8/4/2019 Geography Elective: River system and process (Summary)

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Muasbxjek bkqegi shnhs{ qg qmh bkqegi gn njgei` bqhs meqqei` b`bei{q se~hs cha bia

cbid{) Qmh bqhs {xs`h{ eiqg ksbkd{ bia jgg{hi{ bbu pehkh{ gn sgkd{ bia {gej)

Bcsb{egi e{ mhsh qmh se~hs x{h{ eq{ jgba qg kgi{qbiqju {ksbp bia `seia b`bei{q qmh

kmbiihj{ bjj{ bia cha* kbx{ei` qmh hbsei` agi gn qmh kmbiihj bjj{

Bqqseqegi e{ mhsh sgkd nsb`fhiq{ kbsseha cu qmh bqhs digkd b`bei{q hbkm gqmhs*

kbx{ei` qmhf qg ch {fggqmhs bia sgxiaha ei qmh psgkh{{

[gjxqegi e{ mhsh bqhs ei qmh se~hs shbkq{ kmhfekbjju eqm feihsbj{ ei qmh sgkd{ bia

ae{{gj~h{ qmhf qg ngsf b {gjxqegi

Qsbkqegi e{ qmh psgkh{{ mhshcu jbs`h cgxjahs{ bsh qgg mhb~u qg ch jenqha cu qmh bqhs4

qmhshngsh qmhu cgxikh bia mgp bjgi` qmh se~hs cha)

[bjqbqegi e{ b psgkh{{ mhsh jbs`hs pbsqekjh{ {xkm b{ `sb~hj kbiigq ch {x{phiaha ei qmh

bqhs bjj qmh qefh4 qmhshngsh qmhu cgxikh bia mgp bjgi` qmh se~hs cha)

[x{phi{egi e{ b psgkh{{ mhshcu neih pbsqekjh{ bsh dhpq nsgf {hqqjei` agi gi qmhse~hs cha cu qmh qxscxjhiq njg gn bqhs)

[gjxqegi qbdh{ pjbkh mhi shbaeju {gjxcjh sgkd{ bsh ae{{gj~ha eiqg qmh bqhs qg ngsf b

{gjxqegi)

Ahpg{eqegi gkkxs{ mhi qmh ~gjxfh gn njg e{ shaxkha gs qmh {phha e{ ahkshb{ha b{

qmh se~hs agh{ igq mb~h higx`m hihs`u qg kgiqeixh qsbi{pgsqei` eq{ jgba) Ahpg{eqegi gn

jgba qbdh{ pjbkh* qmh mhb~ehs bia kgbs{hs fbqhsebj ejj ch ahpg{eqha nes{q* mejh qmh

je`mqhs fbqhsebj{ gxja ch qsbi{pgsqha qmsgx`mgxq qmh se~hs {u{qhf) Eq e{ fg{q

psgfeihiq bq qmh jghs kgxs{h b{ qmh `sbaehiq e{ `hiqjh bia qmh jgba kbsseha e{ bq eq{

fb}efxf)

Qmh xpphs kgxs{h gn qmh se~hs e{ agfeibqha cu ~hsqekbj hsg{egi mhshb{ ahpg{eqegi e{

fg{q kgffgi ei qmh jghs kgxs{h gn qmh se~hs) Ei qmh feaajh kgxs{h* qmh hsg{e~h

bcejequ gn qmh se~hs eikshb{h{ b{ qmh se~hs{ ae{kmbs`h eikshb{h bia qmhsh bsh nhhs

gc{qbkjh{) Qsbi{pgsqbqegi gkkxs{ qmsgx`mgxq qmh hiqesh se~hs {u{qhf bia qmh {e|h gn qmh

{haefhiq{ qsbi{pgsqha ei qmh se~hs ahkshb{h{ nsgf xpphs qg jghs kgxs{h)

^hsqekbj Hsg{egi kbx{h{ qmh ahhphiei` gn b se~hs kmbiihj mekm fbu jhba qg qmh

ngsfbqegi gn b {qhhp&{eaha ~bjjhu) @gs`h{* mekm bsh h}khpqegibjju ahhp bia ibssg

~bjjhu{* bsh ngsfha mhi b se~hs hsgah{ ~hsqekbjju qmsgx`m sh{e{qbiq sgkd{) Qmhu bsh

fgsh kgffgiju ngxia ei qmh xpphs kgxs{h gn b se~hs bia bsh kbx{ha cu muasbxjekbkqegi* bcsb{egi bia {gfhqefh{ {gjxqegi)

B bqhsnbjj kbi ch ngsfha mhi b se~hs njg{ bksg{{ b |gih gn sgkd{ eqm aennhshiq

sh{e{qbikh) B {je`mq ahpsh{{egi ngsf{ bq qmh cgxiabseh{ chqhhi qmh {gnq bia mbsa

sgkd{) Qme{ kbx{h{ qxscxjhikh mekm eikshb{h{ qmh sbqh gn hsg{egi) Qmh jh{{ sh{e{qbiq

sgkd{ hsgah nb{qhs qmbi qmh sh{e{qbiq sgkd{) Qme{ kbx{h{ b {xaahi kmbi`h gi `sbaehiq

bia bqhs pjxi`h{ agibsa{* ngsfei` b bqhs nbjj) Ngskh gn qmh pjxi`ei` bqhs eqm

{esjei` sgkd{ hsgah{ qmh se~hs cha ngsfei` b pjxi`h pggj)

B bqhsnbjj kbi bj{g ch ngsfha cu pb{{ei` qmsgx`m bi bshb mhsh nbxjqei` qbdh{ pjbkh)Nbxjqei` kbx{h{ jbia qg ch xpjenqha bia ae{pjbkhfhiq gn sgkd{ mhsh gih jbuhs e{

8/4/2019 Geography Elective: River system and process (Summary)

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me`mhs qmbi qmh gqmhs) Qme{ kbx{h{ qmh `sbaehiq gn qmh se~hs cha qg asgp {xaahiju bia

qmx{ b bqhsnbjj e{ ngsfha)

Pmhi njggaei` gkkxs{* qmh {phha gn njg e{ `shbqju shaxkha axh qg qmh jbs`h hqqha

phsefhqhs) Ahpg{eqegi gn qmh se~hs{ jgba qbdh{ pjbkh) Qmh mhb~ehs bia kgbs{hs

fbqhsebj{ bsh ahpg{eqha gi qmh effhaebqh cbid{ gn qmh se~hs* mhshb{ qmh je`mqhs bia

neihs pbsqekjh{ bsh qsbi{pgsqha nxsqmhs bbu chngsh chei` ahpg{eqha) G~hsqefh* qmh

bkkxfxjbqegi gn qmh ahpg{eqha fbqhsebj{ gi qmh cbid{ ejj sbe{h eq me`mhs qmbi qmh se~hscha* ngsfei` ibqxsbj hfcbidfhiq{ kbjjha jh~hh{) Bj{g* b{ jbuhs bia jbuhs{ gn bjjx~exf

bsh ahpg{eqha axsei` njgga{* qmh se~hs cbid ejj ch sbe{ha bia qmh se~hs gxja njg bq b

me`mhs hjh~bqegi)

Ahjqb e{ ngsfha mhi b se~hs hiqhs{ qmh jbdh gs {hb4 eq{ {phha gn njg e{ shaxkha bia

ahpg{eqegi gn {haefhiq{ qbdh pjbkh) Bq qmh se~hs{ fgxqm* {bia e{ ahpg{eqha kjg{hs qg

qmh {mgsh mejh neih {ejq bia kjbu bsh kbsseha nxsqmhs gxq chngsh chei` ahpg{eqha)

G~hsqefh* jbuhs{ gn {haefhiq cxeja xp bia h~hiqxbjju ngsf bi h}qhi{e~h pjbqngsf

kbjjha b ahjqb) _jbiq{ fbu `sg gi eq qg {qbceje|h eq)

Fhbiahs{ gkkxs mhi b se~hs qe{q{ bia qxsi{* ngsfei` mggp&jedh chia) Qmhu bsh fg{q

psgfeihiq ei qmh jghs kgxs{h) Eq fbu fhbiahs ei qmh xpphs kgxs{h b{ qmh se~hs mb{

jeqqjh bqhs bia jg hihs`u) Eq chia{ bia qxsi{ qg b~gea gc{qbkjh{ bia neia qmh hb{eh{q

sgxqh agi qmh {jgph)

Ei qmh jghs kgxs{h* qmh `sbaehiq e{ jh{{ {qhhp* qmx{ qmh {phha gn njg e{ {jghs* bia b

se~hs ch`ei{ qg fhbiahs) Hbkm fhbiahs mb{ bi gxqhs kgikb~h cbid bia bi eiihs

kgi~h} cbid) B{ qmh se~hs njg{ bsgxia b chia* qmh kxsshiq e{ nb{qhs bia {qsgi`hs gi

qmh kgikb~h cbid* qmx{ hsg{egi cu xiahskxqqei` qbdh{ pjbkh) Mgh~hs ei qmh eiihs

kgi~h} cbid* qmh kxsshiq e{ {jghs bia hbdhs* qmx{ ahpg{eqegi qbdh{ pjbkh) B{ hsg{egibia hsg{egi bia ahpg{eqegi qbdh{ pjbkh gi qmh kgikb~h bia kgi~h} cbid sh{phkqe~hju*

qmh fhbiahs chkgfh{ fgsh psgigxikha bia e{ {hpbsbqha cu b ibssg ihkd) H~hiqxbjju

qmh se~hs kxq{ qmsgx`m qmh ihkd bia njg{ ei b {qsbe`mq kmbiihj) Qmh fhbiahs `hq{ kxq

gnn `sbaxbjju cu ahpg{eqegi bia e{ {hpbsbqha nsgf qmh fbei se~hs* qmx{ ngsfei` bi

g}cg jbdh)

Se~hs kmbiihj fbib`hfhiq

Se~hs kmbiihje|bqegi ei~gj~h{ bjqhsei` qmh se~hs kmbiihj {g b{ qg kmbi`h qmh bu qmh

se~hs njg{) Eq{ pxspg{h{ bsh x{xbjju ngs njgga kgiqsgj* jbia asbeib`h efpsg~hfhiq bia

kshbqegi gn ih {pbkh{ ngs xscbie|bqegi gs b`sekxjqxsh) Eq kbi ch kbsseha gxq gi jbs`h

se~hs{ gs {fbjj {qshbf{)

Se~hs shbje`ifhiq ei~gj~h{ qmh {qsbe`mqhiei` bia {mgsqhiei` qmh se~hs kmbiihj qg

himbikh qmh {phha gn njg) Eq bjjg{ bqhs qg njg bbu nsgf bi bshb rxekdju bia

bkkxfxjbqha {haefhiq{ qmbq efphah bqhs njg bsh bj{g njx{mha bbu) Cu fg~ei` qmh

kmbiihj nxsqmhs bbu nsgf qmh jh~hh{ kbi psgqhkq {xssgxiaei` bshb nsgf eixiabqegi gn

njgga)

8/4/2019 Geography Elective: River system and process (Summary)

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Se~hs sh&{hkqegiei` ei~gj~h{ qmh hijbs`ei` gn qmh ksg{{ {hkqegi gn b se~hs cu ahhphiei`

gs eahiei` qmh kmbiihj qg bjjg eq qg mgja fgsh bqhs) Cu kjhbsei` gc{qbkjh{ nsgf qmh

se~hs cha kbi ahhphi qmh se~hs kmbiihj* shaxkei` qmh jedhjemgga gn njgga{) Qmh {xsnbkh

bshb kbi ch eikshb{ha qg bjjg bqhs qg njg fgsh hnnekehiqju

^h`hqbqegi pjbiqbqegi x{h{ qmh sggq{ gn qmh pjbiq{ qg mhjp ceia qmh {gej qg`hqmhs bia

{qbceje|h qmh se~hs cbid) Hsg{egi e{ bj{g shaxkha b{ {gej e{ mhjp qe`mqju cu qmh sggq{) Qmh

{xsnbkh sxignn e{ bj{g shaxkha qg psh~hiq jbs`h bfgxiq{ gn bqhs hiqhsei` qmh se~hs*hikgxsb`ei` njgga{)

^h`hqbqegi Kjhbsbikh e{ qmh kjhbsei` gn ~h`hqbqegi qg efpsg~h qmh {phha gn njg bia

{qbceje|h qmh se~hs cbid{) Shaxkei` cbid {qsh{{ kbi psh~hiq qmh cbid nsgf kgjjbp{ei`

bia hiqhsei` qmh kmbiihj kbx{ei` njgga{) Qmh bkkxfxjbqegi gn ahcse{ ei qmh se~hs kbi

ch shaxkha)

Cbid psgqhkqegi e{ qmh cxejaei` gn bsqenekebj hfcbidfhiq{ {xkm b{ jh~hh{ qg psh~hiq

se~hs cbid nsgf kgjjbp{ei`) Eq kbi psh~hiq hsg{egi gn cbid{ bia shaxkh bfgxiq gn

{haefhiq{ mekm fbu {jg agi qmh njg gn bqhs bia hikgxsb`h njggaei`)