geographic information systems michael kennedy department of geography university of kentucky...
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Geographic Information
Systems
Michael Kennedy
Department of Geography
University of Kentucky
Tue 23 Feb 2010
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Cyberinfrastructure Days
GIS in General
Spatial data
GIS at UK
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The Process: PAST
Data Collectors
Cartographers
Photographers
Geographers
Printers
Trail Specialists
For plannersand decision-makers whotake some action to affect.
f
“Mapping” Map
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EXAMPLES OF THINGS MAPPED:“Themes” or “Layers”
• Land Elevation
• Land Slope
• Soil Type
• Land Use, Land Cover, Zoning
• Population Data
• Dental Cavities of Children
• Wildlife Habitat
• Sites of Auto Accidents
• Roads and Railroad Lines
• Energy Use Patterns
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ADVANTAGES OF A DIGITAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM
• Size of Memory• Updatable• Recurring Data Sources• Overlays Possible• Analysis “easy”
• Maps are Intuitive• Maps are Portable• Maps are Honest
But:
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THREE FORCES FOR CHANGE
(1) Difficulties with Maps
• Hard to Analyze• Hard to Compare Among• Compromise between
two functions:--Storage--Display
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(2) BEFORE 1960’S
Resources,energy,land,etc.
Waste,heat,etc.
HumanActivity
AFTER 1960’S
HumanActivity
Resources,energy,land,etc.
Waste,heat,etc
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(3) GARDEN-VARIETY COMPUTER POWER
1960 Lately
Memory Size 1 10000(Primary) (60Kb) (600Mb)
Memory Size 0 (On-line, (zilch) (500 Gb) Secondary)
CPU Speed 1 10000 (200u sec) (20nsec)
Cost 1 1000 $500,000 $500
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SIMPLISTIC FORMULA FOR CALCULATING
BANG FOR THE COMPUTING BUCK
P = M * S / $
Factor increase since 1960:
1013
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GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Need for BetterResource Allocation
MapShortcomings
(2)(1)
Computers(Stupid,
fast,accurate)
People(smart,slow,
sloppy)
$$$(3)
(5)
(4)
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The Process: NOW
STORAGE
DigitalComputer
Store
Data CollectorsCartographersPhotographersGeographersPrintersField SpecialistsComputer ProgrammersComputer Scientists
f1
queries f2
DISPLAY
For planners, etc.
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Geographic Information System:
A Tool to Aid in
Managing the
Environment
-------------------------
The marriage of a
(geo)graphic database and
an attribute database
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Building a
Geographic Information System
(How to make a computer believe its a map)
•Data Acquisition & Input
•Data Structure & Storage
•Analyzing & Processing
•Information Display
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Spatial Data
•Data (symbols, graphics, numbers)
•Physical Medium
•Position Locator
Exclude: change, move, <1 centimeter
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Classes of Spatial Data
•Maps
•Photographic Materials
* Digital files which contain spatial locators
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Spatial Data Bases
Inherent Difficulties:
• Size & Number of Data Sets• Diverse Acquisition• t• Locational Reference
(point, line, area, volume, time)• Continuous vs. Discrete
(x,y) (z) (no 1 for 1)• No Natural Development• Coordinate Systems• “Not-Basic-Data” Attitude• Always Errors
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Basic Problem
Extract significance from
continuous, virtually infinite,
4-D environment;
place in 1-D discrete store;
and
return relevant information
in 2-D formats (maps, tables)
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Answer:•Idealize•Aggregate•“Probabilize” (interpolate, extrapolate)
•Categorize
A Storage Paradigm
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Storage Paradigms
Vectors
•Cell (grid, raster)•Polygon•TIN
For Point Data“Just” Coordinates
For Lineal Data
For Areal Data
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CELL:
+ Overlay Capability
- Artificial, Arbitrary- Poor Geographic Specificity- Resolution Compromise
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POLYGON:
+ Appropriate Boundaries+ Best Geographic Specificity
- Processing Time for Overlays+ - Storage Requirements- Locked to Data Base Size
A BC
1
2
3
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TIN:
+ Can use significant points+ Continuous 3-D Surface+ Gives elevation, slope, aspect- Surface non-differentiable- Uses plane facets
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Geographic Information System
Products
Criteria for Use by Decisionmakers:
Availability Known•Understandable•Worth Time Investment•Assistance Available•Timely•Relevant•INTEGRITY
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•Purpose• Inventorying•Analyzing•Explaining•Documenting•Defending•Forecasting•Monitoring•Planning
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HAVE:
•Remote Sensing (satellite)•Remote Sensing (aircraft)•Natural Science, Demographic
Data•Computing Power
Great Speed
Immense Storage•Expertise for specific-purpose
systems
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DON’T HAVE:
• Models to simulatecomplex environments
• Common set of storage paradigms or formats
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DON’THAVE:
• Governmental Understanding of :
vs.
Smart Fast
People Yes
Computers Yes
Large Governments
• Governmental Commitment
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Some images of local spatial data sets
Kentucky RiverWater Filtration PlantTopographic QuadrangleElevation: Contours, DEM, TINNetworks: Highways and RoadsSoil TypesMajor StreamsGPS TrackGraphic OverlayUK Campus: Orthophoto Issues Resolution Issues Time & Change (1994,2002)
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What has all this to do with
Cyberinfrastructure?
One theme: Six inch orthophotography requires 16 bytes of storage per square foot – 0.5 GB
per square mile.
Fayette County needs 118 GBKentucky needs 16.4 TB
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CyberinfrastructureCan it provide:
A Geographic Information System
--with--•Spatial Data Library (plug in data AND metadata) (made up of basic data)
•Analysis Capability (including “map standard” information output with statements of accuracy and precision)
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Geographic Information Systems
at the University of Kentucky
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KGS spatial data on the web
Remote sensing on agricultural crops
Optical detecting of nitrogen deficiency
Land use assessment in Google Maps
Kentucky Land Education and Research (KLEAR)
3D visualization of urban landscapes
Textbooks
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UK Organizations involved with the GST Working Group
AnthropologyBiosystems and Agricultural EngineeringCenter for Visualization and Virtual EnvironmentsEarth and Environmental SciencesForestryGeographyKentucky Geological Survey (KGS)Landscape ArchitectureLinguisticsPhysical PlantPolitical SciencePublic HealthStatistics
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Hopes for Geospatial Technology at UK
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HAVE:
•Really Good People•Interesting Projects•Lots of Enthusiasm•Plenty of Computing Facilities•Site License for Vital Software
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DON’THAVE:
• Any Formal UK Recognition• $$$• Other Important Software• Instruction beyond Intermediate• Undergraduate Certificate• Graduate Certificate• Minor• Major• Coordinator (teaching, research, outreach)
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See the UK GST Poster at the CI Days Forum
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Thank you !