IntroductionUNITPREVIEW:TODAY’SISSUES

•TheFightAgainstTerrorism•UrbanSprawl•DiverseSocietiesFaceChangeUNIT2ATLASREGIONALDATAFILE

Chapter5PHYSICALGEOGRAPHYOFTHEUNITEDSTATESANDCANADAALandofContrasts1LandformsandResources2ClimateandVegetation3Human-EnvironmentInteractionRANDMCNALLYMAPANDGRAPHSKILLS

ReadingaHighwayMapChapter5Assessment

MesaVerdenationalPark,Colorado

Chapter6HUMANGEOGRAPHYOFTHEUNITEDSTATESShapinganAbunantLand1HistoryandGovernmentoftheUnitedStates2EconomyandCultureoftheUnitedStates3SubregionsoftheUnitedStatesDISASTERS!TheDustBowlChapter6Assessment

MULTIMEDIACONNECTIONSTheAmericanRevolution

Chapter7HUMANGEOGRAPHYOFCANADADevelopingaVastWilderness1HistoryandGovernmentofCanada2EconomyandCultureofCanadaCOMPARINGCULTURESTransportation3SubregionsofCanadaCOMPARINGCULTURESTransportationChapter7Assessment

Chapter8TODAY’SISSUESTheUnitedStatesandCanada1TheFightAgainstTerrorism2UrbanSprawlRANDMCNALLYMAPANDGRAPHSKILLS

ReadingaBounded-AreaMapUNITCASESTUDYDiverseSocietiesFaceChange

Chapter8Assessment

Parliamentguards,Ottawa,Ontario

1LandformsandResources

MainIdeas•TheUnitedStatesandCanadahavevastlandsandabundantresources.•Thesetwocountriessharemanyofthesamelandforms.Places&TermsAppalachianMountainsGreatPlains

CanadianShieldRockyMountainsContinentalDivideGreatLakesMackenzieRiver

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESURBANSPRAWLUrbandevelopmentintheUnitedStatesisgenerallydeterminedbythelocationoflandformsandtheabundanceofnaturalresources.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVEThebeautyandabundanceofthelandwasasourceofwondertoearlyexplorers ofNorthAmerica.Onewho traveled theAtlantic coast referred to the “amazing extent ofuncultivatedland,coveredwithforests,andintermixedwithvast lakesandmarshes.”A17th–centuryFrench expedition described “a beautiful river, large, broad, and deep” (theMississippi). Still othersfound“anunboundedprairie”(theGreatPlains),“shiningmountains”(theRockyMountains),and“aninfinitenumberoffish”(alongthePacificcoast).Tothecontinent’sfirstsettlers,thelandwas“stronganditwasbeautifulallaround,”accordingtoanoldNativeAmericansong.

LandscapeInfluencedDevelopmentTheUnited States andCanada occupy the central and northern four-fifths of the continent ofNorthAmerica.Culturally, the region is knownasAngloAmericabecauseboth countrieswere coloniesofGreatBritainatonetimeandbecausemostofthepeoplespeakEnglish.(Thesouthernone-fifthofthecontinent—Mexico—is part of Latin America.) The two countries are bound together not only byphysicalgeographyandculturalheritage,butalsobystrongeconomicandpoliticalties.

VASTLANDSTheUnitedStatesandCanadaextendacrossNorthAmericafromtheAtlanticOceanontheeasttothePacificonthewest,andfromtheArcticOceanonthenorthtotheGulfofMexicoonthesouth (only the United States). In total area, each ranks among the largest countries of the world.Canadarankssecond,behindRussia,andtheUnitedStatesisthird.Together,theyfillone-eighthofthelandsurfaceoftheearth.

ABUNDANTRESOURCESInadditiontotheirhugelandmass,theUnitedStatesandCanadaarerichinnaturalresources.Theyhavefertilesoils,amplesuppliesofwater,vastforests,andlargedepositsofavariety ofminerals.This geographic richness has for centuries attracted immigrants from around theworldandhasenabledbothcountriestodevelopintoglobaleconomicpowers.

LOCATIONPittsburgh,Pennsylvania,islocatedwheretheAlleghenyandMonongahelariversmeettoformtheOhioRiver.

ManyandVariedLandformsAllmajortypesoflandformsarefoundintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Ifyoulookatthemapontheoppositepage,youwillseethatbothcountriessharemanyoftheselandforms.Themostprominentareeasternandwesternmountainchainsandenormousinteriorplains.

THEEASTERNLOWLANDSA flat, coastal plain runs along theAtlanticOcean and theGulf ofMexico.One section, called theAtlanticCoastalPlain,begins asnarrow lowland in thenortheasternUnited States and widens as it extends southward into Florida. This area features many excellentharbors.Abroader sectionof theplain—theGulfCoastalPlain—stretches along theGulfofMexicofromFloridaintoTexas.TheMississippiRiveremptiesintotheGulffromthisregion.

BetweentheseplainsandthenearbyAppalachian(A•puh•LAY•chun)HighlandsisalowplateaucalledthePiedmont(PEED•MAHNT).Thisareaofrollinghillscontainsmanyfast-flowingriversandstreams.

BACKGROUNDThewordpiedmontcomesfrompied,meaning“foot,”andmont, for“mountain.”Apiedmontisfoundatthefootofamountainchain.

THEAPPALACHIANHIGHLANDSWestof thecoastalplainare theAppalachianhighlands.Thegently slopingAppalachianMountains are in this region.They are one of the twomajormountainchains in theUnitedStatesandCanada.Bothchains runnorth to south.TheAppalachianMountainsextendsome1,600milesfromNewfoundlandinCanadatoAlabama.ThereareseveralmountainrangesintheAppalachiansystem.AmongthemaretheGreenandtheCatskillmountainsinthenorthandtheBlueRidgeandtheGreatSmokymountainsinthesouth.

BecausetheAppalachiansareveryold—morethan400millionyearsold—theyhavebeenerodedby the elements.Many peaks are only between 1,200 and 2,400 feet high.TheAppalachianTrail, ascenichikingpath2,160mileslong,spansalmosttheentirelengthofthechain.

THE INTERIORLOWLANDS A huge expanse ofmainly level land covers the interior of NorthAmerica. It was flattened by huge glaciers thousands of years ago. The terrain includes lowlands,rollinghills,thousandsoflakesandrivers,andsomeoftheworld’smostfertilesoils.

Theinterior lowlandsaredividedinto threesubregions: theInteriorPlains, theGreatPlains,andtheCanadianShield.TheInteriorPlainsspreadoutfromtheAppalachianstoabout300mileswestoftheMississippiRiver.Theygraduallyrisefromafewhundredfeetabovesealeveltoabout2,000feet.

TothewestaretheGreatPlains,a largelytreelessareathatcontinuestheascenttoabout4,000feet.TheCanadianShield lies farther north. This rocky,mainly flat area covers nearly 2million squaremiles around Hudson Bay. It averages 1,500 feet above sea level but reaches over 5,000 feet inLabrador.A

MakingComparisonsAWhichoftheinteriorlowlandshasthehighestelevation?

THEWESTERNMOUNTAINS,PLATEAUS,ANDBASINSWest of the plains are themassive,ruggedRockyMountains, the other major mountain system of the United States and Canada. TheRockies are a series of ranges that extend about 3,000 miles from Alaska south to New Mexico.Becausetheyarerelativelyyoung—about80millionyearsold—theRockieshavenotbeenerodedlikethe Appalachians. Many of their jagged, snow-covered peaks are more than 12,000 feet high. TheContinentalDivideisthelineofhighestpointsintheRockiesthatmarkstheseparationbetweenriversflowingeastwardandwestward.B

MakingComparisonsBHowdotheRockiesdifferfromtheAppalachians?

Between theRockies and the PacificOcean is an area ofmixed landforms.A series of ranges,includingtheSierraNevadaandtheCascadeRange,runparalleltothePacificcoastlinefromCaliforniatoAlaska.NorthAmerica’s highest peak—Mt.McKinley (also called by itsNativeAmerican name,Denali)—isinAlaska,towering20,320feetabovesealevel.MajorearthquakesoccurnearthePacificranges.BetweentheserangesandtheRockiesaresteepcliffs,deepcanyons,andlowlanddesertareascalledbasins.

THE ISLANDS Canada’s northernmost lands are islands riding the icy seas near theArctic Circle.Threeoftheislands—Ellesmere,Victoria,andBaffin—arehuge.InNorthAmerica,onlyGreenlandislarger.

Two island chains created by volcanic activity are part of the westernmost United States. Therugged,treelessAleutianIslandsextendinanarcoffthecoastofAlaska.Thelush,tropicalHawaiianIslands,thoughpoliticallypartoftheUnitedStates,arenotgeographicallypartofNorthAmerica.TheylieinthecentralPacific,about2,400milestothesouthwest.

ResourcesShapeWaysofLifeThelandformsoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaholdarichvarietyandabundanceofnaturalresources.Bothcountriesareleadingagriculturalandindustrialnationsbecauseofthiswealthofresources.

OCEANSANDWATERWAYSTheUnitedStatesandCanadapossessamplewater resources.Theyareboundedbythreeoceans—Atlantic,Pacific,andArctic.TheUnitedStates isalsoboundedbytheGulfofMexico.Asaresult,bothcountrieshaveimportantshippingandfishingindustries.

Inland, large rivers and lakes serve as sources of transportation, hydroelectric power, irrigation,freshwater,andfisheries.Eightoftheworld’s15largestlakesarefoundinthisregion.AmongthesearetheGreatLakes—Huron,Ontario,Michigan,Erie,andSuperior.Asyouwillseeon, these lakesandtheSt.LawrenceRiverformoneoftheworld’smajorshippingroutes.

Thecontinent’slongestandbusiestriversystemistheMississippi-Missouri-Ohio.TheMississippiRiverrunsalmostthenorth-southlengthoftheUnitedStates,fromMinnesotatotheGulfofMexico.(Seemapatright.)TheMississippi’smaintributaries,theOhioandMissouririvers,aremajorriversintheir own right.Canada’s longest river is theMackenzieRiver,which is part of a river system thatflowsacrosstheNorthwestTerritoriestotheArcticOcean.C

UsingtheAtlasCUsethemapon.FindtheMackenzieRiver.Intowhichbodyofwaterdoesitempty?

LANDANDFORESTSOneof the richestnatural resourcesof theUnitedStates andCanada is thelanditself.Bothcountriesarelargeandcontainsomeofthemostfertilesoilsintheworld.Infact,thelandissoproductivethatNorthAmericaistheworld’sleadingfoodexporter.Muchofthisagriculturallandisfoundintheplainsregionsandinrivervalleys.

TheUnited States andCanada also have huge forests.About one-half ofCanada is covered bywoodlands,asisone-thirdoftheUnitedStates.Canada’sforestscovermorelandthanthoseoftheUnitedStates,buttheUnitedStateshasmorekindsoftreesbecauseofitsmorevariedclimate.Bothcountriesaremajorproducersoflumberandforestproducts.

REGIONThisWestVirginiacoalmineisinoneoftheworld’smostimportantcoal-producingregions—theAppalachianhighlands.WhatotherregioninNorthAmericaisanimportantcoalproducer?

MINERALSANDFOSSILFUELSAsyou sawon themapon, theUnitedStates andCanadahavelargequantitiesandvarietiesofmineralsandfossilfuels.Theseresourcesgavebothcountriesthemeanstoindustrializerapidly.

Valuabledepositsofironore,nickel,copper,gold,anduraniumarefoundintheCanadianShield.Scatteredamongthewesternmountainsaregold,silver,copper,anduranium.Bothcountriesalsohavesubstantial deposits of coal, natural gas, and oil, andwell-developed networks for distributing theseenergy-producing fossil fuels. Important coal-producing areas are theAppalachian highlands and thenorthernGreatPlains.SignificantdepositsofoilandnaturalgasarefoundintheGreatPlains,Alaska,andalongtheGulfofMexico.D

SeeingPatternsDWhyareoilandnaturalgasimportanttohighly-industrializednations?

TheUnitedStatesistheworld’sbiggestconsumerofenergyresources.Itsneedforthesefuelsissogreatthatitisamajorimporter.Infact,mostofCanada’senergyexportsgotoitsneighbortothesouth.

In the next section, you will read how some landforms of the United States and Canada haveaffectedclimateandvegetationpatterns.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifyandexplainwhereintheregionthesewouldbefound.•AppalachianMountains•GreatPlains•CanadianShield•RockyMountains•GreatLakes2TakingNotesLOCATIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WhatistherelativelocationoftheGreatLakes?•WhatistherelativelocationofmostofCanada’sislands?3MainIdeasa.WhatlandformsaresharedbytheUnitedStatesandCanada?b.WhyaretheGreatLakesimportanttoboththeUnitedStatesandCanada?c.WhydomostofCanada’senergyexportsgototheUnitedStates?4GeographicThinkingMakingGeneralizationsWhatmakestheUnitedStatesandCanadaleadingindustrialnations?Thinkabout:.

•availableresources•oceansandwaterwaysSeeSkillbuilderHandbook.

EXPLORINGLOCALGEOGRAPHYUsingthemapsonpages103and118,identifythelandformslocatedinyourstate.Thendrawasketchmap.ofyourstateshowingthemajorlandformsandwaterbodies.

2ClimateandVegetation

MainIdeas•Almosteverytypeofclimateisfoundinthe50UnitedStatesbecausetheyextendoversuchalargeareanorthtosouth.

•Canada’scoldclimateisrelatedtoitslocationinthefarnorthernlatitudes.

Places&TermspermafrostprevailingwesterliesEverglades

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESURBANSPRAWLTherapidspreadofurbansprawlhasledtothelossofmuchvegetationinboththeUnitedStatesandCanada.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVEAlittlegoldandbittercold—thatiswhatthousandsofprospectorsfoundinAlaskaandtheYukonTerritoryduringtheKlondikegoldrushesofthe1890s.Mostofthesefortunehunterswereunpreparedfortheharshclimateandinhospitablelandofthefarnorth.Winterswerelongandcold, theground frozen. Ice fogs,blizzards,andavalancheswere regularoccurrences.Youcouldlosefingersandtoes—evenyourlife—inthecold.Buthardysoulsstuckitout.Legendhasitthatoneminer, Bishop Stringer, kept himself alive by boiling his sealskin and walrus-sole boots and thendrinkingthebroth.

SharedClimatesandVegetationTheUnitedStatesandCanadahavemoreincommonthanjustfrigidwintertemperatureswhereAlaskameets northwestern Canada. Other shared climate and vegetation zones are found along their jointborderatthesouthernendofCanadaandthenorthernendoftheUnitedStates.

Ifyoulookatthemapon,youwillseethattheUnitedStateshasmoreclimatezonesthanCanada.Thisvariety,rangingfromtundratotropical,occursbecausethecountryextendsoversuchalargeareanorth to south. Most of the United States is located in the mid-latitudes, where the climates aremoderate.Canadaiscolderbecausesomuchofitliesfarnorthinthehigherlatitudes.

COLDERCLIMATESTheArctic coast ofAlaska andCanadahave tundra climate andvegetation.Wintersare longandbitterlycold,whilesummersarebriefandchilly.EveninJuly, temperaturesareonly around40°F.The land is ahuge, treelessplain.Muchof the rest ofCanada andAlaskahave asubarctic climate, with very cold winters and short, mild summers. A vast forest of needle-leafedevergreenscoversthearea.Insomeplaces,thereispermafrost,orpermanentlyfrozenground.

TheRockyMountainsandthePacificrangeshavehighlandclimateandvegetation.Temperatureandvegetationvarywithelevationandlatitude.Generally,thetemperatureiscolderandthevegetationismoresparseinthehigher,morenortherlymountains.Themountainsalsoinfluencethetemperatureand precipitation of surrounding lower areas. For example, the coastal ranges protect the coast fromcoldArcticairfromtheinterior.IntheUnitedStates,thewesternmountainstrapPacificmoisture.Thismakeslandswestofthemountainsrainyandthoseeastverydry.

MOVEMENTThesnowmobilehasreplacedthedogsledastransportationinmanypartsoftheNorthwestTerritories.Here,amotherpicksupherchildrenfromschool.

MODERATECLIMATESThenorthcentralandnortheasternUnitedStatesandsouthernCanadaneartheU.S.borderhaveahumidcontinentalclimate.Wintersarecoldandsummerswarm.Climateandsoilmake this one of theworld’smost productive agricultural areas, yielding an abundance of dairyproducts,grain,andlivestock.In thenorthernpartof thisclimatezone,summersareshort.Therearemixed forests of deciduous and needle-leafed evergreen trees.Most of the population of Canada isconcentratedhere.Inthesouthernpartofthiszone,whichisin theUnited States, summers are longer. For themost part, deciduous forests are found east of theMississippiRiverandtemperategrasslandsarefoundtothewest.A

SeeingPatternsAWhyismostofCanada’spopulationclusteredinthehumidcontinentalregion?

ThePacificcoastfromnorthernCalifornia tosouthernAlaska,whichincludesBritishColumbia,has a climatedescribedasmarinewest coast.This climate is affectedbyPacificOceancurrents, thecoastalmountains,andtheprevailingwesterlies—windsthatblowfromwesttoeastinthemiddleofthelatitudes.Thesummersaremoderatelywarm.Thewintersarelongandmild,butrainyandfoggy.Vegetationismixed,includingdenseforestsofbroad-leafeddeciduoustrees,needle-leafedevergreens,andgiantCaliforniaredwoods.TheWashingtoncoastevenhasacool,wetrainforest.

DifferencesinClimateandVegetationThemilder,dry,andtropicalclimatesofNorthAmericaarefoundsouthof40°Nlatitude.MuchoftheUnitedStatesislocatedintheseclimatezones;littleofCanadais.

MILDER CLIMATES Most southern states have a humid subtropical climate. This means thatsummersarehotandmuggy,withtemperaturesrangingfromabout75°Fto90°F.Wintersareusuallymildandcool.Moist air from theGulfofMexicobrings rainduring thewinter.Thecombinationofmild temperaturesandadequate rainfallprovidesa longgrowingseasonforavarietyofcrops—fromcitrusfruitsinFloridatopeanutsinGeorgia.Broad-leafedevergreentreesandneedle-leafedevergreentrees are found in this region. The central and southern coasts of California have a Mediterraneanclimate.Summersaredry,sunny,andwarm.Wintersaremildandsomewhatrainy.Temperaturesrange

from50°Fto80°Fyear-round.Alonggrowingseasonandirrigationmakethisarichfarmingareaforfruitsandvegetables.B

MakingComparisonsBWhydon’tcentralandsouthernCaliforniahaveamarinewestcoastclimate?

DRYCLIMATESTheGreatPlainsanddrynorthernpartsoftheGreatBasinhaveasemiaridclimate.Thismeansdryweather—onlyabout15 inchesof rainannually—andvegetation that ismainlyshortgrassesandshrubs.Thesouthwesternstateshaveadesertclimate.Inthesestates,theweatherisusuallyhotanddry.Lessthan10inchesofrainfallseachyear.Somecactusplantsthrive,butmuchoftheareaisbarrenrockorsand.LargedesertareasaretheMojaveandtheSonoran.

TROPICAL CLIMATES In the United States, only Hawaii and southern Florida have tropicalclimates.TheislandsofHawaiihaveatropicalwetclimatethatsupportslushrainforests.Temperaturesvaryonlyafewdegreesinthe70s°F.MountWaialeale(wy•AH•lay•AH•lay)onKauaiislandreceivesabout 460 inches of rain annually, and is one of the wettest spots on earth. Southern Florida has atropical wet and dry climate. It is nearly always warm, but has wet and dry seasons. Vegetation is

mainly tall grasses and scattered trees, like those in theEverglades, a huge swampland that coverssome4,000squaremiles.C

MakingComparisonsCHowdoclimateandvegetationdifferbetweenMediterraneanandtropicalclimates?

REGIONDeadlyicestormslikethisoneinWatertown,NewYork,createchaoseachwinter,especiallyinheavilypopulatedareas.Whataresomeofthehazardsofthisformofextremeweather?

EffectsofExtremeWeatherWeather in theUnitedStates andCanada canbeharsh and sometimesdeadly.Youcan see the areasaffectedbyextremeweatherandclimateconditionsbylookingatthenaturalhazardsmapon.

Inbothcoldandmildclimates,severestormscantriggerwidespreaddevastation.WarmairfromtheGulfofMexicoandcoldCanadianairmasses sometimesclashover theplains region toproduceviolentthunderstorms,tornadoes,andblizzards.AsyoureadinUnit1,tornadoesstrikesoofteninanarea of theGreat Plains that it is called “TornadoAlley.” In summer and fall, hurricanes that sweepalongtheAtlanticandGulfcoastscancausegreatdamage.Wintersnowstormsmaybringnormallifetoatemporaryhaltinmanycities,suchastheoneshowninthephotoonthispage.

Disasterscanalsoresultfromtoomuchprecipitationinashorttimeortoolittleoveralongperiod.Heavyrainfallcancauseflooding.Landsalongmajorrivers,suchastheMississippi,areespeciallyatrisk.Toolittlerainortoomuchheatmaybringondroughtsandduststormsorsparkdestructiveforestfires.

Inthissection,youreadaboutthevariedclimatesandvegetationoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.Inthenextsection,youwilllearnhowphysicalgeographyhasshapedlifeinthesecountries.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifyandexplainwhereintheregionthesewouldbefound.•permafrost

•prevailingwesterlies•Everglades2TakingNotesREGIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WhatclimateregionsdotheUnitedStatesandCanadashare?•WhatclimateregionsarefoundintheUnitedStatesbutnotinCanada?3MainIdeasa.HowdotheprevailingwesterlieschangetheclimateofpartsoftheUnitedStatesandCanada?b.Inwhichregionwouldyoufindthedryclimates?c.InwhichclimatetypewouldyoufindtheEverglades?4GeographicThinkingSeeingPatterns.Whydoesn’tallofAlaskahavecold,snowywinters?Thinkabout:.•location•prevailingwesterlies

MAKINGCOMPARISONSMakealistoffiveCanadiancitiesandfiveU.S.cities.ThenusetheInternettofindouttheaveragemonthlytemperatureandmonthlyrainfallforeachcity.Createadatabase.withtheinformation.Thensummarizeyourfindings.

3Human—EnvironmentInteraction

MainIdeas•HumanshavedramaticallychangedthefaceofNorthAmerica.•EuropeansettlementsintheUnitedStatesandCanadaexpandedfromeasttowest.Places&TermsnomadBeringiaSt.LawrenceSeawaylock

CONNECTTOTHEISSUES

URBANSPRAWLThespreadingofcitiesandsuburbsoverwiderareas—urbansprawl—iscausingproblems.

AHUMAN PERSPECTIVE The sun-baked American Southwest was a harsh environment for itsearly inhabitants, the ancestors of today’s Pueblo peoples.But these early settlersmade good use ofavailableresources.Fromtheland,theytookclayandstonebuildingmaterials.Theybuiltmulti-room,apartment-likedwellingsincliffs.Thisgaveprotectionagainstdaytimeheat,nighttimecold,andhumanandanimalenemies.Fromplantsandanimals, theearlysettlersgotfoodandclothing.Theysurvivedbecausetheyadaptedtotheirenvironment.

SettlementandAgricultureAltertheLandBefore humans came, North American landforms were changed only by natural forces, such asweathering and erosion.That changedwhen the first settlers—the ancestors of the native peoples ofNorthAmerica—arrivedthousandsofyearsago.

SETTLEMENTThe first inhabitantsof theareaofNorthAmericanowknownas theUnitedStatesandCanadawerenomads,peoplewhomovefromplacetoplace.Somearchaeologistsbelievethattheyprobablymigrated fromAsia overBeringia, a land bridge that once connected Siberia andAlaska.Alternative migration theories, such as a coastal migration, are also being investigated. These earlymigrantsmovedabouttheland.Theyhuntedgame,fished,andgatheredediblewildplants.ThesefirstAmericansmadetemporarysettlementsalongcoastlinesandnearriversandstreams.Theyadjustedtoextremes of temperature and climate. They also adapted to the region’smany natural environments,includingmountains,forests,plains,anddeserts.

REGIONIrrigationhasopenedlandindryareastofarming.TractssuchastheseinNewMexicoarewateredbyamethodcalledcenter-pivot,whichtapsundergroundwater.Whataresomeotherwayswatercanbebroughttodryland?

AGRICULTURE Many early settlements became permanent after agriculture replaced hunting andgathering as the primary method of food production about 3,000 years ago.When people began tocultivate crops, they changed the landscape tomeet their needs. Inwooded areas, early farmers cutdowntreesforlumbertobuildhousesandtoburnasfuel.Toplantcrops,theyplowedtherichsoilofriver valleys and flood plains using hoes ofwood, stone, and bone. They dug ditches for irrigation.Vegetablestheyfirstcultivated—corn,beans,andsquash—arenowstaplesaroundtheworld.

Agriculture remains an important economic activity in the region. In fact, both countries areleadingexportersofagriculturalproducts.

HUMAN–ENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONLosAngelessprawlsoutalmostasfarastheeyecanseeinthisphoto.Whatchangesweremadetotheenvironmentasthecitygrew?

BuildingCitiesWhereacityisbuiltandhowitgrowsdependsagreatdealonphysicalsetting.Asyouread,livingnearwaterwascrucialtoearlysettlers,asitwouldbetothosewhofollowed.Otherfactorsthatcanaffectthesuitabilityofasiteare landscape,climate,weather,and theavailabilityofnatural resources.Someofthesefactorsplayedaroleinthedevelopmentoftwomajorcitiesoftheregion.

MONTREAL—ADAPTING TO THEWEATHER Montreal, Quebec, is Canada’s second largestcityandamajorport—even though its temperature isbelow freezingmore than100dayseachyear.Montreal’s location on a large island where the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers meet made it anappealing site toearlyFrenchexplorers.TheFrenchbuilt apermanent settlement there in1642.Thecommunitywasfoundedat thebaseofMountRoyalandgrewbyspreadingaroundthemountain.Tomakethecity’sseverewintersmoreendurable,peoplewentinsideandunderground.Infact,largeareasofMontrealhavebeendevelopedunderground,includinganetworkofshopsandrestaurants.

LOSANGELES—CREATINGURBANSPRAWLUnlikeMontreal,LosAngeles,California,hasamildclimateyear-round.ItalsohasadesirablelocationonthePacificcoast.Hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerepouring into thisonce smallSpanish settlementby theearly1900s.Asa result, thecityexpanded farther and farther into nearby valleys and desert-like foothills. During the 1980s, LosAngeles became the second most populous city in the United States. However, rapid populationexpansionbroughtproblems.Theseincludedairpollution,inadequatewatersupplies,andconstructiononearthquake-threatenedland.Butsuchproblemsdidnotstopthecity’sgrowth.LosAngelesitselfnowcoversabout469squaremiles.Itsmetropolitanareaspreadsover5,700squaremiles.A

MakingComparisonsAHowhasclimateinfluencedthedevelopmentofLosAngelesandMontreal?

Building citieswas just onewayhumans interactedwith their environment.Anotherwas in theconstructionoftransportationsystemstomakemovementfromplacetoplacelessdifficult.

OvercomingDistancesThe native peoples and the Europeanswho followed encounteredmany obstacleswhen theymovedacross the land. They faced huge distances, large bodies of water, formidable landforms, and harshclimates.Buttheyspannedthecontinentandchangedthenaturalenvironmentforever.

TRAILSANDINLANDWATERWAYSSomeoftheearlypeopleswhocameacrossthelandbridgefromSiberiablazed trails eastward.Others followed thePacific coast south towardwarmerclimates.Stillothersremainedinthenorthwest,inwhatarenowAlaskaandnorthernCanada.

When Europeans fromEngland and France crossed theAtlantic toNorthAmerica, they set upcoloniesalongthecoast.Then,theymovedinland.Astheydid,theycarvedoverlandtrails,includingthe National and Wilderness roads and the Oregon and Santa Fe trails. They also used inlandwaterways,suchastheMississippiandOhiorivers.Toconnectbodiesofwater,theybuiltanetworkofcanals.TheErieCanalacrossupstateNewYorkopenedin1825andmadethefirstnavigablewaterlinkbetweentheAtlanticandtheGreatLakes.B

SeeingPatternsBWhywasitimportanttolinkwaterways?

North America’s most important deepwater ship route—the St. Lawrence Seaway—wascompletedinthe1950sasajointprojectoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.Asyoucanseefromthemaponthispage, theseawayconnects theGreatLakes to theAtlanticOceanbywayof theSt.LawrenceRiver.Ships are raised and lowered some600 feetby a seriesof locks, sectionsof awaterwaywithclosedgateswherewaterlevelsareraisedorlowered.Theseawayenableshuge,oceangoingvesselstosailintotheindustrialandagriculturalheartlandofNorthAmerica.

ShipsusingtheSt.LawrenceSeawaymovethroughaseriesofcanallocksthatraiseorlowerthewaterlevel.Thisallowsthevesselstonavigatebodiesofwaterthatareatdifferentlevelsabovethesea.

TRANSCONTINENTALRAILROADSThemarriageofthesteamlocomotiveandtherailroadsmade

crossing thecontinent from theAtlantic to thePacificquickerandeasier.Railroadbuildingbegan inNorth America in the early 19th century. But many of the physical features shown on the map onpresentednaturalbarriers.Tomakeway,railroadworkershadtocutdownforests,buildbridgesoverstreams,andblasttunnelsthroughmountains.

ThefirsttranscontinentalrailroadwascompletedacrosstheUnitedStatesin1869.Atrans-Canadarailroad,fromMontrealtoBritishColumbia,wascompletedin1885.Theserailroadscarriedgoodsandpassengerscross-country,promotingeconomicdevelopmentandnationalunityastheywent.Today,theUnitedStateshastheworld’slargestrailwaysystem,andCanadathethirdlargest.

NATIONALHIGHWAYSYSTEMSBeforetherailroadscame,therewereroadsthatconnectedtownsandcitiesandprovidedpathways to the interior.But itwas thedevelopmentof theautomobile in theearly20thcenturythatspurredroadbuilding.Today,boththeUnitedStatesandCanadahaveextensiveroadway systems. The United States has about 4 million miles of roads, while Canada has about560,000miles.

Asyoureadearlier,muchofCanada’spopulationisconcentratedinthesouth.So,Canadiansbuilttheirmajorhighwayseast towest in thesouthernpartof thecountry,connectingprincipalcities.TheTrans-Canada Highway, Canada’s primary roadway, stretches ab0ut 4,860 miles from St. John’s,Newfoundland, toVictoria,BritishColumbia.In theUnitedStates, the interstatehighwaysystemisanetwork of more than 46,000miles of highways that crisscross the country. Begun in the 1950s, itconnectstheUnitedStateswithCanadaonthenorthandMexicoonthesouth,andalsorunseast-westacrossthecountry.C

MakingComparisonsAHow is theTrans-CanadaHighway similar to anddifferent from theU.S. interstate highwaysystem?

Inthischapter,youreadaboutthephysicalgeographyoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.Inthenextchapter,youwilllearnaboutthehumangeographyofoneofthesecountries—theUnitedStates.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifyandexplainwhereintheregionthesewouldbefound.•nomad•Beringia•lock•St.LawrenceSeaway2TakingNotesMOVEMENTReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•Whyarerailroadsimportanttoanation’sdevelopment?•InwhatwaysdidsettlersinCanadaandtheUnitedStatesmoveacrossthecontinent?3MainIdeasa.Whatfactorsaffectthechoiceoflocationofacity?b.WhyistheSt.LawrenceSeawayimportant?c.Howdidmethodsofmovingpeopleandgoodsacrossthecontinentchangeovertime?4GeographicThinkingMakingInferences.Inwhatwayshavetransportationsystemscrossingthecontinentalteredtheenvironment?Thinkabout:.

•constructionofcanalsandrailroads•buildingcitiesSeeSkillbuilderHandbook.

ASKINGGEOGRAPHICQUESTIONSObtainandstudyahighwaymapofyourstate.Thencomeupwithageographicquestionaboutthemap,perhapsoneconsideringgeographicfeaturesthatcausedthelocationofahighway.Answerthequestionandmakeaclasspresentationusingvisuals.

MapandGraphSkillsReadingaHighwayMapSanAntonio,Texas, is a part of ametropolitan areaofmore thanonemillionpeople, located insouth central Texas. It has been a crossroads for much of its history—for its earliest NativeAmericansettlers,theSpanishwhocamelater,andfinally,theTexanswhowonindependencefromMexiconotlongafterthebattleoftheAlamo.Lookingatthemapbelow,youcanseethatthecityremainsameetingpoint,crisscrossedbyinterstate,U.S.,state,andcountyhighways.

THELANGUAGEOFMAPSTheprimarypurposeofahighwaymapistoshowthelocationof

roadwaysinanareaandthedistancebetweenplaces.Buthighwaymapsusuallyincludemuchotherinformation. For example, they may identify important sites, such as airports, parks, anduniversities.

MapandGraphSkillsAssessment

1.SeeingPatternsWhichinterstatehighwayspassthroughthecenterofSanAntonio?

2.MakingDecisionsWhichinterstatehighwayandU.S.highwaywouldyoutaketotheAlamowhencomingfromthesoutheast?

3.AnalyzingDataBythemostdirectroute,howfarisLiveOakfromLeonValleybyhighway?

ReviewingPlaces&Terms

A.Brieflyexplaintheimportanceofeachofthefollowing.1.AppalachianMountains2.RockyMountains3.GreatPlains4.CanadianShield5.GreatLakes6.MackenzieRiver7.prevailingwesterlies8.Everglades9.lock10.St.LawrenceSeawayB.Answerthequestionsaboutvocabularyincompletesentences.11.WhichoftheplaceslistedabovearefoundbothintheUnitedStatesandCanada?12.WhichofthemountainchainsformaboundarywiththeCanadianShield?

13.TheGreatPlainsareboundedononesidebywhichlandformlistedabove?14.TheHudsonBayisfoundinwhichplacelistedabove?15.Whichtwowaterwaysarelinked?16.Whichplaceaboveisahugeswampland?17.WhichoftheplacesaresubregionsoftheInteriorLowlands?18.WhatclimateregioninNorthAmericaisinfluencedbytheprevailingwesterlies?19.WhyaretheGreatLakesandtheSt.LawrenceSeawayimportant?20.WhyarelocksneededontheSt.LawrenceSeaway?

MainIdeas

LandformsandResources1.HowdotheEasternLowlandsdifferfromtheInteriorLowlands?2.WhatistheContinentalDivide?3.WhyaretheUnitedStatesandCanadaleadingfoodproducers?4.WhatarethemostabundantnaturalresourcesintheUnitedStatesandCanada?ClimateandVegetation5.Inwhattypeofclimatewouldyouexpecttofindpermafrost?6.WhichclimatesarefoundintheUnitedStatesandnotinCanada?7.WhattypeofvegetationcoversmostofCanada?Human-EnvironmentInteraction8.HowdidtheearliestinhabitantsoftheUnitedStatesandCanada,thosewhoarrivedbeforetheEuropeans,altertheland?

9.WhatproblemsaroseinLosAngeleswithrapidexpansion?10.HowdidthesettlersoftheUnitedStatesandCanadaovercomethedistancesacrossthecontinent?

CriticalThinking

1.UsingYourNotesUseyourcompletedcharttoanswerthesequestions.

a.Howisthelocationofcitiesrelatedtolandformsandtoclimate?b.HowisCanada’seconomyaffectedbyitsclimateandvegetation?2.GeographicThemesa.MOVEMENTWriteasentencedescribingthemovementofpeopleandgoodsacrosstheUnitedStatesandCanadaoverthelast200years.

b.PLACEHowhavetheGreatLakescontributedtothedevelopmentofboththeUnitedStatesandCanada?

3.IdentifyingThemes

Indevelopingtheircity,howdidthepeopleofMontrealsolvetheproblemsofasevereclimate?Whichofthefivethemesapplytothissituation?

4.MakingInferencesWhataspectsofphysicalgeographyhavecontributedtotheeconomicsuccessoftheUnitedStatesandCanada?

5.SeeingPatternsHowdidthepresenceofnorth-to-southflowingriversintheUnitedStatesaffectitsdevelopment?

GeographicSkills:InterpretingMaps

PhysicalProfileoftheUnitedStatesUsethemapbelowtoanswerthefollowingquestions.1.REGIONWhatmightbesaidaboutthelandbetweentheAppalachiansandtheMississippi?2.PLACEWhatisthedifferenceinaltitudebetweentheCoastalrangesandtheSierraNevada?3.REGIONWhathappenstothelandasyoumovewestoftheMississippi?

Createathree-dimensionalmodelofthecrosssectiononthispage.Usecolorstoindicateelevationsandlabelthephysicalfeaturesyoushow.Createalegendforyourmodel.

Usethelinksathmhsocialstudies.comtoconductresearchonthelandformsoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.Focusonfindingpicturesofmajorandwell-knownlandformsandwaterways.CreatingaMultimediaPresentation Fromyour research, select a series of pictures to include in apresentationonthetheme“ALandofContrasts.”ListtheWebsitesyouusedinpreparingyourreport.

1HistoryandGovernmentoftheUnitedStates

MainIdeas•TheUnitedStatesisa“nationofimmigrants,”settledbypeoplefromallovertheworld.•TheUnitedStatesisthemostdiverseandhighlyindustrializedandurbanizednationintheworld.

Places&TermsmigrationColumbianExchangeLouisianaPurchasefrontiersuburbrepresentativedemocracy

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESTERRORISM Beginning in the late 20th century, the United States has been subjected toterroristattacksbyindividualsandgroupsopposedtoitspolicies.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVEWomenwereNorthAmerica’sfirstfarmers.Inallearlyculturesexceptthehunter-gatherercultureof theSouthwest,womencultivated the land.Theydiscoveredwhichwildplantscouldbeusedas foodfor the family.Theyplanted theseeds, tended thegarden,harvested thecrops,andpreparedfoodformeals.Corn,beans,andsquashwerethefirstofthesefoods.Womenalsolearnedwhichleaves,bark,roots,stems,andberriescouldbeusedformedicines.Theireffortshelpedtoensure the survivalofhumansettlement inNorthAmerica—and thepartof the land thatbecame theUnitedStates.

CreatingaNationTheUnitedStatesoccupiesnearlytwo-fifthsofNorthAmerica.Itistheworld’sthirdlargestcountryinboth landareaandpopulation. It is rich innatural resourcesand isalso fortunate tohaveamoderateclimate,fertilesoil,andplentifulwatersupplies.Forthousandsofyears,thisbountyhasattractedwavesofimmigrantswhocametofindabetterlife.Thiscontinuingimmigrationisarecurringthemeinthecountry’shistory;soistheconstantmigration,ormovement,ofpeopleswithintheUnitedStates.

MANYPEOPLESSETTLETHELANDAs you read inChapter 5, the first inhabitants ofNorthAmericawerebelieved tobenomadswhocame fromAsiaat least13,000ormoreyears ago.Thesepeoplesettledthecontinent,spreadingsouthalongthePacificcoastandeasttotheAtlantic.Overthecenturies, theydeveloped separate cultures, as themapon shows.Thesenativepeoplesoccupied thelandundisturbeduntil the15thcentury,whenEuropeansbegantoexplorewhat theycalledthe“NewWorld.”TheSpanisharrivedfirst.Theysearchedthepresent-daySoutheastandSouthwestforgoldandothertreasure.In1565,theyfoundedSt.Augustine,Florida,theoldestpermanentEuropeansettlementintheUnitedStates.

TheFrenchandEnglishcamelater.Francewasinterestedinfisheriesandthefurtrade.Intheearly1600s,theFrenchsettledalongthenorthernAtlanticCoastandtheSt.LawrenceRiverinwhatisnowCanada.TheEnglisharrivedatabout thesame time.During the1600sand1700s, theysettled to thesouth—on rivers and bays along theAtlantic coast frompresent-dayMaine toGeorgia.TheEnglishmadetheirfirstpermanentsettlementinJamestown,Virginia,in1607.

HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONEarlyNativeAmericansettlersintheSouthwestoftenbuilttheirdwellingsintocanyonwalls.ThedwellingsshownareinMesaVerdeNationalParkinColorado.Whydidtheearliestsettlerschoosesuchlocationsfortheirdwellings?

MOVEMENTThisinfographicshowshowplants,animals,anddiseasesweretransferredbetweentheEasternandWesternhemispheresastradefollowedthevoyagesofChristopherColumbustotheAmericas.

EuropeancoloniesoftendisplacedNativeAmericans.In1617,theEuropeansbroughtAfricanstoAmericatoworkasslavelaborersoncottonandtobaccoplantationsintheSouth.ThecomingoftheEuropeans also beganwhat historians call theColumbianExchange. The infographic above showshowthearrivalofEuropeansintheWesternHemisphereaffectedthelivesofbothEuropeansandthenativepeoples.

BACKGROUND

About600,000Africanswerebrought to theUnitedStates toworkasslave laborers from1617untiltheimportationofslaveswasbannedin1808.

ESTABLISHINGANDMAINTAININGTHEUNIONTheFrenchandtheEnglisheventuallyfoughtinNorthAmericaovertradeandterritory.In1763,GreatBritaingainedcontrolofallofNorthAmericaeastoftheMississippiRiver.Butitscontrolwasshort-lived.Britain’s13Americancoloniessoonbeganto resent the policies forced on themby a government thousands ofmiles away across theAtlantic.Theirprotests led to theAmericanRevolution (1775–1783)and the foundingof theUnitedStatesofAmerica.Thenewnationgrewrapidly,andsettlerspushedwestward to theMississippi. In1803, theUnitedStatesnearlydoubledinsizewhenthegovernmentpurchasedthevastplainsregionbetweentheMississippi and the RockyMountains from France. This territory became known as theLouisianaPurchase.

In the early 1800s, immigrants fromWestern Europe arrived in great numbers. They settled incities in the Northeast, where industrialization was beginning. One such city was Lowell,Massachusetts,whichhadbecomeaboomingtextilecenterbythe1840s.ThenewcomersalsomovedtorichfarmlandsinwhatisnowtheMidwest.

Meanwhile, sectionalism was growing. People were placing loyalty to their region, or section,above loyalty to the nation. The result was rising political and economic tensions between anagriculturalSouthdependentonslavelaborandthemoreindustrializedNorth.ThesetensionsledtotheCivilWar(1861–1865).Ittookfouryearsofbloodyfightingandmanymoreyearsofpoliticalconflicttoreunitethecountry.

AnIndustrialandUrbanSocietyInthesecondhalfofthe19thcentury,millionsofAmericanswereonthemove.TheysettledonnewlyopenedlandswestoftheMississippiandintherapidlyindustrializingcitiesoftheNorthandMidwest.

WESTWARDMOVEMENT From departure points such as Independence, Missouri, hundreds ofthousandsofpioneersleftincoveredwagonsboundfortheWest.Theyblazedtrailsthatcrossedprairie,plains,desert,andmountains,movingtowardthePacific.AwagontrainontheOregonTrailmighthavetakenuptosixmonthstoreachitsdestination2,000milesaway.A

UsingtheAtlasARefertothemapsonpages103and105.WhatlandformsmustbecrossedbypioneersgoingfromMissouritothePacificcoast?

Tomakewayforwhitesettlers,theU.S.governmentremovedNativeAmericansfromtheirlandsby treaty,orbyforce. InChapter5,youread that thefirst transcontinental railroadacross theUnitedStateswascompletedin1869.RailroadsbroughtpeopletotheWest,andwesterncattleandproductstomarkets in theEast.By1890,about17millionpeople livedbetween theMississippiand thePacific.Thefree,openlandthathadbeenavailableandsuitableforsettlement—thefrontier—wasnowfullysettled.

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION As the West was being settled, immigrants—mainlyfromWesternandEasternEurope—pouredintotheUnitedStates.About14millioncamefrom1860to1900.

SomejoinedthemovementtotheWest.Otherssettledinurbanareasundergoingindustrialization.CitiessuchasNewYork,Boston,Pittsburgh,Cleveland,Detroit,andChicagoexpandedrapidly.BothrecentimmigrantsandlargenumbersofAmericansfromruralareascametocitiessuchasthesetoworkin textile, steel, oil, food processing, and other industries. TheUnited Stateswas being transformedfromarural,agriculturalnationtoanurban,industrializedone.

WorldPowerandDomesticChangeAs the 20th century began, theUnitedStateswas the dominant economic andpolitical power in theWesternHemisphere.Bythecentury’send,itwouldbetheworld’ssolesuperpower.

LOOKINGBEYONDITSBORDERSTheUnitedStateshad tried toavoid involvement in foreignaffairs during its decades of growth.Because of its ample natural and human resources, it had beenalmostself-sufficientfromitsfounding.Itsfarmsgrewthefoodnecessaryforsurvival,andthenation’sfactoriesproduced themanufacturedgoods itneeded. Itwasalsoprotected from foreignconflictsbytwovastoceans—theAtlanticandthePacific.Butaglobaleconomicdepressionandtwoworldwarsbroughtsignificantchanges.WhenWorldWarIIendedin1945,theUnitedStateswastheonlymajornationthathadescapedphysicaldamageandhadahealthyeconomy.

LIVINGINAGLOBALSOCIETYMeanwhile,AmericanpoliticalinfluencespreadthroughouttheworldaftertheSecondWorldWar.TheUnitedStatesbecametheleaderoftheworld’snon-Communistnations. Their goal was to stop the spread of communism, spearheaded by the Soviet Union (nowRussia).AcompetitionforworldinfluencecalledtheColdWar(roughly1945–1991)followed.WhencommunisminEuropecollapsedin1991,theUnitedStatesemergedastheworld’ssolesuperpower.Assuch, it hasused its diplomatic andmilitarypower to try tokeep thepeace and to furtherAmericaninterestsintheinternationalcommunity.

ACHANGINGECONOMYThelasthalfofthe20thcenturywasatimeofrapidsocialchange.Largenumbersofpeoplebeganmigratingfromcitiestosurroundingsuburbs, thecommunitiesoutsideofacity. Some Americans moved to the South and West. Also, immigrants continued to arrive by thehundredsofthousands.ButnowtheycamemainlyfromthecountriesofLatinAmericaandAsia.B

SeeingPatternsBWhat kinds ofmovementwere taking place in theUnited States in the last half of the 20thcentury?

These years saw much social unrest, especially during the 1960s and 1970s. The civil rightsmovementfoughttogainequalrightsforAfricanAmericans.Thefeministmovementsoughtequalityforwomen.Also,manystudentsandothersprotestedU.S. involvementinawarbetweenCommunistandnon-CommunistforcesinVietnam(1955–75).

During this period, theU.S. economy boomed, despite some periods of economic downturn, orrecession. The economy, too, was being transformed. Changes in technology altered the way goodswere produced. The use of computers and the Internet revolutionized the workplace and themarketplace. Providing services and information surpassed industrial production in importance. Thiseconomic shift led to changes in the way people worked. Telecommuting and outsourcing becameincreasinglycommoncorporatepractices.

In 2008, theU.S. housingmarket collapsed, triggering a recession, the effects ofwhich echoedaround theglobe.TheU.S. financialcrisisaffected theeconomiesofmanynations,andmore than8millionAmericans lost their jobs in fewer than 3 years. The national unemployment ratemore thandoubledin10years,risingfromaround4percentin2000to10percentbytheendof2009.

GoverningthePeopleOneofthestrengthsoftheUnitedStatesisthepoliticalsystemcreatedbytheU.S.Constitution,drawnup in1787.TheUnitedStates isarepresentativedemocracy,where thepeople rule throughelectedrepresentatives.It isalsoafederalrepublic,wherepowersaredividedamongthefederal,ornational,governmentandvariousstategovernments.

As you can see on the chart above, there are three separate and equal branches of the federalgovernment.The executive branch, headed by the president, carries out the laws.The president alsoapproves or vetoes proposed laws. The legislative branch makes the laws, and the judicial branchinterprets the laws by reviewing decisions of lower courts. The 50 states also have executive,legislative, and judicial branches. They exercise powers not specifically granted to the federalgovernmentbytheConstitution.

Inthissection,youreadabout thehistoryandgovernmentof theUnitedStates.In thenext,youwilllearnaboutitseconomyandculture.

Assessment

1Places&TermsExplainthemeaningofeachofthefollowingterms.•migration•ColumbianExchange•LouisianaPurchase•frontier•suburb•representativedemocracy

2TakingNotesMOVEMENTReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WheredidpeoplemigratefromtopopulateNorthAmerica?•Wheredidpeoplemoveafterthefrontierwasfullysettled?

3MainIdeasa.WhydidtheUnitedStatesattractsomanyimmigrants?b.HowwastheUnitedStatesabletobecomeaworldpower?c.HowarethepowersofgovernmentintheUnitedStatesdivided?

4GeographicThinkingMakingInferencesHowdid thephysicalgeographyof theUnitedStatescontribute to itseconomicgrowth?Thinkabout:•landandmineralresources•itsrelativegloballocation

SeeSkillbuilderHandbook.EXPLORINGLOCALGEOGRAPHYMakealistofphysicalfeaturesthatwouldhaveattractedsettlementtoyourarea.Thendoresearchorcallyourlocalhistoricalsocietytofindoutwhenyourcommunitywasfoundedandwhatgroupssettledthere.Combineyourfindingsinareportaboutyourcommunity.

2EconomyandCultureoftheUnitedStates

MainIdeas•TheUnitedStateshastheworld’slargestandmostdiversifiedeconomy.•Americanproductsandpopularculturearerecognizedaroundtheworld.

Places&Termsexportfreeenterpriseserviceindustrypostindustrialeconomymultinational

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESURBANSPRAWLUrbanizationhashelpedeconomicgrowth,butithasalsocausedavarietyofproblems.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVETheaverageAmericanworkerin1790wasaself-employedfarmer.Thefarmerspenteachworkday,sunrisetosunset,inbackbreakinglaborinthefield.Mostofthecropsandlivestockraisedwereconsumedbythefarmfamily.Inthe1890s,theaverageAmericanworkerlaboredinamanufacturingor service industry, for longhoursand lowwages,oftenunderunsafeconditions.Laborers in factories, for example,worked 60 hours aweek for a totalwage of $12; somewere as

youngas12yearsofage.Atthestartofthe21stcentury,theaverageworkerwasspendingmostoftheworkdayinanoffice

in frontofacomputer,processing informationorprovidingservices.Thestandardworkweekwas40hours; the government regulated workplace safety; and salaries generally covered living expenses,leisure-timeactivities,andperhaps,evensavings.

TheWorld’sGreatestEconomicPowerThe United States has about 7 percent of the world’s land area and about 5 percent of the world’spopulation.But it has theworld’s largest economy—themost powerful, diverse, and technologicallyadvanced in the world. The United States is a world leader in agricultural products, manufacturedgoods,andglobaltrade.Infact,itaccountsformorethan10percentoftheworld’sexports,whicharegoodssoldtoanothercountry.

ThreefactorshavecontributedtotheoverallsuccessoftheAmericaneconomy—availablenaturalresources,askilledlaborforce,andastablepoliticalsystemthathasallowedtheeconomytodevelop.Theeconomyisrunlargelyonfreeenterprise.Inthiseconomicsystem,privateindivid-ualsownmostoftheresources,technology,andbusinesses,andcanoperatethemforprofitwithlittlecontrolfromthegovernment.

ANAGRICULTURALANDINDUSTRIALGIANTTheUnitedStatesnotonlyfeedsitselfbutalsohelpstofeedtheworld.Americanfarmsandranchessupplyabout40percentoftheworld’sproductionofcorn,12percentofitscotton,about9percentofitswheat,andcloseto19percentofitscattle.Fertilesoil,afavorableclimate,andtheearlymechanizationofthecountry’sfarmsaremainlyresponsibleforthisbounty.Differentareasofthecountryproducedifferentproducts,asyoucanseefromthemaponthispage.TheMidwestandSouth,forexample,specializeincropfarming,whilelivestockranchingisconcentratedintheWest.

The industrial output of theUnited States is larger than that of any other country.Advances intechnology,especiallyinelectronicsandcomputers,revolutionizedindustryandledtothecreationofnew products and methods of production. Leading industries are petroleum, steel, transportationequipment,chemicals,electronics,foodprocessing,telecommunications,consumergoods,lumber,andmining.A

SeeingPatternsAWhymightindustrialcentersbelocatednearbodiesofwater?

Major industrial centers have long been located along theAtlantic Coast and around theGreatLakes. In recentdecades,avarietyof industrieshavealsostartedup inurbanareas in theSouthandalongthePacificcoast.Over time,someareashavebecomeassociatedwithcertainproducts,suchasDetroit (automobiles), Seattle (aircraft), and northern California, in an area called Silicon Valley(computers).

A POSTINDUSTRIAL ECONOMY The graphs on show the rich farming and manufacturingtraditionsof theUnitedStates.But theyalso indicate that theAmericaneconomy today isdrivenbyservice industries.Aservice industry isanykindofeconomicactivity thatproducesaservice rather

than a product. Nearly three out of four Americans now work in service-related jobs, such asinformationprocessing,finance,medicine,transportation,andeducation.Thiseconomicphaseiscalledapostindustrialeconomy,onewheremanufac-turingnolongerplaysadominantrole.

TheUnitedStatesistheworld’smajortradingnation,leadingtheworldinthevalueofitsimports.It exports raw materials, agricultural products, and manufactured goods. Automobiles, electronicequipment,machinery, and apparel are some of its principal imports. ItsNorthAmerican neighbors,Canada and Mexico, are two of its most important trading partners. Many American corporationsengageinbusinessworldwideandarecalledmultinationals.B

SeeingPatternsBWheredosomeofthenaturalresourcesoftheUnitedStatesgo?

ADiverseSocietyBecausetheUnitedStatesisanationofimmigrants,itisanationofdifferentracesandethnictraditions.The majority of Americans, about 65 percent, trace their ancestry to Europe. Hispanic Americans,mainly from Central and South America, make up about 15 percent of the population; AfricanAmericans,about13percent;AsianAmericans,5percent;andNativeAmericans,1percent.ThelargestethnicgroupsareEnglish,German,Irish,African,French,Italian,Scottish,Polish,andMexican.

LANGUAGESANDRELIGIONEnglishhasbeenthedominantlanguageoftheUnitedStatessinceits founding. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language. Typically, immigrants havespokentheirnativelanguageuntiltheylearnedEnglish.

ReligiousfreedomhasbeenacornerstoneofAmericansociety.Today,morethan1,000differentreligious groups practice their faiths in theUnitedStates. Themajority of theAmerican people—75percent—areChristians.About50percentareProtestantsand24percentRomanCatholics. JewsandMuslimsaccountforabout2percentofthereligiouspopulation.About15percentofAmericansreporttheydonotidentifywithanyreligion.

BACKGROUND

English is the dominant lan- guage in countries, including Canada, the United States, andAustralia,thatcoverone-fifthoftheearth’slandsurface.

THEARTSANDPOPULARCULTURETheUnitedStateshasarichartisticheritage,theproductofits diverse population. Its first artists were Native Americans, who made pottery, weavings, andcarvings. Early European settlers brought with them the artistic traditions of their homelands. TrulyAmerican styles developed inpainting,music, literature, and architecture in the19th century.Artistsdepictedthecountry’sexpansivelandscapeandscenesofAmericanlifebothonthewesternfrontierandinthecities.One19th-centuryAmericancreation, theskyscraper,changedurbanarchitectureallovertheworld.

Today, motion pictures and popular music are two influential American art forms. Hollywood,California, is the center of the movie industry in the United States. American films provideentertainment for the world. Many ethnic groups contributed to the musical heritage of the UnitedStates.Forexample,jazz,blues,gospel,androck‘n’rollhaveAfrican-Americanorigins.CountryandbluegrassmusicdevelopedamongSouthernwhiteswhoseancestorscamefromtheBritishIsles.

AmericanLifeToday

Morethan307millionpeople liveintheUnitedStates.Themajorityenjoyahighstandardof living.Despitecomingfrommanyethnicandracialgroups, theygenerally liveandwork together.TheyarepursuingwhatattractedtheirancestorstotheNewWorldandcametobecalled“theAmericandream,”abetterlifeforthemselvesandtheirchildren.

WHEREAMERICANSLIVEAbout80percentofAmericansliveincitiesorsurroundingsuburbs.Americansmovedfirstfromruralareastocitiesandthenfromcitiestosuburbs.Theshifttothesuburbswas made possible by the widespread ownership of automobiles. There is one auto for every 1.3Americans.Ahighlydevelopedtransportationnetworkthatincludeshighways,expressways,railroads,andairlinesaidsmobility.

HOWAMERICANSLIVE,WORK,ANDPLAYNearly60percentofAmericanadultsofworkingageareemployed.Almosthalfofthemarewomen.Approximatelythree-fourthsofallAmericansintheworkforce hold service industry jobs. Many are highly skilled positions, which require advancededucation. Americans have always valued education, seeing it as a means to provide equality andopportunity.Asaresult,allchildrenfromtheagesof6or7toage16arerequiredtoattendschool.Nineoutoftenstudentsareinthepublicschoolsystem,whereeducationisfreethroughsecondaryschool.TheUnitedStatesalsohasmorethan2,600four-yearpublicandprivatecollegesanduniversities.

Americanshaveawiderangeofchoicesforleisure-timeactivities.Aseitherspectatorsorplayers,theytakepartinsportssuchasbaseball,basketball,football,golf,soccer,tennis,andskiing.Mostmajorcities have professional sports teams. Americans of all ages also use their free time to engage inhobbies, visit museums and libraries, and watch television and movies. Another favorite activity isspendingtimeonthecomputer,surfingtheInternetorplayingvideogames.

Unfortunately, not all Americans live well. More than one in eight lives in poverty. It is acontinuing challenge for government and society to try to bring these people into themainstreamofAmericanlife.Inthenextsection,youwilllearnaboutlifeinthecountry’ssubregions.

HUMAN–ENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONLakeMichigananditsshorelineprovideChicagoresidentswithmanyopportunitiesforrecreation.Whatmightsomeoftheserecreationalopportunitiesbe?

Assessment

1Places&TermsExplainthemeaningofeachofthefollowingterms.•export•freeenterprise•serviceindustry•postindustrialeconomy•multinational

2TakingNotesREGIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WherearetheindustrialcentersintheUnitedStates?•WheredothemajorityofAmericanslive?

3MainIdeasa.WhatthreefactorshavecontributedtothesuccessoftheAmericaneconomy?b.WhatarethegeographicoriginsofsomeAmericanmusicalstyles?c.Whatinventionmadelifeinthesuburbspossible?

4GeographicThinkingMakingComparisonsHowistheeconomyoftheUnitedStatestodaydifferentfromitseconomy50yearsago?Thinkabout:•postindustrialeconomy•multinationaltrade

SeeSkillbuilderHandbook.

EXPLORINGLOCALGEOGRAPHYStudythemapson.Findyourstate.Createasketchmapofyourstateandshowthelocationofmajorethnicgroupsthatliveinyourstate.

3SubregionsoftheUnitedStates

MainIdeas•TheUnitedStatesisdividedintofourmajoreconomicandculturalsubregions.•TherearebothsimilaritiesanddifferencesamongthesubregionsoftheUnitedStates.

Places&TermsNewEnglandmegalopolistheMidwesttheSouthmetropolitanareatheWest

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESDIVERSESOCIETIESWhilediversitycanbeastrength,ithasalsobeenthecauseoftensionandconflictamongregions.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVEAmerica’sbackroadswerethebeatofreporterandauthorCharlesKuraltformorethan20years.Beginninginthe1960s,hetraveledbyvanthrougheveryregionofthecountry.In his “On the Road” series for television, he reported on the uniqueness of the lives of ordinaryAmericans.Hesaidthathewantedtomakethesetripsoffthebeatenpathbecausemostpeopletraveledacross the country on interstate highways without seeing the “real” America. Whether he visitedMinnesota’s lake country or a small New England town, Kuralt spotlighted America’s regionaldiversity.Infact,oneofthekeystrengthsoftheUnitedStatesisthevarietyoflifeinitssubregions—theNortheast,theMidwest,theSouth,andtheWest.

TheNortheastAsyoucanseeonthemapon,theNortheastcoversonly5per-centofthenation’slandarea.Butabout20 percent of the population lives there. The six northern states of the subregion—Maine,Vermont,NewHampshire,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut—arecalledNewEngland.Theotherthree—Pennsylvania,NewYork,andNewJersey—aresometimesreferredtoasMiddleAtlanticstates.(MarylandandDelaware,whichareincludedintheSouthinthisbook,aresometimesincludedintheMiddleAtlanticstates.)

AMERICA’SGATEWAY Because of its location along the Atlantic coast, the Northeast containsmany of the areas first settled by Europeans. The region served as the “gateway” to America formillionsofimmigrantsfromallovertheworld.Manypeoplestillengageinfishingandfarming,astheNortheast’searlysettlersdid.Buttheregion’scoastalandinlandwatersturneditintotheheartoftrade,commerce,andindustryforthenation.Infact, theNortheastisoneofthemostheavilyindustrializedandurbanizedareasintheworld.TheAtlanticseaboardcitiesofPhiladelphia,Boston,andNewYorkCityserveasinternationaltradecenters.

LOCATIONBosWashisthenamegiventothehighlyurbanizednortheasternseaboardoftheUnitedStates.

Coal,ironore,andoil—foundmainlyinPennsylvania—fueledtheindustrializationoftheregion.Traditional industries, such as iron and steel, petroleum, and lumber, still play a role in the region’seconomy.ButmostNortheasternersarenowemployedinsuchmanufacturingandserviceindustriesaselectronics, communications, chemicals, medical research, finance, and tourism. Pennsylvania, NewYork, andNew Jersey have rich farmlands, butmuchofNewEngland is too hilly or rocky to growcropseasily.A

UsingtheAtlasARefertothemapon.WhateconomicactivitiesareshownfortheNortheast?

PartsoftheMiddleAtlanticstatesareoftenreferredtoasthe“rustbelt”becauseoftheirdecliningandabandonedtraditional industries.Theyshare this termwithsomeof thestatesof theMidwest. Inrecent times,many “rust belt” industries havemoved to thewarmer climates of the “sunbelt” in theSouthandWest.

GROWTHOFTHEMEGALOPOLISThenation’sfirstmegalopolisdevelopedintheNortheast.Amegalopolisisaregioninwhichseverallargecitiesandsurroundingareasgrowtogether.Youcanseetheextentofthe“BosWash”megalopolis,asitiscalled,intheillustrationon.Itstretchesthrough500milesofhighlyurbanizedareasfromBostoninthenorthtoWashington,D.C.,thenationalcapital,inthe south. It contains one-sixth of the U.S. population. New York City, the country’s cultural andfinancial center, is located here. Rapid road, rail, and air links have been vital to its economicdevelopmentandexpansionintotheSouth.YouwillreadmoreabouturbangrowthinChapter8.

TheMidwestThe subregion that contains the 12 states of the north-central United States is called theMidwest.Becauseofitscentrallocation,theMidwestiscalledtheAmericanheartland.Itoccupiesaboutone-fifthof the nation’s land and almost one-fourth of its people live there. Since the Revolutionary War,immigrants from all over the world have made it their destination. Many early settlers came fromBritain,Germany,andScandinavia.Vast,largelyflatplainsareadistinctivefeatureoftheregion.Soarenumerouswaterways,includingtheGreatLakesandtheMississippiRiveranditsmanytributaries.

AGRICULTURALANDINDUSTRIALHEARTLANDTheMidwestisthenation’s“breadbasket.”Fertilesoil,adequaterainfall,andafavorableclimateenableMidwesternerstoproducemorefoodandfeedmorepeoplethanfarmersinanycomparableareaintheworld.Amongthemainproductsarecorn,wheat, soybeans,meat, and dairy goods.Agriculture also is the foundation formany of the region’s

industries,includingmeatpacking,foodprocessing,farmequipment,andgrainmilling.Othertraditionalindustriesaresteelandautomaking.

Its central location and excellent waterways make the Midwest a trade, transportation, anddistributioncenter.Chicago,Illinois,whichislocatednearthesouthwesternshoresofLakeMichigan,isthe cultural, financial, and transportation hub of the Midwest. Most of the region’s major citiesdevelopednearlargebodiesofwater,whichwereessentialforearlytransportation.Cleveland,Detroit,Chicago,andMilwaukeegrewneartheGreatLakes,andCincinnati,St.Louis,Minneapolis,St.Paul,KansasCity,andOmahadevelopedalongrivers.B

MakingComparisonsBWhatdothemajorcitiesoftheMidwesthaveincommonwiththoseoftheNortheast?

CHANGINGFACEOFTHEMIDWESTLikeotherregions,theMidwestischanging.Thenumberoffarmsisdeclining.MoreMidwesternersarenowemployedinprovidingservicesthanintraditionalindustries.The region’smetropolitan areas are expanding asurbandwellers andbusinesses leave thecentralcitiesforthesuburbs.PeopleandindustriesarealsomovingtothewarmerSouthandWest.

TheSouthTheSouthisasubregionthatcoversaboutone-fourthofthelandareaoftheUnitedStatesandcontainsmorethanone-thirdofitspopulation.Amongits16statesare11thatmadeuptheConfederacyduringtheCivilWar.One of these states—Texas—is sometimes included in an area of theWest called theSouthwest. The South’s warm climate, fertile soils, and many natural resources have shaped itsdevelopment.

THEOLDSOUTHLike theNortheast, theSouthwasalso thesiteofearlyEuropeansettlement. Infact,VirginiawasEngland’s firstAmericancolony.TheSouthhas amixof cultures that reflects thediversity of its early settlers. In addition to people of British heritage, there are the descendants ofAfricansbroughtasslavelaborersandHispanicswhosefamiliesfirstmigratedfromMexicotoTexas.Cajuns ofFrench-Canadian origin andCreoles ofFrench,Spanish, andAfrican descent are found inLouisiana,whileFloridaishometomanyHispanicswhocamefromCuba.

Oncearuralagriculturalarea,theSouthisrapidlychanginganditscitiesgrowing.AlongwiththeSouthwest,itisoftenreferredtoasthe“sunbelt”becauseofitsclimate.

THENEWSOUTHAgriculturewas theSouth’s first economic activity, and cotton, tobacco, fruits,peanuts,andricearestillgrownthere.Also, livestockproductionis importantinstatessuchasTexasand Arkansas. The South’s humid subtropical climate at first hindered industrialization. But thewidespread use of air conditioning beginning in the 1950s and the region’s vast stores of energyresources—oil,coal,naturalgas,andwater—gaveaboosttoindustry.

In recent times, the South has attracted many manufacturing and service industries fleeing theharshweatherofthe“rustbelt.”Majorindustriesincludepetroleum,steel,chemicals,foodprocessing,textiles, and electronics. The South’s climate draws millions of tourists and retirees, too. Atlanta,Georgia—afinancial,trade,andtransportationcenter—isthehuboftheNewSouth.Miami,Tampa-St.Petersburg, New Orleans, Houston, Dallas-Fort Worth, and San Antonio are other rapidly growingmetropolitanareas—largecitiesandnearbysuburbsandtowns.

TheWestLookonthemapon,andyouwillseethattheWestisafar-flungsubregionconsistingof13states.ItstretchesfromtheGreatPlainstothePacificOceanandincludesAlaskatothenorthandHawaiiinthePacific.TheWestcoversaboutone-halfof thelandareaof theUnitedStatesbuthasonlyaboutone-fifthofthepopulation.Itisaregionofdramaticandvariedlandscapes.

PeoplesettleintheWesttodayastheydidduringitsfrontierdays:whereverlandformsandclimatearefavorable.Someareas,suchasitsmanydeserts,aresparselysettled.Nonetheless,Californiaisthecountry’smost populous state because of excellent farmland, good harbors, and amild climate. TheWestisthemostrapidlygrowingregionintheUnitedStates.LosAngeles,thecountry’ssecondlargestcity,istheWest’sculturalandcommercialcenter.

BACKGROUNDWashington,Oregon,andIdahoareoftencalled theNorthwest.California,Arizona,NewMexico,Nevada,Colorado,Utah,andTexasarecalledtheSouthwest.

DEVELOPINGTHEWESTTheWest’sgrowth in the20thcenturywashelpedbyairconditioningandby irrigation.Themapon this page, for example, showshowwater from theColoradoRiver inArizonahasbeendivertedtoservemanyareas.WatersupplyaideddevelopmentofinlandcitiessuchasLasVegas,Tucson,andPhoenix.

BACKGROUNDAccording to the2000census, thepopulationof theWestgrewby20percent from1990.

Theeconomicactivitiesof theWestareasvariedas itsclimateand landscape.Among themarefarming,ranching,foodprocessing,logging,fishing,mining,oilrefining,tourism,filmmaking,andtheproduction of computers.Many cities with good harbors, including Seattle, Los Angeles, and LongBeach,makeforeigntrade—especiallywithAsia—important.

You readabout the subregionsof theUnitedStates in this section. In thenext chapter,youwilllearnaboutthehumangeographyofCanada.

Assessment

1Places&TermsExplainthemeaningofeachofthefollowingterms.•NewEngland•megalopolis•theMidwest•theSouth•metropolitanarea•theWest

2TakingNotesREGIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WhatarethefoursubregionsoftheUnitedStates?•Whichsubregionisthelargestinlandarea?

3MainIdeasa.WhyistheNortheastoneofthemostheavilyindustrializedandurbanizedareas?b.HowistheeconomyoftheMidwestchanging?c.WhathelpedtheeconomyoftheWesttogrow?

4GeographicThinkingSeeingPatternsHowhasair conditioningchanged theeconomicactivitiesof the subregionsof theUnitedStates?Thinkabout:•theSouthandtheWest•the“rustbelt”andthe“sunbelt”

MAKINGCOMPARISONSUsetheInternettofindmoreinformationontheeconomiesofthefoursubregions.Createadatabasecomparingthetopfiveindustriesineachofthefoursubregions.

ReviewingPlaces&Terms

A.Brieflyexplaintheimportanceofeachofthefollowing.1.migration2.ColumbianExchange3.suburb4.representativedemocracy5.freeenterprise6.serviceindustry7.postindustrialeconomy8.multinational9.megalopolis10.metropolitanarea

B.Answerthequestionsaboutvocabularyincompletesentences.11.WhatroledidmigrationplayinpopulatingtheUnitedStates?12.WhataresomeexamplesofitemsintheColumbianExchange?13.Whichoftheabovetermsareassociatedwithurbangeography?14.WhattypeofgovernmentdoestheUnitedStateshave?15.Whatisanadvantageoffreeenterprise?16.Howaretheserviceindustryandpostindustrialeconomyrelated?17.Whatisanexampleofaserviceindustry?18.Whatmakesabusinessamultinationalcorporation?19.Inwhichregionisanexampleofamegalopolisfound?20.Howarethetermssuburbandmetropolitanarearelated?

MainIdeas

HistoryandGovernmentoftheUnitedStates1.WhyistheUnitedStatescalleda“nationofimmigrants?”2.HowdidtheLouisianaPurchasechangetheUnitedStates?3.WhatfactorsledtheUnitedStatestobecomeasuperpower?

EconomyandCultureoftheUnitedStates4.WhyistheUnitedStatesaleaderinagriculturalproduction?5.WhataresomeexamplesoftheculturaldiversityoftheUnitedStates?6.InwhatindustrydomostAmericanswork?

SubregionsoftheUnitedStates7.WhatchangeshavetakenplaceintheindustrialbaseoftheNortheast?8.WhatroledidwaterplayinthedevelopmentoftheMidwest?9.WhatindustriesarefoundintheSouthtoday?10.HowdidCaliforniabecomethenation’smostpopulousstate?

CriticalThinking

1.UsingYourNotesUseyourcompletedcharttoanswerthesequestions.

a.WhatresourceshavebeenimportantinthedevelopmentoftheUnitedStates?b.Whichsubregionsmakeupthe“rustbelt”andwhichthe“sunbelt”?Howaretheyrelated?

2.GeographicThemesa.REGIONHowhastheeconomyoftheSouthchanged?b.MOVEMENTHowhasU.S.populationshiftedsincethecountrybegan?

3.IdentifyingThemesHowdidairconditioningandirrigationchangethepopulationoftheWest?Whichofthefivethemesapplytothissituation?

4.DeterminingCauseandEffectWhatwastheeffectoftheUnitedStatesbecomingindustrialized?

5.MakingGeneralizationsWhathasbeentheresultoftheUnitedStatesbeingpopulatedbymanydifferentgroupsofpeople?

GeographicSkills:InterpretingMaps

U.S.PopulationandGeographicCentersUsethemapatrighttoanswerthefollowingquestions.1.MOVEMENTInwhichyeardidthepopulationcentercrosstheMississippiRiver?

2.MOVEMENTHowwouldyoudescribethedifferencebetweenchangesinthegeographiccenterandchangesinthepopulationcenter?

3.REGIONInwhichregionwasthepopulationcenterfrom1790through1850?

CreateaseriesoffourmapsshowingmovementofthepopulationcenteroftheUnitedStatesin50-yearperiods.Usethemaponthispagetohelpyou.Startwiththeperiodfrom1790to1840.

Usethelinksathmhsocialstudies.comtodoresearchabouttheexpansionoftheUnitedStates.LookforthedateswhenterritorywasaddedtotheUnitedStates.WritingAboutGeographyWrite a report about your findings. Include amap showing the territoryacquiredtohelppresenttheinformation.ListtheWebsitesthatwereyoursources.

1HistoryandGovernmentofCanada

MainIdeas•FrenchandBritishsettlementgreatlyinfluencedCanada’spoliticaldevelopment.•Canada’ssizeandclimateaffectedeconomicgrowthandpopulationdistribution.

Places&TermsprovinceDominionofCanadaconfederationparliamentarygovernmentparliamentprimeminister

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESDIVERSESOCIETIESConflictbetweenCanadiansofFrenchandEnglishancestryhasbeenafactorthroughoutmuchofCanada’shistory.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVE AroundA.D. 980, aViking named Erik theRed sailed toGreenland.Soon after, about 3,000 Vikings colonized the region. About A.D. 1000, Erik’s son Leif led anexpedition that landed off theAtlantic coast ofNorthAmerica onwhat is nowNewfoundland. LeifcalledtheareaVinland,after thewildgrapesthatgrewthere.TheVikingsbuiltasettlementbut laterabandonedit.FivecenturieswouldpassbeforeanotherEuropean,anItaliannavigatornamedGiovanniCaboto, would come to North America. In 1497, exploring for the English, Caboto (John Cabot inEnglish) landed in Newfoundland and claimed the region for England. European exploration andcolonizationfollowed.

TheFirstSettlersandColonialRivalryCanada’s vast size and its cold climate significantly affected its devel-opment. So did the earlymigrationsofpeopleacrossitsland,thebitterterritorialrivalrybetweenthetwoEuropeannationsthatcolonizedit—EnglandandFrance—andtheirconflictwiththeFirstNationspeoples.

EARLYPEOPLES As you read in Chapter 5, one of the greatestmigrations in history took placethousandsofyearsago,after thelastIceAge.MigrantsfromAsiabeganmovingintoNorthAmericaacrossanArctic landbridgethatconnectedthe twocontinents.SomeearlypeoplesremainedinwhatarenowtheCanadianArcticandAlaska.TheseweretheancestorsoftheInuit(orEskimos).Others,theancestors of the North American Indian peoples, gradually moved south, into present-day BritishColumbiaandbeyond.Whentheicemelted,theymovedthroughoutCanada.Theysettledwheretheycouldgrowcrops.

LOCATIONQuebecCity,locatedonhighgroundabovetheSt.LawrenceRiver,wasthesiteofthefirstpermanentFrenchsettlementinCanada.

Whywasthisadesirablelocation?

COLONIZATION BY FRANCE AND BRITAIN During the 16th and 17th centuries, Frenchexplorers claimedmuch ofCanada. Their settlementswere known asNewFrance. TheBritish, too,werecolonizingNorthAmericaalongtheAtlanticcoast.Tobothcountries,thecoastalfisheriesandtheinlandfurtradewereimportant.Soon,theFrenchandBritishchallengedeachother’sterritorialclaims.Britain defeated France in the French and IndianWar (1754–1763), forcing France to surrender itsterritory.ButFrenchsettlersremained.

StepsTowardUnityBytheendof the18thcentury,Canadahadbecomea landof twodistinctcultures—RomanCatholicFrench and Protestant English. Conflicts erupted between the two groups, and in 1791, the BritishgovernmentsplitCanadaintotwoprovinces,orpoliticalunits.UpperCanada(later,Ontario),locatedneartheGreatLakes,hadanEnglish-speakingmajority,whileLowerCanada(Quebec),locatedalongtheSt.LawrenceRiver,hadaFrench-speakingpopulation.Thelandto thenorthwest,calledRupert’sLand,wasownedbyaBritishfur-tradingcompany.

ESTABLISHING THE DOMINION OF CANADA Over the next few decades, Quebec City,Montreal, and Toronto developed as major cities in Canada. Population soared as large numbers ofimmigrants came from Great Britain. Railways and canals were built, and explorers moved acrosswesternlandsseekingbetterfur-tradingareas.

BACKGROUNDUpperCanadawasupriver—ontheSt.Lawrence—fromLowerCanada(Quebec).

TheconflictsbetweenEnglish-speakingandFrench-speakingsettlershadnotended,however.Bythelate1830s,therewereseriouspoliticalandethnicdisputesinbothUpperandLowerCanada.TheBritishgovernmentdecidedthatmajorreformwasneeded.In1867,itpassedtheBritishNorthAmericaAct creating theDominionofCanada.TheDominionwas to be a looseconfederation, or politicalunion,ofOntario (UpperCanada),Quebec (LowerCanada),and twoBritishcolonieson theAtlanticcoast—NovaScotiaandNewBrunswick.TheDominionhadself-governmentbutremainedpartoftheBritishEmpire.Ottawa,inOntario,becamethecapital.

Asthemapaboveshows,theDominiongrewrapidly.ItgainedcontrolofRupert’sLandin1869.By1871,CanadastretchedfromtheAtlantictothePacific,asManitoba,BritishColumbia,andPrinceEdward Island were added. Soon the Yukon Territory, Alberta, and Saskatchewan followed. OnlyNewfoundlandremainedoutsidetheunion,notjoininguntilthemid-20thcentury.

ContinentalExpansionandDevelopmentWith so much area to settle, Canada set about making its land accessible to pioneers. Successfulsettlementofthewestwoulddependongoodtransportationroutes:roads,canals,andrailroads.A

MakingComparisonsAHowwasCanada’swestwardmovementsimilartothatoftheUnitedStates?

FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE PACIFIC In 1872, the government began construction of atranscontinental railroad. In 1885, the main line of the railway, from Montreal to Vancouver, wascompleted.Thecoastswerenowlinkedbyrail.Alittlemorethanadecadelater,goldwasdiscoveredintheYukon.Fortune-huntersfromaroundtheworldheadedtoCanada.Notlongafter,copper,zinc,and

silverdepositsalsowerefoundinCanada,promptingthebuildingofnewrailroadsandtowns.Atthesametime,immigrantsfromotherpartsofEuropebesidesBritainwerecomingtoCanada’svastopenlands.TheDominionwastakingonanewcharacter.

URBANANDINDUSTRIALGROWTHFormuchof the timeaftersettlement,Canadians lived inruralareasandengagedinfarming.Butasthepopulationgrewandnaturalresourcesweredeveloped,Canada became more urban and industrial. Cities and towns first sprang up wherever farming waspossible. Later, these same areas becamemanufacturing and service industry centers, drawingmorepeople to them.Nearly all of this growth tookplacewithin100milesof theU.S. border.There, theclimatewaswarmer, the landmoreproductive, and transportation linkingeastandwestmorewidelyavailable.Like itsneighbor to thesouth,Canadadeveloped intoamajoreconomicpower in the20thcentury.B

UsingtheAtlasBUsetheatlason.ListthemajorCanadiancitieswithin200milesoftheCanadian/U.S.border.

PLACETheCeremonialGuardparadesinfrontoftheparliamentbuildingsinOttawa,Ontario,Canada’scapitalcity.

GoverningCanadaCanadawasrecognizedasanindependentnationbyBritainin1931.LikeGreatBritain,Canadahasaparliamentarygovernment,asysteminwhichlegislativeandexecutivefunctionsarecombinedinalegislature called a parliament. A central federal government and smaller provincial and territorialgovernmentsgovernCanada.AlthoughCanadais independent, itssymbolicheadofstateremains theBritishmonarch. Parliament handles all legislativematters. The Parliament consists of an appointedSenateandanelectedHouseofCommons.Themajorityparty’s leader inParliamentbecomesprimeminister, or head of the government. Each of Canada’s ten provinces has its own legislature andpremier(primeminister).Thefederalgovernmentadministerstheterritories.

Inthissection,youreadaboutthehistoryandgovernmentofCanada.Inthenextsection,youwilllearnaboutlifeinCanadatoday.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifyandexplaintheseterms.•province•DominionofCanada•confederation•parliamentarygovernment•parliament•primeminister2TakingNotesPLACEReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•HowisUpperCanadadifferentfromLowerCanada?•WhatmineraldiscoveriesspurreddevelopmentofCanada?3MainIdeasa.HowdidtheFrenchandIndianWarchangeCanada?b.WheredidnearlyallgrowthinCanada’sindustryandurbanareastakeplace?c.HowisCanada’sfederalgovernmentdifferentfromthefederalgovernmentoftheUnitedStates?4GeographicThinkingDrawingConclusionsHowdidtheearlysettlementofCanadaleadtoadiversesociety?Thinkabout:

•NewFrance•FrenchandIndianWar

SEEINGPATTERNSUsetheInternettofindthepercentageofFrench-speakingandEnglish-speakingcitizensineachofCanada’sprovincesandterritories.CreateamapofCanadaandwriteinthepercentagesforeachprovinceorterritory.

2EconomyandCultureofCanada

MainIdeas•Canadaishighlyindustrializedandurbanized,withoneoftheworld’smostdevelopedeconomies.

•Canadiansareadiversepeople.Places&TermsFirstNationsmétisreserve

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESDIVERSESOCIETIESCanadaisalandofimmigrantswithmanydiversecultures.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVEThefurtradewasamajoreconomicactivityinearlyCanada.Itbeganinthe16thcentury,whenCanada’sNativeAmericanpeoples,nowknownas theFirstNations, startedtradingwithEuropeanfishermenalongthenorthernAtlanticcoast.Abrisktradesoondeveloped,andtrappersandtraderspouredintoCanada.TheycamefirstfromFranceandlater,fromEngland.Asthetradeexpandedwestward, itdependedheavilyondaringFrench-Canadianboatmencalledvoyageurs.They moved animal pelts from the wilderness to trading posts, often paddling 16 hours a day.According to one trader, these hardy souls often endured “privation and hardship, not only withoutcomplaining,butevenwithcheerfullness.”

AnIncreasinglyDiverseEconomyCanada is one of theworld’s richest countries. It is highly industrialized and urbanized.As you justread,Canada’searlyeconomywasbasedlargelyonthetradeofitsmanynaturalresources.Today,themanufacturingandserviceindustriesfuelthenation’seconomicengines.

CANADA’SPRIMARYINDUSTRIESFarming,logging,mining,andfishingareimportantCanadianindustries.Althoughonly about 5 percent ofCanada’s land is suitable for farming,Canadaproduceslarge amounts of food for domestic use and for export.Canada also is a leader in the production ofnewsprint—papermadefromwoodpulp.

Mining, too, isamajor industrybecauseofCanada’sextensivemineraldeposits.Uranium,zinc,gold,andsilverare justa fewof themineralsCanadaexports to theworld.Canada isalsoa leadingexporterofoil.

Threeoceancoastlines—Atlantic,Pacific,andArctic—havegivenCanadiansaccesstoamplefishsupplies.Traditionally,Canadahasbeenamajorexporteroffish.Inrecentyears,however,overfishinghascausedsupplies todecline.Asaresult,somefishershavebegunraisingsalmonandotherfishonfishfarms.

THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR About 13 percent of Canadians earn their living frommanufacturing. Their efforts account for about one-eighth of the nation’s GDP. Automobiles, steel,householdappliances,electronics,andhigh-techandminingequipmentare just someof theproductsCanadamanufactures.

MostofthemanufacturingisdoneintheCanadianheartland,whichreachesfromQuebecCity,Quebec,toWindsor,Ontario.A

MakingComparisonsAHowistheCanadianheartlandsimilartothenortheastregionoftheUnitedStates?

SERVICE INDUSTRIESDRIVETHEECONOMY Canada’s service industries are the country’s

real economicpowerhouse. In fact,more than70percentof theGDPcomes fromservice industries.ThoseindustriesemploymoreCanadiansthanallotherindustriescombined.Serviceindustriesincludefinance, utilities, trade, transportation, tourism, communications, insurance, and real estate.Canada’sspectacularnaturalbeautyhasmadetourismoneofthefastestgrowingoftheserviceindustries.Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury,theCanadiantourismindustryemployedahigherpercentageofworkers—about4percent—thanthosewhowereengagedinagriculture.

Historically,Canada’seconomyhasalwaysreliedontrade.ThefurtradebetweenCanada’snativepeoplesandEuropeanfishermenwasjustthestartofwhatwouldbecomeakeyCanadianindustry.TheUnitedStatesisCanada’schieftradingpartner.Thisislargelybecausethetwonationssharethelongestopen border in the world and the same language—English. In 1994, Canada and the United States,alongwithMexico,signedtheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement(NAFTA).Thispactmadetradebetween themeveneasier thanbefore.At the turnof the21st century, about78percentofCanada’sexportswenttotheUnitedStates,andabout52percentofCanada’simportscamefromitsneighbortothesouth.

ALandofManyCulturesFromitsearliestsettlement,Canadahasbeenalandofdiversecultures.ThefirstsettlersweretheInuitand the First Nations peoples who came after the last Ice Age.Many thousands of years later, theEnglishandFrencharrived,bringingtheirlanguagesandtraditionswiththem.InteractionbetweentheFrenchandnativepeoplesgaverisetoanotherculture,themétis(may•TEES),peopleofmixedFrenchandnativeheritage.

MorerecentimmigrantsfromEuropeandAsiaalsohavemadetheircontributionstotheculturalmix.AsintheUnitedStates,Canada’sculturalrichnesshascomefromallcornersoftheworld.

LANGUAGESANDRELIGIONCanadaisofficiallyabilingualcountry.IthasanEnglish-speakingmajority and a French-speaking minority. (Only in Quebec are French speakers in the majority.) Inaddition,thelanguagesofFirstNationpeoplesstillsurvive,andthenativelanguagesofimmigrantscanbeheardonmanycitystreets.

BACKGROUNDOfficialdocumentsandinformationareprintedbothinEnglishandinFrench.

AstheEnglishandtheFrenchsettledCanada,theirdifferentculturesbecameasourceofconflict.The English were largely Protestant, and the French were Roman Catholics. Religious and culturalconflictsbetweenthetwogroupshavecontinuedovertheyears.Today,thesetworeligionscontinuetodominateCanadiansociety,thoughMuslims,Jews,andotherreligiousgroupsarerepresentedinever-increasingnumbers.Inaddition,about16percentofCanadiansreportnoreligiousaffiliation.

CANADA’S POPULATION Settlement patterns in Canada have always been influenced by thecountry’s harsh environment and the accessibility of transportation routes. Canada’s port cities—especially Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver—and its rich farmlands make up the country’s mostdenselysettledareas.Infact,morethan80percentofallCanadiansliveonjust10percentoftheland.Thisregionismostlyalonga100-mile-widestripoflandjustnorthoftheU.S.border.B

SeeingPatternsBWhichphysicalfactorsinfluenceCanada’spopulationdistribution?

Canada’spopulationhasbecomeincreasinglyurban.At thebeginningof the20thcentury,aboutone-third of the people lived in urban areas. By 2008, nearly four-fifths were city dwellers. SomeCanadianpopulationgroupsareclusteredincertainareas.Forexample,about75percentofallFrenchCanadians reside in Quebec. Many of Canada’s native peoples are found on the country’s 2,300reserves,public landsetasidefor thembythegovernment.Theterritories in theremoteArcticnortharehometomostoftheInuit.LargenumbersofCanadiansofAsianancestryliveontheWestCoast.C

ConnecttotheIssuesDIVERSITYCWhichmajorculturalgroupsarefoundinCanada?

LifeinCanadaTodayMost Canadians live active personal and professional lives and enjoy a relatively high standard ofliving.In1998,Canada’slaborforcewasnearlyevenlysplitbetweenmenandwomen.Menmadeupabout 52 percent of thework force andwomen, about 48 percent.As the chart on shows,Canada’sservice industriesemploymore than75percentof theworkforce.Manufacturing isadistantsecond,accounting forapproximately13percentofCanadianworkers.Canada’spopulation iswelleducated.Theoldestuniversity,Laval,wasestablishedinQuebecduringtheperiodofFrenchsettlement.ThefirstEnglish-speakinguniversitieswere founded inNewBrunswickandNovaScotia in the1780s.Today,Canadaboastsa99percentliteracyrate.

SPORTS AND RECREATION Canadians value their leisure time and use it to engage in manyrecreationalactivities.Sportssuchasskating,icehockey,fishing,skiing,golf,andhuntingarepopular.Canadians also enjoy their professional sports teams. Canada has its own football league and itsprofessionalicehockey,baseball,andbasketballteamscompeteinU.S.leagues.TheCanadianloveofsportgoesback to itsnativepeoples,whodeveloped thegameweknowas lacrosse, and to its earlyEuropeansettlers,whodevelopedicehockey.TwoannualeventsthatarefavoritesnationwidearetheQuebecWinterCarnival,heldinQuebecCity,andtheCalgaryStampede,picturedon.

THEARTSNotsurprisingly,Canada’slonghistoryandculturaldiversityhavegiventhenationarichartistic heritage. The earliest Canadian literaturewas born in the oral traditions of the First Nationspeoples.Later,thewritingsofsettlers,missionaries,andexplorerslentFrenchandEnglishinfluencestotheliterature.

HUMAN—ENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONDistinguishedartistKiawakAshoona,anInuitfromNunavut,worksonasoapstonesculpture.

TheearlyvisualartsincludedtherealisticcarvingsoftheInuitandtheelaboratelydecoratedtotempolesoftheFirstNationspeoplesoftheWestCoast.TheartistryoftheInuitcarvingshasbeenevidentsinceprehistorictimes.Inuitcarversusedivory,whalebone,andsoapstonetocarvefigurinesofanimalsand people in scenes from everyday life.A uniquelyCanadian style of painting developed among agroupofToronto-basedartistscalledtheGroupofSevenearlyinthe20thcentury.Theperformingarts—music, dance, and theater—enjoyed spectacular growth during the last half of the century. The

StratfordFestivalinOntario,honoringWilliamShakespeare,isknownworldwide.Inthissection,youreadaboutlifeinCanadatoday.Inthenextsection,youwilllearnmoreabout

Canada’ssubregions.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifyandexplaintheseterms.•FirstNations•métis•reserve2TakingNotesREGIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WhichindustriesdriveCanada’seconomy?•Inwhichregionisthemajorityofthepopulationlocated?3MainIdeasa.WhyareCanadaandtheUnitedStatesclosetradingpartners?b.HowhaveCanada’surbanareaschanged?c.WhatisCanada’sworkforcelike?4GeographicThinkingDrawingConclusionsHowhaveCanada’sphysicalresourcescontributedtoitseconomicprosperity?Thinkabout:

•itslocation•itsprimaryindustries

SeeSkillbuilderHandbook.MAKINGCOMPARISONSStudytheinformationinChapter6,Section2,abouttheU.S.economy.CreateaVenndiagramwiththreecirclesshowingtheeconomicactivitiesCanadaandtheUnitedStateshaveincommonandthosethatareuniquetoeach.

3SubregionsofCanada

MainIdeas•Canadaisdividedintofoursubregions—theAtlantic,Core,andPrairieProvinces,andthePacificProvinceandtheTerritories.

•Eachsubregionpossessesuniquenaturalresources,landforms,economicactivities,andculturallife.Places&TermsAtlantic PrairieProvinces ProvincesQuebec BritishOntario Columbia Nunavut

CONNECTTOTHEISSUESURBANSPRAWLMuchofCanada’spopulationisinurbanareaswithin100milesoftheU.S.-Canadianborder.

AHUMANPERSPECTIVETheGrandBanks,ashallowsectionoftheNorthAtlanticoffthecoastofNewfoundland,makeuponeoftheearth’srichestfishinggrounds.Infact,itwastheabundanceoffish—includingcod,haddock,herring,andmackerel—thatfirstattractedEuropeanstotheregioncenturiesago.Today,thousandsofhardyCanadiansmaketheirlivingfishinginthesecoastalwaters.One,AlexSaundersofLabrador,remarkedthat“fishingisadisease.Onceyoustart,youkeepatit,dowhatever’snecessary.Ijeopardizemyhome,allmypossessionsjusttokeepthisboatgoingandkeepfishing.”TheGrandBanksarepartoftheAtlanticProvinces,oneofCanada’sfoursubregions.

TheAtlanticProvincesCanadaisdividedintotenprovincesandthreeterritories.Eachhasauniquepopulation,economy,andresources.EasternCanadaisthelocationofthefourAtlanticProvinces—PrinceEdwardIsland,NewBrunswick,NovaScotia,andNewfoundland.

HARSHLANDSAND SMALL POPULATIONSAs you can see on the chart below, the AtlanticProvincesarehometojust8percentofCanada’spopulation.Ofthesepeople,mostliveincoastalcities,suchasHalifax,NovaScotia,andSt.John,NewBrunswick.Thesmallpopulationisduelargelytotheprovinces’ruggedterrainandsevereweather.Forexample,about85percentofthelandinNovaScotiacannotbefarmedbecauseofrockyhillsandpoorsoil.InNewBrunswick,forestscover90percentofthe land.Newfoundland—madeup of the islandofNewfoundland,Labrador, and nearby islands—isvisitedbyfiercestormsthatroaruptheAtlanticseaboard.A

UsingtheAtlasALookatthemapon.WhichbodiesofwaterdotheAtlanticProvincesborder?

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES Despite the sometimes harsh conditions, the people of the AtlanticProvinces have learned to usewhat the land and the seaoffer them.For example,NewBrunswick’sdense forestsprovide theprovincewith its largest industry—logging.This industryproduces lumber,woodpulp,andpaperproducts.TheGulfofSt.Lawrenceandcoastalwaterssupplyplentifulstocksofseafoodforexport.Also,thereisminingforzinc,copper,lead,andsilver.

LoggingandfishingaremainstaysoftheeconomyofNovaScotia,too.Thisprovinceboastsoneofthelargestfish-processingplantsinNorthAmerica.Inaddition,shipbuildingandtradethroughtheportofHalifaxprovidemoreemploymentandrevenue.Untilthe20thcentury,fishingwastheprincipalindustry in Newfoundland. Today, the province also has healthy mining and logging industries.Moreover,itshydroelectric-powerresourcesarepartofasystemsupplyingpowertoQuebecandpartsofthenortheasternUnitedStates.

TheCoreProvinces—QuebecandOntarioIn1608,SamueldeChamplain,aFrenchexplorer,builtafort, thefirstEuropeanstructure inwhat isnowCanada, at present-dayQuebecCity.Four centuries later, the landshe colonized are part of thecountry’smostdynamicregion—QuebecandOntario,Canada’sCoreProvinces.

THEHEARTLANDOFCANADAQuebecandOntario areoften referred to asCanada’sheartland,andwithgoodreason.ThreeoutoffiveCanadianslivethere.Ontarioisthelargestprovinceintermsofpopulation,Quebec in landarea.Mostof the settlement in these inlandprovinces is foundalong theGreat Lakes and the St. Lawrence River. Each province is the core of one of Canada’s two majorcultures. A large number of Canada’s English-speaking majority live in Ontario. For most French-speakingCanadians,Quebecishome.

CANADA’S POLITICALANDECONOMICCENTER Ontario and Quebec are at the center ofCanada’spoliticalandeconomic life.Ottawa is thecapitalof the federalgovernment. It is located insoutheastern Ontario, right next to the border of Quebec province. Quebec has its own politicalimportanceastheheartofFrenchCanadianlife.

Ontario and Quebec also power Canada’s economy. Together, they account for more than 35percent of Canadian agricultural production, 41 percent of its mineral output, and 70 percent of its

manufacturing.Asthemaponshows,theysupplyawidevarietyofproducts.Toronto,locatedontheshoresofLakeOntario,isnotonlythecountry’smostpopulouscitybutalsoitsbankingandfinancialhub.Montreal, locatedon theSt.LawrenceRiver, isCanada’s second largest city. It is the center ofeconomicandpoliticalactivityinQuebecprovince.

ThePrairieProvincesTo the west of the hustle and bustle of Ontario and Quebec lie the Prairie Provinces—Manitoba,Saskatchewan,andAlberta.

CANADA’S BREADBASKET Canada’s Prairie Provinces are part of the Great Plains of NorthAmerica.These threeprovinces are the centerof thenation’s agricultural yield.Theyaccount for50percent of Canada’s agricultural production. The land of the Prairie Provinces, however, consists ofmorethanjustfertilesoil.AsignificantamountofCanada’smineraloutputcomesfromthisregionofthe country. Alberta itself has the nation’s largest known deposits of coal and oil and produces76percentofCanada’snaturalgas.

ACULTURALMIX The people of the Prairie Provinces are a diverse group. Manitoba has largenumbers of Scots-Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Ukrainians, and Poles. The town of St. Bonifaceboasts the largestFrench-CanadianpopulationoutsideQuebec.ThepopulationofSaskatchewanalsoincludes immigrants fromSouthandEastAsiaand ishometo themétis.Alberta isperhaps themostdiverseofall.InadditiontoEuropeanimmigrants,thisprovincealsohassignificantIndian,Japanese,Lebanese,andVietnamesepopulations.B

SeeingPatternsBWhymightAlbertahaveattractedsuchadiversepopulation?

ThePacificProvinceandtheTerritoriesThe province of British Columbia along with the three territories—Yukon Territory, NorthwestTerritories,andNunavut—makeupCanada’swesternandnorthernlands.

REGIONThevastfertileplainsofthePrairieProvinces,shownhereinRegina,Saskatchewan,providewheatforCanadiansandtheworld.

BRITISHCOLUMBIA Canada’s westernmost province isBritishColumbia. Nearly all of it lieswithintheRockyMountainrange.Asaresult,three-fourthsoftheprovinceis3,000feetormoreabovesea level. More than half of the land is densely forested, and nearly one-third is frozen tundra,snowfields,andglaciers.Mostofthepopulationisfoundinthesouthwest.ThisisthelocationofBritishColumbia’s two largestcities,VictoriaandVancouver.Theeconomy isbuilton logging,mining,andhydroelectric-power production. Vancouver is Canada’s largest port and has a prosperous shippingtrade.C

UsingtheAtlasCUsingaworldmap,locateVancouver.Wheremightmanyofthegoodsshippedfromitsportbeheaded?

THETERRITORIESCanada’s threeterritoriesmakeup41percentof thecountry’s landmass.Yet,theyaretoosparselypopulatedtobeprovinces.TheYukonTerritory,withapopulationaround35,000,lies north ofBritishColumbia and is largely an unspoiledwilderness.Directly east is theNorthwestTerritories,anareathatextendsintotheArctic.Ithasapopulationofnearly43,000people.

Nunavutwas carvedout of the eastern half of theNorthwestTerritories in 1999. It is home tomanyofCanada’s Inuit. (See“GeographyToday”on thispage.)Even though the land is ruggedandclimatic conditions are severe, economic activities take place in the territories.Mining, fishing, andsome logging are the principal industries, and these widely scattered activities explain why thesettlementsaresodispersed.

Inthischapterandthelast,youreadaboutthehumangeographyoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.Inthenextchapter,youwilllearnaboutsomeoftheissuesthatarefacingthosecountriestoday.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifyandexplainwhereintheregionthesewouldbefound.•AtlanticProvinces•Quebec•Ontario•PrairieProvinces•BritishColumbia2TakingNotesREGIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WhatisthemajoreconomicactivityoftheAtlanticProvinces?•WhichprovincesmakeupthePrairieProvinces?3MainIdeasa.WhyisthepopulationoftheAtlanticProvincessosmall?b.WhyareOntarioandQuebeccalledtheheartlandofCanada?c.WhateconomicactivitiestakeplaceinBritishColumbia?4GeographicThinkingMakingInferencesWhichsubregionshavethegreatestpotentialforeconomicgrowth?Thinkabout:

•alreadydevelopedsubregions•eachsubregion’snaturalresources

SeeSkillbuilderHandbook.MAKINGCOMPARISONSReviewthedifferencesamongthesubregionsofCanada.Createabrochurethatillustratestheeconomicactivities,populationcharacteristics,andmajorcitiesofthesubregions.

ReviewingPlaces&Terms

A.Brieflyexplaintheimportanceofeachofthefollowing.1.NewFrance2.DominionofCanada3.province4.primeminister5.FirstNations6.AtlanticProvinces7.Quebec8.Ontario9.PrairieProvinces

10.BritishColumbiaB.Answerthequestionsaboutvocabularyincompletesentences.11.WhoweretheoriginalsettlersofCanada?12.WherewasNewFrancelocated?13.HowisCanadadividedpolitically?14.WhatisthetitleoftheleaderofCanada?15.WhichprovincesmadeuptheoriginalpartoftheDominionofCanada?16.WhichprovincesmakeupCanada’score?17.WhichprovincesareknownasCanada’s“breadbasket”?18.WhichprovincehasthemajorityofCanada’sFrenchspeakers?19.WhichisCanada’swesternmostprovince?20.Whichprovincesarethesmallestandleastpopulated?

MainIdeas

HistoryandGovernmentofCanada1.WhyweretheFrenchandtheBritishinterestedincolonizingtheareaofNorthAmericathatbecametheUnitedStatesandCanada?

2.HowdidtheFrenchandIndianWarchangethehistoryofCanada?3.InwhatwaysistheexpansionanddevelopmentofCanadasimilartothatoftheUnitedStates?4.HowisCanada’sgovernmentdifferentfromthatoftheUnitedStates?EconomyandCultureofCanada5.WhatisCanada’slargestexportproduct?6.WhichtwolanguagesandreligionsdominateCanadianculture?7.WheredomostCanadianslive?SubregionsofCanada8.Inwhichprovinceswouldyouexpecttofindalargefishingindustry?9.WhichprovincespowerCanada’seconomy?10.WhyarethePrairieProvincessoimportanttotheCanadianeconomy?

CriticalThinking

1.UsingYourNotesUseyourcompletedcharttoanswerthesequestions.

a.Whichofthesubregionshastheleastdevelopedresourcesandwhy?b.WhattypesofserviceindustrydrivetheCanadianeconomy?

2.GeographicThemesa.REGIONHowhasclimateaffectedthedistributionofpopulationinCanada?b.PLACEHowarethePacificProvinceandtheTerritoriesdifferentfromtherestofthesubregions?3.IdentifyingThemesHowdidimmigrationshapethecultureofCanada?WhichofthefivethemesofgeographyappliestothedevelopmentofCanadianculture?

4.DetermingCauseandEffectWhatimpactdidFrenchandBritishsettlementhaveonmodernlifeinCanada?5.DrawingConclusionsWhyareQuebecandOntarioconsideredthecoreofCanada?

GeographicSkills:InterpretingMaps

MajorLanguagesofCanadaUsethemaptoanswerthequestions.1.LOCATIONWhatistherelativelocationoftheFrenchspeakers?2.MOVEMENTWhichnativelanguageisspokenoverthewidestarea?3.REGIONWhatisthepredominantlanguagespokeninmostareasneartheU.S.border?

GeoactivityChooseoneoftheNativeAmericanlanguagesshownonthemap.Dosomeresearchtofindoutaboutthepeoplewhospeakthatlanguage.Writeabriefreportofyourfindingsandincludeasketchmapofthelocationofthatlanguage.

Use the links at hmhsocialstudies.com to do research about the art of the Inuit people. Look forpicturesofworksthatcanbecopiedandbackgroundabouttheartitself.CreatinganOralPresentationPuttogetherthepicturesyouhavecopiedandtheinformationabouttheartforanoralpresentation.BesuretoshowhowgeographyinfluencedtheartofCanada.

1TheFightAgainstTerrorismHowcanacountryprotectitselffromterrorism?

MainIdeas•Terrorismthreatensthesafetyandsecurityofsociety.•TheUnitedStateslaunchedawaragainstinternationalterrorismafterbeingattackedonSeptember11,2001.

Places&Termsterrorismglobalnetworkcoalitionbiologicalweapon

AHUMANPERSPECTIVEForKarlCo,a15-year-oldsophomoreatStuyvesantHighSchoolinNewYorkCity,September11,2001,beganas“suchanormalday.”Fromhisclassroom,KarlhadaclearviewoftheWorldTradeCenter,justfourblocksaway.Onanormalday,about50,000peopleworkedinand 70,000 visited the twin towers. When the north tower burst into flames and smoke, Karl firstthought, “It’s a bomb. I’m going to die.” Then the south tower erupted, and, shortly after, bothcollapsed.Thestudentssoonlearnedterroristshadcrashedairlinersintothetowers,andtheschoolwasevacuated.

TheSeptember11AttacksThestudentsatStuyvesantHighhadwitnessedanactofterrorism.Terrorismistheunlawfuluseof,orthreateneduseof, forceorviolenceagainst individualsorproperty for thepurposeof intimidatingorcausingfearforpoliticalorsocialends.Likemanycountries,theUnitedStateshadbeensubjectedtoterrorism,bothathomeandabroad.ButtheSeptember11,2001,attackswerethemostdestructiveactsofterrorismevercommittedonAmericansoil.

Onthatmorning,19Arabterroristshijackedfourairliners.TheycrashedtwoplanesintotheWorldTradeCentertowersandoneintothePentagon,theU.S.militaryheadquartersnearWashington,D.C.The fourth plane crashed into a field inPennsylvaniawithout striking its intended target, after somepassengersoverwhelmedthehijackers.

THEDESTRUCTIONThehijackedplaneswereloadedwithfuel.Theybecamedestructivemissilesas they crashed into their targets. Thousands of workers escaped before the damaged skyscraperscollapsed. Fire and raining debris caused nearby buildings to collapse aswell. At the Pentagon, theplanetorea75-footholeinthebuilding’swestside.

About 3,000 people died in the attacks. The dead included 265 plane passengers and 343NewYorkCityfirefighterswhohadenteredthetowerstorescuethosetrappedinside.Ninebuildingsinthecity’s financial district were completely destroyed or partly collapsed, and six others sufferedmajordamage.Thedisasterareacovered16acres.

BACKGROUNDOsamabinLadenoffered tohelp theSaudiArabiangovernmentwhenIraq invadedKuwait in 1990 and threatened Saudi Arabia. He was angered when the Saudis turned to theUnitedStatesformilitaryhelpinstead.

THETERRORISTSImmediatelyaftertheattacks,investigatorsworkedtoidentifyboththehijackersand those who directed the attacks. The evidence pointed to a global network, or worldwideinterconnected group, of extremist Islamic terrorists led by Osama bin Laden, a Saudi Arabianmillionaire.Thegroup,knownasal-Qaeda,wasformedtofighttheSovietinvasionofAfghanistanin1979. Al-Qaeda later began to oppose American influence in Muslim lands. It started to target

AmericansandU.S.alliesafterthePersianGulfWarin1991.Sinceitsfounding,al-Qaedahascarriedoutnumerousterroristattacks.A

UsingtheAtlasALocateAfghanistanonthepoliticalmaponpageA34.WhatisitslocationinrelationtoSaudiArabia?

TheWaronTerrorismThe September 11 attacks shocked and distressed not onlyAmericans but people around theworld.PresidentGeorgeW.BushcalledonothernationstojointheUnitedStatesinawaronterrorism.

MILITARY ACTION The United States organized a coalition, or an alliance, to prevent futureterroristattacks.ThecoalitionsupportedmilitaryactioninAfghanistan,wherealQaedawasbased.TheUnitedStatesbeganbombing targets inAfghanistan inOctober2001.ByMarch2002,Afghanistan’sextremist Taliban regime had been removed from power and the al Qaeda network weakened. Yet,Talibanguerrillascontinuedtostageattacksthroughoutthecountry.

InMarch2003, theUnitedStates launchedmilitary action against Iraq.PresidentBush claimedthatIraqidictatorSaddamHusseinposeda threat tonationalsecurity.Husseinwasoverthrown, tried,andexecuted,butrebelattacksandreligiousconflictsstilldisruptedthecountry.

In2009,PresidentBarackObamabegantoincreasethenumberofU.S.troopsinAfghanistantosecure the defeat of al Qaeda forces in the region. Corruption within the Afghan government is alingeringproblem,though,andviolencecontinues.PresidentObamasetagoalthatU.S.troopswouldbegin leavingAfghanistanbyJuly2011and thatallU.S. troopsbe removedfromIraqby theendof2011.

ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS CONFLICT Terrorist attacks persist in several other countries. For

example,inMumbai,India,inNovember2008,terroristbombingandshootingattackskillednearly200people.TheattackerswerelinkedtoaPakistaniMuslimextremistgroupthatreportedlyaimstocreateanIslamicstateinSouthAsia.

On March 29, 2010, terrorists in Russia attacked the Moscow subway system. A Chechenseparatistleaderlaterclaimedresponsibilityfororderingthesuicidebombingsthatkilled39peopleandwounded60others.RussiaandChechnya,aRussianrepublic,havealonghistoryofconflict.

FacingTerroristThreatsTerrorismisacriticalthreattonationalandglobalsecurity.Itisnotlimitedtooutsidethreats.Inthepastfewdecadesbothdomesticandinternationalterroristactshaveincreasedinviolence.

TERRORISTWEAPONS ANDOPERATIONS Terrorists use other weapons besides bombs andfuel-ladenplanes,includingbiologicalandchemicalweapons.Biologicalweaponsrefertobacteriaandvirusesthatcanbeusedtoharmorkillpeople,animals,orplants.TheUnitedStateswentonananthraxalertaftertracesoftheanthraxbacteriawerefoundinletterssentthroughthemailaftertheSeptember2001attacks.B

MakingInferencesBWhymightterroristschoosetoattackcivilians?

RECENTTHREATSOnDecember25, 2009, aNigerianmanwas arrested for trying toblowup aplanefromAmsterdamboundforDetroit,Michigan.TheUnitedStatesandothercountrieshavefurthersteppedupairportsecuritymeasuresinresponsetothisfailedterroristattack.

Somedomesticgroupsalsoposethreatstonationalsecurity.Anexampleis theHutaree,agroupthatplannedtokill lawenforcementofficers.ViolentattacksbysomeU.S.militiaor“patriot”groupsthatopposetheU.S.governmentincreasedin2009and2010.Theseradicalgroupssometimesresorttoviolencetovoicetheiropposition.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifythesetermsandexplaintheirimportanceintheregion’sphysicalgeography.Identifyandexplainthefollowingterms.•terrorism•globalnetwork•coalition•biologicalweapon2TakingNotesREGIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•WhydidPresidentObamaincreasethenumberoftroopsinAfghanistan?•Whyisterrorismaglobalproblem?3MainIdeasa.WhathappenedintheterroristattacksontheUnitedStatesonSeptember11,2001,andwhowasbelievedtoberesponsible?

b.HowdidtheUnitedStatesrespondtotheattacks?4GeographicThinkingDrawingConclusionsWhatmightbesomedifficultiesfacingtheUnitedStatesanditsalliesinfightingterrorism?Thinkabout:

•aglobalnetwork•thevarietyofweaponsavailabletoterrorists

EXPLORINGLOCALGEOGRAPHYDoresearchtolearnhowthefightagainstterrorismisbeingwagedinyourstate.Writeapressreleasedescribingoneoftheseantiterroristmeasures.

2UrbanSprawlHowcanurbansprawlbecontrolled?

MainIdeas•ManymetropolitanareasintheUnitedStatesandCanadahavesprawled,orspreadout,fartherandfarther.

•Citiesarefocusingonsmart-growthsolutionstourbansprawl.Places&Terms

outbackurbansprawlinfrastructuresmartgrowthsustainablecommunity

AHUMANPERSPECTIVERichardBaronisarealestatedeveloperwhotriedtoaddresstherelatedproblems of urban sprawl and inadequate low-income housing. In 1996, he began buildingMurphyPark,anaffordableandattractivehousingcomplexinmid-townSt.Louis,Missouri.Thedevelopment

hasmorethan400unitsandcontainsbothapartmentsandtownhouses.Ithasplentyofgreenspace,artandday-carecenters,andanelementaryschool.MorethanhalfofMurphyPark’sunitsarereservedforpeoplewithlowincome.Baron’ssolution—tobringtheattractivefeaturesofsuburbanlivingtothecity—isoneofmanythatarebeingappliedtotheproblemofurbansprawl.

GrowthWithoutaPlanThoseAmericansandCanadianswhocanafforditoftenchoosetoworkinacitybutliveinitssuburbs.Theyareusuallyattractedbynew,upscalehousing,betterpublicservices,andopenspace.Assuburbsbecomemorenumerous,metropolitanareasbecomelargerandmoredifficulttomanage.(Seecharttotheright.)

URBANSPRAWL Poorly planned development that spreads a city’s population over a wider andwidergeographicalarea iscalledurbansprawl.Asoutlyingareasbecomemorepopulated, the landbetweenthemandthecityfillsinaswell.

IntheUnitedStatesandCanada,urbansprawlisbecomingamatterofincreasingconcern.From1970 to 2000, peoplewhoworked inU.S. citiesmoved farther and farther from urban centers. ThepopulationdensityofcitiesintheUnitedStatesdecreasedbymorethan20percentaspeopleincitiesmoved to suburbs andoutlying areas.About 30,000 squaremiles of rural landswere gobbled upbyhousingdevelopments.Forexample,thepopulationofthecityofChicagodecreasedduringthisperiodfrom3.4millionpeopleto2.8million.ButtheChicagometropolitanareagrewfromabout7.0millionpersonsto7.3million.

Canada is less populated than theUnited States but faces similar problems. In the 1990s,morethan75per-centofallCanadianslivedinurbanareas.

CAUSESOFURBANSPRAWLSprawloccursinmetropolitanareasthatallowunrestrictedgrowthorthat have no plans to contain it. Other factors include the widespread use of automobiles and thebuildingofexpressways.AutosandrelativelycheapgasolineenableAmericanstodrivemanymilestoandfromtheirjobs.Despitecloggedhighwaysandlongcommutes,Americansprefertheircarstomasstransit.Expresswaysprovidethemeansforcontinuedrelianceontheautomobile.

PLACELasVegas,Nevada, is aperfect exampleofurban sprawl. In the1970s (left), itwasasmallcity.Inthe1990s(right),itbecamethefastestgrowingcityinthecountry.WhataresomeofthedifferencesbetweenthephotosofLasVegasabove?

Yet,despitesprawl,therearemanyreasonswhyAmericanshavemovedtosuburbs.Somepeoplewant open spaces or better schools and housing. Still others want to try to recapture the sense ofcommunitytheyexperiencedwhilegrowingup.Theywanttheirchildrentoknowtheirneighborsandhave a backyard in which to play. Only recently have urban planners started to design big-cityneighborhoodstogiveasenseofcommunity,hopingtoslowtheflighttothesuburbs.

UrbanSprawl’sNegativeImpactUrban sprawl has a negative impact on the quality of life in many ways. As suburbs grow, morecommutertrafficstrainstheinfrastructure.Infrastructureconsistsofthebasicfacilities,services,andmachinery needed for a community to function. For example, roads and bridges needmaintenance.Morecarsontheroadformoretimeaddstoairpollution,too.Also,sourcesofwater,suchasriversorundergroundaquifers(layersofwater-holdingrockorsoil),becomedepleted.A

SeeingPatternsAWhatproblemshastheautomobilecaused?

Urbansprawlalsohasothercosts.Thecostofprovidingstreets,utilities,andotherpublicfacilitiesto suburban communities is often at least 25 per cent higher than for high-density residences in acity.Urbansprawlalsoseparatesclassesofpeople.Whenthoseinupper-incomebracketschoosetolive

inoutlyingareas,lower-incomeresidentsoftenbecomeisolatedininner-cityareas.

SolutionstoSprawlMore and more cities are developing plans for smart growth, which is the efficient use andconservationoflandandotherresources.Mostoftenthisinvolvesencouragingdevelopmentclosetoorinside the limits of existing cities. Good public transportation systems help to make smart growthpossiblebycuttingdownonautotraffic.

PORTLAND’SGROWTHBOUNDARY In1979, thecityofPortland,Oregon,drewa linearounditselftocreateanurbangrowthboundary.Buildingwasallowedinsidetheboundary.Thesurroundinggreenspacewasofflimitstodevelopers.Thisdecisioncausedcontroversybuthaspaidoff.Portlandhascontainedurbansprawl.

VANCOUVER’S PLAN FOR SUSTAINABLECOMMUNITIES The population of metropolitanVancouver, British Columbia, is two-and-a-half times what it was in 1961. The growth of outlyingsuburbs often took place at the expense of forests, farms, and flood plains. In 1995, the GreaterVancouver Regional Board adopted a plan to manage growth. It involved turning suburbs intosustainablecommunities,thatis,communitieswhereresidentscouldliveandwork.ThesamesolutionwasappliedtoVancouver’sdowntownarea,whereabout40percentofitsresidentsnowwalktowork.Thishascutdownoncommuting.B

MakingComparisonsBHowweretheurbangrowthactionsofPortlandandVancouversimilar?

GRASSROOTSOPPOSITION In somemetropolitan areas, citizens have banded together to offertheir own solutions to urban sprawl. For example, citizens in Durham, North Carolina, opposedadditionalcommercialdevelopmentalongacongestedareaofanearbyinterstatehighway.TheyformedCAUSE—CitizensAgainstUrbanSprawlEverywhere.Theorganizationworkedagainstsprawlthrougheducationandpoliticalactivism.

Inthissection,youreadaboutthechallengeofurbansprawl.IntheCaseStudythatfollows,youwilllearnaboutchallengesincreasinglydiversesocietiesbringtotheUnitedStatesandCanada.

Assessment

1Places&TermsIdentifythistermandexplainitsimportanceintheregion’sphysicalgeography.•urbansprawl•infrastructure•smartgrowth•sustainablecommunity2TakingNotesHUMAN-ENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONReviewthenotesyoutookforthissection.

•Whataresomeofthecausesofurbansprawl?•Whataresomeoftheeffectsofurbansprawl?3MainIdeasa.Whathappenswhenmetropolitanareasspreadfartherandfartherout?b.Whataresomeofthewayscitiesaredealingwithurbansprawl?c.Whataresomeofthewayscitizensaredealingwithurbansprawl?4GeographicThinkingDrawingConclusionsWhatwouldhappentotheenvironmentifurbansprawlwerenotcontrolled?Thinkabout:

•thenegativeeffectsofurbansprawl•thequalityoflifeintheUnitedStatesandCanada

EXPLORINGLOCALGEOGRAPHYPairwithanotherstudentandchooseametropolitanareaintheUnitedStatesorCanadatoresearch.Thenprepareareportontheconditionofurbansprawlinthatareaandpresentyourreporttotheclass.Discusstheeffectsofurbansprawlandwhatsteps,ifany,arebeingtakentocontrolthesprawl.

MapandGraphSkillsReadingaBounded-AreaMapUrbangrowthover timeis the themeof thismapof theBaltimore,Maryland,andWashington,D.C.,areas. Both Baltimore and Washington grew from small cities to important metropolitan areas,spreading outward in all directions. At one time, nearly 30 miles of unsettled area separated them.Today,muchof thisareahasbeenbuiltupas theBaltimoreandWashingtonmetropolitanareashavespread.THELANGUAGEOFMAPSBounded-areamapsshowthedistributionofsomefeatureofinterest,suchasclimate,vegetation,precipitation,or,inthiscase,urbangrowthinaregion.Bounded-areamapsuselines,colors,andpatternstocommunicateinformation.

1Thetitlegivesyouthesubjectmatterofthemap.2Thekeyexplainsthemeaningsofthecolorsandsymbols.3Thismapshowsthegradualspreadofurbanareasfromtwoneighboringcities—BaltimoreandWashington.Themapcoverstheperiod

oftimefrom1800to1992.

MapandGraphSkillsAssessment

1.SeeingPatternsLikemostearlysettlements,BaltimoreandWashingtonwerefoundednearessentialgeographicfeatures.Whatwerethey?

2.AnalyzingDataDuringwhichtimeperioddidthegreatestexpansiontakeplacefortheWashingtonmetropolitanarea?

3.DrawingConclusionsAtwhatphysicallocationdothetwometropolitanareasseemtohavemerged?

ThediverseheritageoftheUnitedStatesisevidentinthisgroupofstudentsinCalifornia.

Asyoureadearlierinthisunit,thefirstimmigrantstoNorthAmericaarebelievedtohavecomefromAsia. They are thought to have crossed a land bridge that existed in what is now the Bering Straitthousands of years ago. Since that time, millions of people from countries all over the world haveimmigrated to the United States and Canada. They have come in search of a new life in a newhomeland.ThechallengeforcitizensandgovernmentsofboththeUnitedStatesandCanadaistomakesurethatthesediversepeoplescontinuetoremainunified.

“Mosaic”or“MeltingPot”Aftercenturiesofimmigration,theUnitedStatesandCanadaareculturallydiverse.Theycontainlargepopulations of the world’s cultures. Ethnic neighborhoods with populations of Asians, EasternEuropeans, andLatinAmericans are found inmost large cities of both countries. InNewYorkCityalone, immigrant schoolchildren speak more than 100 different languages. The arrival of so manypeoples over the years left theUnitedStates andCanadawith the difficult taskof forming a unifiedsociety.Eachcountryapproachedthetaskofunifyingitsmanyculturesdifferently.

CANADA’S CULTURAL “MOSAIC” Canada’s earliest settlers were its native peoples. Its firstEuropeansettlerscame,asyouhave learned, from twodistinctculturalgroups—FrenchandEnglish.All of these groups kept their separate identities as the nation developed. Also, Canada encouragedimmigration fromallover theworld. Itwanted to fill itsvast landsandexpand itsworkforceand itsdomesticmarkets.Theseimmigrantsalsowereencouragedtoretaintheirculturalheritage.

Asaresult,manyCanadianshavestrongethnicties.Infact,asyoureadinChapter7,theethnicidentity of French-speaking citizens in Quebec has been so strong that at times they have evenconsideredsep-aratingthemselvesfromtheCanadianconfederation.

TheCanadiangovernmenthasofficiallyrecognizedthemulticulturalnatureofCanada.In1988,itenacted theCanadianMulticulturalismAct toprotectandpromotediversity.ManyCanadiansbelievethat thispoli-cyensuresequalityforpeopleofalloriginsandenriches theirnation.Butnotallagree.SomeCanadiansfeelthatdiversityhaspromoteddifferenceattheexpenseof“Canadianness.”

AMERICA’S “MELTING POT” For many years, people in the United States believed thatassimilationwas thekey. Itwas thought to be thebestway to build onenation frommanydifferentpeoples.Assimilationoccurswhenpeoplefromaminoritycultureassumethelanguage,customs,andlifestyles of people from the dominant culture.NativeAmericanswere an example. In the late 19thcentury, they were encouraged and even forced to learn English, adoptWestern dress, and becomeChristianstoassimilateintothedominantwhiteculture.

Peopleexpectedimmigrantstoassimilate,too.Thosewhodidnotcouldfaceprejudicebecauseoftheirculturaldifferences.Immigrantssoonlearnedthatlifewouldbeeasieriftheyadoptedthewaysoftheir new country—if they underwent “Americanization.”Most of these immigrants had come fromEurope.Manywantedtoassimilate.Theywantedtoadoptacommonlanguageandculture—tobecomeAmericans.

NewImmigrantsChallengeOldWaysTheimmigrantswhocametotheUnitedStatesinthelate20thcenturybroughtdifferentattitudes.Theycamemainly fromLatinAmericaandAsia.Theywereculturallyor raciallyunlikeearlier immigrantgroups,whohadcomemainlyfromEurope.Theselaterimmigrantswerelesswillingtogiveuptheirtraditionsandbeliefsinordertoassimilate.

DIVIDEDOPINIONSomeAmericansfeltthatthenewimmigrantsdidnotunderstandwhatmadetheUnitedStatesunique.Accordingtothispointofview,America’sstrengthhascomefromblendingitsdiverseculturestocreatesomethingnew—anAmerican.Theyalsobelievedthatencouragingdifferentlanguages and customs would promote separation, not unity. In response, they wanted immigrationlimitedandEnglishmadetheofficiallanguage.

SEE

Other Americans, includingmany educators, held different views. They thought that Americansocietywouldbenefitbystressingmulticulturalism,astheCanadiansdo.

Asyoucansee,bringingmanyculturestogetherisacontinuingchallengebothintheUnitedStatesandinCanada.So,howcanculturaldiversitybepreservedandnationalunityforged?TheCaseStudyProjectandprimarysourcesthatfollowwillhelpyouexplorethisquestion.

CASESTUDY

PROJECT

PrimarysourcesA,B,C,D,andEofferdifferingopinionsabout assimilation and maintaining cultural identity. Usethem along with your own research from the library orInternettoprepareforatalkshowdiscussionontheissueoftoday’sculturaldiversity.

TalkShowDiscussionSuggestedSteps1.Withagrouptotalingfivestudents,prepareatalkshowdiscussiononthetopic,“CanManyCulturesFormaUnifiedNation?”Onemembershouldactasthediscussionleader.Eachoftheothermembersshouldselectoneofthefollowingpositions:forassimilationoragainstassimilation.

2.Thinkaboutthefollowingquestionsasyouprepareforyourrole.“Mustaunifiednationhaveasingleculture?”“Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofassimilation,ortheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofmulticulturalism,inunifyinganation?”

3.Useonlineandprintresourcestoresearchyourtopic.4.Writeanopeningstatementofyourposition.Preparevisuals,suchaschartsorgraphs,ifyouneedthemtosupportyourposition.

5.Presentyourpositionasapartofthetalkshow.Discusswiththeleaderandothergroupmembersthefocusquestiongivenabove.

MaterialsandSupplies

posterboardcoloredmarkersreferencebooks,newspapers,andmagazinesInternetaccess

PRIMARYSOURCEA

NewspaperArticleIn1998,theWashingtonPostpublishedaseriesofarticles titledTheMythoftheMeltingPot.StaffwriterWilliamBoothofferedthefollowingcommentsaboutimmigrationandculturalidentityinhispiece,“OneNation,Indivisible:IsItHistory?”

Theimmigrantsof todaycomenotfromEuropebutoverwhelminglyfromthestilldevelopingworldofAsiaandLatinAmerica.Theyaredrivingademographicshiftsorapidthatwithinthelifetimes of today’s teenagers, no one ethnic group—includingwhites ofEuropean descent—willcompriseamajorityofthenation’spopulation.…

[M]anyhistoriansarguethattherewasagreaterconsensusinthepastonwhatitmeanttobeanAmerican,ayearningforacommonlanguageandculture,andadesire—encouraged, ifnotcoerced[forced]bymembersofthedominantwhiteProtestantculture—toassimilate.Today,theysay,thereismoreemphasisonpreservingone’sethnicidentity,offindingwaystohighlightanddefendone’sculturalroots.

PRIMARYSOURCEB

SocialCommentaryMichelleYoungisawriterandeditor.Muchofherworkhasfocusedonissuesofmulticulturalism. In the following excerpt from a 1996 article in the online publication CareerMagazine,Youngcontrastsassimilationwithmulticulturalism.

PRIMARYSOURCEC

Political Commentary Patrick Buchanan is a politician who was the presidential candidate of theReformPartyin2000.Buchananwasastrongsupporterofimmigrationreformandassimilation,asisevidentinthesewordspostedonhisWebsiteonAugust6,2000.

PRIMARYSOURCED

GovernmentLawTheCanadianMulticulturalismActwaspassedbytheCanadianparliamentin1988.ItspurposewastomakethepreservationandenhancementofmulticulturalisminCanadathelawoftheland.

“…ItisherebydeclaredtobethepolicyoftheGovernmentofCanadato…(b)recognizeandpromotetheunderstandingthatmulticulturalismisafundamentalcharacteristicoftheCanadianheritage and identity and that it provides an invaluable resource in the shaping of Canada’sfuture;…(c)promotethefullandequitableparticipationofindividualsandcommunitiesofallorigins in the continuing evolution and shaping of all aspects of Canadian society and assistthemintheeliminationofanybarriertothatparticipation;…(f)encourageandassistthesocial,cultural, economic, and political institutions ofCanada to be both respectful and inclusive ofCanada’smulticulturalcharacter;…(g)promotetheunderstandingandcreativitythatarisefromtheinteractionbetweenindividualsandcommunitiesofdifferentorigins.”

PRIMARYSOURCEE

GovernmentDocument The 2000 census form contained detailed racial and ethnic classifications,showingthediversepeoplesthatmakeupthepopulationoftheUnitedStates.

ReviewingPlaces&TermsA.Brieflyexplaintheimportanceofeachofthefollowing.1.terrorism2.globalnetwork3.coalition4.biologicalweapon

5.urbansprawl6.infrastructure7.smartgrowth8.sustainablecommunityB.Answerthequestionsaboutvocabularyincompletesentences.9.Whatistheobjectiveofterrorism?10.Whatarethecharacteristicsofaglobalnetwork?11.Whatisthenameforanallianceofnations?12.Whichofthetermsabovemightbeusedtorefertoanthrax?13.Howdoesurbansprawlcontributetoairpollution?14.Whataresomeoftheelementsthatmakeupinfrastructure?15.Whichterminvolvesencouragingdevelopmentclosetoorinsidecitylimits?16.WhatdidVancouvertrytoturnintosustainablecommunities?17.Whatistherelationshipbetweenthetermsterrorismandglobalnetwork?18.Whatistheobjectiveofemployingabiologicalweapon?19.Howdoesurbansprawlcausehousingcoststorise?20.Whatsystemisanimportantcomponentofsmartgrowth?

MainIdeasTheFightAgainstTerrorism1.Whataresomeoftheactionsgovernmentscantakewhenfacedwithterrorism?2.Whataresomeoftheweaponsusedbyterroriststofurthertheirobjectives?3.Inwhatwayshaveterroristactschangedoverthepastfewdecades?

UrbanSprawl4.Whataresomeofthecausesofurbansprawl?5.Whataresomeofthenegativeeffectsofurbansprawl?6.Howaregovernmentsandconcernedcitizenstryingtofindsolutionstourbansprawl?CaseStudy:DiverseSocietiesFaceChange7.WhyhavetheUnitedStatesandCanadabecomediversesocieties?8.HowhaveAmericansreactedtodiversity?9.HowhaveCanadiansreactedtodiversity?10.WhataresomewayssuggestedforAmericanstomeetthechallengesofthenewimmigrants?

CriticalThinking

1.UsingYourNotesUseyourcompletedcharttoanswerthesequestions.

a.Howmightanegativeeffectofurbansprawlbehalted?b.Whataresomeofthepositiveeffectsofdiversesocieties?2.GeographicThemesa.REGIONWhataretheaimsofrecentU.S.militaryactioninAfghanistan?b.HUMAN-ENVIRONMENTINTERACTIONHowhasthespreadofurbansprawlaffectedtheenvironment?

3.IdentifyingThemesIfyouwereagovernmentofficial,howwouldyoupromotesmartgrowth?Whichofthefivethemesarereflectedinyouranswer?Explain.4.DeterminingCauseandEffectWhatactionshastheUnitedStatestakentopreventterrorism?5.MakingComparisonsHowdotheCanadianandAmericanapproachestoadiversesocietydiffer?

GeographicSkills:InterpretingMaps

RegionofLastResidenceofLegalImmigrantstotheUnitedStates,1901–1998Usethegraphtoanswerthefollowingquestions.1.ANALYZINGDATAWhatwasthepercentageofimmigrantsfromEuropeduring1901–1910?during1991–1998?

2.MAKINGCOMPARISONSWhichtworegionssuppliedthelargestpercentageofimmigrantstotheUnitedStatesduringthelastcentury?

3.DRAWINGCONCLUSIONSWhatsignificantchangetookplaceinthepatternofimmigrationduringthe20thcentury?

Doresearchtocreateachartshowingthetotalnumberofimmigrantsfromeachregionduringthe20thcentury.Displaythefiguresforeachregiononanoutlinemapoftheworld.

Use the links athmhsocialstudies.com to research immigration toCanada. Focus on changes in theregionsfromwhichimmigrantscameinthe20thcentury.WritingAboutGeographyWriteareportonyourfindings.Combinewithachartlistingtheregionsandthepercentages.