Mpumalanga, Gauteng [single specimen], KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 19 quarter degree squares (140 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Mozambique – Maputo (Van Son, 1963); Dondo Forest (Pringle et al., 1994). Zimbabwe – Lundi (Van Son, 1963); Mutare district (Van Son, 1963); Vumba (Van Son, 1963); Mount

Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Chipinga (Van Son, 1963); Melsetter (Van Son, 1963). Mpumalanga – Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Tembe Nature Reserve (TL); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Michaelhouse, Balgowan

(Pennington; single male); Balcomb‟s Hill near Kranskop (Pennington; single male); False Bay (Pennington; single specimen); Eshowe Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Emanguzi Forest (Pringle et al., 1994; male and female illustrated above); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002).

Swaziland – Singceni (Pennington; single male).

*Acraea (Acraea) ranavalona Boisduval, 1833


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Male and female Acraea ranavalona from Nosy Iranje, Madagascar. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte. Acraea ranavalona Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 178 (149-270).

Type locality: Madagascar: “Dans les bois, à Sainte-Marie et à le Grande-Terre”. Distribution: Madagascar, Comoro Islands. Specific localities: Madagascar – Sainte Marie (TL); Nosy Iranje (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010); Nosy Be (R. Schutte,

pers. comm. April 2010); Anjajavy Peninsula (R. Schutte, pers. comm. April 2010). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

maransetra Ward, 1872 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 9: 2 (2-3). Madagascar. Treated as a synonym of Acraea ranavalona by Bernaud, 2009.

manandaza Ward, 1872 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 9: 147 (147-149). Madagascar. Treated as a synonym of Acraea ranavalona by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) satis Ward, 1871# East-coast Acraea

Male and female East-coast Acraeas (Acraea satis) in the Hlatikulu Forest, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea satis Ward, 1871. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 8: 35 (34-36, 58-60, 81-82, 118-122). Acraea satis Ward. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea satis Ward, 1871. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) satis Ward, 1871. Pringle et al., 1994: 75.

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Acraea satis. Male (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hlatikhulu Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 27 February 2010. R. Schutte.


Acraea satis. Female (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Hlatikhulu Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 27 February 2010. R. Schutte.

Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Alternative common name: Coast Acraea. Type locality: [Kenya]: “Ribé”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). In South Africa its distribution covers 22 quarter degree squares (265 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Rabai (TL); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Voi (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Zanzibar (Staudinger, 1885); Rondo Plateau (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest (Kielland,

1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Kiono Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Sanje at the foot of Mwanihana Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains at Kimboza (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro town (Kielland, 1990d); Turiani, Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Lusinde, Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park in Vuma Hills (Kielland, 1990d).

Mozambique – 24 km south of Espungabera (Pennington); Mosenory River (Van Son, 1963). Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Melsetter (Van Son, 1963); Chipinga (Van Son, 1963). KwaZulu-Natal – Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Isipingo (Swanepoel, 1953); Gwaliweni Forest, 20 miles

south of Ingwavuma, Lebombo Mountains (= Hlatikulu Forest Reserve) (Van Son, 1963); False Bay (Van Son, 1963); St Lucia (Van Son, 1963); Cecil Mack‟s Pass (Van Son, 1963); Kranskop (Pennington, vide Van Son, 1963); Dukuduku Forest (Van Son, 1963); Umhlanga Rocks (Pennington; single male); Ubombo (Brauer).

Habitat: Coastal and eastern lowland forest. In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 870 m (Kielland,


52

1990d). Habits: A common species in Kenya (Larsen, 1991c). Males fly high in the tree tops, especially during the midday hours but may also be encountered gliding around clearings in the forest. Mullin noted that they defend territories from perches. Females fly low down in the forest undergrowth (Pringle et al., 1994). Van Son (1963) notes that both sexes fly low down in the semi-shade from 09:00 to 11:00, after which they ascend to the tree-tops. Both sexes are attracted to flowers (Kielland, 1990d). Van Someren & Rogers (1926) suggest that females mimic Amauris ochlea. Flight period: September to April (Pringle et al., 1994). All year; peak emergence appears to be November-December and February-April (Van Son, 1963). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Urera hypselodendron (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wedd. (Urticaceae) [Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 32]. Urera trinervis (Hochst.) Friis & Immelaman (Urticaceae) [Henning, S., & Henning, G., 1989: 32; as U.

cameroonensis].

corona Staudinger, 1885 in Staudinger and Schatz, 1884-8 (as sp. of Acraea). Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 83 (333 pp.). Bayern. Tanzania: “Insel Zanzibar”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea satis by Bernaud, 2009.

donatis Woodhall, 2000 (as f. of Acraea satis). Metamorphosis 11 (1): 29 (28-32).

*Acraea (Acraea) trimeni Aurivillius, [1899]# Trimen‟s Acraea

Acraea barberi ab. or var. trimeni Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31

(5): 91 (1-561). Acraea zetes trimeni Aurivillius, 1898. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea zetes trimeni Aurivillius, 1899. Ackery et al., 1995: 248. Acraea trimeni Aurivillius, 1899. Henning, 1993: 9. [Not seen by Ackery et al., 1995] Acraea (Acraea) trimeni Aurivillius, 1899. Pringle et al., 1994: 82. Type locality: [Namibia]: “Rehaboth (Deutsch S. W. Afrika)”; South Africa: “West Griqualand, Transvaal”. Distribution: Botswana (extreme south-west), Namibia (central and south), South Africa (Free State Province – south-west, Eastern Cape Province – north-east, Northern Cape Province). In South Africa its distribution covers 15 quarter degree squares (54 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as localized. Specific localities: Namibia – Rehoboth (Type locality); Eros Mountains near Windhoek (Le Doux, 1931); Tsumeb (Le Doux,

1931). Eastern Cape Province – Steynsburg (Pringle et al., 1994). Northern Cape Province – just north of Prieska (Pennington); Bladgrond, west of Prieska (Pennington);

Griquatown (Pringle et al., 1994); Douglas (Pringle et al., 1994); Upington (Pringle et al., 1994); Barkly West (Pringle et al., 1994); Windsorten (Pringle et al., 1994).

Habitat: Arid savanna. Habits: Specimens have been seen feeding from the flowers of tall thorn trees. Males hilltop, and select a perch about which they hover (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: October to March. Apparently commonest in October (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Treated as a subspecies of Acraea zetes by Bernaud, 2009.

eros Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea zetes barberi). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 218 (207-226). Namibia: “Eros Gebirge bei Windhoek (Deutsche-Südwestafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea acara


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barberi by Bernaud, 2009.

nigromacula Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Acraea zetes trimeni). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 56 (49-59). Namibia: “Tzumeb, D.-S.-W.-Afrika”. Treated as a form of Acraea acara barberi by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) turlini Pierre, 1979 Acraea turlini Pierre, 1979. Revue Française d’Entomologie (N.S.) 1: 27 (27-29).

Type locality: Rwanda: “Sud-Ouest du Ruanda: Wincka, forêt de Nyungwe, 2500 m”. Distribution: Rwanda. Known only from the type locality. Specific localities: Rwanda – Nyungwe Forest (TL). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Acraea) turna Mabille, 1877 Acraea turna Mabille, 1877. Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques 2: 158 (157-158).

Type locality: Madagascar. Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Mahobo (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892); Beloha (Le Cerf, 1927). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

marmorata Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892 in Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1887-92 (as sp. of Acraea). Rhopalocera exotica, being illustrations of new, rare and unfigured species of butterflies 1: 9 (183 pp.). London. Madagascar: “Mahobo, Madagascar”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea turna by Bernaud, 2009.

lacteata Le Cerf, 1927 (as ssp. of Acraea turna). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 51 (44-58). Madagascar. Treated as a form of Acraea turna by Bernaud, 2009.

scioptera Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. of Acraea turna lacteata). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: ? (44-58). Madagascar: “Beloha, Madagascar”. Treated as a form of Acraea turna by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Acraea) zetes (Linnaeus, 1758) Large Spotted Acraea

Papilio zetes Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 487 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Pringle et al., 1994: 82.

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Acraea zetes zetes. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 63 mm. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November 2011. J. Dobson.


Acraea zetes zetes f. menippe. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 63mm. Bwamba. Rev H. Falke. (Henning collection – H131).

Type locality: [Africa]: “India”. [False locality.] Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Angola, Nambia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique (Timberlake et al., 2007), Namibia. Habitat: Open deciduous forest and woodland savanna (Heath et al., 2002; Larsen, 2005a). In West Africa it has colonized disturbed areas in the forest zone (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania at altitudes between 800 and 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Not normally a numerous butterfly (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is rather fast and swooping (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes are very fond of flowers (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Darlow, 1949b. Bernaud & Pierre, 1996. Larsen, 1999 [pupa]. Pierre, Bernaud & Oremans, 2002 [ssp annobona; Sao Tome and Principe].

Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; Pierre &

Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; Bernaud & Pierre, 1996].

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Barteria fistulosa Mast. (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); as B. fistulosa; Jiggins et al., 2003 (Uganda); as Barteria acuminata ssp. fistulosa Baker].

Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)].

Deidama species (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Hydnocarpus species (Flacourtiaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 166]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978; Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Phyllobotryum spathulatum Müll.Arg. (Flacourtiaceae) [Lees, 1989 (Cameroon)]. Smeathmannia species (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Tacsonia species (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast)]. Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) [Smith, 1965 (Ghana)].

Acraea (Acraea) zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758) Papilio zetes Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 487 (824 pp.). Holmiae. Acraea zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Acraea) zetes zetes (Linnaeus, 1758). Pringle et al., 1994: 82.

Acraea zetes zetes. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 63 mm. Kakum Forest, Ghana. 20 November 2011. J. Dobson.


Acraea zetes zetes f. menippe. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 63mm. Bwamba. Rev H. Falke. (Henning collection – H131).

Type locality: [Africa]: “India”. [False locality.] Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (north-west and

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Copperbelt), Mozambique (Timberlake et al., 2007), Namibia (north). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Ankasa N.P. (Larsen, 2005a); Shai Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001). Nigeria – Calabar (Drury, 1782); Oban Hills N.P. (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Throughout (van de Weghe, 2010). Uganda – Bwamba (male illustrated above). Tanzania – From Ufipa to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al.,

2006). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Kasangezhi (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); “to

the south of Lake Tanganyika” (Neave vide Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007). Namibia – Kombat (J. Braine; probably a stray).

menippe Drury, 1782 (as sp. of Papilio). Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 16 (76 pp.). London. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”; Senegal; Gambia; Nigeria: “Calabar”. Treated as a form of Acraea zetes zetes by Bernaud, 2009.

mycenaea Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-[1826]] (as sp. of Telchinia). Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 27 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zetes zetes by Bernaud, 2009.

jalema Godart, 1819 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Acraea). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 234 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. “Afrique”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zetes zetes by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Acraea) zetes annobona d‟Abrera, 1980 Acraea zetes annobona d‟Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 144 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Pigalu, (Annobón)”; Sao Tome and Principe: “Sao Tomé Is”. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Annobon), Sao Tome and Principe (island of Sao Tome). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Pigalu, Annobon (TL),

Acraea (Acraea) zetes rudolfi Eltringham, 1929 Acraea zetes rudolfi Eltringham, 1929 in Eltringham, et al., 1929. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 77: 490

(475-504).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Marsabit”. Distribution: Kenya (north), Uganda? (extreme north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Mount Marsabit (TL); Mount Kulal (Larsen, 1991c); Turkana (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen,

1991c).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea zetes zetes by Bernaud, 2009.

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Acraea (Acraea) zetes sidamona Rothschild & Jordan, 1905

Acraea zetes sidamona Rothschild & Jordan, 1905. Novitates Zoologicae 12: 179 (175-191).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Alata, Sidamo; Fanole”. Distribution: Ethiopia. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Alata, Sidamo (TL); Fanole (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905).

*Acraea (Acraea) zonata Hewitson, 1877 Acraea zonata Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 154 (153-155).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Darrasalam”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Malawi, Mozambique (Congdon et al., 2010). Specific localities: Kenya – Mombasa (Grose-Smith, 1889); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Dar es Salaam (TL); Mtwara (Kielland, 1990d); Zanzibar (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest

(Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Kiono Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Bondwa in the Ulugurus (Kielland, 1990d); Kindoroko Forest Reserve in the North Pares at 1600-1700 m (Cordeiro, 1995).

Habitat: Coastal forest and dense woodland (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 600 m; sometimes as high as 2 140 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a generally rare species, except in the Shimba Hills, where small numbers may be encountered year round (Larsen, 1991c). Usually flies high up, circling around tree tops for long periods (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is described as hovering (Kielland, 1990d). Both sexes visit flowering herbs and bushes (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

makupa Grose-Smith, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 126 (121-137). Kenya: “Mombasa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zonata by Bernaud, 2009.

Subgenus Rubraea Henning, 1992 Metamorphosis 3 (3): 106 (100-114). Type-species: Papilio egina Cramer, 1775, by original designation.

An Afrotropical subgenus of 38 species.

*Acraea (Rubraea) abdera Hewitson, [1852] Abdera Acraea

Acraea abdera Hewitson, 1852 in Hewitson, 1851-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 57 ([124] pp.). London.

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Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda. Habitat: Forest edges (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A localized, rare species, which has occasional population irruptions (Larsen, 2005a). Males patrol territories about four metres long on forest paths, flying quite fast, about a metre above the ground. Males also defend territories on tree-tops (Larsen, 2005a). Mudpuddling by both sexes is seen in hot, dry weather (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Oncoba gilgiana Sprague (Flacourtiaceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory Coast); as Caloncoba gilgiana]. Oncoba glauca (P.Beauv.) Planch. (Flacourtiaceae) [Bernaud, 2000 (Central African Republic); as

Caloncoba glauca]. Oncoba spinosa Forssk.) (Flacourtiaceae) [Larsen, 2005a (Aburi, Ghana)].

Acraea (Rubraea) abdera abdera Hewitson, [1852] Acraea abdera Hewitson, 1852 in Hewitson, 1851-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 57 ([124] pp.). London.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda. Specific localities: Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Nyonie (van de Weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (van de Weghe, 2010); Akaka (van de Weghe, 2010);

Waka (van de Weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

Acraea (Rubraea) abdera eginopsis Aurivillius, [1899] Acraea cepheus var. eginopsis Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31 (5):

93 (1-561).

Type locality: Sierra Leone?: “wahrscheinlich Sierra Leona”; Togo. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (west). Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Kenema (C. Belcastro, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Tai (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Likpe (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Aburi (Larsen, 2005a); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary

(Larsen, 2005a).

nigrescens Eltringham, 1912 (as female f. of Acraea cepheus). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 114 (1-374). Sierra Leone. Treated as a synonym of Acraea abdera eginopsis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) acrita Hewitson, [1865]# Fiery Acraea

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Left: Male Fiery Acraea (Acraea acrita) feeding on flowers of Deinbollia oblongifolia in Manguzi Forest. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Right: Male Fiery Acraea, Manguzi Forest, Zululand. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea acrita Hewitson, 1865 in Hewitson, 1862-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 16 (124 pp.). London. Acraea acrita Hewitson. Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Acraea acrita Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea acrita Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) acrita Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 79.

Acraea acrita acrita. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 17 May 2009.


Acraea acrita acrita. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 12 May 2009. M.C. Williams Collection.

Type locality: “Zambesi”. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.

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Recorded, in error, from Uganda by Van Son, 1963 (MCW). Habitat: Savanna and heavy woodland. In Tanzania the nominate subspecies is found from near sea-level to altitudes of up to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Specimens fly over open ground on the edges of bush, with a fairly rapid fluttering flight (Van Son, 1963). They settle frequently, on grass or other low vegetation, particularly the upper branches of shrubs (Van Son, 1963). Both sexes are attracted to flowers (Van Son, 1963). It is very alert and wary (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

Acraea (Rubraea) acrita acrita Hewitson, [1865]# Acraea acrita Hewitson, 1865 in Hewitson, 1862-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 16 (124 pp.). London. Acraea acrita acrita Hewitson, 1865. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) acrita acrita Hewitson, 1865. Pringle et al., 1994: 79.

Acraea acrita acrita. Male (Wingspan 49 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 17 May 2009.


Acraea acrita acrita. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 12 May 2009. M.C. Williams Collection.

Type locality: “Zambesi”. Distribution: Kenya (south), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa (Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal – north). In South Africa its distribution covers 15 quarter degree squares (359 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as localized.


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Specific localities: Kenya – Taveta (Van Son, 1963); southern Masai (Larsen, 1991c); Diani (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – South-eastern, eastern and north-eastern parts, inland to the Rubeho Mountains and central parts

(Kielland, 1990d); Unyika-Mbose (Thurau, 1903); Mandera (Strand, 1911); Msamwia (Strand, 1911); Lindi (Strand, 1911); Usaramo (Strand, 1911); Dar-es-Salaam (Strand, 1911); Angabe (Le Doux, 1931); Mahenge (Le Doux, 1932).

Malawi – Lower Shire Valley (Le Doux, 1932); Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mid Luangwa Valley (Le Doux, 1932). Mozambique – Maputo (Eltringham, 1912); Rikatla (Le Doux, 1932); Bopira (Busi River) (Van Son, 1963);

Macequece (Van Son, 1963); Inhaca Island (Van Son, 1963); Amatongas (male illustrated above); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

Zimbabwe – Mutare (Le Doux, 1932); Shamva (Van Son, 1963); Lomagundi District (Van Son, 1963); Vumba (Van Son, 1963); Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963); Darwin (Van Son, 1963); Harare (Van Son, 1963).

Mpumalanga – Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pennington); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); Emanguzi Forest

(Swanepoel, 1953); Lake Sibayi (Swanepoel, 1953); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Maputa (Van Son, 1963); Makane‟s Drift (Pringle et al., 1994); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Black Rock, 10 km NW of Manguzi (male and female illustrated above).

pauperata Thurau, 1903 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 129 (117-143). No locality given. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

aquilia Thurau, 1903 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 129 (117-143). Tanzania: “Unyika-Mbose”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

chaeribulula Strand, 1911 (as f. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 281 (275-304). “Ost-Afrika”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

aquilina Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 281 (275-304). Tanzania: “Mandera, Ost-Afrika”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

msamwiae Strand, 1911 (as f. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). Tanzania: “S. Tanganyika, Msamwia”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

lindica Strand, 1911 (as [form] of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). Tanzania: “Lindi in Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

usaramensis Strand, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). Tanzania: “Usaramo (Deutsch-Ostafrika); Dar-es-Salam”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

nyassicola Strand, 1911 (as [form] of Acraea acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 5: 282 (275-304). “N. Nyassa-See”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

littoralis Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea acrita). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 149 (1-374). “East Coast as far as Delagoa Bay”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acrita acrita by Van Son, 1963: 68. Treated as a synonym of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

megaspila Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. of Acraea acrita). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 52 (44-58). Mozambique: “Lourenco-Marques”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

albomaculosa Le Doux, 1931 (as female f. of Acraea acrita acrita). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 53 (49-59). Tanzania: “D.-O.-Afrika (ohne nähere Angabe)”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita

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by Bernaud, 2009. fusca Le Doux, 1932 (as female f. of Acraea acrita acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 199 (172-225). Malawi: “Deutsch-O-Afrika, Nyassaland, Lower Shire Valley”; Zambia: “NO-Rhodesia, Mid Luangwa Vally”; Zimbabwe: “Süd O-Rhodesia, Umtali”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

nigromarginata Le Doux, 1932 (as f. of Acraea acrita acrita). Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 199 (172-225). Tanzania: “Deutsch O.-Afrika, Mahenge”; Mozambique: “Portug. O.-Afrika, Rikatla”; South Africa: “Transvaal”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea acrita acrita by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Rubraea) acrita ambigua Trimen, 1891 Acraea ambigua Trimen, 1891. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 70 (59-107). Acraea acrita ambiqua Trimen, 1891. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Synonym of Acraea acrita Hewitson, 1865. Ackery et al., 1995: 229. Acraea (Rubraea) acrita ambigua Trimen, 1891. Pringle et al., 1994: 79 [Not seen by Ackery et al., 1995].

Type locality: [Namibia]: “Ehanda, Okavango River”. Diagnosis: In the nominate subspecies the apical area on the forewing upperside is moderately broad, and never reaches halfway between the apex and the end of the cell; the inner edge is slightly incurved. In suspecies ambigua, in contrast, the apical area is very broad, reaching halfway between the apex and the end of the cell; its inner edge is straight (Van Son, 1963). Distribution: Zambia, Angola (south), Botswana, Namibia (north). Specific localities: Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002);

Katambora Rapids (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Choma (Heath et al., 2002); Chipata (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

Angola – Hartebeest Pans, Kunene (Weymer, 1901); Kuito (Weymer, 1901). Botswana – Confluence of the Chobe and Zambezi Rivers (F. Selous vide Trimen, 1891). Namibia – Ehanda, Okavango River (TL); Ovamboland (Van Son, 1963).

bella Weymer, 1901 (as var. of Acraea acrita). Entomologische Zeitschrift. Frankfurt a.M 15: 61 (61-64, 65-67, 69-70). Angola: “Kunene bei Hartebeestpfanne und am Onshingue unweit des Kuito”. Given as a synonym of Acraea acrita ambigua Trimen, 1891 by Van Son, 1963: 70. Treated as a synonym of Acraea eltringhamiana eltringhamiana by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) annonae Pierre, 1987 Acraea annonae Pierre, 1987. Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (N.S.) 4: 15 (5-27).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Biano)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba). Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Ackery et al., 1995 (Heath et al., 2002). The error may have arisen because the map in Pierre‟s original paper mistakenly shows the type locality of Kapiri (D.R.C.) as Kapiri Mposhi (Zambia) (Heath et al., 2002: 121). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Biano, Katanga (TL); Kapiri (Schouteden, 1927). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kapiriensis Schouteden, 1927 (as f. of Acraea lualabae). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 14: 307 (283-309).

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Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapiri”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea annonae by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) asema Hewitson, 1877 Speckled Orange Acraea

Acraea asema Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 52 (51-52). Acraea asema Hewitson, 1877. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) asema Hewitson, 1877. Pringle et al., 1994: 85.

Acraea asema. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Amatongas, P.E. Africa. 22.VIII.1957. K.M. Pennington.

(Transvaal Museum – TM3562). Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”. Diagnosis: Differs from A. violarum in the greatly reduced hindwing basal suffusion and clearer spots of the hindwing marginal band (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Tanzania (south), Malawi, Zambia (central and south-east), Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Specific localities: Zambia – Broken Hill (Le Doux, 1922); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Chisamba (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka

(Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002); the Luangwa Valley corridor (Heath et al., 2002); Mafinga Mountains (Heath et al., 2002).

Tanzania – Ubena-Langenburg (Le Doux, 1922); Lake Rukwa (Le Doux, 1922); Masagati Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d).

Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Butler, 1894). Mozambique – Amatongas (male illustrated above); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Zimbabwe – Harare (Le Doux, 1922); Bamboo Creek (Le Doux, 1922). Habitat: Dry deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 300 to 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies rather feebly, close to the ground (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Tricliceras species (Turneraceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 37].

empusa Butler, 1894 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 656 (643-684). Malawi: “Zomba”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea asema by Bernaud, 2009.

despecta Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 306 (297-316). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika (Ubena-Langenburg und Rukwa-See)”. Treated as a form of Acraea asema by Bernaud, 2009.

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angustifasciata Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 307 (297-316). Zimbabwe: “Salisbury”. Treated as a form of Acraea asema by Bernaud, 2009.

aspectasemoides Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 308 (297-316). Zimbabwe: “Bamboo Creek”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea asema by Bernaud, 2009.

dissimiloides Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea asema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 308 (297-316). Zambia: “N.W. Rhodesia (Broken Hill)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea asema by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) atolmis Westwood, 1881 Scarlet Acraea

Male Scarlet Acraea (Acraea atolmis), Chambeshi, Zambia. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Acraea atolmis Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 343 (331-365). London. Acraea atolmis Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) atolmis Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 81.

Acraea atolmis. Male (Wingspan 43 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 43 mm. Western Zambia. 7 January 2003. N. Owen-Johnston.


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Acraea atolmis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 45mm. V.-L. Kal. Exp. Kasane. 25-28/7/1930. (Transvaal Museum – TM3537).

Acraea atolmis. Male WSF Aberration. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Zambia, N.W. Province, Kamapanda, 12°00'S; 24°03'E, 1500 m.

19.XII.1999. F.M. Kayombo (Newport Collection). Type locality: “Victoria Falls”. Distribution: Angola, Zambia (mainly west); Democratic Republic of Congo (south and west), Zimbabwe (west), Botswana, Namibia (north). Specific localities: Angola – Loanda (Rogenhofer, 1890); Kuebe (Weymer, 1901); Kulei (Weymer, 1901). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe

(Heath et al., 2002); Kapiri Mposhi (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (TL); lower Chambeshi Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Kamapanda (male aberration illustrated above).

Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (TL); Harare (Pringle et al. 1994; probably strays); Bulawayo (Pringle et al. 1994; probably strays).

Botswana – Kabulabula, Chobe River (van Son, 1963); Kasane (van Son, 1963; male illustrated above); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); 150 km north of Nata (Larsen, 1991l); Mabele (Larsen, 1991l).

Namibia – Rundu (Pennington). Habitat: Deciduous woodland (savanna). Habits: Flies low and relatively fast (Pringle et al. 1994). Flight period: All year, with slightly different seasonal forms (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Triumfetta species (Tiliaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 37].

acontias Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 345 (331-365). London. “Victoria Falls”. Treated as a form of Acraea atolmis by Bernaud, 2009.

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luxi Rogenhofer, 1890 (as sp. of Acraea (Telchinia)). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien. 4: 550 (547-554). Angola: “Loanda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea atolmis by Bernaud, 2009 and spelt as luxii.

decora Weymer, 1901 (as ab. of Acraea acontias). Entomologische Zeitschrift. Frankfurt a.M 15: 62 (61-64, 65-67, 69-70). Angola: “Kuebe und Kulei”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea atolmis by Bernaud, 2009.

nigra Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Acraea atolmis). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-108). “Natal”. [False locality.] Treated as an aberration of Acraea atolmis by Bernaud, 2009. westwoodi van Son, 1963 [Given in Ackery et al., 1995: 232 as “1936b”] (as f. of Acraea atolmis). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 124 (130 pp.). Botswana: “Kabulabula, Chobe River; Kasana”; “Victoria Falls”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea atolmis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) bailundensis Wichgraf, 1918 Acraea bailundensis Wichgraf, 1918. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 28 (26-30).

Type locality: Angola: “Bailundu”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba). Specific localities: Angola – Bailundu (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kapanga, Katanga (Overlaet, 1954). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

schoutedeni Overlaet, 1954 (as sp. of Acraea). Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge (N.S.) 1: 492 (490-493). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga, Katanga”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Planema poggei schoutedeni Le Doux, 1937 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea bailundensis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) bellona Weymer, 1908 Acraea acrita bellona Weymer, 1908. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1908: 728 (728-735).

Type locality: Angola: “Benguella”. Distribution: Angola. Specific localities: Angola – Benguella (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) bergeriana Pierre, 1979 Acraea cepheus bergeriana Pierre, 1979. Compte Rendu des Séances de la Société de Biogéographie 481: 79 (73-79). Acraea bergeriana Pierre, 1979. Henning, G., 1993: 14.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mts Uluguru, Kinola”. Distribution: Tanzania. Specific localities:

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Tanzania – Kinola in the Uluguru Mountains (TL); Bondwa Mountain in the Ulugurus, at 2 140 m (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest south of Ifakara (Kielland, 1990d).

Habitat: Forest, from 350 to 2 140 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Attracted to flowers (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Larsen (2005a: 454) treats bergeriana as a subspecies of A. cepheus (Linnaeus, 1758).

bergeri Pierre, 1976 (as female f. of Acraea cepheus). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 90: 355 (354-356). Tanzania: “Mts Uluguru, Kinola”. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Acraea bergeri Gaede, 1915 [Acraeinae].] Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus bergeriana by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) cepheus (Linnaeus, 1758) Cepheus Acraea

Papilio cepheus Linnaeus, 1758. Systema Naturae 1, Regnum Animale, 10th edition: 478 (824 pp.). Holmiae.

Acraea cepheus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 53mm. Isiro, Zaire. 84.11.16. J. Pirinus. (Curle Trust Collection – 37).

Acraea cepheus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 53mm. Ebogo, Cameroon, 800 m, 03.15 N 11.15 E. 4.iv.1995. A.I. & M.A. Curle.

(Curle Trust Collection – 38). Type locality: [West Africa]: “Indiis”. [False locality.] Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central

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African Republic, Sudan (south), Uganda, Zambia. Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). Specific localities: Nigeria – Awka (Larsen, 2005a); Abak (Larsen, 2005a); Calabar (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen,

2005a). Cameroon – Bipundi (Strand, 1914); Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Ebogo (female illustrated above). Gabon – Nyonie (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010);

Bitam (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010); Okondja (van de Weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (van de Weghe, 2010); camp PPG (van de Weghe, 2010).

Democratic Republic of Congo – Isiro (male illustrated above); Leopoldville (Rogenhofer, 1890); Stanley Falls (Rogenhofer, 1890); Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Quango (Suffert, 1904); Longatchimo, à 85 km. de Tshikapa, Kasai (Dufrane, 1945); Gombe (Dufrane, 1945).

Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Bugoma Forest(Bernaud & Lequeux, 2011). Zambia – Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Kaoma (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Forest. Habits: Very scarce in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Oncoba welwitschii (Oliv.) (Flacourtiaceae) [Pierre, 1979; Bampton et al., 1991 (Congo); Bernaud, 1995

(Cameroon); as Caloncoba welwitschii]. Oncoba dentata Oliv. (Flacourtiaceae) [Larsen, 2005a; as Lindackeria dentata].

zosteria Godart, 1819 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Acraea). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 232 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. Angola: “la Côte d‟Angole”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009.

baumanni Rogenhofer, 1890 (as sp. of Acraea [Gnesia]). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien. 4: 551 (547-554). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Leopoldville und den Stanley-Fällen”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009.

pheusaca Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea cepheus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 25 (12-107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge und dessen Umgegend”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009.

sucepha Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea cepheus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 25 (12-107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge und Quango”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009.

cepheana Strand, 1914 (as f. of Acraea cepheus). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.12.): 98 (97-144). Cameroon: “Bipundi”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009.

disjuncta Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Acraea cepheus cepheus). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 110 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Longatchimo, à 85 km. de Tshikapa, Kasai”. Treated as an aberration Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009.

addenda Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Acraea cepheus cepheus). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 110 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga, Congo belge”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009. deficiens Dufrane, 1945 (as ab. of Acraea cepheus cepheus). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 81: 110 (90-143). Democratic Republic of Congo: “region de Gombé, Congo belge”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea cepheus by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) chaeribula Oberthür, 1893

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Acraea chaeribula Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 19 (17-36).

Acraea chaeribula. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 46mm. Kolwezi, Congo. 28.9.69. Dr V. Allard. (Henning collection – H119).

Type locality: “Lac Tanganika”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Lualaba, Haut-Shaba), Tanzania (south), Malawi, Zambia. Specific localities: Tanzania – Sibwesa, Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Wanzizi, Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d);

southern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira

(Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Kabwe (Heath et al., 2002).

Habitat: Brachystegia woodland (Heath et al., 2002) and savanna (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes between 1 100 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: An uncommon and local species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) chambezi Neave, 1910 Acraea nohara chambezi Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 21 (2-86). Acraea chambezi Neave, 1910. Kielland, 1990d: 154.

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Acraea chambezi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 52mm. Chinsali, N Rhod. Feb 1961. R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum – TM3566).

Type locality: Zambia: “Chambezi Valley”. Distribution: Tanzania (Mpanda District), Malawi, Zambia (east). Specific localities: Tanzania – near Mount Ipumba (Kielland, 1990d); near Mount Sitebi (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Chambeshi Valley (TL); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002); Mpika district (Heath et al., 2002);

Chinsali (male illustrated above). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) diogenes Suffert, 1904 Acraea diogenes Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 14 (12-107).

Acraea diogenes. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 45mm. Munbezhi (Mwambeshi). 18/12/91. (Newport Collection).

Type locality: “Guinea infer.”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south – Haut-Lomani, Lualaba), Zambia (north-west and north-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Near Lulua, upper Lufupa river (Neave, 1910); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); 40 km east of

Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

acutipennis Lathy, 1906 (as sp. of Acraea). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1906: 2 (1-10). Zambia: “North-eastern Rhodesia”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea diogenes by Bernaud, 2009.

lactea Neave, 1910 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 20 (2-86). Zambia: “Near Lulua, upper Lufupa river”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea diogenes by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) dondoensis Stevenson, 1934

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Dondo Acraea Acraea nohara dondoensis Stevenson, 1934. Occasional Papers of the Rhodesia Museum 1 (3): 12 (10-17). Acraea dondoensis Stevenson, 1934. Henning, G. 1993: 13. Acraea (Rubraea) dondoensis Stevenson, 1934. Pringle et al., 1994: 84.

Type locality: [Mozambique]: “Dondo, P. E. Africa”. Distribution: Mozambique (inland from Beira). Specific localities: Mozambique – Dondo Forest (TL); near Beira (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

junodi Oberthür, 1911 (as ab. of Acraea actiaca). Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 5: 324 (324). South Africa: “Nord du Transvaal”. [False locality?] Treated as a synonym of Acraea nohara dondoensis by Bernaud, 2009.

junodi d‟Abrera, 1980 (as ssp. of Acraea nohara). Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 146 (593 pp.). Melbourne. “Beira in central Mozambique and into Kenya”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea nohara dondoensis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) egina (Cramer, [1775])# Elegant Acraea

Papilio egina Cramer, 1775 in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en

America 1: 64 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Acraea (Rubraea) egina (Cramer, 1775). Pringle et al., 1994: 81.

Acraea egina egina. Male (Wingspan 68 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 68mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 June 2009. J. Dobson.


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Acraea egina egina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 76mm. Bangui, R. C. A. 85.02.11. R.P. Godart. (Curle Trust Collection – 30).

Type locality: [West Africa]. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa. Habitat: Forest of all types, as well as Guinea savanna in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). Brachystegia woodland, wooded hills, forest margins and savanna from 800 to 2 000 m in Tanzania (ssp. egina) and from near sea-level to 1 800 m (ssp. areca) (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A reasonably common species that flies in the forest canopy but descends to feed from flowers. It is especially fond of yellow asteraceous flowers (Larsen, 1991c). In the early morning they may also be seen flying low down along forest tracks (Pringle et al., 1994). It is the prime model for Pseudacraea boisduvalii (Larsen, 2005a). Kielland (1990) says that it is also a model for Graphium ridleyanus. The flight is quite strong for an acraea. Sometimes the wings are held horizontal while being vibrated; this may be a display flight pattern (Larsen, 2005a). Males are also known to hilltop (Larsen, 2005a). Flight period: October to June (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Aurivillius, 1906: 2.

“The larva is light-coloured (probably red or yellowish), with black spines, a broad black lateral line and a blackish brown longitudinal line above the legs. Head deep black. The pupa is light, with five longitudinal rows of fine black markings and with black veins on the wing-covers.” Eltringham, 1912: 111.

Final instar larva: “Length about 34 mm. Dorsal area pale yellow, the junctions of the segments marked by fine black lines, in front of which the yellow is deepened to an orange tint. The rows of spines arise from rather broad black transverse lines. The yellow area is bordered by a rather broad dark brown line beneath which is a lateral line of pale yellow broken up into spots followed by a brown sublateral line. Head black with a bifurcated pale line. True legs black. Prolegs dark brown segmented with yellowish. Spines rather stout, black, with fine black bristles. The bases of the spines slaty blue.” Van Someren & Rogers, 1925: 135.

“The eggs are creamy white and are laid in batches on the leaves of a plant called “Magungwa”. Young larvae are sepia, while the fully fed larva is as follows: dorsum yellowish with transverse black and orange lines; sides blackish or brownish with a body line of broken linear spots; undersurface of body, yellowish. Forelegs blackish, hind yellowish, black-tipped. Spines long and black. Pupa elongate with the usual black markings, but central spots white, not orange.” Bernaud, 1998 [(Cameroon)].

Larval food:

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"Magungwa" [Van Someren & Rogers, 1925]. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Owen, 1971 (Sierra Leone); Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978 (Ivory

Coast); Bernaud, 1998 (Cameroon)]. Rawsonia species (Flacourtiaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 372].

Acraea (Rubraea) egina egina (Cramer, [1775]) Papilio egina Cramer, 1775 in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en

America 1: 64 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.

Acraea egina egina. Male (Wingspan 68 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 68mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 June 2009. J. Dobson.


Acraea egina egina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 76mm. Bangui, R. C. A. 85.02.11. R.P. Godart. (Curle Trust Collection – 30).

Type locality: [West Africa]. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya (west, central), Tanzania (west), Zambia (north). Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Freetown (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2009). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Pongara (van de Weghe, 2010); Nyonie (van de Weghe, 2010); Kinguele (van de Weghe, 2010);

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Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); Lambarene (van de Weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998); Bangui (female illustrated above). Uganda – Sesse Islands (Eltringham, 1913). Ethiopia – Ghrotole (Carcasson, 1961); Giarso Road (Carcasson, 1961). Kenya – East Surrey Estates (Stoneham, 1937); Kakamega (male illustrated above). Tanzania – Tukuyu to the Ugandan border (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Lake

Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Lufubu River (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

rudolphina Herbst, 1792 (as sp. of Papilio). Natursystem aller bekannten in- und ausländischen Insekten. Der Schmetterlinge 5: 7 (231 pp.). Berlin. [West Africa]: “America”. [False locality.] Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

persephone Fabricius, 1793 (as sp. of Papilio). Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 174 (488 pp.). [West Africa.] Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009 and spelt as persiphone.

zidora Godart, 1819 in Latreille & Godart, [1819], [1824] (as sp. of Acraea). Encyclopédie Méthodique. Histoire Naturelle [Zoologie] 9 Entomologie: 237 (1-328 [1819], 329-828 [1824]). Paris. Sierra Leone. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

contraria Grünberg, 1910 (as ab. of Acraea egina). Societas Entomologica 24: 145 (145-148). Tanzania: “Kissenje am Kiwu-See”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

alba Eltringham, 1913 (as female f. of Acraea egina). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1913: 412 (407-413). Uganda: “Sesse I”. Treated as a form of Acraea egina by Bernaud, 2009.

intensa Stoneham, 1937 (as ssp. of Acraea egina). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (32): [2] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “East Surrey Estates, Kenya Colony”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

tenuimarginatus Stoneham, 1937 (as f. of Acraea egina). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (32): [2] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “East Surrey Estates, Kenya Colony”. Treated as a form of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

rubristriatus Stoneham, 1937 (as f. of Acraea egina). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (32): [3] ([3 pp.]). Kenya: “East Surrey Estates, Kenya Colony”. Treated as a form of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

bellehui Carcasson, 1961 (as ssp. of Acraea egina). Occasional Papers. Coryndon Memorial Museum, Nairobi 7: 11 (1-23). Ethiopia: “Ghrotole, Giarso Road, south-west Ethiopia”. Treated as a subspecies of Acraea egina by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Rubraea) egina areca Mabille, 1889# Acraea areca Mabille, 1889. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 8: 169 (169-170). Acraea egina areca Mabille, 1888. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [date of authorship erroneous] Synonym of Acraea egina egina (Cramer, 1775). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Rubraea) egina areca Mabille, 1888. Pringle et al., 1994: 81. [date of authorship erroneous] Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Bagamayo (Zanzibar)”. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania (east and north), Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (eastern border), South Africa (Limpopo Province). Specific localities: Tanzania – Bagamayo (TL); from Rondo in south to Usambaras and Northern Highlands in north (Kielland,

1990d). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010).

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Mozambique – Maronga Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Amatongas (Pringle et al., 1994); Dondo Forest (Pringle et al., 1994); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Jones and Kroon); Bulawayo (M. Gardiner; single female). Limpopo Province – Vivo (Swanepoel; single female).

Note: Larsen (2005a: 455) states that, despite the comments by Pierre (1988), areca Mabille, 1889 “is most probably specifically distinct”.

Acraea (Rubraea) egina harrisoni Sharpe, 1904 Acraea harrisoni Sharpe, 1904. Entomologist 37: 132 (131-134). Synonym of Acraea egina egina (Cramer, 1775). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea egina harrisoni Sharpe, 1904. Larsen, 2005a: 455.

Type locality: Kenya: “Nyangori”. Distribution: Kenya (coast). Specific localities: Kenya – Nyangori (TL); near Mombasa (Grose-Smith, 1889).

khara Grose-Smith, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 3: 128 (121-137). Kenya: “In the neighbourhood of Mombasa”. This may be a senior synonym of harrisoni Sharpe, 1904 – MCW. Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Rubraea) egina pembanus Kielland, 1990 Acraea egina pembanus Kielland, 1990d. Butterflies of Tanzania 155 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

Acraea egina pembanus. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 63mm. Jozani Forest, Zanzibar, Tanzania. 3 January 2011. J. Dobson.


Type locality: Tanzania: “N. Pemba I., Ngezi Forest, 3-XII-1983, J. Kielland”. Holotype and allotype in the Natural History Museum, London. Description: “Male. Closest to ssp. harrisoni with a greatly extended greyish-black area of the f.w.; differs in the more irregular placed black spots proximad of the subapical pale band; the spots are often merging with, or in others almost touching the spot situated at the end of cell (this feature is similar to that of ssp. areca). Black spots of both wings large; h.w. black spots larger than in areca, and marginal black band wider, also wider than in harrisoni. Underside much more

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heavily marked than in the other two races; f.w. apical half black-dusted as on the upperside; h.w. marginal black border with pale spots greatly reduced; there is no indication of a submarginal ochre band as in other races. Length of f.w. 34.5-38 mm. Female. Upperside of both wings grey; a subapical whitish band in the f.w.; h.w. discal area pale brownish, slightly yellowish in some specimens, but without the ochre colour as in the other races; marginal band very wide, with indications of pale internervular spots; underside slightly less heavily marked than in the male, but more heavily than in other races; without an ochre submarginal band; black dusting extending along the veins, and with a black streak in between them. Length of f.w. 36.2-40 mm.” Distribution: Tanzania (island of Pemba). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ngezi Forest (TL).

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea egina egina by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) eltringhamiana Le Doux, 1932 Acraea acrita eltringhamiana Le Doux, 1932. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 197 (172-225).

Acraea eltringhamiana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 49mm. Kalamgu Falls, 5000', Zambia. 2 July 74. I. Bampton. (Henning collection – H120).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “NO-Rhodesia; Bangweolo-See, Luwingu; Mweru-See”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “Belg. Congo; Lualaba Fluss”. Distribution: Zamibia (north – near Lake Bangweolo), Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Lake Bangweulu, Luwingu (TL); Lake Mweru (Le Doux, 1932); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002);

Kasumbalesa (Heath et al., 2002); Chililabombwe (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Mweru (Heath et al., 2002); Kalamgu Falls (male illustrated above).

Democratic Republic of Congo – Lualaba River (Le Doux, 1932). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) guillemei Oberthür, 1893 Acraea guillemei Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 19 (17-36).

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Acraea guillemei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 45mm. Simba, Tanzania. 18/9/67. Kielland. (Henning collection – H125).

Type locality: “Lac Tanganika”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Tanganika), Tanzania (west – Mpanda District), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Simbo (Kielland, 1990d; male illustrated above); Kaliankulukulu (Kielland, 1990d); Kabungu

(Kielland, 1990d); Kapanga (Kielland, 1990d); Sibweza (Kielland, 1990d); Nkungwe (Kielland, 1990d).

Zambia – Jimbe (Ikelenge) (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Deciduous forest (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes from 1 000 to 1 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Also found in areas flooded during the rains (Kielland, 1990d) Habits: A rare and local species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) guluensis Le Doux, 1932 Acraea manca guluensis Le Doux, 1932. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 18: 199 (172-225).

Type locality: Uganda: “Gulu Fatiko”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (north). Specific localities: Uganda – Gulu Fatiko (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) lapidorum Pierre, 1988 Acraea lapidorum Pierre, 1988. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 24: 282 (263-287).

Type locality: Angola: “Upper Lungwe-Bungo River, S.E. Angola”. Distribution: Angola (south-east). Known only from the holotype. Specific localities: Angola – Upper Lungwe-Bungo River (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

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*Acraea (Rubraea) lofua Eltringham, 1911 Acraea lofua Eltringham, 1911. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 150 (149-153).

Acraea lofua. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 38mm. Mporokoso, Zambia. 13.IX.76. A. Heath.

(African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: [Zambia]: “Lofu River, N.E. Rhodesia”. Distribution: Zambia (north-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Lofu [now Lufubu] River (TL); Lake Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Lumangwe Falls (Heath et

al., 2002); Mporokoso (male illustrated above). Habitat: Deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) loranae Pierre, 1987 Acraea loranae Pierre, 1987. Nouvelle Revue d’Entomologie (N.S.) 4: 15 (5-27).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “E. Luvua valley, Escarpment 5 days N.E. of L. Mweru, 4000-5000ft”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – East Luvua valley (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) lualabae Neave, 1910

Acraea lualabae Neave, 1910. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 18 (2-86).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Lualaba River”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba).

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Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lualaba River (TL); Kanonga (Overlaet, 1955). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

kanonga Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Acraea lualabae). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 77 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kanonga”. Treated as a form of Acraea lualabae by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) manca Thurau, 1904 Acraea guillemei var. manca Thurau, 1904. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 305 (301-314). Acraea manca Thurau, 1904. Kielland, 1990d.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Irangi, Mowa, Meri, Iraku”. Distribution: Tanzania (central and north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Irangi (TL); Mowa (Thurau, 1904); Meri (Thurau, 1904); Iraku (Thurau, 1904); Mbulu

Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kwaraha Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Kiboriani Mountains at Mpwapwa and Kondoa (Kielland, 1990d).

Habitat: Montane grassland, from 1 600 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) mansya Eltringham, 1911 Acraea mansya Eltringham, 1911. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 153 (149-153).

Acraea mansya. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 39mm. Jimbe, Ikelenge, N.W. Province. 24/VIII/76. A. Heath.

(Henning collection – H123). Type locality: [Zambia]: “L. Young, N.E. Rhodesia”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani), Zambia. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Upempa National Park, Lusinga (Overlaet, 1955). Zambia – Lake Young (TL); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above). Early stages: Nothing published.

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janssensi Overlaet, 1955 (as ssp. of Acraea mansya). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 72 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nationaal Upemba Parc, Lusinga”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea mansya by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) medea (Cramer, [1775]) Papilio medea Cramer, 1775 in Cramer, [1775-6]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en

America 1: 128 (16 + 155 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht.

Type locality: [Sao Tome and Principe]: “Côte de Guinea”. Distribution: Sao Tome and Principe (island of Principe). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

pasiphae Fabricius, 1781 (as sp. of Papilio). Species Insectorum 2: 33 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. [Sao Tome and Principe]: “Guinea”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea medea by Bernaud, 2009.

saronis Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-[1826]] (as sp. of Telchinia). Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 27 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. [Sao Tome and Principe]: “Côte de Guinea”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea medea by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) niobe Sharpe, 1893 Acraea niobe Sharpe, 1893. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1893: 554 (553-558).

Type locality: Sao Tome and Principe: “St Thomas”. Distribution: Sao Tome and Principe (island of Sao Tome). Specific localities: Sao Tome – St Thomas (TL). Early stages: Pierre, Bernaud & Oremans, 2002.


*Acraea (Rubraea) nohara Boisduval, 1847# Light Red Acraea

Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 590 (585-602). Acraea nohara Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea nohara Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 83.

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Acraea nohara nohara. Male (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 23 September 2006.


Acraea nohara nohara. Female (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mountainlands, Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 25 November 2001.


Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port-Natal”. Distribution: Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Grassland. Habits: Flutters weakly, just above the level of the grass. It settles frequently, on low vegetation or grass stems (Pringle et al. 1994). Flight period: October to March for the nominate subspecies and all year for ssp. halali (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages: Fountaine, 1911: 60 [nominate subspecies; Macequece, Mozambique].

“This larva feeds, like several others of this same genus, on Wormskioldia longepedunculata, a small wayside flower, salmon-pink in colour, which grew abundantly in and about Macequece, a village in Portuguese E. Africa. The larva is most difficult to describe, longitudinally streaked with pale and dark ochreous-yellow, finely outlined with thin black lines, the spines are also black; they feed by preference on the flower itself of their food-plant, the salmon-pink colour of which is almost identical in tone with the salmon-pink colour of the freshly emerged butterflies. The pupa which is suspended, is very long and thin in shape, wing cases pale slate-grey, veined with black, and the abdomen cream colour with rows of ochreous-yellow dots, encircled with black.” Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 108 [nominate subspecies].

“Egg. The eggs are laid singly, they are pale yellow at first, darkening to almost black before hatching. They are 0.65 mm in diameter by 0.8 mm high, and have 15 longitudinal ribs braced by 15-16 cross-ribs. The larvae hatch in about 8 days. Larva. The young larva eats its way out near the top and devours the discarded shell. It is a very pale greenish yellow with black spines on brown patches. The centre of the middle segments is touched with brown. The head is black. The larva at first feeds on the surface of the leaf. It is 1.75 to 2 mm long on hatching and grows to 3.5 – 4 mm in some 7 days. Like all species of Acraea, after the first instar, the larva develops three rows of spined protuberances. In the 2nd instar these are black at the top but shade down to brown at the base. The body is pale yellow

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with a faint brown subdorsal line and a white lateral ridge. The head is black. The instar lasts some 4 days, the larva growing to 7.5 – 9 mm. The colour deepens as the larva grows through the remaining instars and becomes a more pale salmon, the subdorsal line and the ventral portion darken to chocolate. There are either 6 or 7 instars. The further instars of the 6-instar group are 16, 21 and 32 mm long respectively, taking 4 to 5 days each except the final which takes nearly double that period, while in the 7-instar group the respective sizes are 12, 18, 24 and 32 mm and take 5 days each except the last which takes nearly 10. When disturbed by handling with a forceps, some protuberances exude a sticky yellow liquid, especially in the 3rd and 4th instars. Pupa. The pupa is suspended by cremastral hooks only, and is 19 mm long. The imago emerges after about two weeks.”

Larval food: Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921; as Tryphostemma sandersonii?;

nominate subspecies]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Fountaine, 1911: 60; as Wormskioldia

longipedunculata; nominate subspecies; Macequece, Mozambique].

Acraea (Rubraea) nohara nohara Boisduval, 1847# Acraea nohara Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 590 (585-602). Acraea nohara nohara Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara nohara De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 83.

Acraea nohara nohara. Male (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 23 September 2006.


Acraea nohara nohara. Female (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mountainlands, Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 25 November 2001.


Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port-Natal”. Distribution: Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 77 quarter degree squares (553 records) [see

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http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Mozambique – Macequece (Fountaine, 1911); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010). Botswana – Gaborone (Pinhey, 1968-74; requires confirmation accordin to Larsen, 1991l). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Haenertsburg

(Swanepoel, 1953); Houtbosdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoekmekaar (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953).

Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953; male and female illustrated above); White River (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams).

KwaZulu-Natal – Port Natal [now Durban] (TL); Verulam (Swanepoel, 1953); Tongaat River (Swanepoel, 1953); Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Hermansburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Little Noodsberg (Swanepoel, 1953).

Eastern Cape Province – Port St Johns (Pringle et al., 1994). Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

actiaca Hewitson, 1852 in Hewitson, 1851-6 (as sp. of Acraea). Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 57 ([124] pp.). London. South Africa: “Natal”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea nohara by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Rubraea) nohara halali Marshall, 1896 Acraea halali Marshall, 1896. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1896: 555 (551-565). Acraea nohara halali Marshall, 1896. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) nohara halali Marshall, 1896. Pringle et al., 1994: 83. Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “On the Manini and Vanduzi rivers, between Umtali and Chimiro; about Salisbury”. Distribution: Zimbabwe (highlands). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Manini River (TL); Vanduzi River (Marshall, 1896).

*Acraea (Rubraea) omrora Trimen, 1894 Omrora Acraea

Acraea omrora Trimen, 1894. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1894: 24 (14-82). Acraea omrora Trimen, 1894. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) omrora Trimen, 1894. Pringle et al., 1994: 85. Type locality: [Angola]: “Omrora, Ehanda, Humbe, Otiembora”. Diagnosis: Can be differentiated from A. violarum and A. asema by the wide (2,5 mm), unspotted, not sharply defined marginal band on the upperside of the hindwing and the strong, black basal suffusion on the upperside of both wings; the submarginal spot in area 5 of the forewing is always absent (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo. Erroneously recorded from Namibia by Dickson & Kroon, 1978 (MCW). Flight period: Recorded from August to December (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Basananthe reticulata (Baker f.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003;



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ssp. umbraetae; Mutinondo, Zambia].

Acraea (Rubraea) omrora omrora Trimen, 1894 Acraea omrora Trimen, 1894. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1894: 24 (14-82).

Type locality: [Angola]: “Omrora, Ehanda, Humbe, Otiembora”. Distribution: Angola (south). Specific localities: Angola – Omrora (TL); Ehanda (Trimen, 1894); Humbe (Trimen, 1894); Otiembora (Trimen, 1894).

Acraea (Rubraea) omrora umbraetae Pierre, 1988 Acraea omrora umbraetae Pierre, 1988. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 24: 272 (263-287).

Acraea omrora umbraetae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Abercorn, N Rhod. Feb 1961. R. Badham. (Transvaal Museum – TM3562).

Type locality: [Zambia?]: “Rhodesia”. Distribution: Zambia (north), Democratic Republic of Congo (south – Lualaba, Haut-Lomani). Specific localities: Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Miengwe (Heath et al., 2002); Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002);

Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Lumangwe Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Kambole (Heath et al., 2002); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002); Mutinondo (Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003); Abercorn (male illustrated above).

umbrata Wichgraf, 1909 (as ssp. of Acraea violarum). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 242 (240-247). [Zambia?]: “Rhodesia”. Invalid; junior primary homonym of Acraea natalica umbrata Suffert, 1904 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea omrora umbraetae by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) onerata Trimen, 1891 Eriksson‟s Acraea

Acraea onerata Trimen, 1891. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 67 (59-107). Acraea onerata Trimen, 1891. Dickson & Kroon, 1978.

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Acraea (Rubraea) onerata Trimen, 1891. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. Type locality: [Angola]: “Okavango River”. Diagnosis: Similar to A. nohara but the hindwing upperside marginal band in onerata is clearly spotted with the ground-colour of the wings (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola. Specific localitiesw: Angola – Okavango River (TL); Bihe (Eltringham, 1911). Flight period: December appears to be the only recorded month (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

aureola Eltringham, 1911 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 149 (149-153). Angola: “Bihé”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea onerata by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) overlaeti Pierre, 1988 Acraea overlaeti Pierre, 1988. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (N.S.) 24: 272 (263-287).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Lulua, Tshibalaka”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Tshibalaka, Lulua (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) peetersi Pierre, 1992 Acraea peetersi Pierre, 1992. Lambillionea 94 (2): 309 (308-310).

Type locality: Central African Republic: “Nord RCA (République Centrafricaine), réserve de la Sangba, III.1992 (J. Peeters).” Holotype (female) in M.N.H.N., Paris. [First description of male by Pierre, 2000 (Lambillionea 100 (4) (Supplement): 22).] Distribution: Central African Republic. Specific localities: Central African Republic – Sangba Reserve (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) periphanes Oberthür, 1893 Acraea periphanes Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 20 (17-36).

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Acraea periphanes. Male A. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 47mm. Kitwe, Zambia. 64.03.27. A.I. Curle. (Curle Trust Collection – 31).

Acraea periphanes. Male B. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 48mm. Kitwe, Zambia. 63.01.15. A.I. Curle. (Curle Trust Collection – 33).

Acraea periphanes. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 42mm. Kitwe, Zambia. 64.01.15. A.I. Curle. (Curle Trust Collection – 34).

Type locality: “Lac Tanganika”. Distribution: Tanzania (south and west), Malawi, Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Lualaba, Haut-Shaba), Zambia (north), Angola. Specific localities: Tanzania – Ufipa, Mpanda and Kigoma in the west (Kielland, 1990d); Madaba in Songea Region (Kielland,

1990d); Kigonsera (Wichgraf, 1918). Zambia – Lower Chambeshi River, near Lake Bangweulu (Eltringham, 1911); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002);

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Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Luanshya (Heath et al., 2002); Kanona (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (males and female illustrated above).

Angola – Bihe (Le Doux, 1923). Habitat: Woodland savanna (Kielland, 1990d). Marshy grassland (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes between 800 and 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A locally common species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

beni Bethune-Baker, 1908 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1908: 110 (110-126). Angola. Treated as a synonym of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

umida Wichgraf, 1909 (as female f. of Acraea onerata). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 246 (240-247). [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

melaina Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 152 (149-153). Zambia: “Lower Chambesi, L. Bangweolo”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

acritoides Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 152 (149-153). Zambia: “Chinsali District, Lower Chambesi, L. Bangweolo”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

marginata Eltringham, 1911 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Novitates Zoologicae 18: 153 (149-153). Zambia: “Lower Chambesi, L. Bangweolo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

interposita Wichgraf, 1918 (as ssp. of Acraea periphanes). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 29 (26-30). Tanzania: “Kigonsera, D. O. Afrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

seitzi Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 312 (297-316). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika (Kigonsera)”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

bihensis Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea periphanes). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 220 (207-226). Angola: “Bihé”. Treated as a form of Acraea periphanes by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) petraea Boisduval, 1847# Blood-red Acraea

Male Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea), Ngoye Forest, KwaZulu-Natal. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

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Female forms of the Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Acraea petraea Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 589 (585-602). Acraea petraea Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea petraea Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea petraea Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea petraea Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) petraea De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 84.

Acraea petraea. Male (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Manguzi Forest, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 27 March 2005. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Acraea petraea. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Black Rock, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 18 June 2002. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Blood Acraea. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port Natal”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania, Malawi (south), Mozambique, Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal). In South Africa its distribution covers 51 quarter degree squares (931 records) [see

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http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – coastal forests (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Tabora (Suffert, 1904); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland,

1990d); Rondo Plateau near Lindi (Kielland, 1990d). KwaZulu-Natal – Port Natal [Durban] (TL); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel,

1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002).

Habitat: Coastal forest and bush. In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A generally uncommon species (Larsen, 1991c). Flies slowly, a few metres from the ground, often in the vicinity of its larval host-plant. Males establish and defend territories in glades and clearings in the bush, perching a few metres above the ground (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Harford (larva) and Trimen (pupa), in Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 145 [as Acraea Petraea Boisduval; KwaZulu-Natal]. “Larva. Back yellowish-brown, with transverse blackish streaks; dorsal stripe and sides purplish-black, the latter much lighter about spiracles; lateral inflation edged with light-yellow, almost white. Under side – Light bluish-green; ventral claspers and pro-legs yellowish. Head black and polished, larger than second segment; mouth and bifid mark on forehead white; in some specimens also two small white streaks on summit of head. Spines steely-black, largest on third, fourth, and fifth segments; a suffusion of white at the base of all excepting those on the second, third, fourth, and fifth segments. About ⅞-inch in length.” – H.C. Harford, in litt. Of the younger larvae Mr. Harford remarks that they have very few black markings, and no dorsal or lateral stripes, but that these gradually appear and grow more distinct with the development of the insect. He further observes that the larvae feed on a tree in great numbers together, and that, when the bough upon which they are so congregated is shaken with any violence, they lower themselves to the ground by a silken thread, and there, lying still, are with great difficulty to be detected among the dead leaves and debris. Pupa. Pale-grey anteriorly; the outlines of the head and limbs and the nervures of the wings finely defined with black. Abdominal region of a browner tint; spots of the usual rows ochreous-yellow in black rings, separate from each other. Described from a drawing of Mr. Harford‟s, giving a lateral view. Fawcett, 1901: 294.

“Larva. Ground-colour pale golden brown, with dorsal and lateral black lines, and a black transverse line on each segment bearing two largish white spots and six long branched black spines, those on 3rd, 4th and 5th segments being longer than the remainder. Head large proportionately to body, black with a white bifid mark on front. Thoracic legs and claspers yellowish. The young larvae reared were all blackish in colour, and fed in companies on Oncoba Kraussiana (Planch). Pupa appears to be dichromatic, some being pale brown and others ferruginous; in both forms the fine black lines and spots peculiar to Acraea pupae are much reduced. The pupal stage lasted 15 days in January.” Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 113.

“Egg. Eggs are laid in clusters; pale watery yellow at first, changing to pale dull yellow-brown with a touch of purple; 0.65 mm in diameter by 0.7 mm high, with 15-17 longitudinal ribs connected by some 18-21 cross-braces. The egg-stage lasts 8-12 days. Larva. The young larva eats its way out near the top and after a rest eats the shell, then feeds on the upper or under surface between veins of young leaves, the leaf being generally covered with silk. Sometimes the moles bearing spines are set on whitish patches. 2nd instar mostly brown with dark brown, black-tipped protuberances and black shields on pro-legs. 3rd instar: The skin is redder brown covered with minute spine-like fur. 4th instar: The fur extends to the protuberances. Dorsal protuberances longest on 3rd to 5th segments, those on 6th to 10th segments are a little shorter. Final instar: Some are entirely black with a small white patch in front of and behind the dorsal protuberances at the base; some have a broad dull yellow dorsal stripe from the 6 th to the 12th segments and duller on the 1st and 2nd. This dorsal stripe is interrupted on the 4th and 5th segments, and with the longer protuberances gives the larva a humped appearance. The number of instars varies from 5 to 7, and the development proceeds as shown in the following table.

5 instars 6 instars 7 instars Instar Size in mm Days Size in mm days Size in mm days


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1 2-3.5 7 1.75-3.25 7 1.5-3 5 2 -6 5 -5 5 -4.75 5 3 -9 5 -8 5 -7 5 4 -17 5 -13 4-5 -10 6 5 -30-31 9 -18 5-6 -16 6 6 -30-31 9 -20 9 7 -30-31 9

Total 31 35-37 45 The larvae are gregarious till the penultimate instar of each group, when they begin to separate. In addition to feeding on young shoots, the larvae will feed on flower buds. They do not seem keen on older leaves, and when young shoots are not available, they go into partial hibernation. Pupa. 20-22 mm long, variable in colour, being either white, pale dull yellow or yellowish salmon; all with two rows of salmon spots edged with black, which in some resolves into a netting pattern. Some larvae (of all shades) have a grey dorsum. Veins of wing-cases generally picked out in black.

Eggs and first instar larvae of the Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Fifth instar and pupa of the Blood-red Acraea (Acraea petraea). Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Larval food: Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. (Flacourtiaceae) [Fawcett, 1901; as Oncoba Kraussiana]. Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. (Flacourtiaceae) [Van Son, 1963: 114; as Xylotheca kotzei Phillips].

petrina Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 25 (12-107). No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea petraea petraea by Bernaud, 2009.

taborana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 26 (12-107). Tanzania: “Umgegend von Tabora”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea petraea by Bernaud, 2009.

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pseudacontias Wichgraf, 1914 (as ab. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 348 (345-353). No locality given. Treated as a form of Acraea petraea by Bernaud, 2009.

grisea Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Acraea petraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 97 (95-108). No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea petraea by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912 False Scarlet Acraea

Acraea nohara pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 130 (1-374). Acraea pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) pseudatolmis Eltringham, 1912. Pringle et al., 1994: 84.

Acraea pseudatolmis. Male (Wingspan 38 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 38 mm. Chimanimani Mountains, Zimbabwe. 6 October 2012. J. Dobson.


Acraea pseudatolmis. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 40 mm. Chimanimani Mountains, Zimbabwe. 6 October 2012. J. Dobson.


Acraea pseudatolmis. Female aberration (Wingspan 37 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 37 mm. Chimanimani Mountains, Zimbabwe. 6 October 2012. J. Dobson.


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Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “S.E. Rhodesia; Mahakata R.”. Distribution: Zimbabwe (eastern border). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Mahakata River (TL); Nyanga massif (Pringle et al., 1994); Vumba Mountains (Pringle et al.,

1994); Chimanimani Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994); Odzi River (Pringle et al., 1994; probably strays); Lower Pungwe River [Gorge] (Pringle et al., 1994; probably strays); Musapa Gap (Pinhey; probably strays); Rundu River (Van Son; single specimen); Chipinge (Paré).

Habitat: Montane grassland. Habits: The same as those of A. nohara (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978]. Relevant literature: Pinhey, E.C.G. 1975. Arnoldia, Rhodesia 7 (30): 1-3.

*Acraea (Rubraea) pudorina Staudinger, [1885] Kenyan Fiery Acraea

Acraea pudorina Staudinger, 1885 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1884-8. Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 84 (333 pp.). Bayern. Acraea acrita pudorina Staudinger, 1885. D‟Abrera, 1980. Acraea pudorina Staudinger, 1885. Pierre, 1987.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Insel Zanzibar”. Kielland (1990) maintains that Zanzibar is probably not the type locality but rather was the place from which the type specimens were posted. Distribution: Uganda (north-west), Kenya (central and south), Tanzania (north and north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Embu (Gaede, 1915); Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1923); north slope of Mt. Kenya (Le Doux, 1932); Embu-

Meru Road (Le Doux, 1932); Bondoni (Le Doux, 1932); Ukambani (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c).

Tanzania – Zanzibar (TL; probably false – see above); in the vicinity of Mount Kilmanjaro and the Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mkomazi Game Reserve (Van Noort & Stone, 2000: 77).

Habitat: Savanna (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: Occurs in relatively numerically small colonies (Larsen, 1991c). Males have a swooping flight when patrolling their territories, which they do by describing wide circles (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

emboensis Gaede, 1915 (as var. of Acraea acrita). Entomologische Rundschau 32: 51 (50-52). Kenya: “S. Embo”. Treated as an aberration Acraea pudorina by Bernaud, 2009.

rubida Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea acrita pudorina). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 216 (207-226). Kenya: “Kibwezi (Britisch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea pudorina by Bernaud, 2009.

mancamorpha Le Doux, 1932 (as f. of Acraea acrita pudorina). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 3: 4 (4-7). Kenya: “Brit.-O.-Afrika, North slope of Kenya, on Embu-Meru Road; Bondoni”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea pudorina by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) punctellata Eltringham, 1912

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Acraea nohara punctellata Eltringham, 1912. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 131 (1-374). Acraea punctellata Eltringham, 1912. Kielland, 1990d.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Dedza Mt., Central Angoniland”. Distribution: Tanzania (south), Malawi. Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Kielland (1990d) and Ackery et al. (1995) (Heath et al., 2002). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kigonsera, west of Songea (Le Doux, 1923). Malawi – Dedza Mountain (TL). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland? (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

noharoides Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea nohara). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 218 (207-226). Tanzania: “Kigonsera (Deutsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea punctellata by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) rohlfsi Suffert, 1904 Acraea rohlfsi Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 124 (124-132).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Ukerewe”. Kielland doubts that the type locality is correctly given. Distribution: Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ukerewe Island, Lake Victoria (TL); Ambangulu, west Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d);

Mazumbai, west Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest, at altitudes between 1 100 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Rubraea) utengulensis Thurau, 1903

Tanzanian Fiery Acraea Acraea acrita var. utengulensis Thurau, 1903. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 130 (117-143).

Acraea utengulensis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 52mm. N.E. Zambia, 3 km south west of Mbala. About 1800 m. 22.V.1972. J.C. Little.

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(Newport Collection).

Acraea utengulensis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 50mm. N.E. Zambia, Lunzua Falls area, nr Mbala. About 1600 m. 4.III.1972. J.C. Little.

(Newport Collection). Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Utengule”. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania (north and central), Zambia. Specific localities: Kenya – Taveta area (Larsen, 1991c; single male); Teita Lodge (D.A. Trembath, vide Larsen, 1991c; single

female); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c; single female). Tanzania – Utengule (TL); Tabora (Le Doux, 1931); Ruaha Game Reserve (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda

District (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanza (Kielland, 1990d); Iringa District (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Pangani, Tanga (Cordeiro, vide Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006).

Zambia – Mbala (male illustrated above); Lunzua Falls (female illustrated above). Habitat: Brachystegia woodland and savanna, from 600 to 2 000 m in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common species (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

taborensis Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Acraea (acrita) manca). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 51 (49-59). Tanzania: “Tabora, D.-O.-Afrika”. Treated as a form of Acraea utengulensis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Rubraea) violarum Boisduval, 1847# Speckled Red Acraea

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Male upper- and underside of the Speckled Red Acraea (Acraea violarum), Cliffvale, KwaZulu-Natal.

Images courtesy Steve Woodhall. Acraea violarum Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 591 (585-602). Acraea violarum Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c. Acraea violarum Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea violarum Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea violarum Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Rubraea) violarum De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 84.

Acraea violarum. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 44mm. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa; 7 January, 2012.

M.C. Williams (Williams collection).

Acraea violarum. Female (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mountainlands, Barberton, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 25 November 2001.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port-Natal”. Distribution: Angola, Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 76 quarter degree squares (466 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Angola – Baillundo (Le Doux, 1922). Mozambique – Delagoa Bay (Le Doux, 1922). Zimbabwe – Que Que River (Le Doux, 1922); Umgemi River (Le Doux, 1922); Bambezi (Le Doux, 1922). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Haenertsburg

(Swanepoel, 1953); Houtbosdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Zoekmekaar (Swanepoel, 1953); Elim (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990).

Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953; male and female illustrated above); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Sabie (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve


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(Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Port Natal [Durban] (TL); Umhlanga (Swanepoel, 1953); Verulam (Swanepoel, 1953);

Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Biggarsberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Hermansburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Great Noodsberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002).

Eastern Cape Province – North Pondoland – Tojo‟s country (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Grassland and savanna. Habits: Flies weakly, just above ground level, in grassy meadows. Settles frequently, on vegetation or on flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year in the warmer parts of its distribution (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Clark in Van Son, 1963: 119.

The larvae and foodplant of this species were discovered by Mr Trevor Schofield of Pietermaritzburg. “Egg. The eggs are laid in small clusters on the surface of a leaf. They are 0.7 mm in diameter by 0.9 mm high, with 15 to 17 longitudinal ribs which all reach the edge of the dome where they break into a netting pattern round the micropyle; there are some 16 cross-braces; the colour is pale purple-brown when laid, changing to pale dull salmon, then nearly black before hatching which takes place after 8 days. Larva. The young larvae eat their way out near the top and after a short rest devour the discarded shells. They are pale olive at first, with black spines on brown patches and a black head, but gradually change to pale dull salmon. As the larvae pass from one instar to the next, the colour becomes more salmon, and a subdorsal line develops which is faint at first, but later darkens to purplish brown. The upper portions of the body are covered with small fur-like setae. As in many other Acraeas, there are several instar groups, the present species having 5, 6 or 7 instars. The development is shown in the following table.

Instar 5 instars 6 instars 7 instars size in mm days size in mm days size in mm days

1 2-4 7 1.75-3.5 7 1.75-3.25 7 2 -8 5 -7 5 -5 5 3 -14 5 -11 6-11 -8 5 4 -22 4 -18 6-11 -12 5 5 -36 12-20 -24 6-11 -17 6 6 -36 20 -24 9 7 -36 20

Total 33-41 50-65 57 Pupa. 18 mm long; pupal period 18 days.”

Larval food: Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Schofield, in Van Son, 1963: 119; as

Tryphostemma sandersoni Harv.].

nataliensis Angas, 1849 (as sp. of Acraea). The Kafirs illustrated in a series of drawings taken among the Amazulu, Amaponda, and Amakosa tribes; [etc.]: pl. 30 ([52] pp.). London. South Africa: “near D‟Urban”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009.

gracilis Wichgraf, 1909 (as ssp. of Acraea violarum). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 243 (240-247). Zimbabwe: “Mashunaland”. Treated as a form of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009.

assimiliora Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 303 (297-316). Angola: “Baillundo”. Treated as a form of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009.

assimilis Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 303 (297-316). Angola: “Baillundo”. Treated as a form of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009.

dissimilis Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 304 (297-


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316). Zimbabwe: “Rhodesia”; Mozambique: “Delagoa-Bay”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009.

aspectasema Le Doux, 1922 (as f. of Acraea violarum). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1922: 305 (297-316). Zimbabwe: “Que Que River, Umgemi River, Bambezi”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea violarum by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea severina Oremans, 2012 Acraea severina Oremans, 2012. Saturnafrica 2012 Avril: 21-25.

Type locality: Sao Tome & Principe: “Sao Tome”. Distribution: Sao Tome & Principe. Habitat: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea severina severina Oremans, 2012 Acraea severina Oremans, 2012. Saturnafrica 2012 Avril: 21-25.

Type locality: Sao Tome & Principe: “Sao Tome”. Distribution: Sao Tome & Principe. Specific localities: Sao Tome & Principe – Sao Tome.

Acraea severina terreirovelhoensis Oremans, 2012 Acraea severina terreiovelhoensis Oremans, 2012. Saturnafrica 2012 Avril: 21-25.

Type locality: Sao Tome & Principe: “Principe”. Distribution: Sao Tome & Principe. Specific localities: Sao Tome & Principe – Principe.

Subgenus Stephenia Henning, 1992 Metamorphosis 3 (3): 106 (100-114). Type-species: Papilio caecilia Fabricius, 1781, by original designation.


*Acraea (Stephenia) aglaonice Westwood, 1881# Window Acraea

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Left: Male Window Acraea (Acraea aglaonice), Mandawe, KwaZulu-Natal. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Right: Female Window Acraea. Image courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Acraea aglaonice Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 346 (331-365). London. Acraea aglaonice Westwood, 1881. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea aglaonice Westwood. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea aglaonice Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) aglaonice Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 81.

Acraea aglaonice. Male (wet season form) (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. December 2005.


Acraea aglaonice. Male (dry season form) (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Manoutsa Park, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 13 July 1998. M.C. Williams Collection.

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Acraea aglaonice. Female (Wingspan 51 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Magaliesberg Mountains, Gauteng, South Africa. 14 February 2008.


Acraea aglaonice. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. December 2005.

M.C. Williams Collection. Alternative common name: Clear-spotted Acraea. Type locality: [Botswana]: “Tati”. Distribution: Zambia, Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe, Botswana (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 127 quarter degree squares (615 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Zambia – Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Delagoa Bay (Trimen, 1881). Zimbabwe – Laurenceville, Vumba (male illustrated above). Botswana – Tati River (TL); Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Letlhakeng (Larsen, 1991l);

Maun (Larsen, 1991l); Kubu Island in Sua Pan (Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (G. Bailey vide Larsen, 1991l); Stevensford, Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l).

Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Alldays (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Gravelotte (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”).

Mpumalanga – Lydenburg district (Trimen, 1881); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Groblersdal (Swanepoel, 1953); Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop (van Son, 1963).

North West Province – Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009) Gauteng – Johannesburg (Wichgraf, 1914); Krugersdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Pretoria – Montana (Williams);

Buffelsdrif Conservancy (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel,

1953). Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).


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Habitat: Savanna. Habits: Males are often found hilltopping during the warmer hours of the day. Here it hovers about the grass and low shrubs. Specimens are often observed feeding from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al. 1994). Early stages: Nothing published.

Acraea aglaonice final instar larva and pupa. Images courtesy Jeremy Dobson.

Larval food: Adenia glauca Schinz (Passifloraceae) [Williams, unpublished 2003; larvae found near Montana, Pretoria,

Gauteng.] Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Swynnerton, vide Platt, 1921].

fenestrata Trimen, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1881: 435 (433-445). South Africa: “Transvaal; Leydenburg district”; Mozambique: “Delagoa Bay”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aglaonice by Bernaud, 2009.

albofasciata Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as ab. of Acraea aglaonice). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 270 (614 pp.). Mozambique: “Manicaland”. Treated as a form of Acraea aglaonice by Bernaud, 2009.

leucaspis Wichgraf, 1914 (as female f. of Acraea aglaonice). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 348 (345-353). South Africa: “Johannesburg”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aglaonice by Bernaud, 2009.

latimarginata van Son, 1963 (as f. of Acraea aglaonice). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 88 (130 pp.). South Africa: “Mariepskop, Transvaal”. Treated as a form of Acraea aglaonice by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) asboloplintha Karsch, 1894 Black-winged Acraea

Acraea asboloplintha Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 223 (209-240).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “West Albert Njansa (bei Badjua, West Lendú)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest and heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d). Along the edges and in clearings in semi-montane forest (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: Males often take protracted circling flights, with the wings held still, two or three metres above the

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ground (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Van Someren & Rogers, 1926. Larval food: Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323; as Tryphostemma

zanzibaricum]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 377]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 377].

Acraea (Stephenia) asboloplintha asboloplintha Karsch, 1894 Acraea asboloplintha Karsch, 1894. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 20: 223 (209-240).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “West Albert Njansa (bei Badjua, West Lendú)”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Ituri, Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Badjua, West Lendu (TL); Patsho (Grose-Smith, 1898). Tanzania – Ngara District (Kielland, 1990d); Marang Forest, Mbulu (Kielland, 1990d).

dissociata Grose-Smith, 1898 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 5: 350 (350-358). Uganda: “Patsho, Nandi country”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea asboloplintha asboloplintha by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Stephenia) asboloplintha rubescens Trimen, 1909 Acraea asboloplintha rubescens Trimen, 1909. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1909: 547 (547-557).

Type locality: [Kenya]: “15 m. W. of Ft. Hall, Kikuyu Co., Weithaga”. Diagnosis: Characterized by a red median area in the forewing (in the nominate ssp. the whole forewing is black) (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (highlands east of the Rift Valley). Specific localities: Kenya – 15 miles west of Fort Hall (TL); Aberdares (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Meru

(Larsen, 1991c); Mount Kenya (Larsen, 1991c); Embu (Larsen, 1991c); Nyeri (Larsen, 1991c); Uplands (Larsen, 1991c).

*Acraea (Stephenia) atatis Pierre, 2004 Acraea atatis Pierre, 2004. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 109 (1): 73 (73-76).

Type locality: Central African Republic. Distribution: Central African Republic. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

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*Acraea (Stephenia) atergatis Westwood, 1881

Acraea atergatis Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 342 (331-365). London. Acraea atergatis Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) atergatis Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 80.

Acraea atergatis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 55mm. Victoria Falls, S. Rhodesia. 7.VII.46. K.M. Pennington.

(Transvaal Museum - TM3524).

Acraea atergatis. Female (aberrant). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 57mm. Zambia, Kalulushi. 25.IV.1976 (det. Pierre). (Newport Collection).

Type locality: “Victoria Falls”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Cataractes, Kinshasa), Malawi (Dowsett, 2004), Zambia, Zimbabwe (north-west), Botswana (north), Namibia (north – Ovamboland). Specific localities: Malawi – Lengwe National Park (Dowsett, 2004). Zambia – Victoria Falls (TL); Livingstone (van Son, 1963); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath

et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Chisimba Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Chinsali (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Kalulushi (Heath et al., 2002; female illustrated above).

Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (TL; Van Son, 1963; male illustrated above); Wankie (Van Son, 1963); Sawmills (Van Son, 1963); Mutare (Van Son, 1963); Harare (Pringle et al., 1994).

Botswana – Kasane, Chobe River (Van Son, 1963); Tsotsoroga Pan (Larsen, 1991l); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); 50 km south of Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Kachekawbe (Larsen, 1991l); Zweizwe River (Larsen, 1991l); Orapa (M. Lunderstedt vide Larsen, 1991l); Nata (M. Lunderstedt vide Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (P. Forchhammer; single male vide Larsen, 1991l).

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Namibia – Ovamboland (Van Son, 1963). Habitat: Open areas (Van Son, 1963) in deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Habits: The flight is relatively fast but quite close to the ground (Van Son, 1963). It often flies together with Acraea atolmis, a species that it somewhat resembles (Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year, with distinct seasonal forms (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

eichleri van Son, 1963 (as f. of Acraea atergatis). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 75 (130 pp.). Zambia: “Livingstone”. This is the wet season form of the species (Van Son, 1963). Treated as a form of Acraea atergatis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) axina Westwood, 1881# Little Acraea

Male Little Acraea (Acraea axina) feeding on the flowers of an asclepiad in Rust de Winter Nature Reserve. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Female Little Acraea (Acraea axina), upper- and underside. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea axina Westwood, 1881. In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 344 (331-365). London. Acraea axina Westwood. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea axina Westwood, 1881. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) axina Westwood, 1881. Pringle et al., 1994: 81.

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Acraea axina. Male (Wingspan 38 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 3 February 2012.


Acraea axina. Female (Wingspan 40 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 5 December 2010.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: [Botswana]: “Tati et Gwailo fluv.”. Distribution: Malawi (south), Zambia (south), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal – north), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 114 quarter degree squares (457 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Zambia – Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Kalomo (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002);

Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Chipata (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Harare (Cottrell). Botswana – Tati and Gwailo Rivers (TL); Kgaligadi Transfrontier Park (Larsen, 1991l); Francistown

(Larsen, 1991l); Orapa (Larsen, 1991l); Maun (Larsen, 1991l); south of Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Gabane (Larsen, 1991l).

Limpopo Province – Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Rita (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Van Son, 1963); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Naboomspruit (Badham; male illustrated above); Lapalala Wilderness (Williams) ; Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist).

Mpumalanga – Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Kaap Muiden (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg District (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c).

North West Province – Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2010).

Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953). Free State Province – Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Tugela River (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe district (Swanepoel, 1953). Swaziland – Manzini (Pennington); Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).


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Habitat: Savanna. Habits: A weak, slow flying species, which usually keeps close to the ground. Cottrell noted that males at Harare, in Zimbabwe, may fly around the top of the canopy of trees near the peaks of hills (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. var. longepedunculatum (Turneraceae) [Larsen, 1991l;

Kasane, Botswana; as Wormskioldia longipedunculata].

illuminata van Son, 1963 (as female f. of Acraea axina). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 14: 86 (130 pp.). South Africa: “Loius Trichardt, Transvaal”. Treated as a form of Acraea axina by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) braesia Godman, 1885 Acraea braesia Godman, 1885. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 538 (537-541).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kilima-njaro”. Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda (north-east), Kenya, Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Somalia – Buran (Talbot, 1932). Kenya – Kitui (Staudinger, 1885); Kisumu (Neave, 1904); Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1931); Malidi (Stoneham,

1943); Coast (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Voi (Larsen, 1991c); Chyulu Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Ngong (Larsen, 1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); West Pokot (Larsen, 1991c); Lake Turkana (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Lake Baringo (Larsen, 1991c).

Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Durget Hill in Mbulu District (Kielland, 1990d); Mangola in Mbulu District (Kielland, 1990d); Same in South Pare at 1000-1300 m (Kielland, 1990d); Ngaruka below the Ngorongoro Highland (Kielland, 1990d); Foot of Mount Meru at Karamu (Cordeiro, 1995); Tarangire National Park (Cordeiro, 1995); Moshi (Cordeiro, 1995); Machame on the southern slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro (Baker, vide Cordeiro, 1995).

Habitat: Dry thornbush country (savanna) (Kielland, 1990d; Larsen, 1991c). Habits: This is a fairly common species that flies low down but quite rapidly (Larsen, 1991c). Numbers may congregate to feed on a patch of flowers but generally the density of populations is low (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Vernonia species (Asteraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 374].

leucosoma Staudinger, 1885 in Staudinger & Schatz, 1884-8 (as sp. of Acraea). Exotischer Schmetterlinge 1: 84 (333 pp.). Bayern. Kenya: “Kitui”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea braesia by Bernaud, 2009.

mystica Neave, 1904 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363). Kenya: “Kisumu”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea braesia by Bernaud, 2009.

ochracea Le Doux, 1931 (as ssp. of Acraea nohara). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 51 (49-59). Kenya: “Kibwezi, Brit. Ost-Afrika”. Treated as a form of Acraea braesia by Bernaud, 2009.

lucida Talbot, 1932 (as f. of Acraea bresia [sic]). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 4: 185 (182-188). Somalia: “Buran”. Treated as a form of Acraea braesia by Bernaud, 2009.

leucofasciata Stoneham, 1943 (as female f. of Acraea braesia). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (45): 3 (4 pp.). Kenya: “Malindi, Kenya Coast”. Treated as a form of Acraea braesia by Bernaud, 2009.

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*Acraea (Stephenia) buettneri Rogenhofer, 1890 Buettner‟s Acraea

Acraea buettneri Rogenhofer, 1890. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 4: 553 (547-554). Acraea buettneri Rogenhofer, 1889. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. [date of authorship erroneous] Acraea (Stephenia) buettneri Rogenhofer, 1889. Pringle et al., 1994: 84. [date of authorship erroneous]

Acraea buettneri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 45mm. Hippo Pools, Chingola, Zambia. 14 April, 1974. A. Heath. (Gardiner Collection).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Fallstation des oberen Congo”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (no image available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Distribution: Namibia, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia (north-west and Copperbelt). Specific localities: Namibia – Okavango River (Trimen, 1891); Omrora (Trimen, 1891); Otiembora (Trimen, 1891). Angola – Humbe, Cunene River (Trimen, 1891). Democratic Republic of Congo – Fallstation des oberen Congo (TL); kilometre 219 de Kindu (Schouteden,

1919); Kimuenza (Le Doux, 1923); Mabwe, 585 m., Upemba (Overlaet, 1955). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Kanshanshi (Heath et al., 2002); near

the Kafue River 12 km north of Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Hippo Pools, Chingola (male illustrated above).

Habitat: Woodland. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

felina Trimen, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 65 (59-107). Angola: “Humbe, Cunenè River”; Namibia: “Okavango River; Omrora, Otiembora”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea buettneri by Bernaud, 2009.

parapetraea Schouteden, 1919 (as ssp. of Acraea buettneri). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 152 (145-162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “kilometre 219 de Kindu”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea buettneri by Bernaud, 2009.

contracta Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea buettneri). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 216 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kimuenza (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a form of Acraea buettneri by Bernaud, 2009.

nigroapicalis Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Acraea buettneri). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 81 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mabwe, 585 m., Upemba”. Treated as a form of Acraea buettneri by Bernaud, 2009.

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*Acraea (Stephenia) caecilia (Fabricius, 1781)

Pink Acraea Papilio caecilia Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 34 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii.

Type locality: “Africa aequinoctiali”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi. Habitat: Savanna (Larsen, 1991c). In West Africa the species spreads southwards during the dry season (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania in dry thornbush and savanna country from sea-level to 1 950 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: In the West African savanna it becomes common just before the onset of the rainy season. Individuals often fly long distances with a slow, direct flight. They are often seen at flowers (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania they were noted flying low down in open grassy glades in forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Bernaud, 1994b [(Cameroon)].

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud, 1994b; Cameroon; as Wormskioldia pilosa]. Wormskioldia species (Turneraceae) [Collins, vide Congdon & Collins, 1998: 32; Cameroon].

Acraea (Stephenia) caecilia caecilia (Fabricius, 1781) Papilio caecilia Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum 2: 34 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii.

Type locality: “Africa aequinoctiali”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria (north), Chad, Sudan (south), Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Erroneously recorded from South Africa by Trimen, 1862c (as Acraea hypatia Drury, a synonym of Acraea caecilia) (MCW). Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Blana (Le Doux, 1923); Freetown (Owen & Chanter, 1972). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2009). Nigeria – Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Tanzania – Rumanyika Game Reserve, Karagwe District (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

hypatia Drury, 1782 (as sp. of Papilio). Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 15 (76 pp.). London. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia caecilia by Bernaud, 2009.

artemesa Stoll, 1790, in Stoll, [1787-90] (as sp. of Papilio). Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America [Supplement]: 123 ([184 pp.]) Amsterdam. Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilian caecilia by Bernaud, 2009, and spelt as artemisa.

bendis Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-[1826]] (as sp. of Telchinia). Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 27 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilian caecilia by Bernaud, 2009.

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varia Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caecilia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 217 (207-226). Sierra Leone: “Blana”. Treated as a form of Acraea caecilian caecilia by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Stephenia) caecilia kulal van Someren, 1936 Acraea caecilia kulal van Someren, 1936. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 12: 154 (147-199).

Type locality: Kenya: “Kulal”. Distribution: Kenya (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Mount Kulal (TL); Mount Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c).

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia caecilia by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Stephenia) caecilia pudora Aurivillius, 1910 Acraea caecilia f. pudora Aurivillius, 1910. In: Sjöstedt, B. Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schweidischen zoologischen

Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebeden Massaisteppen Deutsch-OstAfrikas 1905-1906. 2 (9): 4 (56 pp.). Stockholm.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kilimandjaro, Kibonoto aus der Massaisteppe; Meru-Niederung”. Distribution: Kenya (east), Tanzania (east and central), Malawi (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Rondo near Lindi (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara

Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Ruaha National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea lyci lyci by Bernaud, 2009.

umbrina Aurivillius, 1910 (as ab. of Acraea caecilia). In: Sjöstedt, B. Y., Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schweidischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebeden Massaisteppen Deutsch-OstAfrikas 1905-1906. 2 (9): 4 (56 pp.). Stockholm. Tanzania: “Kilimandjaro: Massaisteppe”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Treated as a form of Acraea caecilia caecilia by Bernaud, 2009.

nuda Wichgraf, 1914 (as ab. of Acraea caecilia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 349 (345-353). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika”. Treated as a form of Acraea caecilian caecilia by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena Hewitson, 1877# Black-tipped Acraea

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Black-tipped Acraea (Acraea caldarena) male from near Munnik, Limpopo Province. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 52 (51-52). Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea caldarena Hewitson. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Pringle et al., 1994: 80.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Male (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Munnik, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 18 September 2006.




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Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. M.C. Williams Collection.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female aberration (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Naboomspriut, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 21 Sep 2013. M.C. Williams. M.C. Williams Collection.

Alternative common name: Black Tip Acraea. Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”; [South Africa]: “Transvaal”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia?, Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland (Van Son, 1963). Habitat: Dry savanna (Van Son, 1963; Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania in Brachystegia woodland and savanna, from 1 000 to 1 300 m (2 000 m on Sitebi Mt.) for the nominate subspecies and in woodland and savanna, from near sea-level to 1 200 m for subspecies neluska (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common species but ssp. neluska appears to be considerably scarcer (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is slow and usually not more than a metre above the ground. Both sexes are fond of flowers (Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year but commonest from August to March (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Fountaine, 1911: 60. “The larva of this butterfly also feeds on the flowers and leaves of Wormskioldia longepedunculata; it is of a soft pink rose-colour, shading into yellow at the extremities, underneath it has a longitudinal white stripe between the legs, extending from head to tail; the spines are black. The pupa is not quite so elongated as that of A. nohara, the wing-cases are pale, dull drab veined and outlined with black, the abdomen is deep cream-colour, with the rows of orange spots so heavily outlined with black as to be almost coalescent. I found this larva, but not at all commonly, at Macequence.” Van Someren & Rogers, 1925 No. 23: 142. Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 79; plate XXIII. “Egg. The eggs are laid singly or only two or three together; 0.75 mm in diameter by 0.95 mm high, with 16 longitudinal and 16 cross-ribs; pale watery cream at first, deepening to pale dull yellow. The egg-stage lasts 8 days. Larva. 1st instar 1.5 mm long on hatching, very pale at first, with very finely barbed black spines; the colour gradually changes to pale yellowish brown. Head black. The larva grows to 3.5 mm in 7 days. It feeds on the surface of a leaf.

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2nd instar: The body is covered with a very fine fur, it is pale greenish yellow with a black head. The larva feeds mostly on the edge of a leaf. The larvae gradually change to unicolorous brown in the next instars, but in the penultimate instar a white ventral line develops and is also present in the final instar. The head changes through shades of brown to pale salmon and the body protuberances change from a brownish grey to black. All have black spines. The extremities in all instars except the first are lighter than the general body colour, and in the final instar they are of a salmon tint. The larvae grow in the second instar to 6.5 mm in 7 days, in the 3rd instar to 10 mm in 7 days, in the 4th to 18 mm in 10 days, and in the penultimate instar reach a length of 27 mm in 20 days. The maximum length in the final instar is 32 mm, reached in 22 days. Pupa. The pupa is 22 mm long and is suspended by cremastral hooks. The emergence takes place after some 17 days.” Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Fountaine, 1911: 60; as Wormskioldia

longepedunculata; nominate subspecies; Macequece, Mozambique].

Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena caldarena Hewitson, 1877# Acraea caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 14: 52 (51-52). Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena caldarena Hewitson, 1877. Pringle et al., 1994: 80.





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Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. M.C. Williams Collection.

Acraea caldarena caldarena. Female aberration (Wingspan 47 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside.

Naboomspriut, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 21 Sep 2013. M.C. Williams. M.C. Williams Collection.

Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”; [South Africa]: “Transvaal”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia?, Kenya (west), Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Tanzania (west), Malawi, Zambia (except north-west), Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana (east and north), Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province), Swaziland (Van Son, 1963). In South Africa its distribution covers 91 quarter degree squares (322 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Kitale (Larsen, 1991c); West Pokot (Larsen, 1991c); Lake

Baringo (Larsen, 1991c). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kabala (Joicey & Talbot, 1921); Kohambullo (Le Doux, 1923). Tanzania – Tabora (Suffert, 1904); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d); Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National

Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Kabwe

(Heath et al., 2002); Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Isoka (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

Mozambique – Macequece (Fountaine, 1911); Mineni Valley (Van Son, 1963); Dondo Forest (Pennington, vide Pringle et al., 1994); Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Njesi Plateau (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010).

Botswana – Khamas country (Van Son, 1963); Macloutsie River (Van Son, 1963); Tati River (Van Son, 1963); Kasane (Van Son, 1963); Kabulabula (Chobe River) (Van Son, 1963); Okavango (Larsen, 1991l); Sepupa (Larsen, 1991l); Gweta (R. Vane-Wright vide Larsen, 1991l); Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l).

Namibia – Livingstone (Le Doux, 1923); Ovamboland (Van Son, 1963). Limpopo Province – Gravelotte (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953);


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Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Dendron (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist).

Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c).

North West Province – Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Johannesburg (Swanepoel, 1953). Free State Province – Kroonstad (Van Son, 1963).

amphimalla Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 347 (331-365). London. South Africa: “Tati, et marg. fluv. Motloutsi”. Given as a synonym of A. caldarena Hewitson, 1877 by Van Son, 1963: 77. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

dircaea Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 348 (331-365). London. South Africa: “Tati, and the Motloutsi River”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

nero Butler, 1883 (as sp. of Telchinia). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 12: 102 (101-107). “Victoria Nyanza”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

recaldana Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 27 (12-107). Tanzania: “Umgegend von Tabora”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

mediofasciata Neustetter, 1916 (as female ab. of Acraea caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-108). South Africa: “Natal”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

latiapicalis Joicey & Talbot, 1921 (as ssp. of Acraea leucopyga). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 50 (40-166). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kabala, Upper Congo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea leucopyga by Bernaud, 2009.

pallida Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea caldarena caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 209 (207-226). Namibia: “Livingstone (Deutsch-Südwestafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

necessaria Le Doux, 1923 (as ssp. of Acraea caldarena). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 209 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

obscuroides Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caldarena necessaria). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 211 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

decepta Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caldarena necessaria). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 211 (207-226). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Katanga (Belgisch-Kongo)”. Treated as a form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

kohambullensis Le Doux, 1923 (as female f. of Acraea caldarena necessaria). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 212 (207-226). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kohambullo (Kongo)”. Treated as a form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

marginipunctata Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Acraea caldarena intermedia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 55 (49-59). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Region de M‟Pala, Tanganyika”. Treated as a form of Acraea caldarena caldarena by Bernaud, 2009.

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Acraea (Stephenia) caldarena neluska Oberthür, 1878

Acraea oncaea var. neluska Oberthür, 1878. Études d’Entomologie 3: 25 (1-48).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Zanzibar”. Diagnosis: Forewing black apical patch reduced; hindwing black margin without orange lunules (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast). Specific localities: Kenya – Kitale (Carcasson, 1961); coast (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Zanzibar (TL); Saadani (Weymer, 1892); coast (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland,

1990d); Turiani in the Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Subspecies neluska may be specifically distinct from caldarena (see discussion in Larsen, 1991c: 377).

ombria Weymer, 1892 (as sp. of Acraea). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 82 (79-125). Tanzania: “Saadani (Ostafrika)”; “Niassa-See”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea caldarena neluska by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849 Acraea doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849. In: Lefebrve, T., Voyage en Abyssinie (4) 6 (Zoologie): 378 (364-386).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Abyssinie”. Distribution: Sudan, Uganda, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Yemen. Erroneously recorded from South Africa by Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Recorded, in error, from northern Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Dry savanna. Habits: Males patrol desert wadis while the wings are held horizontal for long periods. The white abdomen is very noticeable at this time (Larsen, 1991c). When these are available, flowers are very attractive to the species (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

Acraea (Stephenia) doubledayi doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849 Acraea doubledayi Guérin-Méneville, 1849. In: Lefebrve, T., Voyage en Abyssinie (4) 6 (Zoologie): 378 (364-386).

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Abyssinie”. Distribution: Sudan (south-east), Uganda (north), Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya (north). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Toma (Eltringham, 1913). Somalia – Near Laskarato (Sharpe, 1901). Kenya – Mount Karoli, Rendille country (J. Pierre, vide Larsen, 1991c).

Note: According to J. Pierre (pers. comm.) form rileyi Eltringham, 1913 (see below) is specifically distinct from doubledayi (Larsen, 1991c: 374).

gaekwari Sharpe, 1901b (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologist 34 (Supplement): 1-8. Somalia: “Near Laskarato”.

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Treated as a synonym of Acraea doubledayi doubledayi by Bernaud, 2009.

rileyi Eltringham, 1913 (as f. of Acraea doubledayi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1913: 407-413. Ethiopia: “Toma, Abyssinia”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea zoumi by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Stephenia) doubledayi azvaki d‟Abrera, 1980 Acraea doubledayi azvaki d‟Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 142 (593 pp.). Melbourne.

Type locality: Yemen: “Southern Yemen”. Distribution: Saudi Arabia (south-west), Yemen. Specific localities: Yemen – Azvaki Ravine (Eltringham, 1912).

arabica Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea doubledayi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 173 (1-374). Yemen: “S. Arabia (Azvaki Ravine)”. [Invalid; junior primary homonym of Acraea arabica Rebel, 1899 [Acraeinae].] Treated as a synonym of Acraea doubledayi azvaki by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) ella Eltringham, 1911 Ella‟s Acraea

Acraea ella Eltringham, 1911. Novitates Zoologicae 18: 151 (149-153). Acraea (Stephenia) ella Eltringham, 1911. Pringle et al., 1994: 81.

Type locality: Angola: “Bihé”. Diagnosis: Similar to A. axina, from which it can be distinguished by the very white abdomen in the male and its angular wing shape (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Angola, Nambia (north-west). Specific localities: Angola – Bihe (TL). Namibia – Etosha (Ficq); north of Okangwati (Swart, 2004). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Stephenia) equatorialis Neave, 1904 Acraea doubledayi equatorialis Neave, 1904. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363).

Type locality: “Victoria Nyanza”. Distribution: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Savanna. In Tanzania ssp. anaemia occurs at altitudes from sea-level to 1 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Both sexes are attracted to flowers low down (Kielland, 1990d). Communal roosting, overnight, in this species was noted by Van Someren & Rogers (1926). Early stages: Van Someren & Rogers, 1926. Larval food:

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Malva verticillata L. (Malvaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323].

Acraea (Stephenia) equatorialis equatorialis Neave, 1904 Acraea doubledayi equatorialis Neave, 1904. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363).

Type locality: “Victoria Nyanza”. Distribution: Uganda (east), Kenya (south-west), ?Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Kenya – South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c); Kisumu (Larsen, 1991c).

Acraea (Stephenia) equatorialis anaemia Eltringham, 1912 Acraea equatorialis anaemia Eltringham, 1912. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 179 (1-374).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “German E. Africa (Kilimandjaro); Zanzibar; Pemba”; Kenya: “British E. Africa (Kikuyu Escarpment; Campi-ya-Simba; Rabai)”. Distribution: Kenya (north and east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Campi-ya-Simba (Eltringham, 1912); Rabai (Eltringham, 1912); islands around Lamu (Larsen,

1991c); Athi River (Larsen, 1991c); north of Mt. Kenya (Larsen, 1991c); Marsabit (Larsen, 1991c); Mt. Kulal (Larsen, 1991c); West Pokot (Larsen, 1991c).

Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Zanzibar (Eltringham, 1912); Pemba (Eltringham, 1912); Dar es Salaam (Kielland, 1990d); Kisiju (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); foot of South Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d).

*Acraea (Stephenia) intermediodes Ackery, 1995 Acraea (Acraea) intermediodes Ackery, 1995 in Ackery et al., 1995: 238. Replacement name for Acraea intermedia Wichgraf,

1909, which is invalid (see below).

Acraea intermediodes. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 53mm. Luongo, Zambia. 10.IV.77. A. Heath.

(African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

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Type locality: [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani, Kabinda, Lualaba), Zambia (north-east). Specific localities: Zambia – Lake Mweru (Heath et al., 2002); Luongo River (Heath et al., 2002; male illustrated above);

Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokoso (Heath et al., 2002).


intermedia Wichgraf, 1909 (as sp. of Acraea). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 241 (240-247). [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Planema intermedia Aurivillius, 1899 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea intermediodes by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) leucopyga Aurivillius, 1904 Acraea leucopyga Aurivillius, 1904. Entomologisk Tidskrift 25: 92 (92-96).

Acraea leucopyga. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 57mm. Maiwale, Malawi. 28.8.97. N.K.O.J. (Curle Trust Collection – 39).

Acraea leucopyga. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 51mm. Maiwale, Malawi. 28.8.97. N.K.O.J. (Curle Trust Collection – 40).

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Nyassaland: Kigonsera”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum

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(images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/l). Distribution: Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Malawi, Zambia. Specific localities: Tanzania – Ungoni (Suffert, 1904); Southern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Tunduma near Mbeya (Kielland,

1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Democratic Republic of Congo – Upemba National Park (Overlaet, 1955); Mabwe (Overlaet, 1955). Malawi – Kigonsera (TL); Maiwale (male and female illustrated above). Zambia – Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Lundazi-Chinsali Road (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley

(Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Dry woodland and savanna (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes up to 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A rare and local species in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

liszti Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 17 (12-107). Tanzania: “Ungoni”; “Nyassa See”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea leucopyga by Bernaud, 2009.

propagata Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea leucopyga). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 215 (207-226). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Katanga (Belgische-Kongo)”. Treated as a form of Acraea leucopyga by Bernaud, 2009.

brunnea Overlaet, 1955 (as female f. of Acraea leucopyga latiapicalis). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 71 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nationaal Upemba Park”. Treated as a form of Acraea leucopyga by Bernaud, 2009.

albescens Overlaet, 1955 (as f. of Acraea leucopyga latiapicalis). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 71 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mabwe”. Treated as a form of Acraea leucopyga by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) lyci Pierre, 2006 Acraea lyci Pierre, 2006. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 111 (4): 544 (544).

Type locality: Tanzania. Distribution: Tanzania. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Stephenia) lygus Druce, 1875# Lygus Acraea

Acraea lygus Druce, 1875. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1875: 408 (406-417). Acraea lygus Druce, 1875. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) lygus Druce, 1875. Pringle et al., 1994: 80.

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Acraea lygus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 50mm. Upington, Cape. 16.2.85. H.C. Ficq. (Curle Trust Collection – 41).

Acraea lygus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 51mm. Grootfontein, SWA. 13.1.86. H.C. Ficq. (Curle Trust Collection – 42).

Type locality: Angola. Diagnosis: The female of A. lygus can be separated from that of A. stenobea by its white discal patch and broad black marginal band on the hindwing upperside (Pringle et al., 1994). Distribution: Kenya (south), Tanzania, Zambia (southern border), Angola, Zimbabwe, Botswana (east), Namibia (central and north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Eastern Cape Province, Northern Cape Province), Lesotho. In South Africa its distribution covers 34 quarter degree squares (65 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as moderately widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Taru station near Mackinnon Road (Larsen, 1991c). Zambia – Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Victoria Falls (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Beit Bridge (Van Son, 1963); Bulawayo (Van Son, 1963); Sawmills (Van Son, 1963); Castle

Block (Gwelo) (Van Son, 1963); Victoria Falls (Van Son, 1963). Botswana – Zweizwe (Ntwentwe) River (Van Son, 1963); Nkate (Makarikari Salt Lake) (Van Son, 1963);

Selibe-Phikwe (Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (Larsen, 1991l); 120 km north of Gaborone (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); Kasane (Larsen, 1991l); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); Moremi (Larsen, 1991l); Gumare (Larsen, 1991l); Sepupa (Larsen, 1991l); Tsodilo Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Gabane (Larsen, 1991l).

Namibia – Okahandja (Van Son, 1963); Grootfontein (female illustrated above); Rundu (Pennington). Limpopo Province – Vivo (Swanepoel); Bloedrivier, Polokwane district (Van Son, 1963); Highlands

Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist). Mpumalanga – Die Berg, south-west of Lydenburg (probably a vagrant) (Pringle et al., 1994).


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Eastern Cape Province – King William‟s Town (Van Son, 1963). Northern Cape Province – Upington (male illustrated above). Lesotho – Maseru (Van Son, 1963). Habitat: Dry savanna and deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). Often in dry river-beds in dry savanna (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: A generally scarce species (Larsen, 1991c); rare in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d). The flight is slower than that of Acraea stenobea, with which it sometimes flies (Van Son, 1963). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Stephenia) marnois Rogenhofer, 1890 Acraea (Telchinia) marnois Rogenhofer, 1890. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 4: 552 (547-554).

Type locality: Sudan: “Bahr el-Seraf”. Distribution: Sudan. Known only from two females, one from “Victoria Nyansa”. Specific localities: Sudan – Bahr el-Seraf (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea caecilia caecilia by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) mirabilis Butler, 1886 Marvellous Acraea

Acraea mirabilis Butler, 1886. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1885: 760 (756-776).

From a painting of the type in the original publication (Butler, 1886)

Type locality: Somalia: “Bunder Maria”. Original description: Distribution: Somalia, Ethiopia (south-east), ?Kenya (north-east) (D‟Abrera, 1980). Specific localities: Somalia – Bunder Maria (TL). Habitat: Very dry savanna.

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*Acraea (Stephenia) miranda Riley, 1920 Somali Acraea

Acraea miranda Riley, 1920. Entomologist 53: 74 (73-75).

Alternative common name: Desert Acraea. Type locality: Somalia: “More than 80 miles south of Berbera, Somaliland”. Distribution: Somalia, Ethiopia (south-east), Kenya (north). Specific localities: Somalia - >80 miles south of Berbera (TL). Kenya – Between Lake Baringo and Lorian Swamp (Riley, 1920); Tana River (Larsen, 1991c); Archer‟s

Post (Larsen, 1991c); Garbatula (Larsen, 1991c); Merille (Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Very dry savanna (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: In June, 1989 S.C. Collins found hundreds of individuals on the upper Tana River. They were avidly feeding from the flowers of their larval foodplant (Larsen, 1991c). It is generally localized and the flight is low but quite fast (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Loewia tanaensis Urb. (Turneraceae) [S.C. Collins, vide Larsen, 1991c: 378].

selousi Riley, 1920 (as female f. of Acraea miranda). Entomologist 53: 75 (73-75). [Kenya]: “E. Africa, Namanga; but most probably obtained between Lake Baringo and Lorian Swamp, British East Africa”. Treated as a form of Acraea miranda by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) natalica Boisduval, 1847# Natal Acraea

Left: Male Natal Acraea (Acraea natalica) in the Mphaphuli Cycad Reserve, Limpopo Province. Image courtesy Raimund Schutte. Middle and right: Male and female Natal Acraeas in Delville Wood, KwaZulu-Natal. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea natalica Boisduval, 1847. In: Delegorgue, A., Voyage dans l’Afrique australe 2: 590 (585-602). Acraea natalica Boisduval, 1847. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea natalica Boisduval. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea natalica Boisduval, 1847. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) natalica De Boisduval, 1847. Pringle et al., 1994: 80.

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Acraea natalica. Male (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Blouberg Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 10 March 2012.


Acraea natalica. Female (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Buzzard Mtn Retreat, Zoutpansberg, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 21 September 2003.


Acraea natalica. Female (Wingspan 62 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 8 April 2008.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Baie de Port Natal”. Diagnosis: A variable species with several forms, including dry- and wet-season forms. Distribution: Somalia (south) (Kielland, 1990d), Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east), Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 217 quarter degree squares (1750 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread. Specific localities: Tanzania – Throughout (Kielland, 1990d); Mikidani (Suffert, 1904); Pemba (Aurivillius, 1913); Kisonsera

(Le Doux, 1923); Angabe (Le Doux, 1923).


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Democratic Republic of Congo – Bangu (Schouteden, 1919). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Mozambique – Maputo (Le Doux, 1923); Mt Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Njesi Plateau (Congdon

et al., 2010); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (Van Son, 1936). Botswana – Tswapong Hills (Larsen, 1991l); Tati River (Larsen, 1991l); Gaborone to Francistown road

(Larsen, 1991l); Serowe (Larsen, 1991l); Mpandama-Tenga (Larsen, 1991l); Kazungula (Larsen, 1991l); Okavango (Larsen, 1991l); Tuli Block (Larsen, 1991l).

Limpopo Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Naboomspruit (male illustrated above).

Mpumalanga – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop area (Henning, 1994c); Sterkspruit Nature Reserve (Williams); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams).

North West Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson,

unpublished checklist, 2001). Free State Province – Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (TL); Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953);

Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Estcourt (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); Mkuze (Swanepoel, 1953); Isipingo (Van Son, 1963); Verulam (Van Son, 1963); Dukuduku Forest (Van Son, 1963); St Lucia Bay (Van Son, 1963); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002).

Eastern Cape Province – Kei River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963).

Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Status: Common and widespread (Pringle et al., 1994). Habitat: Savanna, including Brachystegia woodland (Kielland, 1990d), forest edges and anthropogenic environments. In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Boths sexes fly randomly, about one to three metres above the ground. The flight is leisurely (Pringle et al., 1994). Both sexes are much attracted by flowers and occasional specimens are seen mud-puddling (Van Son, 1963). An interesting account of pollination of a species of orchid (Platycoryne pervillei) by A. natalica in Zimbabwe has been published by Fibeck & Phiri (1998). Males sometimes select a particular small area, which they patrol, perching frequently on low shrubs or grass stems within the area (Williams, unpublished). Flight period: All year but commoner in the warmer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 156 [as Acraea Natalica Boisduval; KwaZulu-Natal]. “Larva. Light buff-yellow, with longitudinal black and white stripes. A white dorsal stripe edged with black, and a white stripe, just above legs on each side, carrying lowest row of spines. A black stripe on each side just above lateral row of spines; a broad black ventral stripe, interrupted by bases of pro-legs. On a succulent climbing plant (much affected by the Acraeinae generally), with small green flowers. The above description of the larva is from notes by Mr. W.D. Gooch. The pupa is not described; but from a pencil sketch appears to be more sharply angulated on the head and thorax than that of A. Horta. A note as to its colours and markings is given below, from two examples received from Colonel Bowker. In March 1878 Colonel Bowker sent me from Natal two living pupae of A. Natalica, attached to stems of a grass. Unfortunately the butterflies endeavoured to emerge en route in a very small box; and thus neither pupae nor imagines arrived in a useful condition. But the specimens sufficiently show that the pupa is quite of the type of that of A. Horta, Linn., being creamy-white, with the limbs and position of wing-nervures outlined in black; a triple black streak from top of head along middle of back of thorax, and a broad lateral streak varied with white spots; the abdomen bearing two dorsal, two lateral, and one median ventral, chains of black rings enclosing orange-yellow spots.” Van Someren & Rogers, 1926 No. 25: 66.



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Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 73, plate XXII. “Egg. The eggs are laid in clusters on the underside of a leaf. They are 0.8 mm in diameter by 0.7 mm high, with 16 longitudinal ribs connected by 17-19 cross-braces. The colour is pale yellow when laid, changing to salmon yellow. The eggs hatch after 6 days. Larva. The young larvae eat their way out near the top and after a rest, devour the discarded shell. Sometimes they tackle an unhatched egg and eat both the shell and the unhatched larva. After another rest, they assemble and feed on the leaf the eggs were laid on, sometimes on the surface of the stalk or stripping the stems and feeding on the pith. They are gregarious till the middle of the penultimate instar. There are two groups, one taking five instars, the other six, the development proceeding as follows: Five instar group: 1st instar 1.5 mm, growing to 3.5 mm in 7 days; 2nd instar growing to 5 mm in 5 days; 3rd instar growing to 9-10 mm in 5 days; 4th instar growing to 17 mm in 5 days; 5th instar growing to 35-36 mm in 20 days. Six instar group: 1st instar 1.5 mm, growing to 3 mm in 7 days; 2nd instar growing to 4.5 mm in 5 days; 3rd instar growing to 7-8 mm in 5 days; 4th instar growing to 13 mm in 5 days; 5th instar growing to 24 mm in 5 days; 6th instar growing to 35-36 mm in 27 days. Towards the end of the first instar, dull patches indicate the position of future protuberances. In the 4 th and subsequent instars the spined protuberances have a very fine fur. Pupa. The pupa is suspended by cremastral hooks only. It is 24 mm long. The pupal stage lasts about 13 days.” Dickson, 1972. Bernaud & Pierre, 2000.

Acraea natalica final instar larva and pupa. Images courtesy Raimund Schutte.

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921; as Ophiocaulon gummifera Hook. f.]. Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Oncoba species (Flacourtiaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Platt, 1921]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Swynnerton, in Platt, 1921]. Vitis species (Ampelidaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159]. Wormskioldia species (Turneraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 159].

bellua Wallengren, 1857 (as sp. of Acraea). Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar. Stockholm annis 1838-1845. Collecta (n.s.) 2 (4): 22 (55 pp.). South Africa: “Caffraria”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/b). Treated as a synonym of

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Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009.

umbrata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 30 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mikidani”. Treated as a form of Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009.

albida Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as female ab. of Acraea natalica). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 268 (614 pp.). Tanzania: “Island of Pemba”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009.

mesoleuca Wichgraf, 1914 (as female f. of Acraea natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitung 1914: 349 (345-353). South Africa: “Natal (Durban)”. Treated as a form of Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009.

dispar Schouteden, 1919 (as ab. of Acraea natalica pseudagina). Revue Zoologique Africaine 6: 154 (145-162). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Bangu”. Treated as an aberration Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009. albiventris Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea natalica natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 214 (207-226). Mozambique: “Delagoa Bay”; South Africa: “Natal”; “Nyasa”; “Rhodesia”; Kenya: “Britisch-Ostafrika”; Tanzania: “Kisonsera”. Treated as a form of Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009.

albata Le Doux, 1923 (as male f. of Acraea natalica natalica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 215 (207-226). Tanzania: “Deutsch-Ostafrika (ohne nähere Angabe)”. Treated as a form of Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009.

oatesi van Son, 1936 (as var. of Acraea natalica). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 17: 123 (121-140). Zimbabwe: “Victoria Falls, in the Rain Forest”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea natalica by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) oncaea Hopffer, 1855# Rooibok Acraea

Left – Male Rooibok Acraea (Acraea oncaea), Burman Bush, Durban. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Right – Female Rooibok Acraea, Delville Wood, KwaZulu-Natal. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea oncaea Hopffer, 1855. Berichte über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der

Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1855: 640 (639-643). Acraea oncaea Hopffer. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea oncaea Hopffer, 1855. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) oncaea Hopffer, 1855. Pringle et al., 1994: 81.

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Acraea oncaea. Male (Wingspan 44 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Tembe, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 8 November 2009.


Acraea oncaea. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 54mm. Malelane, Kruger National Park, South Africa. 11 November, 1998.

M.C. Williams (Williams collection). Alternative common name: Window Acraea. Type locality: Mozambique: “Mossambique”. Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya (coast, south), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Malawi, Zambia (east), Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Nambia (north), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal), Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). In South Africa its distribution covers 154 quarter degree squares (1425 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as very widespread. Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Arabuko-Sokoke Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Kisumu (Larsen, 1991c);

Namanga (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mhondo (Suffert, 1904); Morogoro (Suffert, 1904); Lindi (Suffert, 1904); Langenburg (Suffert,

1904); Songea-Ungoni (Suffert, 1904); Mpapua (Suffert, 1904); Usandowi (Suffert, 1904); Madibira (Le Doux, 1923); Uhehe (Le Doux, 1923); widespread (Kielland, 1990d).

Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Chirundu (Heath et al., 2002); Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Bangweulu (Heath et

al., 2002); Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Maputo (Suffert, 1904); Inhaca Island (Van Son, 1963); Bopira (Van Son, 1963); Mount

Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

Botswana – Mokgethe Farm near Zanzibar, Tuli Block (C. Coombs vide Larsen, 1991l); Thune River near Selibe-Phikwe (C. Coombs vide Larsen, 1991l); Shashe (G. Bailey vide Larsen, 1991l); Bain‟s Drift (Larsen, 1991l).

Limpopo Province – Mica (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetsi (Swanepoel, 1953); Punda Maria (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Dendron (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Magoebaskloof (Van Son, 1963); Tzaneen (Van


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Son, 1963); Ofcolaco (Van Son, 1963); Saltpan (Van Son, 1963); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”).

Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterval Onder (Swanepoel, 1953); Komatipoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg district (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop (Van Son, 1963); Malelane (Williams; female illustrated above); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams).

North West Province – Marico River (Swanepoel, 1953); Borakalalo Nature Reserve (J. Dobson, unpublished, 2009).

Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953; male illustrated above); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953);

Pinetown (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); Hluhluwe (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002).

Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz). Habitat: Savanna, including thornveld (Van Son, 1963), and grassy patches in coastal bush (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania at altitudes from sea-level to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flutters weakly, close to the ground, frequently settling on low vegetation (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Van Son, 1963). Early stages: Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 85; plate XXIV. “Egg. The eggs are laid in clusters and are pale watery yellow at first, changing later to light chocolate. They measure 0.6 mm in diameter by 0.9 mm high and have 17 to 20 longitudinal ribs cross-braced by 15 transverse ridges. Larva. The young larvae eat their way out near the top, and after a rest eat the discarded shell. Sometimes a larva may eat a retarded egg. The larvae rest, then gather together and feed on the surface of the leaf. On hatching the larvae are 2 mm long and grow to 3.25 or 3.5 mm in 7 days. Moulting takes palce where they are feeding. The larvae are gregarious until the penultimate instar, when they begin to separate. Some larva take 6 instars, others take 7. At the end of the instars the first group are 3.5, 5.25, 8.75, 14, 22 and 32 mm long; each instar takes from 4 to 5 days, except the final instar which lasts from 7 to 10 days. In the second group, the size of each instar is 3.25, 4.5, 6.75, 11, 17.5, 25 and 32 mm; the instars last from 4 to 6 days except the final which lasts from 7 to 10 days, but in both groups cold weather increases the length of the instar and may, in prolonged cold weather, produce partial hibernation. Pupa. The pupa is suspended by cremastral hooks fastened in a silken mat, and hangs head downwards. It is 22.5 mm long. The imago emerges after some 20 days.” Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 85; Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978; as Modecca venenata]. Oncoba routledgei Sprague (Flacourtiaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Tricliceras longipedunculatum (Mast.) R. Fern. (Turneraceae) [Van Son, 1963: 85; as Wormskioldia

longepedunculata Mast.]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Xylotheca kraussiana Hochst. (Flacourtiaceae) [Platt, 1921].

doubledayi Trimen, 1887 (as sp. of Acraea). South African Butterflies I: 147. Synonym of Acraea doubledayi Guerin-Meneville, 1849.

caoncius Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 27 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mhondo und Morogoro”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Bernaud, 2009.

alboradiata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 28 (12-107). Tanzania: “Lindi”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Bernaud, 2009.

modesta Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 28 (12-107). South Africa: “Zululand”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Bernaud, 2009.

obscura Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 28 (12-107). Tanzania: “Langenburg; Songeo-Ungoni”; Mozambique: “Delagoa Bai”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea

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oncaea by Bernaud, 2009.

defasciata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 29 (12-107). Tanzania: “Mpapua”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Bernaud, 2009.

liacea Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Acraea caecilia). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 29 (12-107). Tanzania: “Usandowi, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea oncaea by Bernaud, 2009.

distincta Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea oncaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 225 (207-226). Tanzania: “Madibira, Uhehe (Deutsch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea oncaea by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) pseudegina Westwood, [1852] Abadima Acraea

Acraea pseudegina Westwood, 1852 in Doubleday & Westwood, [1846-52]. The genera of diurnal Lepidoptera, London: 531 (1:

1-250 pp.; 2: 251-534 pp.). London.

Acraea pseudegina. Male (Wingspan 56 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 56 mm.


Type locality: “Guinea”; Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (Fermon et al., 2001), Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Uganda, Ethiopia (south), Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Senegal – Cap Vert area (Condamin, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2009). Benin – Noyau Central, Lama Forest (Fermon et al., 2001). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Franceville (van de Weghe, 2010); Mayumba (van de Weghe, 2010). Congo – Brazzaville (Le Cerf, 1927). Central African Republic – Abadima (Ribbe, 1889). Uganda – Mpologoma (Le Doux, 1931). Kenya – Tiriki Hills (Neave, 1904). Tanzania – Geita, near Lake Victoria (Kielland, 1990d); Arusha (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Savanna, and agricultural lands in the forest zone (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: This is a common butterfly and may be abundant at times (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes fly low down and are fond of flowers, including those of Tridax (Larsen, 1991c). Occasionally large numbers of males may be found mudpuddling (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages:

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Bernaud & Pierre, 2000.

Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Pierre & Vuattoux, 1978; Ivory Coast]. Cephalomma species (Tiliaceae) [Fontaine, 1988]. Passiflora foetida L. (Passifloraceae) [Owen, 1971 (Sierra Leone); Bernaud, 1994 (Benin)]. Tricliceras pilosum (Willd.) R.Fern. (Turneraceae) [Bernaud, 1994 (Cameroon); as Wormskioldia pilosa].

abadima Ribbe, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 2: 182 (181-182). Central African Republic: “Abadima, Niam-Niam-Gebiete”. Treated as a form of Acraea pseudegina by Bernaud, 2009.

clarei Neave, 1904 (as sp. of Acraea). Novitates Zoologicae 11: 327 (323-363). Kenya: “Tiriki Hills”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudegina by Bernaud, 2009.

stephanophora Le Cerf, 1927 (as f. indiv. of Acraea natalica pseudegina). Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 52 (44-58). Congo: “Brazzaville, Congo Francais”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea pseudegina by Bernaud, 2009.

inexpectata Le Doux, 1931 (as male f. of Acraea natalica abadima). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 54 (49-59). Uganda: “Mpologoma”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudegina by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) pudorella Aurivillius, [1899] Acraea caldarena var. pudorella Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens Handlingar 31

(5): 99 (1-561).

Acraea pudorella. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 40 mm. Ambangulu, E Usambara, Tanzania. 4/92 3500H ex IB/PW.

(African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: Namibia?: “Damara; Khama‟s Land; Transvaal”; Zimbabwe: “Matabeleland; Mashuna”; Mozambique: “Manica”; Malawi: “Nyassaland”; Kenya: “Britisch Ost-Africa”; Zambia?: “Mero See”; Tanzania?: “Deutsch Ost-Afrika”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/p). Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Namibia (Larsen, 1991c). Specific localities: Kenya – Kibwezi (Le Doux, 1923); Coast (Larsen, 1991c); Embu (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c);

Kisii (Larsen, 1991c); South Kavirondo (Larsen, 1991c).

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Tanzania – Kigonsera (Wichgraf, 1918); Sadani (Kielland, 1990d); Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mahenge (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest at Kisiju (Kielland, 1990d); Mikumi National Park (Kielland, 1990d); Oldeani in the Arusha (Kielland, 1990d); Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d); Tabora (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006); Ambangulu (female illustrated above).

Zambia – Upper and Lower Luangwa Valley (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Savanna and deciduous woodland (Larsen, 1991c). In Tanzania at altitudes between sea-level and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively uncommon species (Larsen, 1991c). This is a species with a relatively weak flight, that keeps close to the ground (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

detecta Neave, 1910 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 24 (2-86). Zambia: “Luangwa Valley”. [Synonymized with A. pudorella Aurivillius, 1899 by Heath et al., 2002: vii, 38]. Treated as a form of Acraea pudorella by Bernaud, 2009.

reducta Wichgraf, 1918 (as ssp. of Acraea pudorella). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 12: 29 (26-30). Tanzania: “Kigonsera, D. O. Afrika”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pudorella by Bernaud, 2009.

heringi Le Doux, 1923 (as f. of Acraea pudorella). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1923: 223 (207-226). Kenya: “Kibwezi (Britisch-Ostafrika)”. Treated as a form of Acraea pudorella by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) regalis Oberthür, 1893 Acraea regalis Oberthür, 1893. Études d’Entomologie 17: 20 (17-36). Acraea regalis Oberthür, 1893. Kielland, 1990d: 163.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Kilimandjaro (Afrique Orientale)”. Diagnosis: “Regarded as a form of A. braesia Godman, but position of the row of discal black spots in spaces 3,4,5,6 and the costal spot is forming a sharp angle with the costa, contrasting with the perpendicular position of that of braesia. The male genitalia differs as follows: uncus long and strongly built (in braesia short and thin); valva longer and armed with a ridge on the innerside (in braesia this ridge is lacking); aedeagus much thicker (the aedeagus in braesia is extremely thin and long) (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (south-east), Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Teita Hills Lodge (D.A. Trembath, vide Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Northern Highlands (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Stephenia) rhodesiana Wichgraf, 1909

Acraea rhodesiana Wichgraf, 1909. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 53: 240 (240-247).

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Acraea rhodesiana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 53mm. Lusaka. June 1953. C.B. Cottrell. (Transvaal Museum – TM3566).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Rhodesia”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Haut-Lomani), Tanzania (west), Zambia (central and north). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – south-east Katanga (Neave, 1910); Upemba National Park (Overlaet,

1955). Tanzania – Sibweza in Mpanda (Kielland, 1990d); Chala in Ufipa (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kalulushi (Heath et al., 2002); Mumbwa (Heath et al., 2002);

Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Chilanga (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue (Heath et al., 2002); Chalimbana (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Leopard‟s Hill) (Heath et al., 2002); Serenje (Heath et al., 2002); Mansa (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Bangweulu (Heath et al., 2002); Nsakaluba (Heath et al., 2002); Mutinondo (Congdon & Bampton, unpub., 2003); Lusaka (male illustrated above).

Habitat: Deciduous woodland (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania at altitudes between 1 100 and 1 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Basananthe reticulata (Baker f.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003;

Mutinondo, Zambia].

mima Neave, 1910 (as sp. of Acraea). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1910: 22 (2-86). Zambia: “Serenji district, N.E. Rhodesia”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “S.E. border of Katanga, Congo State”. Treated as a form of Acraea rhodesiana by Bernaud, 2009. flaviapicalis Overlaet, 1955 (as female f. of Acraea rhodesiana). Exploration du Parc National de l’Upemba 27: 69 (1-106). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Nationaal Upemba Park”. Treated as a form of Acraea rhodesiana by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) rogersi Hewitson, 1873 Rogers‟ Large Acraea

Acraea rogersi Hewitson, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 57 (57-58).

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Acraea rogersi rogersi. Female (Wingspan 69 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 69 mm.


Alternative common name: Rogers‟ Acraea. Type locality: Angola. Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya. Habitat: Forest; only occasionally in open areas (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Populations of this butterfly are localized but it may be common where it occurs (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is relatively powerful (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Eltringham, 1912. [pupa] Bernaud, 1993b.

Larval food: Adenia lobata (Jacq.) Engl. (Passifloraceae) [Lamborn in Eltringham, 1912 (Lagos, Nigeria); Owen, 1971

(Sierra Leone); Bernaud, 1993 (Cameroon)]. Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) [Smith, 1969; Ghana].

Acraea (Stephenia) rogersi rogersi Hewitson, 1873 Acraea rogersi Hewitson, 1873. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 10: 57 (57-58).

Acraea rogersi rogersi. Female (Wingspan 69 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 69 mm.


Type locality: Angola.

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Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Guinea – Nimbas (Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Nigeria – Lagos (Eltringham, 1912); Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Mount Bana (Bernaud, vide Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Bitam (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Quango, Mukenge (Dewitz, 1889). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

salambo Grose-Smith, 1887 (as sp. of Acraea). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (5) 19: 62? (62-66). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo”. Treated as a form of Acraea rogersi rogersi by Bernaud, 2009.

ehmckei Dewitz, 1889 (as sp. of Acraea). Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 15: 103 (101-110). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Quango, Mukenge”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rogersi rogersi by Bernaud, 2009.

lamborni Eltringham, 1912 (as ssp. of Acraea rogersi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 63 (1-374). Nigeria: “Lagos”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea rogersi rogersi by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Stephenia) rogersi lankesteri Carpenter, 1941 Acraea rogersi lankesteri Carpenter, 1941. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 10: 216 (216-217).

Acraea rogersi lankesteri. Male (Wingspan 69 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 69 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson.


Acraea rogersi lankesteri. Female (Wingspan 72 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 72 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson.


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Type locality: Uganda: “Bugishu, west of Mt. Elgon”.

Distribution: Uganda, Kenya (west). Specific localities: Uganda – Bugishu, west of Mt. Elgon (TL). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Elgon (Larsen, 1991c).

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea rogersi rogersi by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) stenobea Wallengren, 1860# Suffused Acraea

Male Suffused Acraea (Acraea stenobea), Great Saltpan, Limpopo Province. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall. Acraea stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Wiener Entomologische Monatschrift 4: 35 (33-46). Acraea stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Acraea stenobea Wallengren. Swanepoel, 1953a. Acraea stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Acraea (Stephenia) stenobea Wallengren, 1860. Pringle et al., 1994: 80. Type locality: [Namibia]: “Ad Swakap Africae”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/s). Distribution: Tanzania, Zambia (south & central) (Gardiner, 2010b), Zimbabwe (west), Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, North West Province, Gauteng, Free State Province – west, Eastern Cape Province, Northern Cape Province). Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Ackery et al., 1995 (Heath et al., 2002). In South Africa its distribution covers 56 quarter degree squares (182 records) [see http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Tanzania – Saadani (Weymer, 1892). Zimbabwe – Sawmills (Van Son, 1963); Bulawayo (Van Son, 1963); Nyamandhlovu (Van Son, 1963). Botswana – Widespread (Larsen, 1991l); Damara Pan (N.W. Kalahari) (Van Son, 1963); Motito (Van Son,

1963); Bamangwato Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Tati (Van Son, 1963). Namibia – Swakop River (Van Son, 1963); Okahandja (Van Son, 1963); Kalidona (Van Son, 1963); Andara

(Van Son, 1963); Namutoni (Van Son, 1963); Rundu (Pennington, vide Pringle et al., 1994). Limpopo Province – Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Vivo (Swanepoel, 1953); Blouberg (Swanepoel, 1953);

Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Waterberg (Swanepoel, 1953).


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North West Province – Vryburg (Van Son, 1963); Potchefstroom District (Van Son, 1963); Zeerust (Van Son, 1963); Groot Marico (Van Son, 1963).

Gauteng – Johannesburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Pretoria North (Van Son, 1963); Krugersdorp (Van Son, 1963). Free State Province – Ladybrand (Swanepoel, 1953); Bloemfontein (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – King William‟s Town (Swanepoel, 1953). Northern Cape Province – Kimberley (Swanepoel, 1953); Colesberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Kagaligadi

Transfrontier Park – Twee Rivieren (van Son, 1959); Victoria West (Pennington). Habitat: Dry Savanna (bushveld), the vegetation usually constituted by shrubs and low-growing thorn bushes (Van Son, 1963). Habits: Both sexes feed from flowers (Van Son, 1963). The flight is moderately slow (Van Son, 1963) but it is a wary insect (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: September to May (Van Son, 1963). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

acronycta Westwood, 1881 (as sp. of Acraea). In: Oates, F., Matabeleland and the Victoria Falls, 1st edition: 346 (331-365). London. No locality given. Treated as a synonym of Acraea stenobea by Bernaud, 2009.

albomaculata Weymer, 1892 (as sp. of Acraea). Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 83 (79-125). [Tanzania]: “Saadani (Ostafrika)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea stenobea by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) sykesi Sharpe, 1902 Sykes‟ Acraea

Acraea sykesi Sharpe, 1902. Entomologist 35: 279 (276-280).

Type locality: Uganda: “Wadelai”. Distribution: Nigeria (north), Cameroon (north), Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east), Sudan (south-east), Uganda (north), Kenya (south-west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Maiduguri/Yola (Pierre, 1995); Sokoto (Larsen, 2005a). Central African Republic – Nyam-Nyam (Eltringham, 1912). Uganda – Wadelai (TL). Kenya – Kisumu area (Neave, 1904); South Kavirondo (Van Someren, vide Larsen, 1991c). Habitat: Dry bush and thorn scrub (Kielland, 1990d). Mainly very dry riverbeds (Larsen, 2005a) in Sudan savanna in West Africa. In Tanzania at altitudes between 1 100 and 1 400 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A generally rare species throughout its range (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Bernaud, 1994a [larva and pupa (Cameroon)].

Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 323]. Adenia venenata Forssk. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1994 (Cameroon)].

candida Eltringham, 1912 (as female f. of Acraea doubledayi). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1912: 173 (1-374). Central African Republic: “Nyam-Nyam”. Treated as a form of Acraea sykesi by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Stephenia) zoumi Pierre, 1995

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Acraea zoumi Pierre, 1995. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 100 (3): 312 (307-314).

Type locality: Ethiopia. Distribution: Ethiopia. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Subgenus Bematistes Hemming, 1935 In: Carpenter, 1935. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 83: 374 (313-447). Type-species: Papilio epaea Cramer, 1779. Selected subsequently by Scudder, 1875.


*Acraea (Bematistes) adrasta Weymer, 1892 Acraea adrasta Weymer, 1892. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 85 (79-125).

Type locality: [East Africa]: “Westafrica”. [False locality.] Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Lowland forest (Kielland, 1990d). The nominate subspecies in Tanzania occurs at altitudes between 200 and 1 250 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Considered to be a rare butterfly in Kenya but apparently it is common in the Usambaras, Tanzania (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea (Bematistes) adrasta adrasta Weymer, 1892 Acraea adrasta Weymer, 1892. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 53: 85 (79-125).

Type locality: [East Africa]: “Westafrica”. [False locality.] Distribution: Kenya (south-east), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Carcasson, 1961; Sevastopulo, 1974). Tanzania – Zanzibar (Oberthur, 1893); Nguelo, Usambara (Suffert, 1904); East Usambara Mountains

(Kielland, 1990d); Kimboza Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Morogoro (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanihana Forest at Sanje (Kielland, 1990d).

machoni Oberthür, 1893 (as sp. of Acraea). Études d’Entomologie 17: 29 (17-36). Tanzania: “Zanguebar (Nguru)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea adrasta adrasta by Bernaud, 2009.

haydni Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Planema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 34 (12-107). Tanzania: “Nguelo in Usambara”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea adrasta adrasta by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) adrasta pancalis (Jordan, 1910)

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Planema adrasta pancalis Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469).

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Katanga, Tanganika”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east). Apparently known only from the holotype.

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea adrasta adrasta by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) aganice Hewitson, [1852]# Wanderer

Acraea aganice Hewitson, 1852 in Hewitson, 1851-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 58 ([124] pp.). London. Acraea aganice Hewitson. Trimen, 1862c. Planema aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Trimen & Bowker, 1887a. Bematistes aganice Hewitson, 1852. Swanepoel, 1953a. Bematistes aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Bematistes aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Pringle et al., 1994: 72. Acraea aganice Hewitson, 1852. Ackery et al., 1995.

Female Wanderer (Acraea aganice). Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Acraea aganice aganice. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 19 December 2006.


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Acraea aganice aganice. Female (Wingspan 73 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 14 May 2009.

M.C. Williams Collection. Alternative common name: Common Wanderer. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”. Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland (Duke et al., 1999). Habitat: Forest and coastal bush (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania and Zambia, recorded in heavy woodland (Kielland, 1990d; Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania ssp. montana is found from sea-level to 2 140 m and ssp. nicega from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common species that may have cyclical irruptions (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is leisurely and usually a few metres above the ground. Males are territorial, establishing these on the fringes of the bush. They perch high up, often on a twig, with closed wings. Both sexes feed from flowers (Pringle et al., 1994) and males are known to mudpuddle (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: All year but commoner during the summer months (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Trimen & Bowker, 1887, Vol. 1: 181 [as Planema Aganice (Hewitson)]. “Larva: Pale whitish-green; the spines not rigid, very long, yellowish, set with inconspicuous black bristles. Head yellowish-brown, shining, the base slightly tridentate; mandibles black. Legs of the same colour as the body, longer than usual. Along middle of back, on segments four to eleven, a row of indigo-blue dots arranged in pairs between each subdorsal pair of spines; only one such spot on segments three and twelve. On each side, between subdorsal and lateral rows of spines, a row of larger indigo-blue spots, one on each segment from the second to the eleventh; spiracle, ringed with the same colour; also an indigo-blue sub-spiracular festooned streak. Pupa. Whitish-green. On back of abdomen four pairs of long divergent red spines, set rather widely apart; on each side between each spine and its successor two indigo-blue dots; on back of thorax three pairs of short tubercular processes, each marked with an indigo-blue dot; head with a pair of similar, longer, curved processes. I describe this curious larva and very remarkable pupa from the sketches and notes of Mr. W.D. Gooch, who reared the butterfly in Natal. He observes that one of the caterpillars, in the absence of a proper supply of its food-plant, devoured a chrysalis of its own species.” Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. Clark, in Van Son, 1963: 5. Egg: Laid in neat clusters of regular rows. Clusters contain from 50 to 200 eggs. The egg is 0.6 mm in diameter by 1 mm high, pure white when laid and only darkens slightly afterwards; they have 21-25 longitudinal ridges cross-braced by some 18-20 transverse ribs. The egg-stage is about 12 days. Larva: The young larvae eat their way out near the top and after a rest eat the discarded shell; after a further rest, they feed on the surface of the leaf. There are either 5, 6 or 7 larval instars and the larvae change from white with a black head to pale blue with a salmon head. After the first instar the larvae develop black-spined, black protuberances which gradually change to yellowish ones with pale brown spines in the final instar. Five, six or seven larval instars taking, respectively, 43, 50 and 59 days. Larva grows from 1.75 mm to 30-34 mm in length. The larvae cluster along the stalks and feed on the surface, eating right through the stem, then follow the pith down as far as they can. They are gregarious till the penultimate instar, when they start to separate. In captivity, full-grown larvae will eat pupating ones if they meet them. Van Son notes that there is a discrepancy between the description of the larva given in Trimen & Bowker and the paintings by Clark in respect of certain colours, indicating that there may be some variability.

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Dickson, 1972.

Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322]. Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Platt, 1921]. Basananthe zanzibarica (Mast.) W.J.de Wilde (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322; as Tryphostemma

zanzibaricum]. Passiflora caerulea L. (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Platt, 1921]. Passiflora edulis Sims (Passifloraceae) (exotic) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 50]. Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978: 50].

Acraea (Bematistes) aganice aganice Hewitson, [1852]# Acraea aganice Hewitson, 1852 in Hewitson, 1851-6. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 1: 58 ([124] pp.). London. Bematistes aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Swanepoel, 1953. Bematistes aganice aganice (Hewitson, 1852). Pringle et al., 1994: 72. Acraea aganice Hewitson, 1852. Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea aganice aganice. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Lekgalameetse, Limpopo Province, South Africa. 19 December 2006.


Acraea aganice aganice. Female (Wingspan 73 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Kosi Bay, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. 14 May 2009.

M.C. Williams Collection. Type locality: [South Africa]: “Natal”. Distribution: Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe (east), South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. In South Africa its distribution covers 126 quarter degree squares (941 records) [see

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http://vmus.adu.org.za]. It is regarded as widespread. Specific localities: Mozambique – Maputo (Van Son, 1963); Ihaca Island (Van Son, 1963). Zimbabwe – Mutare district (Van Son, 1963); Mount Selinda (Van Son, 1963). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Woodbush

(Swanepoel, 1953); Duiwelskloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Munnik (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Louis Trichardt (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Tchakhuma (Van Son, 1963); Waterpoort (Van Son, 1963).

Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); White River (Van Son, 1963); Rosehaugh (Van Son, 1963); Sabie (Van Son, 1963); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams).

KwaZulu-Natal – Oribi Gorge (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Greytown (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); Empangeni (Swanepoel, 1953); St Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Van Son, 1963); Ngoye (Van Son, 1963); Maputa (Van Son, 1963); Hluhluwe Game Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Ndumu Nature Reserve (Van Son, 1963); Gwaliweni (Van Son, 1963); Ingwavuma (Van Son, 1963); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002).

Eastern Cape Province – Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St Johns (Swanepoel, 1953); Ngqeleni (Van Son, 1963); Lusikisiki (Van Son, 1963).

Swaziland – Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz).

Acraea (Bematistes) aganice montana (Butler, 1888) Planema montana Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1888: 91 (91-98). Acraea aganice montana (Butler, 1888). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Slopes of Kilima-njaro”. Distribution: Kenya (Nairobi to the coast), Tanzania (north and east). Specific localities: Kenya – coast (Larsen, 1991c); Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Thika (Larsen,

1991c); lower Meru Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Mount Sagala (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kilimanjaro (TL); Zanzibar (Vuillot, 1891); Meru (Rogenhofer, 1891); northern, north-eastern

and south-eastern parts (Kielland, 1990d); Rondo (Kielland, 1990d); Kitesa Forest west of Songea (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d).

bertha Vuillot, 1891 (as sp. of Acraea). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 60: 96 (96-97). Tanzania: “N‟Guru (Zanguebar)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana by Bernaud, 2009.

meruana Rogenhofer, 1891 (as sp. of Planema). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 6: 458 (455-466). Tanzania: “Meru”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana by Bernaud, 2009.

chanleri Holland, 1896 (as sp. of Planema). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 18: 748 (741-767). “East Africa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea aganice montana by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) aganice nicega (Suffert, 1904) Planema aganice nicega Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 78 (12-107). Acraea aganice nicega (Suffert, 1904). Ackery et al., 1995.


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Acraea aganice nicega. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 67mm. Nkhata Bay, Malawi. 20.v.1978. R.J. Mijburgh. (Curle Trust Collection – 44).

Acraea aganice nicega. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 80mm. Kitwe, Zambia. 66.04.03. A.I. Curle. (Curle Trust Collection – 45).

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Langenburg am Nyassa See”. Diagnosis: Differs from ssp. montana in that the hindwing band is darker yellow in females and the forewing band is narrower in both sexes (intermediates do, however, occur) (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (south and west), Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Malawi (north), Zambia (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Langenburg (TL); Malawi border at Tukuyu to Mpanda and Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Nkhata Bay (male illustrated above). Zambia – Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chiwoma (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002);

Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Kitwe (Heath et al., 2002; female illustrated above); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Mpongwe (Heath et al., 2002); Lufubu River (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea aganice montana by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) aganice nyassae (Carpenter, 1920) Planema aganice race nyassae Carpenter, 1920. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 53: 98 (84-98). Acraea aganice nyassae (Carpenter, 1920). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Mt. Mlanje, Nyasaland”. Distribution: Malawi (south), Mozambique (north).

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Specific localities: Malawi – Mt Mulanje (TL). Mozambique – Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu(Congdon et

al., 2010)


Acraea (Bematistes) aganice orientalis (Ungemach, 1932) Planema aganice orientalis Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: ? (1-

122). Acraea aganice orientalis (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Bouré”. Distribution: Sudan (south), Ethiopia (south-west), Uganda ? (north). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Boure (TL).

Acraea (Bematistes) aganice ugandae (van Someren, 1936) Bematistes aganice ugandae van Someren, 1936. Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society 12: 152 (147-199). Acraea aganice ugandae (van Someren, 1936). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea aganice ugandae. Male (Wingspan 57 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 57 mm.

Mabira Forest, Uganda. 14 September 2008. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Mawakotal”. Distribution: Uganda, Kenya (northern shores of Lake Victoria, from the Kavirondo Gulf in Kenya to Budda in Uganda). Specific localities: Uganda – Mawakotal (TL). Kenya – Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Kisii (Larsen, 1991c).


*Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe Felder & Felder, [1865] Alcinoe Wanderer

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Acraea alcinoe Felder & Felder, 1865, in Felder & Felder [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 368 (549 pp.).

Wien.

Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 63 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.


Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Female (Wingspan 82 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 82 mm.


Alternative common name: Alcinoe Bematistes. Type locality: [Guinea-Bissau]: “Africa septentrionali-occidental: Ins. Bissao”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest, including degraded habitat (Larsen, 2005a). Dense lowland forest (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania ssp. camerunica occurs at altitudes between 800 and 950 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Flies quite low down in shady parts of the forest (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 384]. Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; Cameroon].

Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe alcinoe Felder & Felder, [1865] Acraea alcinoe Felder & Felder, 1865, in Felder & Felder [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 368 (549 pp.).

Wien.

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Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Male (Wingspan 63 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 63 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.


Acraea alcinoe alcinoe. Female (Wingspan 82 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 82 mm.


Type locality: [Guinea-Bissau]: “Africa septentrionali-occidental: Ins. Bissao”. Distribution: Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria. Specific localities: Guinea-Bissau – Ins. Bissao (TL). Ghana – Wli Falls (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema

Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Pereu (Karsch, 1893).

godmani Butler, 1895 (as sp. of Planema). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 415 (415-417). Sierra Leone. Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Bernaud, 2009.

timandra Karsch, 1893 (as sp. of Acraea). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 196 (1-266). Togo: “Pereu”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe camerunica (Aurivillius, 1893) Planema alcinoe var. camerunica Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 285 (257-292). Acraea alcinoe camerunica (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995.

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Acraea alcinoe camerunica. Male (Wingspan 66 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 66 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 29 December 2009. A. O‟Gorman.


Type locality: Cameroon: “Bonge”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Burundi, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Recorded, apparently in error, from Zambia by Ackery et al., 1995 (Heath et al., 2002). Specific localities: Cameroon – Bonge (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Tchimbele (van de Weghe, 2010); camp PPG (van de Weghe, 2010). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kasoge Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d);

Kasye Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mihumu (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Larsen (2005a) states that this subspecies “is hardly needed”, presumably implying that it is poorly differentiated from the nominate subspecies.

salvini Butler, 1895 (as sp. of Planema). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 415 (415-417). Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po”; Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe nado (Ungemach, 1932) Planema nado Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 72 (1-122). Acraea alcinoe nado (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Ethiopia: “Bouré”. Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Boure (TL).

Acraea (Bematistes) alcinoe racaji (Pyrcz, 1991) Bematistes alcinoe racaji Pyrcz, 1991. Lambillionea 91: 370, 373 (362-373). Acraea alcinoe racaji (Pyrcz, 1991). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Sao Tome & Principe: “Terreiro Velho, Principe Isl.”. Distribution: Sao Tome & Principe (island of Principe).

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Specific localities: Sao Tome & Principe – Terreiro Velho, Principe (TL).

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea alcinoe alcinoe by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) bana Bernaud & Pierre, 2012 Acraea (Acraea) bana Bernaud & Pierre, 2012. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 117 (1): 7-36.

Type locality: Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon - Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Bematistes) consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893) Blood-brother Wanderer

Planema consanguinea Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 282 (257-292). Acraea consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995.

Alternative common name: Blood-brother Bematistes. Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoke, Bonge; Gebiete des Camerunflusses”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Very scarce west of the Dahomey Gap (i.e. ssp. sartina) but commoner in the eastern part of its range (Larsen, 2005a). Individuals hover around trees and bushes (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Barteria nigritiana Hook.f. (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; Cameroon].

Acraea (Bematistes) consanguinea consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893) Planema consanguinea Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 282 (257-292). Acraea consanguinea (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoke, Bonge; Gebiete des Camerunflusses”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Itoke, Bonge (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Ogowe (Le Doux, 1931); Nyonie (van de Weghe, 2010); Mondah (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Lope N.P. (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010); Ekouyi (van de Weghe, 2010); camp PPG (van de Weghe, 2010).

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inaequalis Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Planema consanguinea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 58 (49-59). Gabon: “Ogowe, Gabun”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea consanguinea consanguinea by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) consanguinea albicolor (Karsch, 1895) Planema albicolor Karsch, 1895. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 21: 280 (275-286). Acraea consanguinea albicolor (Karsch, 1895). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Uganda. Distribution: Uganda (south-east), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Entebbe (Sharpe, 1902); Sesse Island (Le Doux, 1931). Tanzania – Kikuru Forest; a small forest near Bukoba town (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

arenaria Sharpe, 1902 (as sp. of Planema). Entomologist 35: 135 (135). Uganda: “Entebbe”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea consanguinea albicolor by Bernaud, 2009.

flava Le Doux, 1931 (as f. of Planema consanguinea albicolor). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 59 (49-59). Uganda: “Sesse-Insel; N.W. Victoria-Njansa; Entebbe”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea consanguinea albicolor by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) consanguinea intermedia (Aurivillius, [1899]) Planema consanguinea var. intermedia Aurivillius, 1899 in Aurivillius, 1898-9. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademiens

Handlingar 31 (5): 120 (1-561). Acraea consanguinea intermedia (Aurivillius, 1899). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea consanguinea intermedia. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 78mm. Lac Titina, 4.31S, 11.5E, Congo Rep. 9 Nov. 1990. Bampton/Dowsett.

(African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebiet: Mukenge, Bena-Bendi”. Distribution: Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia. Specific localities: Congo – Lake Titina (female illustrated above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge, Bena-Bendi (TL); Kapanga (Le Doux, 1937); Kapelkeze (Le

Doux, 1937).

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Zambia – a single male recorded from Mwinilunga Township (Dening) (Heath et al., 2002).

conspicua Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema consanguinea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 183 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga; R. Kapelkeze”. Treated as a form of Acraea consaguinea consanguinea by Bernaud, 2009.

peregrina Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema consanguinea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 183 (151-187). Angola. Treated as a form of Acraea excisa excisa by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) consanguinea sartina (Jordan, 1910) Planema consanguinea sartina Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Acraea consanguinea sartina (Jordan, 1910). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Ghana: “Bansu, Axim”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana. Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Kambui Hills (Owen & Owen, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Tai forest (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bansu, Axim (TL).

*Acraea (Bematistes) ducarmei Bernaud & Pierre, 2012 Acraea (Acraea) bana Bernaud & Pierre, 2012. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 117 (1): 27 (7-36).

Type locality: Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo - Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Bematistes) elongata (Butler, 1874) Elongate Wanderer

Planema elongata Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 212 (209-217). Acraea elongata (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995.

Alternative common name: Elongate Bematistes. Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Nigeria (Cross River loop), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic. Recorded, in error, from Ghana by Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Bitam (van de Weghe, 2010); Akaka (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue

(van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010).

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Democratic Republic of Congo – Kimuenza (Schultze, 1923); Prêtres de Sacré-Coeur (Le Doux, 1937). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Habitat: Primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: An uncommon species that flies, slowly, in dark dense forest (Larsen, 2005a). Pseudacraea kuenowii gottbergei is a wonderful mimic of this species and is almost impossible to distinguish in flight (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

serena Schultze, 1923 in Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923 (as var. of Planema elongata). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1 (17): 1117 (1113-1242). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Belg. Kongo: Kimuenza”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Papilio serena Fabricius, 1775 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a synonym of Acraea elongata by Bernaud, 2009.

varia Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema elongata). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 164 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “District de Stanleyville (Prêtres de Sacré-Coeur)”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea elongata by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) epaea (Cramer, [1779]) Common Wanderer

Papilio epaea Cramer, 1779 in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa

en America 3: 64 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Acraea epaea (Cramer, 1779). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea epaea epaea. Male (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 54 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.


Acraea epaea epaea. Female (Wingspan 70 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 70 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.


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Alternative common name: Common Bematistes. Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leona”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 407. Diagnosis: Differs from B. aganice in that the forewing has a large orange (male) or white (female) patch in the lower median area; somewhat smaller size; weaker flight (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). Recorded, in error, from Gambia (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest, including quite strongly degraded forest. Also in dense Guinea savanna in West Africa (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1 200 m (occasionally up to 1 500 m); ssp. paragea is found around 900 m and ssp. melina at about 1 100 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is by far the commonest of the acraea species belonging to the bematistes group (Larsen, 2005a). Periodic population explosions are known to occur (Larsen, 1991c). Sometimes they stray far from their natural habitat; Larsen (2005a) noted numbers feeding from the flowers of teak trees in a plantation. Females are often seen fluttering low down in search of host-plants (Larsen, 2005a). Acraea jodutta is probably a co-mimic. Both sexes of A. epaea are the primary models for Elymniopsis bammakoo and Pseudacraea eurytus. The female is the model for the female of Papilio cynorta (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 385]. Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 2005a]. Oncoba dentata (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 2005a; as Lindaeckeria dentata]. Oncoba schweinfurthii (Gilg) Hul & Breteler (Flacourtiaceae) [Heath et al., 2002: 41; as Lindaeckeria

schweinfurthii].

Acraea (Bematistes) epaea epaea (Cramer, [1779]) Papilio epaea Cramer, 1779 in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa

en America 3: 64 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Acraea epaea (Cramer, 1779). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea epaea epaea. Male (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 54 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.


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Acraea epaea epaea. Female (Wingspan 70 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 70 mm. Biakpa Mountain Paradise, Ghana. 24 November 2011. J. Dobson.

Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection. Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leona”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 407. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania (north-west), Zambia. Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Ivory Coast – Abidjan (male and female illustrated above). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al.,

2009). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Throughout (van de Weghe, 2010). Equatorial Guinea – Alen Benito area (Strand, 1914); Malen (Strand, 1914). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Kwidgwi Island (Jordan, 1910); Kafakumba (Le

Doux, 1937); Kapanga (Le Doux, 1937); Uele (Le Doux, 1937). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Uganda – Sesse Islands (Grünberg, 1910). Tanzania – Mpanda to Malagarazi River in Kigoma (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002).

gea Fabricius, 1781 (as sp. of Papilio). Species Insectorum 2: 32 (499 pp.). Hamburgi & Kilonii. “Africa aequinoctiali”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009. lutosa Suffert, 1904 (as subspecies of Planema epaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 36 (12-107). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”; Cameroon: “Camerun”. Larsen (2005a), on the advice of D. Bernaud, considers this subspecies to be redundant. . Not recognized as a valid subspecies by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Treated as a form of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009.

sublutosa Strand, 1914 (as ab. of Planema epaea). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.12.): 107 (97-144). Equatorial Guinea: “Span.-Guinea, Alen Benitogebiet; Weg in der Urwald bei Malen”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009.

bicolorata Le Doux, 1937 (as subspecies of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 160 (151-187). Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kafakumba; Kapanga”. Larsen (2005a), on the advice of D. Bernaud, considers this subspecies to be redundant. Not recognized as a valid subspecies by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Treated as an aberration of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009.

cremea Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 159 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009.

insolita Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 158 (151-

152

187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009.

aurata Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 159 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009.

nigrita Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema epaea). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 160 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea epaea epaea by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) epaea homochroa (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905) Planema epaea homochroa Rothschild & Jordan, 1905. Novitates Zoologicae 12: 185 (175-191). Acraea epaea homochroa (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Banka, Malo; Kankatito to Djibbe, Djimma”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 410. Distribution: Ethiopia (south). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Banka, Malo (TL); Kankatito (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905); Djibbe (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905);

Djimma (Rothschild & Jordan, 1905).

Acraea (Bematistes) epaea insulana Ackery, 1995 Acraea (Acraea) epaea insulana Ackery, 1995 in Ackery, et al., 1995: 237.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “Basilé, Fernando Po”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Bioko). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Basile, Bioko Island (TL).

insularis Aurivillius, 1910 (as var. of Planema epaea). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale (di Genova) Giacoma Doria (3) 4: 518 (494-530). Equatorial Guinea: “Basilé, Fernando Po”. [Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Acraea insularis Sharpe, 1893 [Acraeinae].]

Acraea (Bematistes) epaea melina (Thurau, 1903) Planema epaea var. melina Thurau, 1903. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 135 (117-143). Acraea epaea melina (Thurau, 1903). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “N.-Nyassa-See, Langenburg”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Tanzania (south-west), Malawi (north – shores of Lake Malawi). Specific localities: Tanzania – Langenburg (TL); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d).

*Acraea (Bematistes) epiprotea (Butler, 1874) Insipid Wanderer

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Planema epiprotea Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 210 (209-217). Acraea epiprotea (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995.

Alternative common name: Insipid Bematistes. Type locality: Gabon: “Gaboon”. Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Tanzania (west). Recorded, in error, from Ghana by Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen 2005a). Gabon – Kinguele (van de Weghe, 2010); Bitam (van de Weghe, 2010); Akaka (van de Weghe, 2010);

Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kimuenza (Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923). Tanzania – Kigoma District: Ntakatta Forest; Mihumu; Mukuyu (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Lowland forest of good quality (Larsen 2005a). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 800 to 1 000 m, occasionally reaching 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A fairly common species in the Oban Hills but not elsewhere in Nigeria (Larsen 2005a). The flight is slow and hovering and specimens are usually found in the shadiest parts of the forest where their dark colouration makes them difficult to see (Kielland, 1990d). They fly close to the ground (Larsen 2005a). On occasion they may be seen flying through woodland as they cross from one forest to another (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Barteria species (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud & Pierre, 1996].

conformis Schultze, 1923 in Schultze & Aurivillius, 1923 (as ab. of Planema epiprotea). Ergebnisse der Zweiten Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1(17): 1117 (1113-1242). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Belg. Kongo: Kimuenza”. Treated as a form of Acraea epiprotea by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) epitellus Staudinger, 1896 Acraea epitellus Staudinger, 1896. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 9: 207 (193-240). Acraea epaea epitellus Staudinger, 1896. Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea epitellus Staudinger, 1896. Pierre & Bernaud, 2008: 406.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Lindi”. Distribution: Kenya (coast), Tanzania (coast), Mozambique (Larsen, 1991c). Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); coast (Kielland, 1990d). Tanzania – Lindi (TL); Rondo Plateau near Lindi (Kielland, 1990d); Dendene Forest (Kielland, 1990d);

Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); Pemba Island (Kielland, 1990d); East Usambara (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Masagati Forest south of Ifakara (Kielland, 1990d).

Habitat: Forest. In Tanzania it occurs from sea-level to 1 750 m (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Larsen (1991, 2005a) believed that this taxon is a species distinct from Acraea epaea. This was formalized by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008.

*Acraea (Bematistes) excisa (Butler, 1874) Excised Wanderer

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Planema excisa Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 212 (209-217). Acraea excisa (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995.

Alternative common name: Excised Bematistes. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congo”. Distribution: Nigeria (south), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Benin (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (Larsen, 2005a); Sapoba (Larsen, 2005a); Old Ekuri Village, Oban

Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Safala (van de Weghe, 2010); Mondah (van de Weghe, 2010); Iguela (van de Weghe, 2010); Akaka

(van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010). Habitat: Forest with dense understorey (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [D. Bernaud, vide Larsen, 2005a;

Cameroon].

*Acraea (Bematistes) formosa (Butler, 1874) Planema formosa Butler, 1874. Cistula Entomologica 1: 213 (209-217). Acraea formosa (Butler, 1874). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Angola: “Cabinda, Ambriz”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (west). Specific localities: Gabon – Bakouaka (van de Weghe, 2010). Angola – Ambriz, Cabinda (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Bematistes) indentata (Butler, 1895) Planema indentata Butler, 1895. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 16: 416 (415-417).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons; Barombi”. Distribution: Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Barombi (TL). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Bematistes) kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1927) Planema obliqua kivuensis Joicey & Talbot, 1927. Encyclopédie Entomologique (B.3. Lepidoptera) 2: 12 (1-14). Acraea obliqua kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1927). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Acraea) kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1927). stat. rev.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “North-West Kivu: Kivu-Oso Watershed, 4,500-6,000

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feet”. Distribution: Uganda (west – highlands), Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Kivu, Ituri). Specific localities: Uganda – Kibale Forest (Poulton, 1929). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kivu-Oso Watershed (TL). Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Note: Treated as a good species of Acraea by Bernaud, 2009. Formally raised to species level by Pierre & Bernaud, 2012.

toroense Poulton, 1929 in Eltringham et al., 1929 (as ssp. of Planema elgonense). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 77: 489 (475-504). Uganda: “Kibale Forest, near Fort Portal, Toro”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea kivuensis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) leopoldina (Aurivillius, 1895) Planema leopoldina Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 112 (111-112). Acraea leopoldina (Aurivillius, 1895). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Leopoldville”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea (Bematistes) leopoldina leopoldina (Aurivillius, 1895) Planema leopoldina Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 112 (111-112). Acraea leopoldina (Aurivillius, 1895). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Leopoldville”. Distribution: Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south). Specific localities: Gabon – Bateke Plateau (van de Weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Leopoldville (TL); Uele Niangara (Le Doux, 1937); Kapanga (Le Doux,

1937).

albofasciata Le Doux, 1937 (as female f. of Planema poggei brevimacula). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 171 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele Niangara”. Treated as a form of Acraea leopoldina by Bernaud, 2009. mixta Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema poggei leopoldina). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 171 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as a form of Acraea leopoldina leopoldina by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) leopoldina brevimacula (Talbot, 1928) Planema poggei brevimacula Talbot, 1928. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines 16: 217 (217-220).

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Acraea leopoldina brevimacula (Talbot, 1928). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: Ruschuru, Kivu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ruschuru, Kivu (TL); Kindu, Lusuku (Le Douz, 1937).

schoutedeni Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema poggei). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 172 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kindu, Lusuku”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseudeuryta pseudeuryta by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) leopoldina macrosticha (Bethune-Baker, 1908) Planema macrosticha Bethune-Baker, 1908. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 472 (469-482). Acraea leopoldina macrosticha (Bethune-Baker, 1908). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Makala”. Distribution: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo (north). Specific localities: Cameroon – Pama-Quelle (Gaede, 1916). Democratic Republic of Congo – Makala (TL).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

intermissa Gaede, 1916 (as var. of Planema leopoldina). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 111 (105-106, 109-112, 125-126). Cameroon: “Pama-Quelle, Neu-Kamerun”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) lequeuxi Bernaud & Pierre, 2012 Acraea (Acraea) bana Bernaud & Pierre, 2012. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 117 (1): 25 (7-36).

Type locality: Distribution: Uganda. Specific localities: Uganda - Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Acraea (Bematistes) macaria (Fabricius, 1793) Black-spot Wanderer

Papilio macaria Fabricius, 1793. Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 3 (1): 174 (488 pp.). Acraea macaria (Fabricius, 1793). Ackery et al., 1995.

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Acraea macaria. Female (Wingspan 79 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 79 mm.

Bopiri Forest, Ghana. 22 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Black-spot Bematistes. Type locality: [West Africa.] Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Misattributed to the Madagascar fauna by Mabille [1887] (Lees et al., 2003). Recorded erroneously from Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Recorded, probably in error, from Central African Republic by Noss (1998). Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Sierra Leone – Freetown (Owen & Owen, 1972). Habitat: Wetter forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A generally scarce butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Owen & Owen, 1972; Sierra Leone].

*Acraea (Bematistes) macarista (Sharpe, 1906) Planema macarista Sharpe, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 76 (75-76). Acraea macarista (Sharpe, 1906). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea macarista macarista. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 68mm. Entebbe, Uganda. 1/2/73. Rev Falke. (Henning collection – H134).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Entebbe”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Sudan,

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Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Dense forest (Kielland, 1990d). The nominate subspecies in Tanzania occurs at altitudes between 800 and 1 500 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Flies together with forms of Pseudacraea eurytus which are good mimics of macarista (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea (Bematistes) macarista macarista (Sharpe, 1906) Planema macarista Sharpe, 1906. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 18: 76 (75-76). Acraea macarista (Sharpe, 1906). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea macarista macarista. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 68mm. Entebbe, Uganda. 1/2/73. Rev Falke. (Henning collection – H134).

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Entebbe”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Sudan, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Beni-Mawambe (Bethune-Baker, 1908);

Kapanga (Le Doux, 1937). Uganda – Entebbe (TL). Kenya – southern slopes of Mt. Elgon (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen,

1991c). Tanzania – Mpanda and Kigoma Districts (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002).

moforsa Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema formosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 37 (12-107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista macarista by Bernaud, 2009.

plagioscia Bethune-Baker, 1908 (as sp. of Planema). Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 2: 471 (469-482). [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Beni-Mawambe, Congo Free State”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista macarista by Bernaud, 2009.

vendita Wichgraf, 1911 (as sp. of Planema). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 5: 174 (173-175). “Victoria-Nyanza-See”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

distincta Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema macarista macarista). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine

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29: 175 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kapanga”. Treated as a form of Acraea macarista macarista by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) macarista latefasciata (Suffert, 1904) Planema formosa latefasciata Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 37 (12-107). Acraea macarista latefasciata (Suffert, 1904). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Jaunde, Camerun”. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea. Specific localities: Cameroon – Yaounde (TL). Gabon – Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010). Equatorial Guinea – Bonito area (Le Doux, 1937).

Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista by Bernaud, 2009.

rileyi Le Doux, 1937 (as ssp. of Planema macarista). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 176 (151-187). Equatorial Guinea: “Span. Guinea, Bonito-Gebiet”. Invalid; junior secondary homonym of Acraea rileyi Le Doux, 1931 [Acraeinae]. Treated as a form of Acraea macarista macarista by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) obliqua (Aurivillius, [1913]) Yellow-banded Wanderer

Planema obliqua Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen

Tagfalter: 243 (614 pp.). Acraea obliqua (Aurivillius, 1913). Ackery et al., 1995.

Alternative common name: Yellow-banded Bematistes. Type locality: Cameroon: “Fonga Tunga”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/o). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda. Habitat: Submontane forest (above 1 300 m) (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Quite common in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Flies high up, with a slow sailing flight, mainly on the edges of the forest (Larsen, 2005a). A form of Pseudacraea eurytis is an excellent mimic (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; Cameroon].

Acraea (Bematistes) obliqua obliqua (Aurivillius, [1913]) Planema obliqua Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25. Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen

Tagfalter: 243 (614 pp.). Acraea obliqua (Aurivillius, 1913). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Fonga Tunga”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/o). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a).

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Cameroon – Fonga Tunga (TL).

Acraea (Bematistes) obliqua elgonense (Poulton, 1927) Planema elgonense Poulton, 1927. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London 2: 37 (36-37). Acraea obliqua elgonense (Poulton, 1927). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “W. Elgon District”. Distribution: Uganda (western and southern slopes of Mt Elgon). Specific localities: Uganda – Mount Elgon (TL).

ela Rumbucher, 1992 (as female f. of Bematistes elgonense). Lambillionea 92 (3):231, 232 (231-232). Uganda: “Mt Elgon”. Treated as a form of Acraea kivuensis kivuensis by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) paragea (Grose-Smith, 1900) Planema parageum Grose-Smith, 1900. Novitates Zoologicae 7: 547 (544-547). Acraea epaea parageum (Grose-Smith, 1900). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Acraea) paragea (Grose-Smith, 1900). Pierre & Bernaud, 2012: 11. stat. nov.

Acraea paragea paragea. Male (Wingspan 64 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 64 mm.


Type locality: [Uganda]: “Port Alice, Uganda”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Habits: Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Acraea (Bematistes) paragea paragea (Grose-Smith, 1900) Planema parageum Grose-Smith, 1900. Novitates Zoologicae 7: 547 (544-547). Acraea epaea parageum (Grose-Smith, 1900). Ackery et al., 1995. Acraea (Acraea) paragea (Grose-Smith, 1900). Pierre & Bernaud, 2012: 11. stat. nov.

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Acraea paragea paragea. Male (Wingspan 64 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 64 mm.


Type locality: [Uganda]: “Port Alice, Uganda”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 409. Distribution: Sudan, Uganda (west), Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Port Alice (TL). Tanzania – A small forest in Gombe Stream National Park (Kielland, 1990d).

angustifasciata Grünberg, 1910 (as ab. of Planema epaea). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1910: 165 (146-181). Uganda: “Sesse Inseln im Victoria-Nyansa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea epaea paragea by Bernaud, 2009. angustifasciata d‟Abrera, 1980 (as subspecies of Bematistes epaea). Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 113 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Uganda: “Sese Is. In L. Victoria”. Larsen (2005a), on the advice of D. Bernaud, considers this subspecies to be redundant. Not recognized as a valid subspecies by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Treated as a form of Acraea epaea paragea by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) paragea kivuana (Jordan, 1910) Planema epaea kivuana Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Acraea (Acraea) paragea kivuana (Jordan, 1910). Pierre & Bernaud. 2012: 11 comb. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kwidgwi Island in Lake Kivu”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Langenburg (TL); Tukuyu (Kielland, 1990d).

kivuana Jordan, 1910 (as subspecies of Planema epaea). Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Type

locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kwidgwi Island in Lake Kivu”. Larsen (2005a), on the advice of D. Bernaud, considers this subspecies to be redundant. Not recognized as a valid subspecies by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b. Treated as a form of Acraea epaea paragea by Bernaud, 2009. Treated as a subspecies of Planema paragea by Pierre & Bernaud, 2012: 11 ().

*Acraea (Bematistes) persanguinea (Rebel, 1914) Planema persanguinea Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 235 (219-294). Acraea persanguinea (Rebel, 1914). Ackery et al., 1995.

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Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Rutschuru-Ebene”. Distribution: Uganda (south-west), Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (Mongala, Uele, Lualaba). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Rutschuru-Ebene (TL); Stanley Falls (Le Doux, 1931). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

consanguinoides Le Doux, 1931 (as sp. of Planema). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1931: 58 (49-59). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Stanley-Falls, Congo”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea persanguinea by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) poggei Dewitz, 1879 Pogge‟s Wanderer

Acraea poggei Dewitz, 1879. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 190

(173-212).

Acraea poggei poggei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 74mm. Zambia, N.W. Province, Kamapanda, 12° 00'S; 24° 03'E. 1500 m.

31.III.1997. F.M. Kayombo (Newport Collection).

Acraea poggei poggei. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 78mm. Tanzania, Bukoba, Minziro Forest. 25.II.1991. J. Kielland.


Type locality: [Angola]: “Guinea”. [False locality.] Distribution: Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia, Angola.

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Habitat: Forest and riverine thicket (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from 800 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A not uncommon species (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is slow, allowing the warning coloration to be advertised (Larsen, 1991c). Often flies high up in the forest canopy and unlike similar congenerics is not restricted to the darker parts of the forest (Kielland, 1990d). It is a model for certain forms of Papilio dardanus, Pseudacraea eurytis and Acraea aurivillii (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 146].

Acraea (Bematistes) poggei poggei Dewitz, 1879 Acraea poggei Dewitz, 1879. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarea Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicum Naturae Curiosorum 4 (2): 190

(173-212).

Acraea poggei poggei. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 74mm. Zambia, N.W. Province, Kamapanda, 12° 00'S; 24° 03'E. 1500 m.

31.III.1997. F.M. Kayombo (Newport Collection).

Acraea poggei poggei. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 78mm. Tanzania, Bukoba, Minziro Forest. 25.II.1991. J. Kielland.


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Type locality: [Angola]: “Guinea”. [False locality.] Distribution: Tanzania (west), Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba), Zambia (north-west and north-east), Angola. Specific localities: Tanzania – Mpanda and Kigoma Districts (Kielland, 1990d); Kalenga, Kambaza (Le Doux, 1937); Minziro

Forest (female illustrated above). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Hering, 1936). Zambia – Matonchi (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002);

Kalungwishi River (Heath et al., 2002); Kamapanda (male illustrated above). Angola – North Bailunda (Jordan, 1910).

entalis Jordan, 1910 (as sp. of Planema). Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Angola: North Bailunda”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

amela Hering, 1936 (as ssp. of Planema poggei). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 7: 22 (21-22). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”. Treated as a form of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

flava Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema poggei nelsoni). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 169 (151-187). Tanzania: “Kalenga, Kambaza”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) poggei nelsoni Grose-Smith & Kirby, [1892] Acraea nelsoni Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1892 in Grose-Smith and Kirby, 1887-92. Rhopalocera exotica, being illustrations of new,

rare and unfigured species of butterflies 1: 10 (183 pp.). London.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Aruwini”. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in that, on the forewing upperside, the apical patch is reduced in size and the inner margin of the ochreous band is straighter (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Distribution: Sudan, Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west), Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Nandi (Larsen, 1991c); Elgon area (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c); Ebua River

(Larsen, 1991c); Suna (Larsen, 1991c); Malakisi (Larsen, 1991c); Lugari near Kipkaren (Larsen, 1991c).

Tanzania – Ukerewe (Hering, 1936); Minziro forests (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Rumanyika Game Reserve (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Democratic Republic of Congo – Aruwini (TL); Kiwu (Hering, 1936).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

paragoga Hering, 1936 (as ssp. of Planema poggei). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 7: 22 (21-22). Tanzania: “Ukerewe, Bukoba”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kiwu”; “Victoria Nyansa”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea poggei poggei by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) poggei ras (Ungemach, 1932) Planema nelsoni ras Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 71 (1-122). Acraea poggei ras (Ungemach, 1932). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Oullaga; Youbdo, Guebba”.

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Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Oullaga (TL); Youbdo, Guebba (Ungemach, 1932).

*Acraea (Bematistes) pseuderyta Godman & Salvin, 1890 Acraea pseuderyta Godman & Salvin, 1890. In: Jameson, J.J., Story of the rear column of the Emin Pasha relief expedition: 429

(426-445). Acraea pseudeuryta Godman & Salvin, 1890. Bernaud, 2009 [Misspelling?]

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Yambuya Camp”. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Sudan, Uganda (west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Yambuya Camp (TL); Mukenge (Suffert, 1904). Central African Republic – Njamnjam (Staudinger, 1896). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

dewitzi Staudinger, 1896 (as sp. of Acraea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 9: 209 (193-240). Central African Republic: “Njamnjam”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea pseuderyta by Bernaud, 2009.

angulata Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema formosa). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 38 (12-107). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macarista by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor (Rogenhofer, 1891) Four-colour Wanderer

Planema quadricolor Rogenhofer, 1891. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 6: 458 (455-466). Acraea quadricolor (Rogenhofer, 1891). Ackery et al., 1995.

Alternative common name: Four-colour Acraea. Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Meru”. Distribution: Uganda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Semi-montane and montane forest. In Tanzania the various subspecies occur at the following altitudes: ssp. quadricolor – above 1 400 m, ssp. leptis – 1 000 to 2 150 m, ssp. itumbana 900 to 2 340 m, ssp. uluguru – 2 140 m, ssp. mahale – 1 700 m, ssp. morogoro – 1 300 to 2 300 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively common species (Larsen, 1991c). Often flies high up, with a fluttering flight, descending along forest edges and along forest roads (Larsen, 1991c). Males defend territories from perches (Kielland, 1990d). Mimicked by a very rare form of Pseudacraea eurytus and by a female form of Acraea johnstoni (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Van Someren & Rogers, 1927. Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322]. Passiflora species (Passifloraceae) [Kielland, 1990d: 148; ssp. latifasciata]. Tryphostemma species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 385]. Vitis species (Vitaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322].

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Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor quadricolor (Rogenhofer, 1891)

Planema quadricolor Rogenhofer, 1891. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 6: 458 (455-466). Acraea quadricolor (Rogenhofer, 1891). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Meru”. Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Ol‟Doinyo Orok near Namanga (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Mount Meru (TL); Mount Kilimanjaro (Kielland, 1990d); Oldeani (Kielland, 1990d).

Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor itumbana (Jordan, 1910) Planema quadricolor itumbana Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 463 (462-469). Acraea quadricolor itumbana (Jordan, 1910). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Itumba”. Kielland (1990) notes that the type locality refers to the Itumba District on the Itigi-Rungwa road south-east of Tabora. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies in the generally wider forewing postdiscal orange band (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Itumba District (TL); Mufindi (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Ukaguru

Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kiboriani Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Chugu Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Mangaliza Mountain (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea quadricolor quadricolor by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor latifasciata (Sharpe, 1892) Planema latifasciata Sharpe, 1892. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 635 (633-638). Acraea quadricolor latifasciata (Sharpe, 1892). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Kenya/Uganda]: “Mount Elgon”. Diagnosis: This subspecies and ssp. morogoro have a yellow median hindwing band (white in the other subspecies) (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Uganda (west), Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, Kivu), Kenya (west of Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Namwamba Valley (Gabriel, 1939). Kenya – Mara (Larsen, 1991c); Elgon area (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Ngara District at Rulenge (Kielland, 1990d).

pallescens Gabriel, 1939 (as ab. of Bematistes quadricolor latifasciata). British Museum (Natural History) Ruwenzori Expedition 1934-5 3 (3): 65 (51-95). Uganda: “Namwamba Valley”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea quadricolor latifasciata by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor leptis (Jordan, 1910)

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Planema quadricolor leptis Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 463 (462-469). Acraea quadricolor leptis (Jordan, 1910). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kikuyu Escarpment”. Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate ssp. as follows: ground colour paler; forewing postdiscal band narrower; hind wing white band wider with the outer border indistinct (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Kenya (highlands east of Rift Valley), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Kikuyu Escarpment (TL); just north of Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Aberdares (Larsen, 1991c); Mount

Kenya (Larsen, 1991c); Nyambeni Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Usambara Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); South Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d).

Note: Treated as a form of Acraea quadricolor by Bernaud, 2009.

Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor mahale (Kielland, 1990) Bematistes quadricolor mahale Kielland, 1990d. Butterflies of Tanzania 147 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Acraea quadricolor mahale (Kielland, 1990). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma, Mahale Mt., Lukandamira, 1700 m.”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. The female is not known (Kielland, 1990d). Description:

“Male. Upperside f.w. post-discal band orange, moderately wide, not narrowing towards costa as it is in itumbana, therefore its shape is quite different, standing nearly perpendicularly on the costa; h.w. median white band comparatively wide, not convex in its outer border, widest near hind margin, its angle to the costa sharp as that of ssp. uluguru, but the band is wider. Underside as the upperside, but paler, slightly paler than in itumbana. Length of f.w. 33 mm. Female unknown.” Diagnosis: Upperside forewing orange postdiscal band not narrowing towards the costa as it does in ssp. itumbana; underside slightly paler than that of itumbana (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Mahale (TL).


Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor morogoro (Carpenter & Jackson, 1950) Bematistes quadricolor morogoro Carpenter & Jackson, 1950. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London (B) 19:

105 (97-108). Acraea quadricolor morogoro (Carpenter & Jackson, 1950). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Morogoro district, Masakati”. Diagnosis: Has a yellow median band on the hind wing upperside as in ssp. latifasciata but forewing postdiscal orange band is paler, wider and widest in the middle (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Masakati, Morogoro district (TL); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kanga Mountains

(Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d).


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Acraea (Bematistes) quadricolor uluguru (Kielland, 1990)

Bematistes quadricolor uluguru Kielland, 1990d. Butterflies of Tanzania 147 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Acraea quadricolor uluguru (Kielland, 1990). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Morogoro, Uluguru Mts., Bondwa Mt., 2140 m.”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. The female is not known (Kielland, 1990d). Description:

“Male. Upperside f.w. basal half reddish-brown, slightly paler than in ssp. itumbana; postdiscal orange band wide (as in normal itumbana); h.w. median white band more evenly tapering towards costal margin, its outer border not convex as it is itumbana, its position forms a sharper angle to the costa, with its upper end reaching costal margin closer to the apex of the wing. Markings on the underside as above, but distal part of wings paler. Length of f.w. 32.8 mm. Female. Not known.” Diagnosis: Differs from ssp. itumbana as follows: upperside forewing basal reddish-brown colouration slightly paler; hind wing median white band more evenly tapering towards costal margin, its outer border not as convex as in itumbana, its position forming a sharper angle to the costa, with its upper end reaching the costal margin closer to the apex of the wing (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Bondwa in the Uluguru Mountains (TL) (Kielland, 1990d).


*Acraea (Bematistes) scalivittata (Butler, 1896) Planema scalivittata Butler, 1896. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 18: 159 (159-163). Acraea scalivittata (Butler, 1896). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea scalivittata scalivittata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 64mm. Chowa, Nyika, Zambia. 7 Mar 1983. R.J. Dowsett. No. 747.


Type locality: [Malawi]: “Kasungu Mountains, Nyika”. Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Habitat: Montane forest (Heath et al., 2002). In Tanzania it is found at altitudes from 1 700 to 2 340 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Appears to be very common for short periods at certain times (especially March-April) but rare to absent most of the time (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published.

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Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Congdon, vide Kielland, 1990d: 148]. Adenia stolzii (Passifloraceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; ssp. Kiellandianus; Mufindi,

Tanzania].

Acraea (Bematistes) scalivittata scalivittata (Butler, 1896) Planema scalivittata Butler, 1896. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 18: 159 (159-163). Acraea scalivittata (Butler, 1896). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea scalivittata scalivittata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 64mm. Chowa, Nyika, Zambia. 7 Mar 1983. R.J. Dowsett. No. 747.


Type locality: [Malawi]: “Kasungu Mountains, Nyika”. Distribution: ?Tanzania (west), Malawi (north), Zambia (east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Bisi Mountain in Ufipa (Collins, in Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Kasungu Mountains, Nyika (TL). Zambia – Nyika (Heath, et al., 2002; male illustrated above).

Acraea (Bematistes) scalivittata kiellandianus Koçak, 1996 Acraea scalivittata kiellandi Collins, 1990. Ackery et al., 1995: 245. Acraea (Acraea) scalivittata kiellandianus Koçak, 1996. Centre for Entomological Studies Miscellaneous Papers 27-28: 12 (10-16).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Mufindi, Dec. 1987, 3 000 m, S. Collins.”. Holotype male in the Natural History Museum, London. Original description:

“Male. Forewing length 30 mm. The submarginal white spots on the forewing are more developed. The principle [sic] feature is the hindwing median band which is more ochreous yellow and is much more developed and radiates towards the margin unlike specimens from Zambia and Malawi. Female as male but forewing length 37 mm.” Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies chiefly in the hindwing median band, which is more ochreous yellow, is much better developed, radiating toward the margin (Collins, in Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (central, south and south-west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mufindi (TL); Image Mountain (Collins, in Kielland, 1990d); Nyumbenitu (Collins, in Kielland,

1990d); Poroto Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Njombe (Kielland, 1990d); Livingstone Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Mangalisa (Kielland, 1990d); Chugu

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Mountain (Kielland, 1990d).

kiellandi Collins, 1990, in Kielland, 1990d (as ssp. of Bematistes scalivittata). Butterflies of Tanzania 339 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Type locality: Tanzania: “Mufindi” [Invalid.]

*Acraea (Bematistes) schubotzi (Grünberg, 1911) Planema schubotzi Grünberg, 1911. Wissenschaftliche Ergibnisse der Deutschen Zentral-Afrika Expedition 1907-1908. 3 (17): 519

(506-560), 4 pls. Leipzig. Acraea schubotzi (Grünberg, 1911). Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b.

Type locality: No locality given. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 411. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, north Kivu), Uganda (west – Bwamba). Note: Treated as a subspecies of Acraea tellus by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) tellus (Aurivillius, 1893) Orange Wanderer

Planema tellus Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 280 (257-292). Acraea tellus (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea tellus tellus. Male (Wingspan 58 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 58 mm.


Alternative common name: Orange Bematistes. Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki, Ekundu, Kitta”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/t). Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 410. Diagnosis: Similar to Acraea epaea but the forewing orange subapical band is much wider and is not kinked at vein as it is in epaea (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A fairly common butterfly that flies about slowly in shady places in the forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 322].

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Acraea (Bematistes) tellus tellus (Aurivillius, 1893)

Planema tellus Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 280 (257-292). Acraea tellus (Aurivillius, 1893). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea tellus tellus. Male (Wingspan 58 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 58 mm.


Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoki, Ekundu, Kitta”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/t). Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 410. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic. Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a); Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Okomu (J. Wojtusiak, vide Larsen,

2005a); Makurdi (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Itoki (TL); Ekundu (Aurivillius, 1893); Kitta (Aurivillius, 1893); Bipindi (Neustetter, 1916);

Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Alen Benito district (Strand, 1914). Gabon – Mboumie (van de Weghe, 2010); Langoue (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe,

2010); Bakouaka (van de Weghe, 2010); camp PPG (van de Weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Mukenge (Suffert, 1904); Sankuru, Loto (Le Doux, 1937); Isiro (Berger,

1981). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

lustella Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema epaea). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 36 (12-107). Cameroon: “Camerun”; Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mukenge, Congo Staat”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus tellus by Bernaud, 2009.

subapicalis Strand, 1914 (as ab. of Planema tellus). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.12.): 107 (97-144). Equatorial Guinea: “Span.-Guinea, Alen Benitogebiet; Weg nach Manononam”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus tellus by Bernaud, 2009.

albofasciata Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Planema tellus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-108). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Bipindi”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea tellus by Bernaud, 2009.

helichta Neustetter, 1916 (as ab. of Planema tellus). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 30: 98 (95-108). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Bipindi”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus tellus by Bernaud, 2009.

ferruginea Le Doux, 1937 (as f. of Planema tellus). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 162 (151-187). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Sankuru, Loto”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus tellus by Bernaud, 2009.

172

bernardi Berger, 1981 (as f. of Bematistes tellus tellus). Les Papillons du Zaire 193 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Isiro”. Treated as an aberration of Acraea tellus tellus by Bernaud, 2009 and spelt as bernardii.

Acraea (Bematistes) tellus eumelis (Jordan, 1910) Planema tellus eumelis Jordan, 1910. Novitates Zoologicae 17: 462 (462-469). Acraea tellus eumelis (Jordan, 1910). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea tellus eumelis. Female (Wingspan 65 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 65 mm. Mabira Forest, Uganda. 15 June 2009. J. Dobson.


Type locality: [Uganda]: “Toro”. Redescription by Pierre & Bernaud, 2008b: 411. Distribution: Uganda (central and east), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Toro (TL). Tanzania – Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Bukoba Region (Kielland, 1990d).

*Acraea (Bematistes) umbra (Drury, 1782) Clouded Wanderer

Papilio umbra Drury, 1782. Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 23 (76 pp.). London. Acraea umbra (Drury, 1782). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea umbra umbra. Female (Wingspan 76 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 76 mm.

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Alternative common name: Clouded Bematistes. Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Distribution: Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: Forest, including degraded habitat (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A relatively common butterfly that flies about slowly in the shade (Larsen, 2005a). Occasional population irruptions occur (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia species (Passifloraceae) [Larsen, 1991c: 383]. Adenia cisampelloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, 1995; Cameroon].

Acraea (Bematistes) umbra umbra (Drury, 1782) Papilio umbra Drury, 1782. Illustrations of Natural History 3: index et 23 (76 pp.). London. Acraea umbra (Drury, 1782). Ackery et al., 1995.

Acraea umbra umbra. Female (Wingspan 76 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 76 mm.


Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leon”. Distribution: Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007).

Acraea (Bematistes) umbra carpenteri (Le Doux, 1937) Planema umbra carpenteri le Doux, 1937. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 180 (151-187). Acraea umbra carpenteri (Le Doux, 1937). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Guinea-Bissau: “Bissagos-Inseln”. Distribution: Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea. Specific localities: Guinea-Bissau – Bissagos Island (TL).

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Acraea (Bematistes) umbra hemileuca (Jordan, 1914) Planema macaria hemileuca Jordan, 1914. Novitates Zoologicae 21: 254 (254). Acraea umbra hemileuca (Jordan, 1914). Larsen, 2005a: 459.

Acraea umbra hemileuca. Male (Wingspan 74 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan 74 mm.

Mabira Forest, Uganda. 10 November 2007. P. Ward. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Semliki valley, Toro; Buamba Forest”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (west). Specific localities: Uganda – Semliki Valley (TL); Buamba Forest (Jordan, 1914). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Larsen, 1991c).

Acraea (Bematistes) umbra macarioides (Aurivillius, 1893) Planema macarioides Aurivillius, 1893. Entomologisk Tidskrift 14: 284 (257-292). Acraea umbra macarioides (Aurivillius, 1893). Larsen, 2005a: 459

Acraea umbra macarioides. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 73mm. Mamfe, Br Camerun. Nov „62. T.H.E. Jackson. (Henning collection – H136).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Kitta Bonge”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/m). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (west), Tanzania (north-west),

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Zambia. Specific localities: Cameroon – Kitta Bonge (TL); Barombi (Suffert, 1904); Victoria (Suffert, 1904); „Camerun Oberland‟

(Suffert, 1904); Angabe (Suffert, 1904); Ebea (Heath et al., 2002); Mamfe (male illustrated above). Gabon – Pongara (van de Weghe, 2010); Safala (van de Weghe, 2010); Mondah (van de Weghe, 2010);

Malibe (van de Weghe, 2010); Alen Nkoma (van de Weghe, 2010); Lake Evaro (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010); Bitam (van de Weghe, 2010); Ipassa (van de Weghe, 2010); camp Nouna (van de Weghe, 2010); Bakouaka (van de Weghe, 2010).

Tanzania – Mihumu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Ntakatta Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Lubalizi (Kielland, 1990d); Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d).

Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002). Note: Treated as Acraea macaria macarioides by van de Weghe (2010: 315).

rabuma Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Planema umbra). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 38 (12-107). Cameroon: “Barombi; Victoria; Ebea; Camerun Oberland; Angabe”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macaria macaroides by Bernaud, 2009.

*Acraea (Bematistes) vestalis Felder & Felder, [1865] Smoky Wanderer

Acraea vestalis Felder & Felder, 1865 in Felder & Felder, [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 369 (549 pp.).

Wien.

Alternative common name: Smoky Bematistes. Type locality: “Guinea”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania. Habitat: Lowland forest, including somewhat degraded habitat (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania ssp. congoensis occurs at altitudes of 800 to 900 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A relatively common butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). The flight is slow and sailing, specimens keeping to the dense shade of the forest undergrowth (Kielland, 1990d). The striata morph of Pseudacraea eurytus is a nearly perfect mimic of Acraea vestalis (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Adenia cissampeloides (Planch. ex Hook.) Harms (Passifloraceae) [Bernaud, vide Larsen, 2005a;

Cameroon].

Acraea (Bematistes) vestalis vestalis Felder & Felder, [1865] Acraea vestalis Felder & Felder, 1865 in Felder & Felder, [1865-7]. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte Novara 369 (549 pp.).

Wien.

Type locality: “Guinea”. Distribution: Senegal, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria. Specific localities: Senegal – Basse Casamance (Larsen, 2005a). Burkina Faso – Ouagadougou (A. Prost, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007).

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Acraea (Bematistes) vestalis congoensis (Le Doux, 1937) Planema vestalis congoensis Le Doux, 1937. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 29: 185 (151-187). Acraea vestalis congoensis (Le Doux, 1937). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Alle, Lushala”. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, Lushala), Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Alle, Lushala (TL). Tanzania – Mukuyu and Mihumu in Kigoma District. The forest at the first locality has been destroyed

(Kielland, 1990d).

Acraea (Bematistes) vestalis stavelia (Suffert, 1904) Planema vestalis stavelia Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 39 (12-107). Acraea vestalis stavelia (Suffert, 1904). Ackery et al., 1995.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Malimbo, Camerun”; Togo. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (north-west – Mongala). Specific localities: Cameroon – Malimbo (TL). Gabon – Kinguele (van de Weghe, 2010); Kangwe (van de Weghe, 2010); Waka (van de Weghe, 2010). Note: Treated as a synonym of Acraea vestalis by Bernaud, 2009.

fasciata Aurivillius, 1913 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as ab. of Planema umbra). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 241 (614 pp.). Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Treated as a synonym of Acraea macaria macarioides by Bernaud, 2009.

genus acraea fabricius, 1807 - metamorphosis genus acraea... · genus . acraea. fabricius, 1807....

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