World Geography – Fall Final Review 2012Tools of a Geographer – Foundations and Physical Geography

Label the following on the map below:

South AmericaEurope AfricaAsia

AntarcticaAustraliaPacific OceanAtlantic Ocean

Arctic OceanSouthern OceanIndian Ocean

Label the following on the map below:

Prime MeridianEquatorTropic of Cancer

Tropic of CapricornArctic CircleNorth Pole

South PoleAntarctic Circle

North America

South America

Europe Asia

Africa

Australia

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Southern Ocean

Indian Ocean

Pacific Ocean

Arctic Ocean

Equator

Prime

Meridian

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Cancer

Antarctic Circle

South Pole

North Pole

Tropic of Capricorn

Label the following as a component of PHYSICAL geography or CULTURAL geography.PHYS climateCULT governmentPHYS vegetationCULT language

CULT ethnicityCULT religionPHYS landforms

Explain the use and what types of things can be found on each of the following maps.

Political Map - boundaries of countries, states. Cities and capitals

Physical Map – physical features (bodies of water and landforms) and elevation

Vegetation Map – vegetation zones

Climate Map – climate zones

Population Density - where people live

Use your notes and textbook to define the following terms.

Large-scale map - gives a close up view of a small area with a lot of detail

Small-scale map -shows a larger area with fewer details

Global grid – latitude and longitude

Absolute location - the precise point where a place is located on Earth (latitude and longitude or exact address)

Relative location - where a place is located in relation to another place

Distortion- changes shape, size and position of Earth’s features.

Orientation – compass rose

Scale - tells you how to read distances on a map

Map projection - deal with distortion

Cartography – the study of map making

Magma - melted rock

Hydrosphere - Made up of all of the water on the Earth’s surface including Oceans, inland water bodies, groundwater, and ice caps.

Atmosphere- An envelope of gases around the Earth that absorbs radiation from the Sun,moderates temperatures, distributes heat and water, creates distinct weather patterns

Biosphere - Includes all forms of life, including humans

Lithosphere - The Earth’s crust and top layer of the mantle

Erosion The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, sand, and soil

Glaciation – the process of being covered with ice or a glacier

Sedimentation - the process by which particles and sediments are deposited after being eroded away

Ring of Fire - A circle of volcanic mountains that are surrounding the Pacific Ocean

Tectonic activity – plate movement

Desalination – the process of taking salt from water

Desertification - relatively dry land region becomes increasingly aridLabel and describe the stages of the Water Cycle

Use your notes and textbook to answer the following questions.What are the advantages of using globes instead of maps?1) true size 2) no distortion

What are the advantages of using maps instead of globes?1) compact (can be folded) 2) are able to show more detail 3) focus on specific areas

What is a physical process? What does it do? the natural forces that change Earth’s physical features, including forces that build up and wear down Earth’s surface.

What is erosion? What are the 3 main types of erosion? The movement of weathered materials such as gravel, sand, and soil – An agent of mechanical weathering Wind, Water, Glaciers

• What is weathering? Give examples of physical and mechanical weathering. Breaks down rock at or near the earth’s surface into smaller pieces. Mechanical – frost wedging, seeds Chemical – Acid Rain, Carbonic Acid

Use your LACEMOP notes and the textbook to answer the following questions. The earth’s atmosphere THINS as elevation increases.

What is continentality? How does it affect places that are not near large bodies of water? How close to water . The closer to water the more moderate temps.

What is the relationship between a place and its distance from the equator? Explain the effect on each of the following low latitudes, mid-latitudes, high latitudes. The closer a place is to the equator, the hotter it is. Low latitudes (tropics) – HOT; mid-latitudes – moderate, 4 seasons; high-latitude (polar) – extremely cold.

How do mountains influence climate? Explain it using the terms rainshadow effect, leeward, and windward. Windward – moist air blows in from the ocean. It hits the mountain and is forced upward. The air cools as it rises. Cool air cannot hold as much moisture – rain falls. The windward side is lush and green with a lot of vegetation

Condensation

Evaporation

Leeward – the air continues over the mountain, but is now dry. This leads to the rain shadow effect – the leeward side is dry and barren – desert like conditions.

What is the relationship between elevation and climate? As elevation goes up, temperature goes down, this affects climate. They are closely related

What is the significance of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn? Cancer is the northern most line of latitude to receive direct sunlight. Capricorn is the southernmost line of latitude to receive direct sunlight.

Explain why there are seasons. The tilt of the earth and the revolution around the sun allow for the season.

Label and describe each of the Earth’s LayersCRUST- very thin layer; rocky surface

MANTLE—thick layer of rock (2,900 kms thick); mostly solid, but has pockets of magma (melted rock)

OUTER CORE- molten (made liquid from heat)

INNER CORE - dense and solid

Use your notes and textbook to illustrate and define the following Landforms.IsthmusA narrow stretch of land connecting two larger land areas

BasinArea of land drained by a given river and its branches; typically surrounded by lands of higher elevations.

ArchipelagoA group or chain of islands

IslandA body of land completely surrounded by water on all sides

Source of a RiverPlace where a river or stream begins, often in highlands.

Mouth of a RiverPlace where a river or stream meets another body of water like an ocean or sea

TributaryA small river or stream that flows into a large river or stream; a branch of a river

SeaA large body of water completely or partly surrounded by land

PeninsulaBody of land jutting into a lake or ocean, surrounded on three sides by water

StraitA narrow stretch of water joining two larger bodies of water

Tools of a Geographer – Human/Cultural GeographyUse your population history/population pyramid notes to answer the following questions. What is the approximate world population now? 7 billion

When did the population boom begin (exponential growth)? 200 years ago

What changes happened that improved life expectancy? Better public sanitation, improved farming technology, advances in modern medicine

Why did early humans live a nomadic lifestyle? They moved from place to place in search of food and water

Why do people choose to live in mid-latitudes? The warm climates provide the crop growing conditions needed for food production

Use your government/economic systems notes to define the following terms.

Democracy (direct) – A type of government where the citizens hold power directly

Republic - A type of government where the citizens hold power through elected representatives

Theocracy - Any system of government in which religious leaders hold the power

Totalitarian - Form of government that has the power to govern without the consent of those being governed

Monarchy - A system of government headed by a king or queen and may or may not share the power with citizen bodies

Traditional economy - Custom, traditional ways and beliefs are the base values of this economic system

Market economy - People are free to choose what to buy and sell. Businesses are private and profit seeking

Command economy – Government Controlled - Found in communist countries like China or North Korea

Use your Economic Development and Migration notes and textbook to define the terms and answer the questions below.

Birth rate - the number of births per thousand people per year

Death rate - the number of deaths per thousand people per year

Migration - the movement of persons from one country or locality to another

Population density - the number of people living per unit of an area (e.g. per square mile)

Identify the 3 most important factors in the population of a place.Medicine Birthrate Death rate Migration Population Density

Which two of the following would be most influenced by physical geography? Government class system population distribution economic activities culture religion

What is the main reason for the differences in economic prosperity in various areas of the world? an unequal distribution of resources

What are the main pull factors to the United States? Family, school, freedom, economic opportunity

Identify the following as a Push or Pull factor

PUSH Civil WarPULL Economic Opportunity PUSH ApartheidPUSH GenocidePULL Political Freedom

PUSH FaminePULL Religious freedomPULL Abundant housing PUSH Drought PUSH Lack of employment

PUSH Food and Housing ShortagesPUSH Persecution

PULL Healthy economy PUSH Poverty

United States and CanadaUse your notes and the textbook to answer the following questions.

Why are Canada’s climates generally so much colder than the climates of the United States? Higher latitude – farther from the equator than the US

Where do populations in US and Canada cluster? Along coasts, rivers, and other bodies of water

Canada and the United States differ in their: (choose all that apply)Population Density Government Health Programs Types of Government Climate

Which French speaking province is interested in gaining independence from Canada? Quebec

True - Most people of the United States and Canada are immigrants or their descendants.

Describe the ideal place for a permanent settlement. Flat, plains. Near water. Mid – Latitudes. Access to natural resources and trade routes

List factors that would hinder settlement. Extreme temps (hot or cold), mountains, no access to water, too little rain

Use your Economic Development notes and textbook to complete the chart and answer the questions below.

Higher GDP per capitaLower GDP per capitaShort life expectancyLow infant mortality

High number of children/womanLong life expectancyLow birth rateHigh birth rate

High infant mortality Highly industrialized countriesSubsistence Agriculture

More Developed (Wealthy) Less Developed (Poor)

Higher GDP per capita Lower GDP per capitaLong life expectancy Short life expectancyLow infant mortality High infant mortality

High number of children/womanLow birth rate High birth rateHighly industrialized countries Subsistence Agriculture

What is the single most effective thing a country can do to lower birthrate? Education of women.

Describe the socioeconomic status of most North Americans. It is among the world’s highest

A megalopolis is an urban area made up of adjoining cities and their suburbs. Using the map, describe what they all have in common.

are adjacent to bodies of water

Latin America Use your notes Life in the Central Andes and the Geography Alive textbook to answer the following:

Illustrate the 4 Elevation climate zones. Complete with the names of each level, elevation ranges and crops grown. • Tierra Helada - 12,000-15,000

• Extreme environment; cold windy climate; often freezes at night; snow falls at the highest elevations; snow line lies at the upper edge of this zone; trees are rare; the most common plant life are low-lying shrubs and hardy grass; crops: quinoa, certain types of potatoes.

• Tierra Fria - 6,000-12,000• Average temps vary from 55-65; night temperatures dip below freezing at higher elevations; steep,

rugged mountains, flat basins and plateaus lie between the mountains; a high plateau, the Altiplano, lies between Peru and Bolivia and contains Lake Titicaca; pines and other conifers grow where is enough rain; only shrubs and grasses grow in dry areas; crops: potatoes, wheat, barley, corn, apples, and pears.

• Tierra Templada - 3,000-6,000• Climate is temperate; temperature range from 65-75; frost is rare; pleasant weather lasts all year;

palms, bamboo, and jungle vines are common at lower elevations; broadleaf evergreen forest is typical at higher elevations; crops: farmers choose crops based on elevation. Lower level – bananas and oranges. Higher level – corn, beans, and other vegetables. Flowers for export. The main commercial crop – coffee.

• Tierra Caliente - 0-3,000• Climate is generally hot and humid; average temps range from 75-80; broadleaf evergreen forests cover

the eastern slopes of the Andes; natural vegetation on the western slopes ranges from lush rainforest to tropical grassland; Peru’s coast gets little rainfall and is a desert; crops: farmers plant crops that do well in the heat- bananas, rice, & sugarcane

Where is the tree line found? Tierra Helada

What is vertical trade? Who traded with whom? Trading of crops between different elevations. Lowland and highland areas trade.

What is terracing?

Use your textbook and notes to answer the following questions.

Where are the Andes Mountains located? West coast of South America

What countries do the Andes Mountains run through? Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina

What two oceans does the Panama Canal connect? Atlantic and Pacific

What is the longest river in South America? Amazon River

What areas make up Latin America? Middle America, South America, Caribbean

What countries in South America are landlocked? Paraguay and Bolivia

What are the pampas? Grasslands in Argentina

What is the major religion of Latin America? Christianity (Roman Catholic)

W hat types of areas do most people of Latin America live in? Coastal areas

What indigenous groups were in Latin America? Maya, Aztec, and Inca

What is NAFTA? Organization that reduced trade restrictions among US, Canada, and Mexico

Use your Spatial Inequality in Mexico City notes and the Geography Alive textbook to answer the following:

What is spatial inequality? The unequal distribution of wealth or resources in a geographic area, so that some places are richer than others.

What is a major cause of rural decline in Mexico? Poverty and unemployment

What happened in Mexico because of rural decline? People moved to cities – increase urbanization

What are the pull factors that draw farm families to Mexico City? Economic opportunities, better school, higher standard of living.

With population growth in Mexico City, what are some other things that have increased? Crime rates, air pollution, poor slum neighborhoods.

What is urbanization? The movement of people from rural to urban areas, resulting in the growth of urban areas.

What is rural? Countryside. Urban? City.

EuropeUse your notes, the Geography Alive textbook, and the textbook to define the terms below.

Centripetal force - A force that unites people and countries

Centrifugal force - A force that divides people and countries

Supranational cooperation - A form of international cooperation in which countries give up some control of their affairs as they work together to achieve shared goals

Common market - A group of countries that acts as a single market, without trade barriers between member countries

Holocaust - The mass killing of more than 6 millon European Jews by Germany’s Nazi Party

Enlightenment- a time when Europeans began to question long-standing traditions and values in favor of reasoning

Boundary – something that indicates or fixes a limit or extent often indicated determined by the location of rivers or other physical features

Reparations - payment for damages as a result of World War I.

Feudalism - a system that gave land to nobles in return for loyalty

Ethnic cleansing - the expulsion, imprisonment, or killing of an ethnic minority by a dominant majority in order to achieve ethnic homogeneity

Use your notes, the Geography Alive textbook, and the textbook to answer the questions below.

How has EU promoted economic cooperation across Europe? It has reduced trade barriers

What are some examples of how EU has promoted European cultural identity? EU Flag, Europe Day, European citizenship

What happens if a member country does not agree with a decision made by the EU government? The country must carry out the decision anyway.

In regards to EU, give examples of some centripetal forces. Common market, common currency, EU trading bloc, European citizenship

In regards to EU, give examples of some centrifugal forces. Cultural differences, difficult to communicate, not everyone adopted Euro

What was the Cold War? Between who? A sustained state of political and military tension between powers in the Western world, dominated by the United States and other allies (non-communists); versus powers in the Eastern world, dominated by the Soviet Union (communists)

The British Isles include: Great Britain and Ireland

What part of Europe is wealthier than the rest and has advanced communications and transportation systems? Western

What kind of climate dominates Russia? subarctic

Where does Europe rank in size of continents? 2nd smallest

What organization currently unites Western Europe? European Union

What German city was divided between western democracy and Soviet communism after WWII? Berlin

Mapping

Label the following on the map below:

Nova ScotiaNorthwest TerritoriesBritish ColumbiaYukon TerritorySaskatchewanManitoba Alberta

Ontario Quebec Hudson Bay Labrador SeaBaffin BayBering SeaGreenland Sea

Lake Huron Lake Ontario Lake SuperiorLake ErieLake MichiganPacific OceanAtlantic Ocean

Label the

following on the map below:

IdahoOregonNevada

CaliforniaUtahTennessee

KentuckyMissouriIllinois

Nova Scotia

Northwest Territories

Saskatchewan

Yukon Territories

British Columbia

Alberta

Manitoba

Ontario

Quebec

Hudson Bay

Labrador Sea

Bering Sea

Baffin Bay

Greenland Sea

Atlantic Ocean

Pacific Ocean

L . SuperiorL . Huron

L . OntarioL . Michigan

L . Erie

North CarolinaVirginiaSouth CarolinaAlabamaGeorgia

FloridaPacific OceanAtlantic Ocean Gulf of MexicoMissouri River

Colorado RiverGreat Salt LakeMississippi RiverRio Grande River

Label the

following on the

Pacific OceanRio Grande RiverGulf of HondurasAmazon RiverParana RiverLake TiticacaParaguay RiverSierra Madre PatagoniaAndesMexican Plateau

Label the following on the map below:

IllinoisVirginia

DenmarkNorwayFinlandSwedenUnited KingdomBelgiumNetherlandsIcelandFrance Germany

SpainPolandBulgariaRomaniaUkraineBelarusSwitzerlandGreeceItalyArctic Circle

Prime MeridianAlpsPyrenees MountainsMediterranean SeaRed SeaCaspian SeaAdriatic SeaAegean Sea

Denmark

Norway

FinlandSweden

United Kingdom

Belgium

Netherlands

Iceland

Alps

Germany

Spain

Poland

Bulgaria

Romania

Ukraine

Belarus

Switzerland

Greece

Italy

Arctic Circle

Pyrenees

France

Mediterranean Sea

Aegean Sea

AdriaticSea