geological world heritage

Geological W

orld Heritage A revised global framew

ork for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention

IUCN

INTERNATIONAL UNIONFOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

WORLD HEADQUARTERSRue Mauverney 281196 Gland SwitzerlandTel +41 22 999 0000Fax +41 22 999 0002wwwiucnorg

Geological World Heritage A revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage ConventionPatrick J Mc Keever and Guy M NarbonneWith contributions by Ulrika Aringberg Loviacutesa Aacutesbjoumlrnsdoacutettir Joseacute Brilha Tom Casadevall Tove Damholt Piotr Migoń S Felix Toteu Paul Williams and Kyung Sik Woo

INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE

About IUCNIUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations It provides public private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress economic development and nature conservation to take place together

Created in 1948 IUCN is now the worldrsquos largest and most diverse environmental network harnessing the knowledge resources and reach of more than 1400 Member organisations and some 18000 experts It is a leading provider of conservation data assessments and analysis Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices tools and international standards

IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments NGOs scientists businesses local communities indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development

Working with many partners and supporters IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities these projects work to reverse habitat loss restore ecosystems and improve peoplersquos well-being

wwwiucnorghttpstwittercomIUCN

Geological World Heritage A revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage ConventionPatrick J Mc Keever and Guy M Narbonne

With contributions by Ulrika Aringberg Loviacutesa Aacutesbjoumlrnsdoacutettir Joseacute Brilha Tom Casadevall Tove Damholt Piotr Migoń S Felix Toteu Paul Williams and Kyung Sik Woo

The designation of geographical entities in this book and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country territory or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries

The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN or other participating organisations

IUCN is pleased to acknowledge the support of its Framework Partners who provide core funding Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland Government of France and the French Development Agency (AFD) the Ministry of Environment Republic of Korea the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad) the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and the United States Department of State

This publication has been made possible in part by funding from the Cultural Heritage Administration Republic of Korea

Published by IUCN Gland Switzerland

Produced by IUCN World Heritage Programme

Copyright copy 2021 IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged

Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder

Recommended citation Mc Keever PJ and Narbonne GM (2021) Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention Gland Switzerland IUCN

ISBN 978-2-8317-2141-5 (PDF)

DOI httpsdoiorg102305IUCNCH202112en

Cover photo Los Glaciares National Park (Argentina) copy Philipp Schinz

Layout by Guilder Design Dublin Ireland (wwwguilderdesigncom)

Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention | iii

Contents

Executive summary iv

List of acronyms v

Acknowledgements vi

Introduction 1

Theme 1 History of planet Earth and the evolution of life 6

Theme 2 Tectonic systems 11

Theme 3 Erosional systems 16

Theme 4 Volcanic systems 20

Theme 5 River lake and delta systems 24

Theme 6 Cave and karst systems 28

Theme 7 Coastal systems 32

Theme 8 Marine systems 36

Theme 9 Glacial and periglacial systems 38

Theme 10 Desert and semi-desert systems 42

Theme 11 Meteorite impacts 45

Comparative analysis 49

Integrity 50

Protection and management 50

Boundaries 50

Geological World Heritage Properties and UNESCO Global Geoparks51

Conclusions 58

References 60

Annex 1 Table of geological World Heritage Properties 62

Annex 2 Contextual framework for World Heritage fossil properties 112

Annex 3 IUCN fossil site evaluation checklist 113

Annex 4 Distribution of karstifiable rocks and potential karst aquifers across the world 114

iv | Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention

Executive summary

In 2005 IUCN published a report entitled Geological World Heritage A Global Framework (Dingwall et al 2005) httpsportalsiucnorglibrarynode12797 The aim of that report was to discuss and advise on the role of the World Heritage Convention in recognising and protecting geological and geomorphological heritage By using a thematic approach the 2005 report aimed to assist States Parties in undertaking global comparative analyses of properties prior to and as part of new nominations under

criterion (viii) assist the World Heritage Committee and its advisors to identify possible gaps in coverage of the World Heritage List assist the World Heritage Committee and its advisors in their evaluation of new nominations of properties under criterion (viii)

(to be outstanding examples representing major stages of Earthrsquos history including the record of life significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms or significant geomorphic or physiographic feature)

The report identified 13 themes and since its publication an additional 22 geological and geomorphological properties have been inscribed on the World Heritage List under criterion (viii)

Furthermore in 2015 UNESCO adopted the new International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGGP) which recognises a new site-level designation the UNESCO Global Geopark which are territories of internationally significant geological heritage As of June 2021 there are 169 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 44 countries

Since 2005 several of the themes identified in Geological World Heritage A Global Framework have been subject to substantial individual studies The UNESCO World Heritage Committee in both 2013 and 2014 requested IUCN to revise its thematic study on geological sites to refine the proposed 13 themes articulate the threshold of Outstanding Universal Value and clarify the difference between the criterion (viii) of the World Heritage selection criteria and Geoparks status (noting that at that time Geoparks were not a UNESCO designation)

Accordingly the aim of the present study is to fully revise and update the 2005 report and to look at the potential impact of the new UNESCO Global Geopark designation on future inscriptions to the World Heritage List under criterion (viii) Central to this task is a discussion on the concept of Outstanding Universal Value and reiteration that not all sites of significance can be included on the World Heritage List This aim of the report has been achieved through a thorough review of the 2005 report and in particular the thematic approach to geology that the report used This review has led to the proposal of a rationalised set of 11 themes to guide the application of criterion (viii) For each of the 11 themes this report analyses what each theme covers what was listed as World Heritage by 2005 and since 2005 whether the advice available at the present is sufficient for each theme how well each theme is now represented on the World Heritage list including geographical representation and finally tries to identify if there are any key issues that this study has uncovered This report also examines the processes of comparative analysis and questions of site integrity in relation to properties listed for geological and geomorphological values

Finally this report looks in detail at the differences and similarities between geological World Heritage Properties recognised under criterion (viii) and UNESCO Global Geoparks It examines each designation and presents a pathway to help States Parties Member States to determine whether one of these two UNESCO designations might be appropriate for any possible new territories and in particular to distinguish sites with the potential for inscription on the World Heritage List

Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention | v

List of acronyms

GGN Global Geoparks Network

IGCP International Geoscience Programme

IGGP International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

OUV Outstanding Universal Value

UGGp UNESCO Global Geopark

UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

vi | Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Tim Badman Peter Shadie Kristof Vandenberghe Guy Martini and Marie-Luise Frey for their valuable comments and advice The inputs from the independent peer reviewers of the whole text Jonathan Larwood and Gabi Schneider are much appreciated Thanks are also due to Niall OrsquoLaoghaire of Guilder Design for design and layout and to Ulrika Aringberg Sarina van der Ploeg Ceacutelia Zwahlen and staff of the IUCN World Heritage Programme for their support in the production process This publication could not have been possible without the generous financial support of the Cultural Heritage Administration of the Republic of Korea Guy Narbonne is grateful for support through a Queenrsquos University Research Chair IUCN thanks the study authors as well as all the chapter authors and reviewers named above for their extensive work to contribute to producing this study The contributions of the photographers and illustrators is also acknowledged with thanks

KeywordsWorld Heritage UNESCO Global Geoparks Criterion (viii) Outstanding Universal Value Global comparative analysis History of planet Earth and the evolution of life Tectonic systems Erosional systems Volcanic systems River lake and delta systems Cave and karst systems Coastal systems Marine systems Glacial and periglacial systems Desert and semi-desert systems Meteorite impacts

Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention | 1

In 2005 IUCN published a report entitled Geological World Heritage A Global Framework (Dingwall et al 2005) and hereinafter referred to as lsquothe 2005 reportrsquo The aim of that report was to discuss and advise on the role of the World Heritage Convention (hereinafter referred to as lsquothe Conventionrsquo) in recognising and protecting geological and geomorphological heritage By using a thematic approach the 2005 report aimed to assist States Parties in undertaking global comparative

analyses of properties prior to and as part of new nominations under criterion (viii)

assist the World Heritage Committee and its advisors to identify possible gaps in coverage of the World Heritage List

assist the World Heritage Committee and its advisors in their evaluation of new nominations of properties under criterion (viii) (to be outstanding examples representing major stages of Earthrsquos history including the record of life significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms or significant geomorphic or physiographic feature)

Since the publication of the 2005 report an additional 22 properties have been inscribed on the World Heritage List using criterion (viii) which is used to recognise geological and geomorphological properties under the Convention This brings the total number of geological World Heritage Properties (December 2020) to 93 Furthermore in 2015 UNESCO adopted the new International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGGP) which recognises a new site-level designation the UNESCO Global Geopark which are territories of internationally significant geological heritage As of June 2021 there are 169 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 44 countries Additionally since 2005 several of the themes identified in the 2005 report have been subject to substantial individual studies

The UNESCO World Heritage Committee in both 2013 and 2014 requested IUCN to revise its 2005 thematic study on geological sites the Geological World Heritage A Global Framework to refine the proposed 13 themes articulate the threshold of Outstanding Universal Value and clarify the

Introduction

Figure 1 The Giantrsquos Causeway and Causeway Coast World Heritage Property (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) The Giantrsquos Causeway lies at the foot of basalt cliffs along the sea coast on the edge of the Antrim plateau in Northern Ireland It is made up of some 40000 massive black basalt columns sticking out of the sea The dramatic sight has inspired legends of giants striding over the sea to Scotland Geological studies of these formations over the last 300 years have greatly contributed to the development of the Earth sciences and show that this striking landscape was caused by volcanic activity during the Palaeogene some 50ndash60 million years ago copy Tourism Northern Ireland

2 | Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention

difference between the criterion (viii) of the World Heritage and Geoparks However at that time Geoparks were not designated by UNESCO That changed in 2015 when UNESCO adopted the new designation of UNESCO Global Geopark and all pre-existing Global Geoparks became UNESCO Global Geoparks

Accordingly the aim of the present study is to fully revise and update the 2005 report and to look at the potential impact of the new UNESCO Global Geopark designation on future inscriptions to the World Heritage List under criterion (viii) Central to this is a discussion on the concept of Outstanding Universal Value and a reiteration that not all sites of significance can make it onto the World Heritage List This has been followed by a thorough review of the 2005 report in particular the thematic approach to geology that the report used The report identified 13 themes The review has reduced this number to 11 themes some of them are the same as in the 2005 reports there is one new theme and some of the 2005 themes have been re-named andor combined

Finally with the approval of the UNESCO Global Geopark designation this study provides a framework for assessing which designation World Heritage or UNESCO Global Geopark might be appropriate when considering geological and geomorphological sites for international recognition

However as stated before outlining the revised thematic study it is essential to examine closely the idea of Outstanding Universal Value which is the core concept behind any inscription to the World Heritage List

Outstanding Universal ValueAccording to the latest version of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention published by the UNESCO World Heritage Centre in 2019

ldquoThe cultural and natural heritage is among the priceless and irreplaceable assets not only of each nation but of humanity as a whole The loss through deterioration or disappearance of any of these most prized assets constitutes an impoverishment of the heritage of all the peoples of the world Parts of this heritage because of their exceptional qualities can be considered to be of lsquoOutstanding Universal Valuersquo and as such worthy of special protection against the dangers which increasingly threaten themrdquo

But what exactly is lsquoOutstanding Universal Valuersquo or OUV and how can it be defined in the context of geological heritage A series of criteria and conditions have been developed to evaluate OUV Six criteria (i ndash vi) cover cultural properties while criteria (vii) ndash (x) cover natural properties (see below) Of course a nomination can include both cultural and natural criteria The guidelines also state that for a property to be deemed of OUV it must also meet the conditions of integrity andor authenticity and must have an adequate protection and management

system to ensure its safeguarding It is therefore clear from the Operational Guidelines (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2019) that OUV is a three-pronged statement where a World Heritage Property must fulfil one or more criteria (criterion (viii) for geological properties) it must fulfil the conditions of integrity and it must be adequately protected and managed The full ten criteria areCriterion (i) - to represent a masterpiece of human creative genius

Criterion (ii) - to exhibit an important interchange of human values over a span of time or within a cultural area of the world on developments in architecture or technology monumental arts town-planning or landscape design

Criterion (iii) - to bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared

Criterion (iv) - to be an outstanding example of a type of building architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history

Criterion (v) - to be an outstanding example of a traditional human settlement land-use or sea-use which is representative of a culture (or cultures) or human interaction with the environment especially when it has become vulnerable under the impact of irreversible change

Criterion (vi) - to be directly or tangibly associated with events or living traditions with ideas or with beliefs with artistic and literary works of outstanding universal significance (The World Heritage Committee considers that this criterion should preferably be used in conjunction with other criteria)

Criterion (vii) - to contain superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance

Criterion (viii) - to be outstanding examples representing major stages of Earthrsquos history including the record of life significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms or significant geomorphic or physiographic features

Criterion (ix) - to be outstanding examples representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial fresh water coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals

Criterion (x) - to contain the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity including those containing threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation

Fulfilling Criterion (viii) a revised thematic approachA key phrase from the Operational Guidelines (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2019) states that ldquo[t]he Convention is not intended to ensure the protection of all properties of great interest importance or value but only for a select list of the most outstanding of these from an international viewpointrdquo Furthermore ldquo[i]t is not to be assumed that a property of national andor regional importance will automatically be

Introduction


inscribed on the World Heritage Listrdquo This is the first key point to bear in mind Just because a site may be of regional or national significance it does not mean that it is of OUV The site must be absolutely exceptional at the global level in what it contains or displays and among the priceless and irreplaceable assets of humanity as a whole

The most fundamental part of the nomination process is clarifying if a property could be considered to have OUV Until potential OUV and the attributes conveying this value has been defined it is not possible to develop other essential aspects of the nomination including the comparative analysis the definition of boundaries and the protection and management which should reflect the extent and character of the attributes that convey the value

The 2005 report identified 13 themes to assist in determining whether a World Heritage Property fulfils the terms of criterion (viii) Based on consideration of the effectiveness of the implementation of these themes and based on review by the study and chapter authors this report has reorganised the approach to geological World Heritage in relation to a reorganised list of 11 themes The study has also reviewed and classified all existing geological World Heritage Properties considering their OUV in relation to these 11 themes (Annex 1) Many properties contain features relevant to more than one theme but for brevity the list of lsquoancillary themesrsquo in Annex 1 only includes significant contributions that warranted mention in the Statement of OUV published on the World Heritage website Furthermore it was apparent that the OUV of five properties cover two primary themes Therefore the 93 World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) are listed 98 times under the 11 primary themes In all of these themes States Parties must ask themselves if their proposed site really does display or contain something so internationally exceptional that is of true global significance

The 11 themes identified in this report are

Theme 1 History of planet Earth and the evolution of lifeTheme 1 documents major events in Earth history and the fossil record of life It combines two related themes from the 2005 report Theme 4 lsquoStratigraphic Properties ‒ Rock sequences that provide a record of key Earth history eventsrsquo and Theme 5 lsquoFossil Properties ‒ The record of life on Earth represented in the fossil recordrsquo

Theme 2 Tectonic systemsThe Tectonic systems theme includes the lsquoTectonic and structural featuresrsquo and the lsquoMountain systemsrsquo themes as defined in the 2005 report This merger was justified by the fact that tectonics is the process that governs the movement of Earthrsquos tectonic plates at their boundaries as well as heat energy and material transfer from the Earthrsquos interior towards the surface and vice-versa seafloor spreading coupled with subduction rifting mountain building volcanoes faults earthquakes erosion etc are direct or indirect expressions of tectonic processes However with a view of providing a meaningful representation to the general public we have restricted the scope of the lsquoTectonic systemsrsquo theme to mountain ranges convergent plate boundaries (subduction

zones) divergent plate boundaries (ocean ridges) sliding plate boundaries (transform zones) continental rifting valleys and cratonic shields while keeping lsquoVolcanic systemsrsquo and lsquoErosional systemsrsquo as separate themes

Theme 3 Erosional systemsThe theme lsquoErosional systemsrsquo was not explicitly present in the 2005 report One might argue that it is the equivalent of the lsquoMountain systemsrsquo with partial overlap with the lsquoArid and semi-arid desert systemsrsquo but there were already a number of World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) which were neither mountains nor located in drylands but were erosional in nature Additionally a significant number of properties were inscribed in recognition of their scenic beauty (criterion (vii)) although their justifications clearly highlighted geomorphological features and processes more in line with criterion (viii) The relevance of lsquoErosional systemsrsquo for criterion (viii) is twofold First erosional systems show ldquosignificant on-going geological [in fact geomorphological] processes in the development of landformsrdquo and secondly these processes may produce ldquosignificant geomorphological or physiographical featuresrdquo

Theme 4 Volcanic systemsVolcanoes are true wonders of the planet they are central to the formation evolution and sustenance of biological systems they form some of our deepest and most significant cultural attachments to the land and they attract large numbers of visitors for their aesthetic appeal The theme Volcanic systems was originally included in the 2005 report as Theme 2 Furthermore volcanic systems were the subject of the 2009 volcano thematic study by Wood (2009) In 2019 IUCN published an updated report on World Heritage Volcanoes (Casadevall et al 2019) which we draw on here for this discussion

Theme 5 River lake and delta systemsThe theme covers fluvial lacustrine and deltaic landscapes and their associated features These are systems resulting from large-scale fluvial processes which have formed and influenced the development of valleys flood plains river corridors wetlands lakes and deltas along with instream features and morphology (Ferrier amp Jenkins 2010) Spectacular features such as waterfalls are also included under this theme The theme includes foremost alluvial landscapes and depositional features while erosional features such as river canyons are covered primarily by Theme 3 In terms of deltas this theme only covers the special cases of inland and inverted deltas while coastal deltas are covered within Theme 7 There is also some overlap with Theme 9 as many important fluvial lacustrine and deltaic processes and landforms occur in glacial landscapes The River lake and delta systems theme is equivalent to the lsquoFluvial lacustrine and deltaic systemsrsquo theme from the 2005 report The main driving process for the formation of all inland waters is the hydrological cycle Water evaporates from the oceans and precipitates over the continents where it flows back to the sea along rivers and streams reworking large amounts of sediments and forming some of our most familiar fluvial landforms Some of the water resides in wetlands or lakes for many years or in ice caps for

Introduction


thousands or millions of years (Moss 2010)

Theme 6 Cave and karst systemsThe theme covers systems developed predominantly by the process of dissolution of soluble rocks This mainly involves carbonate rocks (limestone dolomite marble) and evaporite rocks (gypsum salt) In these terrains drainage disappears in enclosed depressions rivers sink underground and caves are signature landforms Some sandstone landscapes are also included because these rocks can become relatively soluble under subtropical and tropical conditions Natural processes involved in the development of Caves and karst systems are explained by Ford amp Williams (2007 2011) and Palmer (2007)

Theme 7 Coastal systemsCoastal systems refer to physical processes and physiographical features present in the coastal zone The coastal zone is the boundary between land and sea a highly dynamic interface between geological and oceanographical features and including atmospheric (weather and climate) processes and how these are affected by land and sea (Abdulla et al 2013) But the interface - the shoreline - is mobile because land can be uplifted or subside and sea level can rise or fall Hence coastal landscapes landforms and sediments develop along a moving interface between land and sea as well as over long periods of time The zone over which this interaction plays out can be kilometres wide and so landforms produced by coastal processes can be found well inland well above sea level kilometres offshore and well below present sea level In many places coastal landforms are also influenced by ancient antecedent topography

Theme 8 Marine systemsMarine systems includes seafloor and submarine features coral islands reefs and oceanic islands The theme encompasses ldquosignificant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms or significant geomorphological featuresrdquo found in the shallow and deep marine areas This theme comprises the former Theme 9 of the 2005 report lsquoReefs atolls and oceanic islandsrsquo but additionally includes the wide range of ongoing processes and geological features of marine areas including physical chemical and biological processes tectonic settings and sedimentary environments including continental shelf and slope basin floors abyssal plains oceanic trenches submarine ridges

Marine areas cover 70 of the Earth surface most of which is in deep marine areas In recent years there have been a number of advances in the study of the submarine environment including extensive mapping of the seafloor which has

produced a plethora of new information on the marine systems in the deep marine areas

Theme 9 Glacial and periglacial systems This theme includes geological processes landscape and geomorphological features developed by past or present glacial and periglacial systems Theme 9 is equivalent to the former two themes 10 lsquoGlaciers and ice capsrsquo and 11 lsquoIce Agesrsquo described in the 2005 report The new theme Theme 9 includes 17 of the World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) for their OUV (primary elements)

Theme 10 Desert and semi-desert systemsThe theme lsquoDesert and semi-desert systemsrsquo present in the 2005 report as lsquoArid and semi-arid desert systemsrsquo emphasises specific environments rather than a particular surface process or group of processes However in order to minimise overlaps within the present framework and to make it as clear as possible this category is understood as primarily designed to cover aeolian processes and landforms as well as features produced by intermittent runoff and evaporation Thus it includes landscape features such as dunes and dune fields of various types and sizes yardangs deflation hollows wadis and playas

Theme 11 Meteorite impactsThe theme of Meteorite impacts includes features produced by the impacts of meteors comets asteroids and other extra-terrestrial objects with the Earth including both physical structures formed by extra-terrestrial impacts such as impact craters as well as major effects caused by them such as mass extinction Impacts by and accretion of extra-terrestrial bodies was the fundamental process by which the Earth grew to its current size It was also a dominant geological process throughout the early history of the Solar System and a variety of possible effects have been ascribed to impacts on Earth including the origin of the Earthrsquos moon the contribution to the Earthrsquos quantity of volatile gases and effects on the evolution of early life In more recent geological time at least one mass extinction event is linked to global effects caused by a major impact event (eg Osinski amp Pierazzo 2012)

Identifying potential Outstanding Universal ValueConsidering that uniqueness does not automatically equate with OUV the essential first step is thus to identify any value(s) of a site fulfilling criterion (viii) and thus with the potential to justify OUV of the proposed property For this process it is important to set out all geological values of the site

Map out all geological values of the proposed propery

Organise values according to the 11 themes of criterion viii

Identify overlap between values of the proposed property and gaps of the WHL

Write a brief synthesis defining value(s) and attributes filling gaps of the WHL

Perform comparative analysis based on value attributes and integrity

Figure 2 Flow chart summarising the process that should be undertaken when assessing if a site or place demonstrates OUV

Introduction


and evaluate these based on the 11 themes presented in this report in order to clarify if and how these values could potentially address one or more gaps on the World Heritage List Subsequently a definition of the values proposed to fulfil the criterion and a description of the attributes that convey this value should be set out in a relatively short text This will then form the basis for undertaking a rigorous global comparative analysis and in the event that this demonstrates a strong case for OUV will be the basis for a proposed Statement of OUV to be included in the nomination of the property (Figure 2)

To nominate a site to the World Heritage List it must first have been included on a State Partyrsquos Tentative List Tentative List are lists of sites that the States Parties consider to be of OUV and that they therefore consider suitable for inscription on the World Heritage List

Thematic studyBefore continuing with a discussion of the comparative analysis process the following section will look closely at the 11 themes identified for this report As in the 2005 report the 11 themes provide a basis upon which nominated candidate World Heritage Properties (using criterion (viii)) can be assessed regarding their OUV from the viewpoint of science and conservation It is also intended that the 11 themes will guide national and regional advisors to assess the relative importance of sites and for IUCN to assess nominations and offer advice to interested parties

In particular in revising the themes specific questions were askedWhat does the theme cover

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this theme

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distribution

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)

Introduction


What does the theme coverTheme 1 documents major events in Earth history and the fossil record of life It combines two related themes from the 2005 report Theme 4 lsquoStratigraphic Properties ‒ Rock sequences that provide a record of key Earth history eventslsquo and Theme 5 lsquoFossil Properties ‒ The record of life on Earth represented in the fossil recordrsquo

Theme 1 is the sole theme for 18 World Heritage Properties and is an important ancillary element of the OUV for six additional properties (Table 1 Annex 1) Fossils are abundant and important in several other World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) such as Gros Morne National Park (Canada) and Yellowstone National Park (United States of America) but are less significant than other features that define the OUV in these properties

The over-riding message from the combined properties representing Theme 1 is the co-evolution of the Earth and life ‒ the recognition that the major tectonic oceanographic atmospheric cryogenic and astronomical events and processes that have affected our planet over geological timescales have also profoundly influenced the evolution

and ecology of life on Earth and that some major events in biological evolution have profoundly changed the Earthrsquos surface and atmosphere Theme 1 World Heritage Properties include the conditions for early life on the primitive Earth more than three billion years ago (Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (South Africa)) the oldest large and complex multicellular life (Mistaken Point (Canada)) the development of marine animal life in the Cambrian explosion (Burgess Shale in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (Canada) Chengjiang Fossil Site (China)) the Devonian and Carboniferous lsquoterrestrial revolutionrsquo of land plants that dramatically increased atmospheric oxygen and led to the proliferation of life on land and in freshwater rivers and lakes (Miguasha National Park Joggins Fossil Cliffs both in Canada) and abundant evidence of climatic control on the Cenozoic evolution of mammals (Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh Naracoorte) (Australia)) and early hominids (Lake Turkana National Parks (Kenya))

Properties in Theme 1 contain an outstanding record of the diversity of fossil life In addition to the shells and bones that characterise Phanerozoic fossil assemblages worldwide several properties (Burgess Shale in Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Chengjiang Fossil Site Messel Pit Fossil Site Mistaken

Theme 1 History of planet Earth and the evolution of lifeGuy M Narbonne and Patrick J Mc Keever

Figure 3 Monte San Giorgio (Italy amp Switzerland) is regarded as the best fossil record of marine life from the Triassic Period (245ndash230 million years ago) Source Woudloper Wikimedia Commons


Point) are famous as Fossil Lagerstaumltten in which soft tissues were exquisitely preserved Fossil plants and terrestrial arthropods such as insects are abundant in most properties at least partly deposited in freshwater or terrestrial settings (Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh Naracoorte) Dinosaur Provincial Park Dorset and East Devon Coast Ischigualasto Talampaya Natural Parks Joggins Fossil Cliffs Messel Pit Fossil Site Miguasha National Park) and even in some properties originating in marginal or fully marine settings (Monte San Giorgio Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)) Trace fossils the fossilised tracks trails and burrows of mobile animals are present in most Theme 1 properties and provide evidence of animal behaviour thousands to hundreds of millions of years ago Microfossils are preserved in nearly all Theme 1 fossil sites including Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains which dates back 36 to 325 billion years ago shortly after the origin of microscopic life on our planet

Most of the properties that achieved World Heritage recognition prior to 1995 were inscribed in combination with other natural or cultural OUV criteria commonly (iii) (vii) (ix) or (x) Since 1995 most properties in Theme 1 have been inscribed solely under criterion (viii)

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005At the time of the publication of the 2005 report 14 properties had been inscribed onto the World Heritage List under criterion (viii) and under the former Themes 4 (Stratigraphic Properties) and 5 (Fossil Properties) They included for example Dinosaur Provincial Park (Canada) Shark Bay Western Australia (Australia) Messel Pit Fossil Site (Germany) and the Dorset and East Devon Coast (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) (Table 1 Annex 1)

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005Since 2005 an additional four properties have been inscribed onto the World Heritage List which either totally or partially fall under this new Theme 1 and the former Themes 4 and 5 The new properties are Joggins Fossil Cliffs (Canada) Chengjiang Fossil Site (China) Mistaken Point (Canada) and Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (South Africa)

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themePublication of an IUCN-commissioned report Earthrsquos geological history A contextual framework for assessment of World

Criterion (viii) Properties Inscribed Principally Under Theme 1

Date Inscribed(extension)

Criterion (viii) Properties for which Theme 1 was an Ancillary Theme for Inscription

Date inscribed (extension)

Dinosaur Provincial Park Canada 1979 Grand Canyon National Park United States of America

1979

Great Smoky Mountains National Park United States of America

1983 Ngorongoro Conservation Area United Re-public of Tanzania

1979 (2010)

Valleacutee de Mai Nature Reserve Seychelles 1983 Willandra Lakes Region Australia 1981

Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Canada 1984 (1990) Tasmanian Wilderness Australia 1982 (1989)

Wet Tropics of Queensland Australia 1988 Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Australia 1986 (1994)

Shark Bay Western Australia Australia 1991 Te Wahipounamu ndash South West New Zealand New Zealand

1990

Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh Naracoorte) Australia

1994 The Dolomites Italy 2009

Messel Pit Fossil Site Germany 1995 Stevns Klint Denmark 2014

Lake Turkana National Parks Kenya 1997 (2001)

Miguasha National Park Canada 1999

Ischigualasto Talampaya Natural Parks Argen-tina

2000

Dorset and East Devon Coast United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2001

Monte San Giorgio Italy and Switzerland 2003 (2010)

Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) Egypt 2005

Joggins Fossil Cliffs Canada 2008

Chengjiang Fossil Site China 2012

Mistaken Point Canada 2016

Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains South Africa 2018

Table 1 World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) with Theme 1 as the major theme for inscription or as an ancillary theme

Theme 1 History of planet Earth and the evolution of life


Heritage fossil site nominations (Wells 1996) provided a key framework for this analysis Wellsrsquo recommendations slightly modified and printed in UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2011 p 42 and Annex 3 of this report) shaped all subsequent nominations and decisions in Theme 1 and have been emulated by other themes Wellsrsquo proposed separation between pre-Cambrian and Phanerozoic properties (Recommendation 4) has become somewhat blurred since 2005 with most recently inscribed Theme 1 properties emphasising OUV as both a landmark in biological evolution and as an important step in the evolution of the Earth system and his recommendations 5 and 9 about the need to constitute expert panels ldquoto select properties worthy of evaluation for Heritage listingrdquo were not implemented All recent nominations in Theme 1 have used a similar lsquobest practicersquo method for the comparative analysis of fossil properties (IUCN 2016 p 56-57 Thomas and Narbonne 2015 p 59-69) In summary the thematic guidance for this theme is good but requires regular attention to ensure it remains relevant and effective

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionWorld Heritage Properties representing Theme 1 are present on every inhabited continent There is excellent temporal coverage of the Phanerozoic the eon of Earth history characterised by abundant visible fossils with seventeen World Heritage fossil properties (Table 1 Figure 5 Annex 1) Many geological periods host a site the Cambrian and Triassic each contain multiple properties that reflect different biotopes (eg terrestrial versus marine) and preservational modes (eg Lagerstaumltten versus

mainly skeletal remains) during that time The most significant remaining gaps are at the interface between palaeontology and global change over geological timescales especially the mass extinction events that were a primary control on global diversity throughout the Phanerozoic (Raup amp Sepkoski 1982 Fan et al 2020) The terminal Cretaceous extinction that exterminated 50 of animal species including dinosaurs is superbly reflected in the fossil record at Stevns Klint (Denmark) but the equally profound Palaeozoic extinctions at the end of the Ordovician Devonian and Permian are not yet represented in any World Heritage Property Other Phanerozoic intervals of extreme global change and extinction (eg Mesozoic Ocean Anoxic Events Palaeocene ndash Eocene Thermal Maximum event) could also be considered Cenozoic (mainly Pleistocene and modern) glaciation processes and products are well covered in Theme 9 but ancient glacial events in deep time (eg the Carboniferous-Permian Gondwana glaciations and the Neoproterozoic and Paleoproterozoic lsquoSnowballrsquo glaciations) profoundly affected the evolution of life and could usefully be described in Theme 1 Ichnology where animal track properties can yield behavioural information that cannot be preserved in shells and bones is represented for example in the hominid tracksite at Laetoli in Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania) A number of previous World Heritage nominations based solely on dinosaur footprints have been deemed inadequate to show OUV However a coherent transnational nomination of exceptional sites demonstrating a compelling reason for global significance and OUV might be considered

Figure 4 Messel Pit Fossil Site (Germany) is the richest site in the world for understanding the living environment of the Eocene between 57 million and 36 million years ago copy LimesMedia Tim Schnarr Source UNESCO



In contrast with the abundance of World Heritage fossil properties in Phanerozoic strata the Hadean Archean and Proterozoic eons that collectively comprise the first four billion years of Earth evolution (85 of Earth history) contain only two recently inscribed UNESCO World Heritage Properties located at nearly opposite ends of the pre-Cambrian timescale (Figure 5 left hand column Annex 1) Additional major events in pre-Cambrian evolution not included in any World Heritage fossil property include the earliest diverse signs of life 35 billion years ago the Great Oxidation Event (24 to 18 billion years ago) that transformed the chemistry of the Earthrsquos surface and made eukaryotes possible rsquoSnowball Earthrsquo the nearly total freezing of the entire Earth surface 720-635 million years ago that ultimately led to the appearance of animals and

the diverse Ediacara biota that postdated Mistaken Point life and immediately preceded the Cambrian explosion of shelly animals

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)Several Theme 1 properties inscribed between 1983‒1991 used criteria that differ from modern usage Four properties inscribed under criterion (viii) - Great Smoky Mountains National

1 httpsstratigraphyorgICSchartChronostratChart2021-05pdf

PHAN

ERO

ZOIC

PRO

TERO

ZOIC

ARC

HEA

NH

ADEA

N

Present

0541

25

40

46

Billi

ons

of y

ears

bef

ore

the

pres

ent

Eon

Mistaken Point

Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains

Geological timethrough Earth history

CEN

OZO

ICM

ESO

ZOIC

PALE

OZO

IC

EraNeogene

Paleogene

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Carboniferous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Period

Phanerozoic Geological Time

World HeritageFossil Sites

Mill

ions

of y

ears

bef

ore

the

pres

ent

0

66

251

541Chengjiang Fossil Site

Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (incl Burgess Shale)

Miguasha National Park

Joggins Fossil Cliffs

Monte San Giorgio

IschigualastoTalampaya National Parks

Dorset and East Devon Coast

Dinosaur Provincial Park Messel Pit Fossil Site

Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley)

Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh Naracoorte)

Lake Turkana National Parks


Figure 5 Temporal distribution of UNESCO Fossil Properties (Theme 1) Modified from Thomas and Narbonne 2015 Fig 34 Formal stratigraphic names and dates are from the International Chronostratigraphic Chart (May 2021)1



Park (United States of America) Wet Tropics of Queensland (Australia) Valleacutee de Mai Nature Reserve (Seychelles) and Shark Bay Western Australia (Australia) ndash do not contain fossil assemblages of OUV but are regarded as providing modern living analogues for ancient biotopes and biological constructions thousands to billions of years old This view is not presently followed and since 1991 all criterion (viii) properties in Theme 1 have been inscribed on the basis of outstanding fossil assemblages and events in the deep-time record of life and environments Modern sedimentary environments exemplified in properties such as the Wadden Sea (intertidal sand and mud flats) Great Barrier Reef (shallow-marine carbonate sediments including reefs) Namib Sand Sea (aeolian dunes) Nahanni National Park and Riacuteo Plaacutetano Biosphere Reserve (rivers) form the key to interpreting process sedimentology in deep time but are not in and of themselves major events in Earth history and the fossil record of life

There is some overlap with criterion (iii) to ldquobear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilisation which is living or which has disappearedrdquo for properties containing early hominid fossils The hominid fossil properties Archaeological Site of Atapuerca (Spain) Sangiran Early Man Site (Indonesia) and Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa (South Africa) are inscribed under criterion (iii) whereas hominid fossils in Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania) and Lake Turkana National Parks (Kenya) are inscribed under criterion (viii) The hominid record at Willandra Lakes Region (Australia) is inscribed under criterion (iii) but its geology including giant marsupial fossils is inscribed under criterion (viii) This overlap between criterion (iii) and criterion (viii) in properties preserving the record of fossil hominids partly reflects the background of the nomination of these properties and also partly reflects the timescale of hominid evolution over the past seven million years

Finally palaeontology has a huge appeal throughout society worldwide Fossil properties (Theme 1) provide an opportunity for the public to see outstanding fossil assemblages in the context of the inter-relationship between global change and the evolution of life over geologic timescales Evidence of past global change can help to inform the public about potential processes effects and magnitudes of present and future global change This will be enhanced as States Parties nominate new sites that fill the identified gaps in global extinction events and major environmental and climatic events in the deep-time record of life on Earth



What does the theme coverThe Tectonic systems theme includes the lsquoTectonic and structural featuresrsquo and the lsquoMountain systemsrsquo themes as defined in the 2005 report This merger was justified by the fact that tectonics is the process that governs the movement of Earthrsquos tectonic plates at their boundaries as well as heat energy and material transfer from the Earthrsquos interior towards the surface and vice-versa seafloor spreading coupled with subduction rifting mountain building volcanoes faults earthquakes erosion etc are direct or indirect expressions of tectonic processes However with a view of providing a meaningful representation to the general public we have restricted the scope of the lsquoTectonic systemsrsquo theme to mountain ranges convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones) divergent plate boundaries (ocean ridges) sliding plate boundaries (transform zones) continental rifting valleys and cratonic shields while keeping lsquoVolcanic systemsrsquo and lsquoErosional systemsrsquo as separate themes

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005Utilising the current Themes eight properties of the 71 properties inscribed on the World Heritage List by 2005 had

gained their recognition mainly or solely under Theme 2 (Table 2 Annex 1) Several other mountain systems such as the Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal) were recognised under criterion (vii)

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005Based on the new theme proposed here two properties were inscribed since 2005 mainly because of tectonic features while three additional properties utilise Theme 2 as an important ancillary theme in their inscription (Table 2 Annex 1)

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeThere is no separate thematic study on this theme and the scope of inscriptions shows both limited geographical balance and that there is considerable confusion in the potential application of this theme and confusion with other manifestations of tectonism (such as volcanoes) The two newly inscribed properties since 2005 are both associated tectonically with the Alpine orogeny in western Europe which does not fulfil the geographical diversification requested in

Theme 2 Tectonic systemsTom Casadevall and S Felix Toteu

Figure 6 Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (Tajikistan) offers a unique opportunity for the study of plate tectonics and continental subduction phenomena thereby contributing to our fundamental understanding of Earth building processes copy Kasirov K Source UNESCO


2005 However the three recent properties for which Theme 2 is an ancillary theme are regionally diverse Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains in Africa Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) in Central Asia and Papahānaumokuākea in the central Pacific Ocean

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionIn total the geographical distribution is as follow Europe amp North America 4 Asia amp Pacific 5 Latin America amp Caribbean 1 Generally there is a weak representation worldwide and especially in Africa and the Arab States of the tectonic theme considering the many past and modern tectonic processes that have shaped the landscape around the world

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)Like most aspects of the geological sciences no theme is truly separate from other themes The 11 themes in this report are not silos Perhaps the greatest demonstration of this is the link between tectonic systems and volcanic systems Volcanic systems mostly appear at the boundaries of tectonic plates where tectonic systems are also actively being formed Of the 12 World Heritage Properties identified in Annex 1 has having been inscribed primarily for volcanic systems all but four are intimately associated with active tectonic boundaries Two other properties are associated with volcanic hotspots one with recent though no longer active volcanism Only one

property is associated with volcanism in deeper geological time (Giantrsquos Causeway and Causeway Coast United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (Figure 1)) For the sake of this report Theme 4 refers specifically to features associated with the extrusion of magma and the features created while Theme 2 refers to non-volcanic features associated with the interaction of tectonic plates both in the present and in the geological past

The Plate Tectonic Map of the world (Figure 7) combined with the World Physical Map (Figure 8) reveals the potential for a more balanced distribution of tectonic features worldwide States Parties in various regions where these prominent tectonic features appear should be encouraged to review their Tentative List to include new properties In this regard many countries in all regions of the world have potential for World Heritage Properties ranging from mountain range to rift valley systems properties Countries in Asia amp Pacific can enrich their inscribed properties or Tentative List with outstanding sites witnessing tectonics features at subduction zones as well as at oceanic trenches and collision zones For example Kermadec Islands and Marine Reserve which is currently on the Tentative List of New Zealand under criterion (viii) was shaped by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate with the Kermadec Trench being one of Earthrsquos deepest oceanic trenches reaching a depth of 10047 m The Andean mountain chain of South America the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Cascade volcanic range of North America are notable examples of subduction zone tectonics and yet have no volcanic or tectonic features listed under criterion (viii) (Casadevall et al 2019) This represents an important gap for World Heritage Properties in the Americas Outstanding examples of ocean floor spreading are the Mid-Atlantic Ridge


Date Inscribed (extension)



Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Australia 1986 (1994) Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Canada 1984 (1990)

Galaacutepagos Islands Ecuador 1978 (2001) Te Wahipounamu ndash South West New Zealand New Zealand

1990

Gros Morne National Park Canada 1987 Canaima National Park Venezuela 1994

Lake Baikal Russian Federation 1996 Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch Switzerland 2001 (2007)

Heard and McDonald Islands Australia 1997 Papahānaumokuākea United States of Amer-ica

2010

Macquarie Island Australia 1997 Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) Tajikistan

2013

Lorentz National Park Indonesia 1999 Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains South Africa 2018

Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas China

2003

Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona Switzerland 2008

Chaicircne des Puys - Limagne fault tectonic arena France

2018


Theme 2 Tectonic systems


Figure 7 Plate tectonic map of the World copy United States National Park Service

Figure 8 World Physical Map copy National Centers for Environmental Information National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)



and East Pacific Rise that have produced extensive valley systems Portugal has already considered a portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that includes the Azores in its Tentative List in 2017 Indeed there are very few countries that can add more about tectonic features telling the history of ocean floor spreading the exceptions being Iceland which lies on the mid-Atlantic Ridge and the countries around the Red Sea

On the continents the East African Rift Valley and the Baikal Rift Zone are Earthrsquos two prominent continental rift valley systems The two branches of the East African Rift are relayed to the north through the Afar Triangle to the Red Sea Rift and the Gulf of Aden Each of these rift systems is unique each telling in its own way the story of the early stage of continental break and drift However none of them host World Heritage inscribed under criterion (viii) for tectonic features although they host other properties inscribed under other criteria Examples are Lake Baikal (Russian Federation) inscribed in 1996 under criteria (vii) (viii) (ix) and (x) Kilimanjaro National Park (United Republic of Tanzania) Mount Kenya National Park Natural Forest (Kenya) and Lake Malawi National Park (Malawi) inscribed under criteria (vii) (ix) andor (x) or Virunga National Park (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Lake Turkana National Parks (Kenya) both inscribed under criteria (vii) (viii) (ix) andor (x)

The Cameroon Line running from Atlantic Ocean to Lake Chad through the Gulf of Guinea is another unique tectonic feature of the African region and is the only example on Earth of an

active intraplate alignment of tectonic-related volcanoes and intrusive massifs synchronously developed on both the oceanic and the continental crusts and linked to a common mantle source The scientific debates around its origin can ultimately reveal how the interaction and energy transfer between the asthenosphere and lithosphere contribute to shaping our planet The Cameroon Line is a unifying geological and biological gift linking many nations in Central Africa and telling an important part of the autobiography of the continent (from about 70 million years) from geological biological and socio-cultural perspectives (Anderson amp de Wit 2008 Henriques amp Neto 2015 Toteu et al 2010) The IUCN World Heritage Volcanoes report of 2019 sees the Cameroon Line as worthy of consideration in the Tentative List of States Parties (Casadevall et al 2019)

Despite the fact that tectonic processes cause major changes on the Earthrsquos surface they are poorly represented in the list of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List or even on the Tentative Lists The cause of this might be the poor capacity of States Parties or the fact that some expressions of tectonic processes such as volcanoes or erosion surfaces already constitute individual geological themes However the huge scale of some of the features (eg rift valleys alpine ranges oceanic trenches) also makes them politically and financially difficult to promote It is also important to stress that the geological community have not done enough to demonstrate the prominent role geological processes have

Figure 9 Lorentz National Park (Indonesia) The geology and landforms of Lorentz National Park display graphic evidence of Earthsrsquo history Located at the meeting point of two colliding continental plates the area has a complex geology with ongoing mountain formation as well as major sculpting by glaciation and shoreline accretion The dominating mountain range is a direct product of the collision between the Australian and Pacific tectonic plates copy Raiyani Muharramah Source Shutterstockcom



played in shaping the landscape of the Earth in impacting the development of biodiversity and the culture of people This transpires well in the case of Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal) mentioned previously which was inscribed on the World Heritage List under criterion (vii) despite the fact that the site description clearly recognises the importance of mountain building (ie lsquotectonicrsquo process) Clearly States Parties must be encouraged to focus on and expose the geological processes that generated the appropriate environment for development of so many biological and cultural properties today inscribed on the World Heritage List In this regard all mountain ranges around the world especially the Alpine Himalayan and Andean collisional belts and rift valleys have produced a variety of ecosystems that have favoured the development of rich biological and cultural diversities There is today a need to see beyond these end-products and make the tectonic processes themselves more visible

Considering that most tectonic features on the Earthrsquos surface appear as linear and transnational features (eg major faults ocean ridges mountain belts rift and associated volcanoes) it might be necessary and more efficient for States Parties individually or as group to look into serial nominations as a mechanism that can associate different properties generated from the same tectonic process However one challenge may be the disparities (infrastructure human resource and policies) that may exist between States Parties with as a consequence difficulty of preparing and implementing coherent and robust management plan for the inscribed property At the opposite it might be easier for one country having a specific tectonic feature that has generated several other outstanding geological biological andor cultural features to manage a property inscribed under serial nomination



What does the theme coverThe theme lsquoErosional systemsrsquo was not explicitly present in the 2005 report One might argue that it is the equivalent of the lsquoMountain systemsrsquo with partial overlap with the lsquoArid and semi-arid desert systemsrsquo but there were already a number of World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) which were neither mountains nor located in drylands but were erosional in nature Additionally a significant number of properties were inscribed in recognition of their scenic beauty (criterion (vii)) although their justifications clearly highlighted geomorphological features and processes more in line with criterion (viii) The relevance of lsquoErosional systemsrsquo for criterion (viii) is twofold First erosional systems show ldquosignificant on-going geological (in fact geomorphological) processes in the development of landformsrdquo and secondly these processes may produce ldquosignificant geomorphological or physiographical featuresrdquo

Erosional systems are understood as including landscapes and landforms produced by the combined action of various surface processes that are not covered by the specialised Themes 6 lsquoCave and karst systemsrsquo 7 lsquoCoastal systemsrsquo 9 lsquoGlacial and periglacial systemsrsquo and 10 lsquoDesert and semi-

desert systemsrsquo elsewhere in this report Volcanic systems (Theme 4) in turn are predominantly constructional Thus from the process-based perspective erosional systems are shaped by (a) weathering (b) mass movements of various kind (c) slope runoff (d) fluvial erosion and e) non-karstic subsurface processes such as piping Among them weathering mass movements and fluvial erosion are the most important agents of shaping the land surface All these processes lead to deposition of material eroded from elsewhere allowing depositional forms such as talus and alluvial fans to locally dominate the landscape (eg in the valley floors) Nevertheless erosion in the broad sense is the primary factor behind the scenery In parallel to the above the meaning of erosional systems may be also explained by products ie landscapes and landforms produced by the processes listed above At the regional scale these systems include non-glaciated mountains plateaus and escarpments strongly dissected uplands including badlands inselberg landscapes peneplains and solitary elevations isolated by erosional lowering of the surrounding terrains Characteristic medium-size landforms within erosional systems include rock cities and ruiniform relief tors (crags) rock cliffs gully networks canyons and landform assemblages produced by landslides and piping

Theme 3 Erosional systemsPiotr Migoń

Figure 10 Canaima National Park (Venezuela) The tabular hills and high escarpments of Canaima display significant karstic erosion of quartzites copy Natalino Russo La Venta


Erosional systems are not limited to any specific bedrock type although by virtue of strength some rock types tend to support distinctive often spectacular erosional systems more often than others do Moreover these systems appear and develop in different ways depending on rock type Therefore to account for the diversity of landforms and controls and to facilitate comparative analyses it is useful to consider several distinctive rock-controlled erosional systems such as granite landscapes sandstone and conglomerate landscapes mudstone and tuff badlands as well as ancient volcanic terrains which may be plateaus or pointed elevations (necks)

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005At the time of the 2005 report though not identified as such at the time six World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) fit the descriptive definition of Erosional systems adopted in the new thematic approach of this study and a further five properties relate to Erosional systems as an ancillary theme (Table 3 Annex 1)

In addition the effects of long-term erosion are evident in several other properties inscribed under criterion (viii) although these may be also be represented under other themes1 Tasmanian Wilderness Australia (vii) (viii) (ix) and (x)

ndash mountainous landscapes with dissected terrains and plateaus (classified as lsquoGlacial and periglacial systemsrsquo Theme 9)

2 Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Australia (viii) (ix) and (x) ndash part of Great Escarpment

3 Dinosaur Provincial Park Canada (vii) (viii) ndash chiefly paleontological site (Theme 1) but also an excellent example of badland topography

4 Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Canada (vii) (viii) ndash fossil site (Theme 1) with diverse mountainous topography including widespread glacial features

5 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas China (vii) (viii) (ix) and (x) ndash deeply carved valleys of major rivers within mountainous setting

6 Great Smoky Mountains National Park United States of America (vii) (viii) (ix) and (x) ndash dissected mountainous terrain non-glacial

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005Since the 2005 report an additional three properties have been inscribed under criterion (viii) because of their erosional features1 China Danxia China (vii) and (viii)ndash diverse erosional

topographies on continental red beds predominantly sandstone and conglomerate

2 The Dolomites Italy (vii) and (viii) ndash rock-controlled cliffs and plateaus with additional role of glaciation

3 Lena Pillars Nature Park Russian Federation (viii) ndash rock formations due to differential erosion along riverside margins

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeThere has been no supplementary advice to date on this newly proposed theme Reasons for not inscribing the localities listed above are probably complex but it certainly has to be observed that many of these inscriptions predate the year 2000 reflecting contemporaneous focus on scenic values rather than geodiversity and geoheritage In some instances at least insufficient scientific understanding may have been an additional factor for not considering criterion





Grand Canyon National Park United States of America

1979 Nahanni National Park Canada 1978

Durmitor National Park Montenegro 1980 (2005) Great Smoky Mountains National Park United States of America

1983

Tassili nrsquoAjjer Algeria 1982 Gondwana Rainforests of Australia Australia 1986 (1994)

Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park Australia 1987 (1994) Mosi-oa-Tunya Victoria Falls Zambia Zimba-bwe

1989

Canaima National Park Venezuela 1994 Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas China

2003

Purnululu National Park Australia 2003

The Dolomites Italy 2009

China Danxia China 2010

Lena Pillars Nature Park Russian Federation 2012


Theme 3 Erosional systems


(viii) In this context it is worth mentioning that post-2005 scholarly monographs on granite landscapes and sandstone landscapes published by leading academic publishing houses may now provide much better scientific background for nominations under criterion (viii)

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionErosional systems are currently represented by about 35 properties with 29 of them inscribed under criteria (vii) andor (viii) Among them distinctive sandstone and conglomerate erosional landscapes from plateaus to inselbergs are fairly well represented ndash 12 properties including six under criterion (viii) However the majority of them occurs in drylands (eight cases including three in north Africa and three in Australia) and only two were established in humid terrains Three properties represent granite landscapes all in China and representing similar topography none inscribed explicitly under criterion (viii) Three properties cover ancient volcanic terrains mostly plateaus Great Escarpments and badlands are represented by two examples each Finally five properties may be classified as mountainous landscapes with no specific connection to any particular rock type Overlap with glacial and periglacial systems is evident in some of these properties The Dolomites (Italy) and Lena Pillars Nature Park (Russian Federation) are distinctive individual cases Thus whereas overall representation of erosional systems may seem adequate there are significant gaps both thematic and geographical

Considering the diversity of erosional systems the following missing themes may be identified erosional landscapes developed on clastic rocks mainly

sandstone and conglomerates in semi-humid and humid areas to counterbalance an over-representation of those in arid and semi-arid terrains They are likely to develop by a different suite of dominant processes than their arid counterparts

granite topographies are evidently under-represented especially if criterion (viii) alone is considered Existing properties are all mountainous and all from one region (east China) whereas inselberg landscapes domed mountains uplands (plateaus) with tors spectacular boulder fields are missing

badlands are another under-represented type of erosional system especially given lithological diversity of badlands Mudrocks and cemented gravel deposits are known to host spectacular badland landscapes

entirely non-glacial mountain systems are poorly represented and there is a room for nominations which would emphasise complexity and integrity of mountain systems preferably on lithologically diverse bedrock

In terms of geographical coverage properties inscribed principally under Theme 3 occur in Europe and North America (4) Asia and the Pacific (3) and one each in Arab States and Latin America and the Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa is represented by only one property but which is not inscribed explicitly under criterion (viii) High latitudes are another

Figure 11 Tassili nrsquoAjjer (Algeria) The sandstone plateaux and escarpments of Tassili nrsquoAjjer are highly dissected with a range of erosional features copy Mohammed Beddiaf Source UNESCO



geographical gap (two properties only one under criterion (vii)) where it may be assumed that cold-climate processes will produce erosional systems different from those in low latitudes whether humid or arid Some of these gaps may be filled by re-nominating some of existing World Heritage Properties adding criterion (viii) to the cultural criteria used before

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)Impressive erosional landscapes may be found within World Heritage Properties inscribed under criteria (ix) and (x) (eg Greater Blue Mountains Area (Australia) and Western Ghats (India)) or solely under criteria pertinent to cultural heritage (eg tall granite domes which form the stage for Rio de Janeiro Carioca Landscapes between the Mountain and the Sea (Brazil) as well as the Serra da Capivara National Park (Brazil) the Matobo Hills (Zimbabwe) Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus (Libya) or Group of Monuments at Hampi (India)) An emerging point here is that the coverage of erosional systems by existing World Heritage Properties is much larger than the examination under criterion (viii) alone would suggest Consequently gap analyses should consider these properties as well

Additionally in a few examples criterion (viii) was proposed to justify inscription but was not accepted (eg Mount Sanqingshan National Park (China) (vii) and Wadi Rum Protected Area (Jordan) (iii) (v) and (vii)) In other cases criterion (viii) could have been used but was not proposed possibly because the nominated property did not readily fit any of the 13 Earth science themes proposed by the 2005 report In fact an equally large number of properties representing excellent examples of erosional systems have been inscribed under criterion (vii) not (viii) even if the OUV statements relate directly to the effects of on-going erosion and significant landforms produced by it These properties include1 Kakadu National Park Australia (i) (vi) (vii) (ix) and (x) ndash

dissected sandstone plateau and escarpments2 Ennedi Massif Natural and Cultural Landscape Chad

(iii) (vii) and (ix) ndash sandstone plateaus canyons and rock arches

3 Mount Taishan China (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) and (vii) ndash granite mountainous terrain

4 Mount Huangshan China (ii) (vii) and (ix) ndash granite mountainous terrain

5 Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area China (vii) ndash intricately dissected sandstone and limestone upland with multitude of tall rock towers and spires

6 Mount Sanqingshan National Park China (vii) ndash granite mountainous terrain

7 Simien National Park Ethiopia (vii) and (x) ndash dissected lava plateau

8 Meteora Greece (i) (ii) (iv) (v) and (vii) ndash isolated residual hills carved out of conglomerate

9 Wadi Rum Protected Area Jordan (iii) (v) and (vii) ndash sandstone massifs and rock arches

10 Maloti-Drakensberg Park Lesotho and South Africa (i) (iii) (vii) and (ix) ndash Great Escarpment capped by basaltic lavas

11 Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) Mali (v) and (vii) ndash plateau cliffs and plains in sandstone rocks

12 Air and Teacuteneacutereacute Natural Reserves Niger (vii) (ix) and (x) ndash residual volcanic massifs

13 Putorana Plateau Russian Federation (vii) and ix) ndash ancient lava plateau

14 Goumlreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia Turkey (i) (iii) (v) and (vii) ndash strongly eroded tuffs and lacustrine deposits multiple hoodoos and badland landscape



What does the theme coverVolcanoes are widely understood by the public as wonders of the planet they are central to the formation evolution and sustenance of biological systems they form some of our deepest and most significant cultural attachments to the land and they attract large numbers of visitors for their aesthetic appeal The theme Volcanic systems was recognised in the 2005 report (numbered as Theme 2) Furthermore volcanic systems were the subject of the 2009 volcano thematic study by Wood (2009) In 2019 IUCN published an updated report on World Heritage Volcanoes (Casadevall et al 2019) which we draw on here for this discussion

This study continues to consider Volcanic systems as a distinct theme Most geological themes encompass millions or billions of years of Earth history The Volcanic systems theme includes volcanoes and volcanic features found on Earth in both the marine and terrestrial environments While these features can be from any period of Earth history from the oldest volcanic rocks (42 billion years old) to the youngest eruptions the majority of volcanic properties by their nature typically only

preserve the most recent geological time frames Active volcanoes encompass those active in the Holocene Epoch (the last 11700 years) The distinctive attributes of volcanic properties are of geoheritage value but significantly they also frequently demonstrate associated aspects of cultural spiritual biological aesthetic and educational value Thus in a number of cases volcanic areas may be protected as World Heritage solely for these other attributes without direct recognition of the volcanic geoheritage as being the basis of OUV (Casadevall et al 2019)

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005Volcanic landscapes are among the most recognisable properties on the World Heritage List Of 1211 World Heritage Properties in 2019 83 (74) have significant volcanic features (Casadevall et al 2019) However of these only 26 properties have been inscribed under criterion (viii) Utilising the current themes 14 properties inscribed on the List by 2005 had gained their recognition mainly or solely under the present Theme 4 (Table 4 Annex 1)

Theme 4 Volcanic systemsTom Casadevall

Figure 12 Volcanoes of Kamchatka (Russian Federation) Kamchatka is one of the most outstanding volcanic regions in the world with a high density of active volcanoes a variety of types and a wide range of related features The six sites included in the serial designation group together the majority of volcanic features of the Kamchatka peninsula The interplay of active volcanoes and glaciers forms a dynamic landscape of great beauty copy UNESCO


What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005Since the 2005 report an additional five volcanic properties have been inscribed under criterion (viii) primarily utilising Theme 4 (Table 4 Annex 1) Three of these inscriptions were added following the volcano thematic study of 2009 (Wood 2009) Furthermore since 2005 (and 2009) two nominations of volcanic properties were advanced but were not recommended for inscription as volcano-related World Heritage (Wudalianchi Scenic Spots (China) and Chaicircne des Puys ndash Limagne fault tectonic arena (France) the latter was ultimately inscribed in 2018 for its tectonic features)

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeThe World Heritage Volcanoes report Casadevall et al (2019) provides revised comprehensive and up to date advice to States Parties on the application of criterion (viii) to volcanic properties and replaces the 2005 study as the definitive thematic guidance going forward The advice includes the use

of the classification system and feature identification presented in this study to the nomination of volcanic properties under criterion (viii) including a checklist that can also be used by the reviewers of the nomination The advice also describes a method for developing a comprehensive global comparative analysis to support the application for Listing in relation to volcanic systems this being a point that has been problematic in a number of nominations and is central to the application and review process in establishing the potential for OUV

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionAs noted above there are now 83 properties on the World Heritage List with significant volcanic values Of these 19 are volcanic properties where Theme 4 provides the primary rationale under criterion (viii) and two additional properties have used it as an ancillary rationale Within these 21 properties there are many important gaps in geographical distribution as well as gaps in their distribution by geo-tectonic setting The

Criterion (viii) Properties Inscribed Princi-pally Under Theme 4




Yellowstone National Park United States of America

1978 El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Bio-sphere Reserve Mexico

2013

Galaacutepagos Islands Ecuador 1978 (2001) Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains South Africa 2018

Ngorongoro Conservation Area United Repub-lic of Tanzania

1979 (2010)

Virunga National Park Democratic Republic of the Congo

1979

Sangay National Park Ecuador 1983

Giantrsquos Causeway and Causeway Coast United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

1986

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park United States of America

1987

Tongariro National Park New Zealand 1990 (1993)

Volcanoes of Kamchatka Russian Federation 1996 (2001)

Heard and McDonald Islands Australia 1997

Macquarie Island Australia 1997

Morne Trois Pitons National Park Dominica 1997

Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) Italy 2000

Pitons Management Area Saint Lucia 2004

Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes Republic of Korea

2007

Teide National Park Spain 2007

Papahānaumokuākea United States of America 2010

Mount Etna Italy 2013

Vatnajoumlkull National Park - dynamic nature of fire and ice Iceland

2019


Theme 4 Volcanic systems


regional distribution of volcanic properties is Europe and North America (8) Asia and Pacific (4) Africa (2) and Latin America and the Caribbean (5)

The 2019 volcano theme study outlines a series of recommendations to fill the thematic and geographical gaps on the World Heritage List The southwestern Pacific island arcs are noted as unrepresented on the List The Andes of western South America is the most prominent example of continental arc volcanism and yet is poorly represented For divergent margin properties the Great Rift Valley of Africa and its northern continuation in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden are poorly or not represented Submarine volcanic systems are dominantly rift systems and are not represented Volcanism in back arc basins is unrepresented although there are outstanding examples in Argentina and the southwest Pacific Collision zones are not represented The two ancient volcanic terrains on the current List contain no continental flood basalts ring dykes or subvolcanic feeder and storage systems despite the importance of these terrains in creating and remaking the early continents and as components of most of the planetrsquos major mass extinctions Previously identified gaps in Archean granite-greenstone belts and komatiites and in modern mid-Atlantic Ridge volcanism have been addressed by Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (South Africa inscribed in 2018) and Vatnajoumlkull National Park - dynamic nature of fire and ice (Iceland inscribed in 2019)

Other under-represented aspects of Theme 4 include large caldera forming volcanic systems stratovolcanoes found in

several critical subduction zone environments (eg Andean and Cascadian zones Indonesia-Philippine-Japanese subduction zones) and submarine volcanic features and volcanic rift systems Conversely monogenetic volcanic fields and basaltic volcanism should now be considered as well or fully represented on the List

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)No discussion of the global volcanic estate would be complete without mention of volcanism in the marine environment Purely submarine volcanic features are not included on the World Heritage List primarily because many of these features occur under what is known as the lsquoHigh Seasrsquo where no State Party has legal jurisdiction However 70 of the Earthrsquos surface is covered by water and is effectively a submarine environment and much of the Earthrsquos active tectonism including spreading centres ridges transform faults and subduction-related trenches are submarine Bathymetric studies of the sea floor have revealed that this vast area is dotted with volcanoes which recent studies (Hillier amp Watts 2007 Wessel et al 2010 Kim amp Wessel 2011) estimate could number over three million 39000 of which rise to more than 1000 m above the ocean

Figure 13 Ngorongoro Conservation Area (United Republic of Tanzania) The Ngorongoro Conservation Area spans vast expanses of highland plains savannah savannah woodlands and forests centred on the spectacular Ngorongoro Crater Africarsquos largest caldera copy Patrick Mc Keever



floor With the increase in seafloor mining and other potentially destructive practices some of these volcanic terrains are at risk

Several marine reserves include areas of submarine volcanism and hydrothermal vent activity but by and large the volcanic features in these submarine environments are not adequately represented on the World Heritage List The World Heritage Convention does not currently address areas beyond national jurisdiction (Abdulla et al 2013 Freestone et al 2016)

One impediment to managing and protecting properties in the submarine environments is that often there are no States Parties to claim jurisdiction and management responsibility over most of them Thus such properties fall more appropriately under lsquoLaw of the Searsquo jurisprudence However several submarine volcanoes representing submarine extensions of terrestrial volcanic systems (Loihi USA and Oshima Japan) do fall within territorial jurisdictions The UNESCOIUCN publication World Heritage on the High Seas An Idea Whose Time Has Come (Freestone et al 2016) discusses this topic primarily from the perspective of biological World Heritage but many of the concepts therein also apply to geological World Heritage

Casadevall et al (2019) considers the absence of submarine volcanism from the World Heritage List to be a substantial gap in representation of the Earthrsquos volcanic systems However they also recognise that filling this gap will depend upon additional international agreement and governance frameworks and this represents a further reason to explore the extension of the application of the World Heritage Convention to the High Seas

World Heritage Volcanoes (Casadevall et al 2019) found that a significant number of volcanic properties on the World Heritage List are listed under other criteria than criterion (viii) In part this reflects the important cultural and historical values often assigned to volcanic features and eruptions by communities which may have witnessed eruptions or live in or on volcanic edifices which have attained a notable role in these cultures In addition a number of volcanic areas have important endemic plant communities with high degrees of biodiversity Thus many volcanic landscapes have been inscribed for their biodiversity under criteria (ix) and (x)



What does the theme coverThe theme covers fluvial lacustrine and deltaic landscapes and their associated features These are systems resulting from large-scale fluvial processes which have formed and influenced the development of valleys flood plains river corridors wetlands lakes and deltas along with instream features and morphology (Ferrier amp Jenkins 2010) The theme includes foremost alluvial landscapes and depositional features while erosional features such as river canyons are covered primarily by Theme 3 However spectacular features such as waterfalls are included under this theme In terms of deltas this theme only covers the special cases of inland and inverted deltas while coastal deltas are covered within Theme 7 There is also some overlap with Theme 9 as many important fluvial lacustrine and deltaic processes and landforms occur in glacial landscapes The River lake and delta systems theme is equivalent to the lsquoFluvial lacustrine and deltaic systemsrsquo theme from the 2005 report

The main driving process for the formation of all inland waters is the hydrological cycle Water evaporates from the oceans

and precipitates over the continents where it flows back to the sea along rivers and streams reworking large amounts of sediments and forming some of our most familiar fluvial landforms Some of the water resides in wetlands or lakes for many years or in ice caps for thousands or millions of years (Moss 2010)

River processes shape the Earthrsquos surface while responding to sudden events (earthquakes volcanic eruptions mega floods) and or progressive change (continental uplift change in climate and precipitation) Climate and precipitation are the main factors influencing the dynamics and evolution of river systems with this history embedded into relict forms and features The fluvial geomorphology of rivers adjusts both to varying flow patterns and vegetation cover During drier geological periods vegetation cover and sediment transport decreases and rivers transform into new types Examples of this are underfit streams which have channels set in valleys formed by much larger river systems during wetter periods (Fryirs amp Brierley 2012) Apart from recording past climate events rivers also demonstrate a huge diversity of types

Theme 5 River lake and delta systemsUlrika Aringberg

Figure 14 Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia) The waters flowing over the limestone and dolomites have over thousands of years deposited travertine barriers creating natural dams which in turn have created a series of beautiful lakes caves and waterfalls These geological processes continue today copy Ko Hon Chiu Vincent Source UNESCO


processes and physiographic features For example natural floodplains contain a high complexity of various physical features such as meander bends levees cutbanks pointbars relict channels oxbow lakes ponds islands channel braiding alluvial fans inland deltas swamps and marshes

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005In the 2005 report it was noted that there were 71 World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) Using the present themes the principal attributes of the OUV of six properties are assigned to the lsquoFluvial lacustrine and deltaic systemsrsquo theme One of these Everglades National Park (United States of America) share its main theme with Theme 7 (Coastal systems) Up to 2005 another three properties had ancillary attributes of OUV assigned to Theme 5 (Table 5 Annex 1)

Evidently many properties on the World Heritage List demonstrate significant values related to the River lake and delta systems theme but are inscribed under criteria other than criterion (viii) In this updated review about 30 properties inscribed under criteria other than (viii) prior to 2005 were found to demonstrate values of Theme 5 The statements of OUV for some of these properties (for example Pantanal Conservation Area (Brazil) and Mana Pools National Park Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas (Zimbabwe)) are directly linked to significant fluvial lacustrine and deltaic forms and processes and contain examples of some of the worldrsquos most prominent systems relating to this theme

Several World Heritage Properties contain the full length of rivers or the majority of their lengths and catchments for example Kakadu National Park (Australia) but only the Riacuteo Plaacutetano Biosphere Reserve (Honduras) is inscribed under criterion (viii)

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005Since 2005 no properties have been inscribed on the World Heritage List with their principal attributes of OUV assigned to the River lake and delta systems theme and only one property

(Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (Tajikistan)) utilises Theme 5 as an ancillary theme in its statement of OUV Among properties inscribed after 2005 under criteria other than criterion (viii) ten are identified to demonstrate significant values directly related to Theme 5 Among these are one of the worldrsquos most important inland deltas the Okavango Delta (Botswana) and the saline hyper-saline and freshwater Lakes of Ounianga (Chad) It is clear that many more properties on the World Heritage List other than those inscribed under criterion (viii) demonstrate significant and even outstanding river lake and delta systems values

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeThere is one early study (Thorsell et al 1997) on wetland and marine areas on the World Heritage List which also provides a list of 41 prospective sites with potential OUV Some of these have now been inscribed (for example Pantanal Conservation Area (Brazil) Landscapes of Dauria (Mongolia and Russian Federation) and Okavango Delta (Botswana)) however only a few such as Wadden Sea (Denmark Germany and Netherlands) (see Theme 7) under criterion (viii) World Heritage Properties with OUV under Theme 5 are still poorly represented on the World Heritage List Conversely although some of the worldrsquos most prominent properties under this theme are inscribed their attributes and values have not been recognised as OUV under criterion (viii) Some reasons might be previously vague descriptions of the theme unawareness that the OUV of river lake and delta systems are recognised under criterion (viii) and inadequate scientific understanding or recognition of these systems This lack of recognition requires attention As no properties have been inscribed under Theme 5 since 2005 this clearly shows that additional upstream support and a gap analysis on the theme are needed to address this discrepancy

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionThe theme is clearly under-represented among properties inscribed under criterion (viii) Presently only six properties have been recognised for their OUV as river lake and delta systems





Nahanni National Park Canada 1978 Canaima National Park Venezuela 1994

Everglades National Park United States of America

1979 Lake Baikal Russian Federation 1996

Plitvice Lakes National Park Croatia 1979 (2000) Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas China

2003

Willandra Lakes Region Australia 1981 Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) Tajikistan

2013

Riacuteo Plaacutetano Biosphere Reserve Honduras 1982

Mosi-oa-Tunya Victoria Falls Zambia Zimba-bwe

1989


Theme 5 River lake and delta systems


Despite having three of the largest and most important inland deltas already inscribed on the World Heritage List (Wood Buffalo National Park (Canada) the Okavango Delta (Botswana) and The Ahwar of Southern Iraq Refuge of Biodiversity and the Relict Landscape of the Mesopotamian Cities (Iraq)) none of these properties were inscribed under criterion (viii) or recognised for their extremely important and valuable deltaic processes Likewise although the World Heritage Properties of Iguazu National Park (Argentina) and Iguaccedilu National Park (Brazil) conserve the largest and one of the most spectacular waterfall systems in the world this has not been recognised as a value under criterion (viii)

Terrestrial fossil properties inscribed under Theme 1 notably Miguasha National Park (Devonian) Joggins Fossil Cliffs (Carboniferous) and Dinosaur Provincial Park (Cretaceous) all in Canada occur in well studied fluvial lacustrine and deltaic deposits but this is not included as part of their OUV

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any lsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)Freshwater is fundamental to life on Earth and hydromorphological processes have shaped much of the

Earthrsquos surface as we see it today The importance of river (and other freshwater) systems for the evolution of life on land and human societal development is unparalleled The characteristics of freshwater bodies are highly determined by the climate and their relict forms and sediment archives are therefore also of immense importance for understanding past climatic events and changes Until now only Willandra Lakes Region (Australia) has been inscribed for its OUV of showing past major changes in Earthrsquos climate history and evolution

Large rivers cover long distances and vast areas and it is often not feasible to include the whole catchment within a World Heritage nomination Designation of OUV attributes such as the worldrsquos longest river or highest discharge river is difficult to achieve but could be done through serial properties and or transboundary nominations To cover the lsquobig storiesrsquo we should focus on the few natural rivers left and the textbook examples of alluvial and depositional features as well as past climatic records that these systems demonstrate Large relatively intact meandering systems can still be found in the Amazon and Congo basins as well as in northern Siberia and China while extensive braided river systems are found in North America New Zealandrsquos South Island and the Himalayas The flow of many rives has been impeded by human activity and natural free-flowing rivers2 are now confined to the Arctic (Canada and Russian Federation) and the Amazon and Congo basins as well as

Figure 15 Nahanni National Park (Canada) Located along the South Nahanni River this property is one of the most spectacular wild rivers in North America The park contains deep canyons and huge waterfalls The geomorphology of the property is outstanding in its wealth of form and complexity of evolution The park hosts the Worldrsquos foremost example of karst development in cold climate conditions but fluvial processes and features predominate Within the property are examples of almost every known characteristic of rivers Geological and geomorphological features include the abandoned meanders of ancient rivers now raised high above present river levels copy Ko Hon Chiu Vincent Source UNESCO



a few examples in for example Australia and Papua New Guinea (Grill et al 2019 WWF 2019)

Theme 5 is highly relevant for other criteria and as discussed earlier some of the worldrsquos most outstanding river lake and delta systems are inscribed under criteria other than criterion (viii) Of greatest importance is undeniably that these properties and their physical biological and evolutionary processes are now protected for future generations however it would be an advantage if they were also recognised for their OUV under criterion (viii) Freshwater systems contain some of the most threatened habitats on the planet and are losing biodiversity twice as fast as any terrestrial or marine systems Despite only covering about 1 of the terrestrial surface these systems support about one-third of all known vertebrate species (Dye et al 2019) River lake and delta systems often present exceptional natural beauty significant on-going ecological and biological processes and contain significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity and threatened species and are therefore highly relevant for all the other natural (including some of the cultural) criteria

Lastly it should be noted that there are particularly important links to be made in application of this theme through connections to the implementation of the 1971 Ramsar Convention which allows for the recognition of wetlands of international importance IUCN and the Ramsar Convention Secretariat have frequently collaborated on implementation including the joint work on the only thematic study on this theme (from 1997) However the clear need for further thematic advice could be advanced by IUCN in conjunction with Ramsar

2 Free Flowing Rivers 2019 - httpfreeflowingriverorg



What does the theme coverThe theme covers systems developed predominantly by the process of dissolution of soluble rocks This mainly involves carbonate rocks (limestone dolomite marble) and evaporite rocks (gypsum salt) In these terrains drainage disappears in enclosed depressions rivers sink underground and caves are signature landforms Some sandstone landscapes are also included because these rocks can become relatively soluble under subtropical and tropical conditions Natural processes involved in the development of caves and karst systems are explained by Ford amp Williams (2007 2011) and Palmer (2007)

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005At the time of the 2005 report 45 properties with internationally significant cave and karst features had been inscribed on the World Heritage List Amongst these were 25 considered to have outstanding karst features yet only eight were recognised as having OUV primarily under Theme 6 with an additional seven properties using it as an ancillary theme (Table 6 Annex 1) One additional property with OUV was lava pseudokarst recognised under criterion (viii) and having karst-like cave

decorations developed within lava tubes formed through volcanic processes

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005By 2019 the number of properties with internationally significant cave and karst features on the World Heritage List had increased by two properties that adopt karst as their main theme and a further two that utilise it as an ancillary theme (Table 6 Annex 1) It is evident that the outstanding cave and karst qualities of several properties were not appreciated either by some parties responsible for considering these nominations This points to the need for more upstream advice to assist in the recognition of significant karst values before nominations are made Sometimes the most appropriate nomination configuration (single areaserial nominationtransnational nomination) was not identified at the time of inscription and so adjustments have needed to be made to boundaries some years later

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeThe 2005 report contained excellent and focused advice and enabled States Parties to achieve a global overview regarding

Theme 6 Cave and karst systemsPaul Williams and Kyung Sik Woo

Figure 16 Škocjan Caves (Slovenia) Located in the lsquoclassicalrsquo karst of Europe the property comprises a sinking river at the end of blind valley the exposed course of the underground river flowing across the base of deep collapse depressions and a large river cave with a high canyon passage It is representative of the input of an allogenic river into a karst system copy LimesMedia Tim Schnarr Source UNESCO


the protection of geological World Heritage and the contribution that they might make In addition to the 2005 report in 2008 IUCN published a separate report on World Heritage Caves and Karst a Thematic Study which was a global review of karst World Heritage Properties (Williams 2008) That thematic review of Caves and Karst was noted by several States Parties and encouraged a cautious consideration of the appropriateness or otherwise of possible nominations (Lena Pillars Nature Park (Russian Federation) in 2012 and the Trang An Landscape Complex (Viet Nam) in 2014) and stimulated a new entry on the Tentative List (Salt Domes of Iran 2017) The net effect of both reports was probably to encourage a total of about ten new inscriptions in this theme However there has been no progress regarding nominations in relation to gypsum karst The 2008 study remains current and appropriate in guiding towards the completion of the World Heritage List under this theme of criterion (viii)

The 2008 thematic review pointed out that the World Heritage Committee had noted in 2007 [Decision 31 COM 8B13]

ldquohellip that karst systems (including caves) are relatively well represented on the World Heritage List Worldwide there are a large number of protected karst landscapes with caves and at a detailed level every one of these can assert that it is in some way unique Therefore in the interests of maintaining the credibility of the World Heritage List IUCN considers that there is increasingly limited scope for recommending further karst nominations for inclusion on the World Heritage List In particular IUCN recommends that the World Heritage Committee should consider indicating clearly to States Parties that further karst nominations should only be promoted where

There is a very clear basis for identifying major and distinctive features of outstanding universal value that has been verified by a thorough global comparative analysis

The basis for claiming outstanding universal value is a significant and distinctive feature of demonstrable and widespread significance and not one of many narrow and specialized features that are exhibited within karst terrains IUCN recommends that States Parties considering karst nominations carry out an initial global comparative analysis prior to proceeding with the development of a full nomination in order to minimize the possibilities of promoting a nomination that will not meet the requirements of the World Heritage Convention including those concerning the conditions of integrityrdquo

This advice was taken seriously by States Parties and is undoubtedly responsible for a reduction in the rate of nomination of cave and karst properties Furthermore this theme illustrates in the nomination of the South China Karst (China) a particularly important example of the recognition of OUV through a serial approach by assembling in a thoroughly planned process the most outstanding examples of karst sites that illustrate one of the two great karst regions of Earth This is a model that has also been recommended in the thematic study in the Dinaric Karst the other of those two great regions

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionThe theme is well represented on the World Heritage List (Annex 1) and has a wide but unevenly distributed geographical distribution Two points are significant here





Mammoth Cave National Park United States of America


Škocjan Caves Slovenia 1986 Plitvice Lakes National Park Croatia 1979 (2000)

Ha Long Bay Viet Nam 1994 (2000) Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Canada 1984 (1990)

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst Hungary Slovakia

1995 (2000) Canaima National Park Venezuela 1994

Carlsbad Caverns National Park United States of America

1995 Pyreacuteneacutees - Mont Perdu France Spain 1997 (1999)

Desembarco del Granma National Park Cuba 1999 Lorentz National Park Indonesia 1999

Gunung Mulu National Park Malaysia 2000 Purnululu National Park Australia 2003

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park Viet Nam 2003 (2015) Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes Republic of Korea

2007

South China Karst China 2007 (2014) Lena Pillars Nature Park Russian Federation 2012

Trang An Landscape Complex Viet Nam 2014


Theme 6 Cave and karst systems


Firstly the global distribution of karst rocks is the first determinant of where cave and karst World Heritage Properties can be located hence the properties shown on Figure 18 are mapped against a background of outcrops of carbonate and evaporite rocks (Goldscheider et al 2020) These rocks are distributed unevenly and the world distribution of evaporites is also uneven Thus we cannot expect an even global distribution of karst properties

Secondly cave and karst development depend on the operation of chemical processes driven by water and its temperature Rainfall is the primary driver but the rate of dissolution is enhanced if it is also warm Hence limestone locations that are wet warm and forested have excellent caves and karst which accounts for where most caves and karst World Heritage Properties are found However global climates change over time so important palaeokarst is sometimes found in places that were once wet but under modern conditions are inimical to karst and cave evolution This is the case in many temperate to subtropical arid lands where caves acting as Naturersquos vaults contain rich histories of more benign environments and climates in the past Some cold properties of the subarctic were also once warmer and have palaeokarst features developed during past milder humid conditions

The 2008 thematic review of caves and karst identified significant gaps in the geographical distribution of karst World

Heritage Properties and pointed to a gap in semi-arid and periglacial environments Only one inscription Lena Pillars Nature Park (Russian Federation) has since contributed to filling that gap Central Asia the Middle East Africa and South America remain seriously under-represented It was also pointed out that an important gap exists in the representation of evaporite terrains (salt and gypsum) This remains the case Also despite Shibing Karst in China being a dolomite terrain a gap remains regarding well-developed caves in dolomite

One lsquobig storyrsquo that is unrepresented but to which caves and karst can contribute is that of climates of the past Palaeokarst properties that contain important stories about past conditions on Earth are not explicitly represented on the World Heritage List although several World Heritage karst properties contain caves with excellent palaeoclimate archives Global climate is never static and while ice caps and seafloor sediments contain major climate archives the continents are under-represented Between the poles the best source of terrestrial palaeoclimate records is caves (they are also one of the best sources of hominid remains) Further cave records are also very much easier to date than other archives For example caves in the arid Nullarbor Plains of Australia have yielded mid-Pliocene speleothems containing pollen indicative of a past forested environment in association with rare mega-faunal remains The arid cave and karst properties of Central Asia and Africa could hold evidence of similar stories A cave in the island of

Figure 17 South China Karst (China) Seven sites of a serial nomination that represent karst evolution in southern China includes Shilin (stone forests on a rolling plateau in Yunnan) Jinfoshan (an isolated high plateau with huge horizontal caves suspended above deep surrounding valleys) Wulong (plateau karst with spectacular tiankeng natural bridges deep caves and gorges) Shibing (unusual cone karst development in dolomite bedrock) Libo (extensive forested cone karst (fengcong and fenglin) poljes gorges and caves with Huanjiang being an extension of the protected area) Guilin (the culmination of subtropical karst development with spectacular cones and towers beside the River Li) These areas provide type-sites for their principal karst features copy IUCN Jim Thorsell



Mallorca Spain has yielded a precisely dated history of sea level change in the mid-Pliocene at a time when the Earthrsquos temperatures were two or three degrees higher than present Thick guano deposits in caves have never been investigated in detail for their palaeoecological record although they have long been recognised as sources of minerals

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)The key issue to emerge from this review is that many properties nominated for other reasons contain excellent caves and karst (Annex 1) Consequently important karst areas are being conserved on the coat-tails of other criteria This is an advantage for conservation but it would still be worth formally recognising the OUV of karst when it exists To amend a nomination by adding a new criterion after inscription would require the State Party to expend more resources that might be better used elsewhere but IUCN could better address this issue by helping to identify possibly unrecognised OUV at the pre-nomination stage

Figure 18 Distribution of karstifiable rocks and potential karst aquifers across the world (with permission from Goldscheider et al 2020) with red triangles depicting the locations of World Heritage Properties with karst OUV their numbers referring to the list of World Heritage karst sites (see Annex 4) copy Goldscheider et al (2020)



What does the theme coverCoastal systems refer to physical processes and physiographical features present in the coastal zone The coastal zone is the boundary between land and sea a highly dynamic interface between geological and oceanographical features and including atmospheric (weather and climate) processes and how these are affected by land and sea (Abdulla et al 2013) But the interface - the shoreline - is mobile because land can be uplifted or subside and sea level can rise or fall Hence coastal landscapes landforms and sediments develop along a moving interface between land and sea as well as over long periods of time The zone over which this interaction plays out can be kilometres wide and so landforms produced by coastal processes can be found well inland well above sea level kilometres offshore and well below present sea level In many places coastal landforms are also influenced by ancient antecedent topography The operation of physical processes in coastal environments is explained by Woodroffe et al (2011) and Bird (2004) provides a geomorphological classification of coastal landscapes

Coastal processes were classified into 13 categories in the 2005 report It stated that coastal processes can display

ldquosignificant on-going geological processes in the development of landformsrdquo and ldquosignificant geomorphological or physiographical featuresrdquo for criterion (viii) Coastal processes have also been classified worldwide into 62 coastal provinces (from the coastline to 200 m depth) (Spalding 2012 UNESCO 2016)

Waves tides and wind dominate coastal processes and rivers deliver sediment to the coast These activities lead to the development of coastal landforms that vary according to whether processes play out on hard rocky coasts or on relatively soft mobile sand and gravel coasts So on the one hand we find cliffs headlands reefs coral lagoons and blue-holes rias and fjords while on the other we see beaches dunes sand spits and barriers dune lakes tidal-flats deltas and estuaries Marine canyons may also extend offshore sometimes for hundreds of kilometres The coast also supports rich ecosystems including salt marshes mangroves seagrass coral reefs and salt-tolerant coastal forests and shrub fields

Due to rapid sea-level rise since the last glaciation drowned coasts (characterised by rias fjords and estuaries) are very

Theme 7 Coastal systemsKyung Sik Woo

Figure 19 Fraser Island (Australia) Fraser Island is the largest sand island in the world The combination of shifting sand-dunes tropical rainforests and lakes makes it an exceptional property copy IUCN Ceacutelia Zwahlen


common around the world Post-glacial sea level stabilised close to its present position about 6000 years ago Since that time sea level has varied by less than two metres depending on location but sometimes the migration of shoreline position is also driven by on-going tectonics Thus in some places sea level has the illusion of falling because the land is rising This can result in a staircase of marine terraces as in the Desembarco del Granma National Park (Cuba) In other places such as glaciated parts of northern continents shoreline regression (retreat) is driven by recovery of the land after being depressed under the weight of enormously thick ice sheets Elsewhere huge amounts of sediment deposition by large rivers may cause the land to subside and the sea to transgress thus giving the impression that sea level is rising

Carbonate coasts and sediments tend to increase towards the tropics but can be constrained by large inputs of muddy sediment In carbonate-dominated coasts a clear distinction can be made between tropical to subtropical coral reef-dominated systems and temperate carbonate shell-sand systems Carbonate beaches and tidal flats are especially found in low latitude regions where they tend to be controlled by carbonate production rates of shallow marine organisms as well as by physical hydraulic energy Broad tidal flats composed of carbonates (called sabkha) are present in arid coastal areas Stromatolites (calcareous microbial growths) are another significant feature of low latitude carbonate coasts (Shark Bay Western Australia (Australia))

Where clastic sediments are dominant different types of coastal landforms can develop according to the balance between tidal and wave energy Wave-dominated coasts are represented by beach barrier island and lagoon systems Tidal flats develop along more sheltered low energy coasts with abundant terrestrial sediment supply Coastal deltas and deltaic plains also form where rivers discharge abundant sediment

Many coastal features may be assessed as having OUV due to the great variety of interacting processes involved in their formation and the wide array of hard and soft coast landforms that result The coastal zone is also affected by the discharge of rivers and thereby may be influenced by phenomena that

may occur thousands of kilometres inland away from the coastal zone itself (eg Everglades National Park (United States of America)) Finally by virtue of the concentration of human populations in the coastal zone as well as in the basins of many rivers coastal zones are among the most threatened globally human impact affecting the integrity of many coastal features although in some places there may be sustainable relationships between geodiversity biodiversity and associated cultural activities

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005Using the themes recognised in this report three properties with coastal zone OUV were inscribed on the World Heritage List by 2005 with another six properties that exhibit coastal processes as an ancillary theme (Table 7 Annex 1)

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005The only property listed under this theme since 2005 is the Wadden Sea (Denmark Germany and Netherlands) which was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 2009 and extended in 2014 This property demonstrates geological and geomorphological components of barrier islands beaches tidal flats and ongoing coastal processes which are strongly associated with the paths of migratory birds between Eurasia and Africa

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeConsidering that only one property has been inscribed under this theme since 2005 it can be concluded that the 2005 report was not very effective in stimulating the World Heritage nomination of coastal systems which as a result remain poorly represented on the World Heritage List in terms of recognition under criterion (viii)

Abdulla et al (2013) provided a global analysis of marine World Heritage Properties for all natural criteria They identified and mapped 27 coastal and 24 pelagic provinces representing over 50 of all provinces Around 44 (27) of all 62 coastal provinces and 65 (24) of all 37 pelagic provinces are completely unrepresented (0 properties) on the World Heritage List For another 31 (19) of coastal provinces and 30






1979 Galaacutepagos Islands Ecuador 1978 (2001)

Gulf of Porto Calanche of Piana Gulf of Girola-ta Scandola Reserve France

1983 Great Barrier Reef Australia 1981

Fraser Island Australia 1992 Shark Bay Western Australia Australia 1991

Wadden Sea Denmark Germany Netherlands 2009 (2014) Ha Long Bay Viet Nam 1994 (2000)

Desembarco del Granma National Park Cuba 1999


2001


Theme 7 Coastal systems


(11) of pelagic provinces it is likely that the small area (lt1) covered by existing World Heritage Properties is not adequate to include all features of potential OUV in the province They suggested that the properties and dynamics of seawater and the ocean itself can represent the OUV Apart from ecosystem processes specific to coastal and marine systems in criterion (ix) and references to coastal and marine geological processes and themes in criterion (viii) the physical and chemical nature of seawater and ocean water bodies have not been considered and these are fundamental to the biological processes and species that are the subject of criteria (ix) and (x) (Abdulla et al 2013)

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionThe geographical distribution of existing coastal system World Heritage Properties inadequately reflects the widespread occurrence of coastal properties of global importance There is no case of a lsquocoastal systemrsquo that is fully or over-represented Evidently as with some other themes (such as Theme 6) there are many properties located in coastal areas that are included on the World Heritage List under criteria other than criterion (viii) It has been beyond the scope of the present study to undertake an analysis of that coverage (and the extent to which outstanding coastal geoheritage is covered in such properties) The need to provide updated thematic advice in this area should also consider this aspect of the recognition of coastal systems of OUV under criterion (viii)

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)The prevailing lsquobig storyrsquo to be addressed is sea level rise associated with climatic change Sea level change is a natural process that has been going on for billions of years but the current particularly rapid rate of rise is exacerbated by human activity via the warming effect of greenhouse gases So there is scope for selecting some further World Heritage Properties that contain clear evidence for sea level change and demonstrate the consequences of such changes whether natural or human-induced One of the clearest and scientifically most well-known sites from which the history of Quaternary sea level change has been revealed is found in a series of uplifted coral reefs in Papua New Guinea a Tentative List property referred to as lsquoHuon Terraces ndash Stairway to the Pastrsquo Climate change is also associated with a greater incidence of extreme storm events and these are often particularly manifest along the coast where geological evidence may be left that shows the nature and magnitude of the event (eg cyclones) which may be disastrous from a human perspective Strong physical sedimentary records of both sediments and rocks can be displayed as tempestites tsunamiites and rhodoid deposits in coast zones These records help in understanding the geological history (magnitude and frequency) of natural disasters

Figure 20 Wadden Sea (Denmark Germany and Netherlands) The largest unbroken system of intertidal sand and mud flats in the world copy IUCN Wendy Strahm



Unlike most other geological properties under different themes coastal (also marine) systems cannot be physically separated from adjacent areas because strong process connections are present due to the combined effects of climate waves tide and fluvial discharge Also human activities (coastal protection aquaculture and fisheries) are heavily involved in most areas and traditional fisheries have sometimes become part of geological and ecological systems in coastal regions This kind of human involvement in the coastal zone has already been recognised by Abdulla et al (2013) In many coastal zones there are areas where geodiversity underpins biodiversity because organisms living or visiting the coastal zone are dependent upon the food resources in the substrates that are directly associated with geological and oceanographical processes

Coastal System

Dynamic ongoingprocess associated

with surroundingcoastal landform

Coastal landform sedimentary

deposit with surroundingantecedent landform

Special deposit

bull Wave-dominatedbull Tide-dominatedbull Wave- and tide- combined processed

bull Siliciclastic landform barrier island beach amp dune delta (fan delta) tidal environmentbull Carbonate landform beach amp dune tidal environment (eg sabhka) frining reef and lagoon stromatolite rhodolite etcbull Others marine terrace mangrove swamp

bull Event deposits tempestite seismite tsunamitebull Placer depositsbull Special relationship between geodiversity and biodiversity

Figure 21 Coastal Classification copy Kyung Sik Woo



What does the theme coverMarine systems includes seafloor and submarine features coral islands reefs and oceanic islands The theme encompasses ldquosignificant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms or significant geomorphological featuresrdquo found in the shallow and deep marine areas

This theme comprises the former Theme 9 of the 2005 report lsquoReefs atolls and oceanic islandsrsquo but additionally includes the wide range of ongoing processes and geological features of marine areas including physical chemical and biological processes tectonic settings and sedimentary environments including continental shelf and slope basin floors abyssal plains oceanic trenches submarine ridges

Marine areas cover 70 of the Earth surface most of which is in deep marine areas In recent years there have been a number of advances in the study of the submarine environment including extensive mapping of the seafloor which has produced a plethora of new information on the marine systems in the deep marine areas

The theme of Marine systems will have some overlap with other themes such as lsquoTectonic systemsrsquo eg oceanic ridges andor the theme of lsquoVolcanic systemsrsquo eg volcanic islands as well as the theme of lsquoRiver lake and delta systemsrsquo andor lsquoCoastal systemsrsquo

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005Marine systems were not defined in the 2005 report and only the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) and the Galaacutepagos Islands (Ecuador) were listed with primary features under the then theme of lsquoReefs atolls and oceanic islandsrsquo Shark Bay Western Australia (Australia) was inscribed in 1991 and recognised especially for its stromatolites under criterion (viii)

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005No properties that use Theme 8 as a primary theme have been inscribed since 2005 Papahānaumokuākea in the mid-Pacific Ocean addresses Theme 8 as an ancillary theme (Table 8 Annex 1) and the fossil Triassic reefs and atolls of The Dolomites (Italy) are listed as ancillary values under Theme 1

Theme 8 Marine systemsTom Casadevall Tove Damholt and Kyung Sik Woo

Figure 22 Great Barrier Reef (Australia) The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) forms the worldrsquos largest coral reef ecosystem ranging from inshore fringing reefs to mid-shelf reefs and exposed outer reefs including examples of all stages of reef development The processes of geological and geomorphological evolution are well represented linking continental islands coral cays and reefs The varied seascapes and landscapes that occur today have been moulded by changing climates and sea levels and the erosive power of wind and water over long time periods One-third of the GBR lies beyond the seaward edge of the shallower reefs this area comprises continental slope and deep oceanic waters and abyssal plains copy Wise Hok Wai Lum Source Wikimedia Commons


Evidently a number of atolls and reefs are inscribed under other natural criteria than criterion (viii) and a full evaluation of the representation of these features on the World Heritage List would have to take this into consideration important amongst these is the Ningaloo Coast (Australia) inscribed under criteria (vii) and (x) but having one of the worldrsquos longest near-shore coral reefs All other marine features than oceanic islands atolls and reefs are apparently very poorly represented or missing indicating a substantial gap in the representation of marine features on the World Heritage List

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeWhile this is a newly defined theme given that only one inscription was made since 2005 that falls under the former theme of lsquoReefs atolls and oceanic islandsrsquo it is clear that the 2005 report did not provide the stimulus to States Parties in relation to the application of criterion (viiI)

As noted in the previous Theme (Coastal systems) Abdulla et al (2013) remains an important broader thematic reference for the listing of marine World Heritage There appears to be a need to provide further specific guidance on the positioning of criterion (viii) in relation to the current and future recognition of marine World Heritage

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionGiven the small number of criterion (viii) World Heritage Properties currently listed in relation to the Marine systems theme it is difficult to assess the question of equitable geographical distribution Some notable marine environments such as the Indian Ocean the Polar Regions and most of the Atlantic Ocean currently lack any properties inscribed under criterion (viii) on the World Heritage List however the extent of coverage by properties listed under other themes needs to be considered in assessing representation

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)As this is a newly defined theme and as most of the deep marine environments have not been included previously on the World Heritage List it is reasonable to say that many of the lsquobig storiesrsquo of the geoheritage of Marine systems remain to be revealed within the World Heritage List

There are likely to be number of missing elements under criterion (viii) related to most of the overall features included in the theme Features recommended by Abdulla et al (2013) complemented by biogenic features to include the atolls and reefs are as follows plates and tectonic features hotspot seamounts vents seeps and other hydrogeological features sedimentary processes (clastic processes and products) biogenic features (atolls reefs etc)

As the scope of the present report does not allow for a thorough study on the means to respond to the lsquobig storiesrsquo it is recommended that a thematic study and gap analysis for the theme of Marine systems under criterion (viii) be undertaken to identify the missing elements for future listings In considering such a study including the recommendations of Abdulla et al (2013) it is important to note that some of these aspects can also be taken forward in relation to the application of other themes (for instance see the discussion of marine volcanism in Theme 4)

One example of a lsquobig storyrsquo that is at present only touched on in a limited and incomplete fashion is the submarine expression of plate tectonic boundaries ndash spreading centres subduction zones and expressions of hot spots One could envision for example a serial property nomination to encompass key elements of the Mid-Atlantic Rift system which collectively would tell the story of this major Earth tectonic feature (but noting the link to implementation of Themes 2 and 4) Another topic missing on the World Heritage List is the marine sedimentary systems of canyons channels and submarine fans telling the story of on-going processes acting at giant scale in the deep marine

The importance of including marine natural heritage on the World Heritage List has been recognised in a number of recent reports from IUCN (Abdulla et al 2013 Freestone et al 2016 Casadevall et al 2019) As noted in these reports a key issue relates to who has jurisdiction to propose manage and protect areas of the deep marine environment These environments cover half of the Earthrsquos surface most of which lies beyond the jurisdiction of nations However and as mentioned under the lsquoVolcanic systemsrsquo theme the plethora of recent deep sea floor mapping and exploration has revealed a variety of seafloor features and environments which may merit protection from threats due to mineral resource exploitation disposal of wastes from human activity such as mining dredging for seafoods etc This represents a further reason to explore the extension of the application of the World Heritage Convention to the High Seas





Great Barrier Reef Australia 1981 Galaacutepagos Islands Ecuador 1978 (2001)



Theme 8 Marine systems


What does the theme coverThis theme includes geological processes landscape and geomorphological features developed by past or present glacial and periglacial systems Theme 9 is equivalent to the former two themes 10 lsquoGlaciers and ice capsrsquo and 11 lsquoIce Agesrsquo described in the 2005 report The new theme Theme 9 includes 17 of the World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion (viii) for their OUV (primary elements)

Glacier and glacial landscapes are often described as being of the most outstanding and spectacular natural beauty and several World Heritage Properties have been inscribed under criterion (vii) for example Mount Kenya National ParkNatural Forest (Kenya) Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal) and Waterton Glacier International Peace Park (Canada and United States of America) The glacial landscape represents diverse glacial landforms and geomorphic or physiographic features both at a large and small scale created by glacial processes such as erosion and deposition Present day glaciers and ice caps are mainly found in high northern and southern latitudes and in high mountain ranges Their existence is dependent

upon a cold climate and precipitation The glaciers mass balance being the difference between accumulation of snow in the winter and ablation of ice during summer are recorded globally and used as an indication of climate change

Glaciers are in broad sense classified into two main types warm-based or temperate glaciers and cold-based or polar glaciers but in between are variations of intermediate thermal glaciers for example sub-polar glaciers The thermal condition of the glaciers together with ice thickness and gravity due to sub-glacial topography and type of bedrock are one of the factors that affects their dynamics and simultaneously the magnitude of erosion and carving There are several different types of glaciers Large continental masses of glacial ice are called ice sheets such as those covering Antarctica and Greenland Ice caps are smaller usually less than 50000 square kilometres and are mainly found in polar and sub-polar regions eg Vatnajoumlkull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice (Iceland) Mountain glaciers develop in high mountains regions and include smaller cirque glaciers in bowl-shaped eroded landforms Valley glaciers and outlet glaciers are the

Theme 9 Glacial and periglacial systemsLoviacutesa Aacutesbjoumlrnsdoacutettir

Figure 23 Ilulissat Icefjord (Denmark) The Ilulissat Icefjord is an outstanding example of a stage in the Earthrsquos history the last ice age of the Quaternary Period The ice-stream is one of the fastest (40 m per day) and most active in the world Its annual calving of over 46 km3 of ice accounts for 10 of the production of all Greenland calf ice more than any other glacier outside Antarctica The property has significantly added to the understanding of ice-cap glaciology climate change and related geomorphic processes copy Ko Hon Chiu Vincent Source UNESCO


flowing or streaming part of mountain glaciers or ice caps They become piedmont glaciers when they spread out entering flat land but are called tidewater glaciers when reaching out into the sea Rock glaciers are slow moving glaciers with variable amounts of ice involved which are covered with rock and debris preventing the ice from melting

Diverse glacial landforms and glacial landscapes are created by erosional and depositional processes in different glacial environments The main environments are glacial glacio-fluvial glacio-lacustrine and glacio-marine In glacial environments older glacial landforms and features are often eroded or covered by younger glacial erosion and deposits

Periglacial systems are found in cold climate regions where permafrost and freeze-thaw processes are the dominant factors effecting the environment These processes develop characteristic and diverse landform in periglacial environments for example patterned ground palsas and pingos Permafrost is defined as a ground material (soil rock ice or organic material) that remains at or below 0degC for at least two consecutive years Its main characteristic is the permanently frozen conditions of ground water and vapour within the

sediments and bedrocks affected by the cold climate At the surface is the active layer often about one metre thick that seasonally and repeatedly freezes and thaws Permafrost exists in large areas of non-glacial environments in the polar regions but it also occurs (to a lesser extent) as mountain permafrost in many of the higher mountain areas in the world and as subsea permafrost in the continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean Global warming in the past decades has caused changes in the glacial and periglacial environments and is an on-going condition which may have unforeseen consequences in the future

The description for the theme lsquoIce Agesrsquo in the 2005 report is good and valid It includes global patterns of continental icesheet expansion and recession isostasy sea-level changes and associated biogeographic records

The major Ice Ages in the Earthrsquos history are The Huronian (24-21 billion years ago) The Cryogenian (720-635 million years ago) The Early Palaeozoic (460-420 million years ago) the

Andean-Saharan Ice Age





Kluane Wrangell-St Elias Glacier Bay Tatshenshini-Alsek Canada and United States of America

1979 (1992 1994)

Gros Morne National Park Canada 1987

Los Glaciares National Park Argentina 1981 Heard and McDonald Islands Australia 1997

Tasmanian Wilderness Australia 1982 (1989)

Pirin National Park Bulgaria 1983 (2010)

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves La Amistad National Park Costa Rica Panama

1983 (1990)

Yosemite National Park United States of America

1984

Huascaraacuten National Park Peru 1985

Te Wahipounamu ndash South West New Zealand New Zealand

1990

Laponian Area Sweden 1996

Pyreacuteneacutees - Mont Perdu France Spain 1997 (1999)

High Coast Kvarken Archipelago Finland Sweden

2000 (2006)

Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch Switzerland 2001 (2007)

Ilulissat Icefjord Denmark 2004

West Norwegian Fjords ndash Geirangerfjord and Naeligroslashyfjord Norway

2005

Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) Tajikistan

2013

Vatnajoumlkull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice Iceland

2019


Theme 9 Glacial and periglacial systems


The Late Palaeozoic (360-260 million years ago) the Karoo Ice Age

The Cenozoic (28 million-10000 years ago) the Quaternary Ice Age

The Quaternary Ice Age is a rather well-documented event in the Earthrsquos history especially in the Northern Hemisphere but that is not the case with the older Ice Ages However geological records of glacial deposits and erosion relative sea level changes fossil records and chemical elements are evidence of colder climate condition effecting the palaeoenvironment long before the last Ice Age

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005By 2005 14 properties had been inscribed on the World Heritage List under Theme 9 and two additional properties inscribed with ancillary elements under this theme (Table 9 Annex 1) The 14 properties are divided between sites with present glaciers and active glacial processes and sites without glaciers but including glacial landscapes and features from the Pleistocene Epoch Only one property under Theme 9 Laponian Area (Sweden) mention the periglacial processes of freeze-thaw

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005Since 2005 two properties have been inscribed solely or jointly with other themes 1) Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (Tajikistan) which is at the centre of glaciation on the

Eurasian continent and 2) Vatnajoumlkull National Park (Iceland) for the lsquodynamic nature of fire and icersquo with OUV for two Themes 9 and 4

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeIn the 2005 report the thematic advice provides clarity on the elements of criterion (viii) were divided into four parts and defined with a list of processes landforms and features recognised within each part The two themes at the time (lsquoGlaciers and ice capsrsquo and lsquoIce Agesrsquo) was clearly described The reason that only two inscriptions have been assigned for Theme 9 since 2005 can partly be explained by the relatively high number of inscriptions related to this theme before 2005 A number of potentially relevant properties were also inscribed under criterion (vii) A recent inventory of glaciers inside World Heritage Properties independent of criteria inscriptions gave the result of 46 properties with notable glaciers within their boundaries (Bosson et al 2019) In 2020 at least seven sites on the Tentative Lists of States Parties are described as being glacial and periglacial systems

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionTheme 9 is relatively well represented but with an uneven geographical distribution Europe and North America (11 properties) Asia and Pacific (four properties) and Latin America and the Caribbean (three properties) The theme has not yet

Figure 24 Los Glaciares National Park (Argentina) Significant process of glaciation as well as of geological geomorphological and physiographical phenomena caused by the ongoing advance and retreat of the glaciations that took place during the Pleistocene epoch in the Quaternary period and the neoglaciations corresponding to the current epoch or Holocene copy Philipp Schinz Source UNESCO



been used for inscription of properties in the Arab States and Africa but this reflects the geography of the planet

Periglacial systems are under-represented on the World Heritage List even though permafrost regions extend over 25 of the Earthrsquos terrestrial areas Large permafrost areas exist in northern Canada Alaska (USA) Russian Federation and China Periglacial system are in properties inscribed under others themes for example Lena Pillars Nature Park (Russian Federation) and are also found in World Heritage Properties inscribed for criterion (vii) and biodiversity eg Putorana Plateau (Russian Federation)

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any rsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)The key issue for Theme 9 is the changing climate globally In the past decade we have witnessed that glaciers are retreating fast and periglacial areas are thawing Bosson et al (2019) provides an inventory based on the newest available data on glaciers in 2017 and glacier evolution modelling for 46 World Heritage glaciers sites The results predict that by the year 2100 more than 80 of the ice volume of glaciers in 2017 is expected to have melted in 20 or 41 sites according to the models low or high emission scenario Glacier lsquoextinctionrsquo or disappearance is forecasted in eight to 21 World Heritage Properties In the research it is also pointed out that this decline in World Heritage glaciers will strongly affect the integrity and value of many of these sites and can even be a threat to their OUV

The lsquobig storiesrsquo of the major Ice Ages in Earthrsquos history are their causes and effects Does the rock record hold any evidence of the likely causes of these Ice Ages How are these Ice Ages represented in geological formations and erosions How do they represent changes in palaeoclimates palaeoenvironments atmospheric composition changes in tectonic or changes in the fossil record It is clear that inscription of older Ice Ages can be complex and it will have a strong interplay with other themes To cover some of these topics inscription as a serial or transboundary properties could be considered

Theme 9 has the characteristic of interacting with many other themes under criterion (viii) and with other criteria as well Glacial and periglacial systems are common under criterion (vii) but are also found under criteria (ix) and (x) as the theme creates a foundation for a specific ecological environment biological diversity and habitats

Multibeam surveys of the sea floor have revealed glacial landforms that provide additional information on terrestrial glaciation It is not unlikely that in the near future a new technology will reveal geological properties of OUV for Theme 9 and other themes of criterion (viii)



What does the theme coverThe theme Desert and semi-desert systems is presented in the 2005 report as lsquoArid and semi-arid desert systemsrsquo and emphasises specific environments rather than a particular surface process or group of processes However in order to minimise overlaps within the present framework and to make it as clear as possible this category is understood as primarily designed to cover aeolian processes and landforms as well as features produced by intermittent runoff and evaporation Thus it includes landscape features such as dunes and dune fields of various types and sizes yardangs deflation hollows wadis and playas

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005The 2005 report mentioned that four properties had OUV under this lsquoArid and semi-arid desert systemsrsquo theme (Willandra Lakes Region (Australia) Tassili nrsquoAjjer (Algeria) Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park (Australia) and Purnululu National Park (Australia) but none had actually been inscribed under that theme (Table 10 Annex 1)

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005The current representation of desert and semi-desert systems among World Heritage Properties inscribed under criterion

(viii) is very limited There are only three such properties all inscribed after the 2005 report El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve

(Mexico) ndash includes part of the Sonoran Desert with star dunes and linear dunes of considerable height This property also includes significant volcanic features

Namib Sand Sea (Namibia) ndash hosts diverse dune landscapes representing an almost complete catalogue of dune types (star linear transverse barchans) as well as other desert surface features such as interdune corridors gravel plains ephemeral channels and playas

Lut Desert (Iran) ndash includes classic locality of yardangs developed on a massive scale as well as gravel plains and dune fields

There are several additional World Heritage Properties relevant to the theme but inscribed under criteria other than criterion (viii) However justifications of inscription show that landscape features produced by desert environmental processes were considered crucial for the OUV of these properties These are1 Air and Teacuteneacutereacute Natural Reserves (Niger) (vii) (ix) and (x) ndash

include dune fields surrounding residual volcanic massifs in the hyper-arid environment

Theme 10 Desert and semi-desert systemsPiotr Migoń

Figure 25 Lut Desert (Iran) The Lut Desert is a classic locality of yardangs developed on a massive scale as well as gravel plains and dune fields copy Paul Williams


2 Lakes of Ounianga (Chad) (vii) ndash a group of lakes within an otherwise hyper-arid environment fed by groundwater and surrounded by dunes and desert pavements filling surface depressions formed by aeolian erosion (deflation)

3 Okavango Delta (Botswana) (vii) (ix) and (x) ndash overlapping with Theme 5 (River lake and delta systems) it also represents geomorphic features resulting from specific hydrological functioning of drylands with considerable seasonal variations in runoff

Furthermore as with other themes there are many more properties included on the World Heritage List within arid and semi-arid environments but listed for values not related to desert geomorphology (such as Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) (Egypt) which is listed for its spectacular fossils but in a diverse natural desert landscape

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeDesert and semi-desert systems have been the subject of a thematic study commissioned by IUCN (Goudie amp Seely 2011) This study comprehensively covered desert environments identifying various geomorphological features present in the worldrsquos deserts whether directly formed by dry climate processes or not but also indicating three unique subjects for drylands (a) wind processes and landforms (b) weathering processes forms and surface materials specifically different types of near-surface crusts and (c) fossil lakes and other pluvial evidence The latter is particularly important in the context of climate change over geological timescales providing evidence of drastic shifts in climate especially during the Quaternary It needs to be noted that five out of the six World Heritage Properties listed above were inscribed after the thematic study was published although work towards their nominations may have started earlier

Goudie amp Seely (2011) also noted several World Heritage Properties located in deserts which contain representative desert surface features although not of OUV and inscribed under different natural and cultural criteria Among them properties inscribed in recognition of rock art are particularly relevant as this rock art often provides evidence of drastic climate change experienced in recent Earth history They also found several properties on the Tentative List which illustrate desert processes with a few having been inscribed in the following years

This 2011 thematic advice remains relevant and effective as a basis for guiding future application of criterion (viii) under this theme

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionThe current representation of desert and semi-desert systems is relatively modest although the actual number of properties located in arid and semi-arid areas is much higher Many however were inscribed as outstanding examples of erosional systems and palaeontological properties as well as for rock art (as Cultural World Heritage) rather than for aeolian or other specifically dry climate processes Among the six properties listed above four are located in Africa whereas Asia and North America are represented by one property each This low number stands in stark contrast to the area covered by worldrsquos deserts and semi-deserts estimated by Goudie amp Seely (2011) for one third of the total continental area Evident geographical gaps are deserts of Middle East Central and East Asia Australia as well as the semi-desert areas of South America The vastness of the Sahara and the diversity of the North American drylands also offers potential for identification of further features of OUV

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any lsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)In terms of diversity of desert processes and landforms the majority of properties illustrate depositional effects of aeolian processes being focused on dune landscapes Star and linear dunes are highlighted whereas other dunes types such as transverse dune fields and barchans are less exposed Effects of aeolian erosion (deflation) are emphasised in one case only (Lut Desert (Iran)) and there is the scope for further investigation and nominations Desert lakes and playas (former lake basins including seasonal lakes) whether in inland or coastal locations (sabkhas) are clearly under-represented Another gap is complex desert geomorphological systems which would explicitly integrate erosional transitional and depositional features into one system addressing the condition of integrity Two variants may be distinguished here (a) aeolian systems from deflation surfaces (playas stony deserts wind-moulded bedrock outcrops) to dune fields (b) runoff-evaporation systems from channel networks in the higher ground to seasonal lakes and playas The theme of desert landscapes as evidence of climate change is definitely worth exploration both for existing properties (including those inscribed under cultural criteria) and potential properties It may be linked with cultural World Heritage





El Pinacate and Gran Desierto de Altar Bio-sphere Reserve Mexico

2013

Namib Sand Sea Namibia 2013

Lut Desert Iran 2016


Theme 10 Desert and semi-desert systems


as the sensitivity of dry environments to climate change often contributed to rises and falls of ancient civilisations which have left tangible evidence (abandoned settlements relict cultural landscapes) Rapidly increasing literature on this subject will provide solid scientific background for further action

In the dual context of desert and semi-desert systems and climate change a theme of loess deposits (wind-blown silt) is identified as completely missing from the World Heritage List Loess with associated palaeosols (buried soils) is an important carrier of palaeoenvironmental information which in suitable settings covers the entire Quaternary Period providing a unique terrestrial record of climate change The thickness of continuous loess may exceed 100 m and is often well exposed In certain localities loess is linked with distinctive features of surface erosion (gully networks escarpments) illustrating on-going geological (geomorphological) processes and significant geomorphic formations Supporting fertile soils loess areas have been inhabited and turned into agricultural land early in the human history As a consequence they are rich in archaeological evidence often of unique value The potential of loess deposits and landscapes may be explored in East and Central Asia Central and Eastern Europe in particular but loess deposits occur on all continents

Thus whilst the specific guidance for the application of criterion (viii) remains relevant it may be that deserts would benefit from a greater connection of the recognition of geoheritage to the wider recognition of cultural and natural World Heritage

Figure 26 Namib Sand Sea (Namibia) This property hosts diverse dune landscapes representing an almost complete catalogue of dune types (star linear transverse barchans) as well as other desert surface features such as interdune corridors gravel plains ephemeral channels and playas copy Ko Hon Chiu Vincent Source UNESCO



What does the theme coverThe theme of Meteorite impacts includes features produced by the impacts of meteors comets asteroids and other extra-terrestrial objects with the Earth including both physical structures formed by extra-terrestrial impacts such as impact craters as well as major effects caused by them such as mass extinction Impacts by and accretion of extra-terrestrial bodies was the fundamental process by which the Earth grew to its current size It was also a dominant geological process throughout the early history of the Solar System and a variety of possible effects have been ascribed to impacts on Earth including the origin of the Earthrsquos moon the contribution to the Earthrsquos quantity of volatile gases and effects on the evolution of early life In more recent geological time at least one mass extinction event is linked to global effects caused by a major impact event (eg Osinski amp Pierazzo 2012)

Most of the physical structures formed by impacts of extra-terrestrial bodies on Earth have been obliterated by later geological processes and only a few of the more than 190 impact craters3 that have been identified still display the characteristic crater morphology with an annular depression surrounded by an elevated crater rim

What had been listed as World Heritage by 2005At the time of the publication of the 2005 report only one property had been inscribed on the World Heritage List under this theme Vredefort Dome (South Africa) which is the oldest largest and most deeply eroded complex meteorite impact structure in the world (Table 11 Annex 1) It is the site of the worldrsquos greatest single known energy release event and contains high quality and accessible geological (outcrop) properties which demonstrate a range of geological evidences of a complex meteorite impact structure

What has been listed as World Heritage since 2005In 2014 Stevns Klint (Denmark) was inscribed under this theme The property bears evidence of the asteroid impact believed to have caused the mass extinction that led to the end of the Age of the Dinosaurs and has iconic scientific importance due to its association with the radical theory for asteroid driven extinction In 2014 decision 38 COM 8B10 of the World Heritage Committee followed the recommendation of IUCN and considered ldquothat this nomination can be regarded as completing the recognition of the phenomenon of asteroid impact and its impact on the history of life on Earth on the

Theme 11 Meteorite impactsTove Damholt

Figure 27 Vredefort Dome (South Africa) The Vredefort Dome is the oldest largest and most deeply eroded complex meteorite impact structure in the world and the site of the worldrsquos greatest single known energy release event copy OUR PLACE The World Source UNESCO

3 Earth Impact Database 2019 - httpwwwpasscnetEarthImpactDatabaseNew20website_05-2018Indexhtml


World Heritage Listrdquo The Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (South Africa) an Archean property inscribed under several themes (Theme 1 2 4 and 11) contains several thin beds interpreted as meteorite fall-back breccia reflecting the massive bombardments of the early Earth

Is the thematic advice we have at present sufficient for this themeIn the 2005 report the lsquoMeteorite impactrsquo theme is described as ldquophysical evidence of meteorite impacts (astroblemes) and major changes that have resulted from them such as extinctionsrdquo This led to the nomination and inscription of Stevns Klint (Denmark) in 2014 This theme has not been seen as requiring a separate thematic study

How well is the theme now represented on the World Heritage List including its geographical distributionAs mentioned there are only two properties on the World Heritage List that represent meteorite impacts one in Africa and one in Europe plus one property in Africa that contains meteorite fall-back spherules Further it should be noted again that following the nomination of the Stevns Klint (Denmark) in 2014 it can be considered that this theme is now fully represented on the World Heritage List regardless of geographical distribution

Any key issues (things to avoid lessons learned considerations like serial properties relevance to other criteria any lsquobig storiesrsquo missing key properties for this theme that would meet criterion (viii) that are listed under other criteria interplay with biodiversity culture)The theme is well represented considering the more limited scope compared to the other themes recognised within criterion (viii) This is particularly the case with regards to the very old and very large physical features related to impacts by extra-terrestrial bodies by the eroded crater of Vredefort Dome supplemented by the fall back breccia of the Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains (both in South Africa) Stevns Klint (Denmark) forms an equally strong representation of the effect of an extra-terrestrial impact on the record of life on Earth It is remarkable however that the list does not include the feature that is most spectacular and easily understandable to everyone a well-preserved impact crater with a clearly visible annular depression surrounded by an elevated crater rim The lsquobig storiesrsquo of the theme are thus regarded as fully covered except for the representation of a crater structure clearly visible to the untrained eye and recognised as such to a wide public





Vredefort Dome South Africa 2005 Barberton Makhonjwa Mountains South Africa 2018

Stevns Klint Demark 2014


Figure 28 Stevns Klint (Denmark) The Stevns Klint bears evidence of the asteroid impact believed to have caused the mass extinction that led to the end of the Age of the Dinosaurs It is of iconic scientific importance due to its association with the radical theory for asteroid driven extinction copy Jacob Lautrup Source UNESCO

Theme 11 Meteorite impacts


As mentioned previously apart from justifying OUV any World Heritage nomination must also include a full and detailed comparative analysis the definition of boundaries meet the conditions of integrity and demonstrate adequate long-term protection and management which should reflect the extent and character of the attributes that convey the OUV To assist in the assessment of OUV it is necessary to perform a global comparative analysis with other sites and areas (including those already inscribed on the World Heritage List) across the world that contain or display similar elements The following three cases are examples of how the building of a comparative analysis was done for recently designated World Heritage Properties nominated under criterion (viii) Collectively these three examples show some commonalities that extend across all 11 themes in geological World Heritage (Figure 2) including the overarching need to identify a gap in attributes of OUV among all existing World Heritage Properties before beginning the nomination the utility of creating a formal list of required and desired criteria to permit equal comparisons among all relevant sites worldwide and the value of a rigorous scoring system to rank individual sites

relative to these previously defined criteria At the same time these examples also show that some aspects of each theme are unique to that theme and thus require some individuality in the criteria for comparisons It is recommended to consider these but also to contact IUCN beforehand in order to establish an effective comparative analysis methodology

Theme 1 Mistaken Point CanadaFor the past two decades all nominations under Theme 1 have used a similar lsquobest practicersquo method for the comparative analysis of fossil sites as illustrated by the analysis of Mistaken Point (IUCN 2016 p 56-57 Thomas and Narbonne 2015 p 59-69) The evaluation started with a comparison of Mistaken Point with all World Heritage fossil sites none of which contained any part of the OUV proposed for Mistaken Point

Evaluation of all Ediacaran fossil sites worldwide was aided by comparative work undertaken by two international Ediacaran fossil experts who analysed all 109 sites worldwide where Ediacaran fossils had been reported identifying 84 sites they regarded as valid and then further distilling this list to 13 sites

Figure 29 Mistaken Point (Canada) These rugged coastal cliffs of deep marine origin date to the middle of the Ediacaran Period 580-560 million years ago They record lsquowhen life got bigrsquo the first abundant appearance of large biologically complex organisms after three billion years of mainly microbial evolution copy Mistaken Point Ambassadors Inc Barrett amp MacKay Photography Source UNESCO

Comparative analysis


on five continents with sufficient age certainty and fossil diversity to potentially justify OUV These 13 sites were then assessed on the basis of 12 criteria reflecting the ten questions on the lsquoIUCN fossil site evaluation checklistrsquo (Annex 2) that critically assessed the record of fossil diversity at the site the nature and quality of the fossil archive at the site and the permanence (integrity) and scientific impact of the site (Figure 30) The 13 short-listed Ediacaran sites were then assessed as objectively as possible under these 12 criteria typically using numerical subcategories such as stratigraphic thickness number of fossils described number of fossil species recognised and number of scientific papers documenting the site for ranking within each criterion The short-listed sites were then ranked numerically from 1 to 13 within each criterion and the results were summed to produce a matrix for global comparative analysis A final test of the comparative matrix was to critically compare the ranking (both overall and in each specific criterion) of all 13 sites with the Statement of OUV of the nominated site as representing the ldquooutstanding record of a critical milestone in the history of life on Earth lsquowhen life got bigrsquo after almost three billion years of microbe-dominated evolutionrdquo (Thomas and Narbonne 2015 Fig 36)

Theme 4 Vatnajoumlkull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice IcelandVolcanic systems have recently received a high degree of attention with comprehensive global reviews of all inscribed World Heritage Properties that display volcanic features as part of their OUV (Wood 2009 Casadevall et al 2019) These reviews have provided excellent summations of the breadth of volcanic features preserved in World Heritage Properties worldwide but also reveal some significant volcanic features and processes not represented in any World Heritage Property

The inscription of Icelandrsquos Vatnajoumlkull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice (VPN) property on the World Heritage List in 2019 filled a major gap in the coverage of volcanic systems ndash the volcanic systems that produce a mid-ocean ridge Iceland

is the only part of the actively spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge that is above sea level The comparative analysis for the VPN nomi-nation was with 13 sites six of them World Heritage Properties plus seven other prominent sites which have similar tectonic glacio-volcanic volcanic andor glaciological processes From this comparative analysis it was clear that VPN stood out as being by far the most diverse site in terms of the types of landforms related to volcanism and glacio-volcanism No pro-perty inscribed on the World Heritage List presented active ice dominant glacio-volcanism or glacio-volcanic landforms such as Tuya and Tindar ridges Moacuteberg (hyaloclastite) formations joumlkulhlaup and Sandur or glacial outwash plains In the compa-rative analysis the volcanic fields of Antarctica came close to the VPN in diversity but they had lower levels of Holocene vol-canic activity and many are in areas that are difficult to access (Baldursson et al 2018)

The IUCN evaluation report for VPN (IUCN 2019) concluded

ldquoThe property comprises an entire system where magma and the lithosphere are incessantly interacting with the cryosphere hydrosphere and atmosphere to create extremely dynamic and diverse geological processes and landforms that are currently underrepresented or not found on the World Heritage Listrdquo

Theme 11 Stevns Klint DenmarkThe mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary represents the latest and by far best understood and most publicised of the five major faunal turnovers (mass extinction events) that punctuated the Phanerozoic history of life on Earth (Raup amp Sepkoski 1982 Fan et al 2020) It was also the first mass extinction event that was demonstrably related to an extra-terrestrial impact (Alvarez et al 1980) Recognising that this event was not already represented on the World Heritage List Stevns Klint was proposed for adoption as representing a lsquomajor stage in Earthrsquos history including the record of lifersquo thus fulfilling criterion (viii)

CATEGORY 1Fossil record of Ediacara-typesoft-bodied macrofossil deiversity

CATEGORY 2Nature and quality of the fossil archive

CATEGORY 3Permanence (integrity) and scientific impact of the site

1 Number of Ediacara-type macrofossil genera (sensu lato) known from the site

2 Higher level diversity3 Number of Ediacaran macrofossil specimens of lsquoanimal-like characterrsquo estimated to be visible and in situ at the site4 Wider evolutionary signifiance

5 Quality of preserved Ediacara-type preservation

6 Exposed stratigraphic thickness

7 Geochronological constraints

8 Age of the fossil assemblages

9 Range of major depositional environments represented at the site

10 Degree of site investigation

11 Ease of access to the site

12 Permanence of the site

Figure 30 Summary of the criteria assessed in the Global Comparative Analysis of Ediacaran fossil properties Modified from Thomas and Narbonne 2015 Table 32



The comparative analysis used an existing database (KTbase) of more than 500 sites marking the CretaceousminusPalaeogene boundary (Damholt amp Surlyk 2012) and was performed in two stages

First three prerequisites were defined to ensure that all sites examined in further detail comprised the key attributes telling the complete story of the biotic turnover across the CretaceousminusPalaeogene boundary layer and included traces of the extra-terrestrial impact

Completeness across the boundary including the latest Cretaceous and the earliest Palaeogene strata in order to represent the entire event the nature of the mass extinction and the subsequent recovery of life after the extinction

Well studied and described allowing comparison

Boundary layer lithologically different from the underly-ing Cretaceous sediments and the overlying Palaeogene sediments and including the characteristic enrichment in iridium and other rare elements

These three criteria reduced the number of relevant sites to 17 (Damholt amp Surlyk 2012)

In order to compare the 17 sites fulfilling the prerequisites with respect to their potential as a World Heritage Property an additional number of issues were subsequently studied in detail under a second set of criteria (Soslashrensen 2010)

The nature and quality of the rock section itself The site should be of high quali-ty and permanency and contain a clearly defined stratigraphic section

bull Visibility of the boundary layer

bull Lateral extent of exposure

bull Quality of exposure

Fossil record of biodiversityThe site should contain high fossil diversity representing the broadest possible range of major taxonomic groups

bull Fossil diversity

Scientific impact of siteThe site should have high quality for scientific studies

bull Scientific impactbull Accessibility of the

site

The 17 short-listed Cretaceous-Palaeogene boundary sites were assessed as objectively as possible under the defined criteria using numerical subcategories such as visibility of boundary layer lateral extent quality of exposure presence of major biotic groups and number of scientific papers documenting the site for ranking within each criterion The results were summed to produce a matrix for global comparative analysis

Finally the ranking found in the numerical comparative analysis was critically compared with the Statement of OUV of the nominated property as an outstanding example of the most spectacular global mass extinction event in the history of Earth (Damholt amp Surlyk 2012)

Figure 31 Vatnajoumlkull National Park - Dynamic Nature of Fire and Ice (Iceland) This is an iconic volcanic region that also features the continental drifting currently active in this part of Atlantic Ocean with ten central volcanoes eight of which are subglacial Two of these are among the most active in Iceland The interaction between volcanoes and the rifts that underlie the Vatnajoumlkull ice cap takes many forms the most spectacular of which is the joumlkulhlaup ndash a sudden flood caused by the breach of the margin of a glacier copy THORNorvarethur Aacuternason Source UNESCO



IntegrityWhile the principles of authenticity apply only to properties being nominated under criteria (i) ndash (vi) the concept of integrity applies to all nominations including those under criterion (viii) Integrity is a measure of the wholeness or intactness of the heritage of the proposed property Specifically it must include all elements needed to express its OUV it must be of adequate size to ensure the complete representation of the features and processes that convey the propertyrsquos significance and it should not be suffering from any adverse effects of development andor neglect For all properties nominated under criteria (vii) ndash (x) bio-physical processes and landform features should be relatively intact However it is recognised that no area is totally pristine and that all natural areas are in a dynamic state and to some extent involve contact with people For criterion (viii) the Operational Guidelines (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2019) state that proposed properties

ldquohellipshould contain all or most of the key inter-related and interdependent elements in their natural relationships For example an rsquoice agersquo area would meet the conditions of integrity if it includes the snow field the glacier itself and samples of cutting patterns deposition and colonization (eg striations moraines pioneer stages of plant succession etc) in the case of volcanoes the magmatic series should be complete and all or most of the varieties of effusive rocks and types of eruptions be representedrdquo

Within this general context other aspects of integrity are most-ly specific to the theme and property under consideration For example a fossil property under Theme 1 should contain a high abundance and diversity of well-preserved fossils that remain in situ in the rock for observation and future study and fossils that have been removed for scientific purposes should be reposited in a curated museum collection The permanence of the fossil record at the property is also an important feature of its integrity

Protection and management Once a property is inscribed onto the World Heritage List it is necessary that the State Party ensures the conditions and integrity of the property are sustained or even enhanced To achieve this all properties must have adequate long-term legislative regulatory institutional and or traditional protection and management to ensure their safeguarding The property should be protected from social economic and other pressures that might negatively impact the propertyrsquos OUV

BoundariesThe delineation of boundaries is an essential requirement in the establishment of the effective protection of a property For properties nominated under criteria (vii) ndash (x) boundaries should reflect the spatial requirements of habitats species processes or phenomena that provide the basis for their inscription on the World Heritage List The boundaries should include sufficient areas immediately adjacent to the area of OUV in order to protect the propertyrsquos heritage values from direct effects of human encroachments and impacts of resource use outside of the nominated area (a buffer zone) More information on protection and management and boundaries can be found in the Operational Guidelines (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2019)


The following section addresses the explicit request from the World Heritage Committee for guidance on the relationship between geological World Heritage Properties and UNESCO Global Geoparks

The lsquoConvention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritagersquo was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO at its 17th session in November 1972 It was done in response to the observation that cultural and natural heritage were becoming increasingly threatened with destruction not only by traditional causes of decay but also by changing social and economic conditions It also considered that parts of the cultural and natural heritage are of outstanding interest and therefore need to be preserved as part of the World Heritage of humankind as a whole At the time of adoption the Convention stated that natural heritage included ldquogeological and physiographical formationsrdquo Subsequently the concept of OUV was defined and ten criteria were established to help States Parties decide whether proposed World Heritage Properties could fulfil the concept of OUV Before 2004 natural criterion (i) stated ldquobe outstanding examples representing major stages of Earthrsquos history including the record of life significant on-going geological processes in the development of landforms or significant geomorphic or physiographic featuresrdquo With the re-organising of the criteria in 2004 natural criterion (i) became criterion (viii) although the definition remained unchanged Presently (June 2021) 93 properties are inscribed on the World Heritage List either under criterion (viii) alone or in combination with one or more other criteria representing approximately 8 of all properties on the list

The latest version of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention published in 2019 mentions that since the adoption of the Convention in 1972 the international community has embraced the concept of lsquosustainable developmentrsquo and notes that the protection and conservation of the natural and cultural heritage constitute a significant contribution to sustainable development It also encourages States Parties to mainstream into their programmes and activities related to the Convention the principles of the relevant policies adopted by the World Heritage Committee the General Assembly of States Parties to the Convention and the UNESCO Governing Bodies These include the document Policy for the Integration of a Sustainable Development Perspective into the Processes of the World Heritage Convention and the UNESCO policy on engaging with indigenous peoples as well as other related policies and documents including the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and international human rights standards However the definitions of World Heritage and OUV and the ten criteria that support these definitions still make no reference to sustainable development Furthermore some properties

are so fragile remote scientifically specific or they simply have no host human communities that they cannot contribute to sustainable development The important thing is of course that they fulfil one or more of the ten criteria to demonstrate that they have OUV

Starting in the late 1980rsquos and 1990rsquos various areas in Europe were developing programmes of sustainable development based on geological heritage In 1994 Reacuteserve Geacuteologique de Haute Provence (France) Vulkaneifel (the Gerolstein area of the Eifel district in Germany) and the Museum of the Petrified Forest on Lesvos Island Greece joined together to apply for funding under the European Unionrsquos community-led LEADER programme to further develop this concept of using an arearsquos geological heritage to promote the sustainable development of the communities who live there They were joined by the Maestrazgo Cultural Park in Spain and together in 2000 they jointly launched the fledging European Geoparks Network with each area branding itself as a European Geopark As originally defined a European Geopark is a territory which includes a particular geological heritage and a sustainable territorial development strategy supported by a European program to promote development It must have clearly defined boundaries and sufficient surface area for true territorial economic development A European Geopark should have an active role in the economic development of its territory through enhancement of a general image linked to the geological heritage and the development of geotourism It should also have direct impact on the territory by influencing its inhabitants living conditions and environment The objective is to enable the inhabitants to re-appropriate the values of the territoryrsquos heritage and actively participate in the territoryrsquos cultural revitalisation as a whole Also significantly all European Geoparks were obliged to be part of a network of cooperation the European Geoparks Network By early 2004 the European Geoparks Network had expanded to include 17 European Geoparks

At the same time Geoparks also began to be created in China However here the early focus was to define sites and areas important from a geological science perspective only rather than using that heritage for promoting sustainable development On February 13 2004 alongside the annual meeting in UNESCO of the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) eight Chinese Geoparks and the 17 European Geoparks were brought together to create the Global Geoparks Network (GGN) and the 25 European and Chinese Geoparks were rebranded as Global Geoparks under the auspices of UNESCO and using the approach of using geological heritage for promoting sustainable development The Global Geoparks and the GGN were then formally launched in June 2004 in Beijing China at the inaugural International

Geological World Heritage Properties and UNESCO Global Geoparks


Conference on Geoparks The 2005 report noted that ldquohellipthe World Heritage List is never likely to include more than 150 properties of primary geological or geomorphological interestrdquo and that the ldquonecessarily selective nature of World Heritage cannot therefore be regarded as adequate for recognising the full range of globally selective geological propertiesrdquo By the time the 2005 report was published there were 32 Global Geoparks and it was noted that the UNESCO Geoparks Program could be a viable alternative model to World Heritage for recognising protecting other geological sites However there was no UNESCO Geoparks Program at that time and there was no formal legal link to UNESCO

Nevertheless Global Geoparks increasingly spread to other areas of the world Starting in 2013 at the request of its Member States UNESCO through the establishment of a working group began to explore ways of formalising the link between Global Geoparks and the Organisation This resulted in the adoption in November 2015 by the General Conference of UNESCO at its 38th session of a new programme the International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme (IGGP) which allowed for the creation of a new UNESCO site designation the UNESCO Global Geopark (UGGp) Following approval from 33 individual Member States which hosted the then existing 120 Global Geoparks these areas were automatically re-designated as UGGprsquos Presently (June 2021) there are 169 UGGprsquos in 44 Member States all linked together through the GGN4

With the drafting and adoption of a set of Statutes and Operational Guidelines for the new IGGP (UNESCO 2015) a UNESCO Global Geopark was officially defined as a

ldquohellipsingle unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection education and sustainable development The international geological significance of a UNESCO Global Geopark is determined by scientific professionals as part of a lsquoUNESCO Global Geopark Evaluation Teamrsquo who make a globally comparative assessment based on the peer-reviewed published research conducted on geological sites within the area UNESCO Global Geoparks use geological heritage in connection with all other aspects of that arearsquos natural and cultural heritage to enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society in the context of the dynamic planet we all live onrdquo

To support this definition a set of seven criteria were also adopted(i) UNESCO Global Geoparks must be single unified geographical areas where sites and landscapes of international geological significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection education research and sustainable development A UNESCO Global Geopark must have a clearly defined border be of adequate size to fulfil its functions and contain geological

heritage of international significance as independently verified by scientific professionals

(ii) UNESCO Global Geoparks should use that heritage in connection with all other aspects of that arearsquos natural and cultural heritage to promote awareness of key issues facing society in the context of the dynamic planet we all live on including but not limited to increasing knowledge and understanding of geoprocesses geohazards climate change the need for the sustainable use of Earthrsquos natural resources the evolution of life and the empowerment of indigenous peoples

(iii) UNESCO Global Geoparks should be areas with a management body having legal existence recognized under national legislation The management bodies should be appropriately equipped to adequately address the area of the UNESCO Global Geopark in its entirety

(iv) In the case where an applying area overlaps with another UNESCO designated site such as a World Heritage Site or Biosphere Reserve the request must be clearly justified and evidence must be provided for how UNESCO Global Geopark status will add value by being both independently branded and in synergy with the other designations

(v) UNESCO Global Geoparks should actively involve local communities and indigenous peoples as key stakeholders in the Geopark In partnership with local communities a co-management plan needs to be drafted and implemented that provides for the social and economic needs of local populations protects the landscape in which they live and conserves their cultural identity It is recommended that all relevant local and regional actors and authorities be represented in the management of a UNESCO Global Geopark Local and indigenous knowledge practice and management systems should be included alongside science in the planning and management of the area

(vi) UNESCO Global Geoparks are encouraged to share their experience and advice and to undertake joint projects within the GGN Membership of GGN is obligatory

(vii) A UNESCO Global Geopark must respect local and national laws relating to the protection of geological heritage The defining geological heritage sites within a UNESCO Global Geopark must be legally protected in advance of any application At the same time a UNESCO Global Geopark should be used as leverage for promoting the protection of geological heritage locally and nationally The management body must not participate directly in the sale of geological objects such as fossils minerals polished rocks and ornamental rocks of the type normally found in so-called lsquorockshopsrsquo within the UNESCO Global Geopark (regardless of their origin) and should actively discourage unsustainable trade in geological materials as a whole Where clearly justified as a responsible activity and as part of delivering the most effective and sustainable means of site management it may permit sustainable collecting of geological materials for scientific and educational purposes from naturally renewable sites within

4 List of UNESCO Global Geoparks - httpwwwunescoorgnewennatural-sciencesenvironmentearth-sciencesunesco-global-geoparkslist-of-unesco-global-geoparks



the UNESCO Global Geopark Trade of geological materials based on such a system may be tolerated in exceptional circumstances provided it is clearly and publicly explained justified and monitored as the best option for the Global Geopark in relation to local circumstances Such circumstances will be subject to approval by the UNESCO Global Geoparks Council on a case by case basis

As can be seen the main and important differences between geological World Heritage Properties and UNESCO Global Geoparks include that the former are defined by the concept of OUV while the latter are defined by having lsquosites and landscapes of international geological significancersquo While OUV is defined as a combination of fulfilling one or more of the World Heritage criteria site integrity and having a management plan for UGGprsquos international geological significance is independently assessed by the International Union for Geological Sciences (IUGS) Through their global network IUGS ask independent geological researchers on whether the areasrsquo geological values have attracted international scientific researchers whose results have been published in international peer-reviewed scientific journals If the application is deemed by IUGS as not having international value then the application is stopped

Additionally the concept of sustainable development is an integral part of the definition of a UGGp and the involvement of local communities is one of the criteria that helps support

the definition Furthermore while UGGprsquos can just like World Heritage Properties be transnational they cannot be serial in nature as a UGGp is defined as a single unified geographical area Finally a UGGp must include people within its boundaries as per criterion (v) of the definition and there is no zonation such as can exist for World Heritage Properties (eg buffer zones)

Legally the two designations also differ The Statutes and Operational Guidelines of the IGGP do not constitute an intergovernmental convention such as the lsquoWorld Heritage Conventionrsquo and decisions involving new designations and revalidation (the 4-yearly periodic review all UGGprsquos are subject to) are taken by a body of individuals the UNESCO Global Geoparks Council which is appointed by the Director General of UNESCO on the basis of their expertise in Geoparks but who are not representatives of their respective States or any other affiliated entity This is in contrast to the equivalent body for World Heritage the World Heritage Committee which consists of representatives from 21 of the States Parties that are signatories to the Convention The aforementioned system of periodic review for UGGprsquos revalidation also differs to that operated through the World Heritage Convention the periodic review During revalidation progress reports submitted by the UGGp are analysed and this is followed by a site visit that thoroughly investigates not only whether the area is still functioning as a UGGp but significantly what improvements have been made particularly in regard to sustainable

Figure 32 Lesvos Island UNESCO Global Geoparks (Greece) One of the remits of UNESCO Global Geoparks is to promote awareness of geohazards On Lesvos Island the Geopark authorities teach school children how to act in the event of an earthquake When this earthquake hit the village of Vrisa in 2017 pupils in the local school were in class While the school was destroyed all children escaped unharmed copy Patrick Mc Keever



development community involvement and networking activities through the GGN The result of this process can be that the area has made sufficient progress meaning it can maintain its designation as a UGGp for an additional four years after which this process is repeated (the so-called green card) If however it is deemed that not enough progress has been made or one or more other issues have been identified (perhaps for example problems in management or visibility) then a two year warning is issued (the so-called yellow card) A list of recommendations are given to the UGGp and a two year period is allowed for their implantation after which another full revalidation exercise is undertake At this stage if it is considered that not enough progress has been made then the area loses its designation as a UGGp (the so-called red card) A red card is not necessarily the end of the story however as the area when its management body feels it is ready can re-apply following the normal procedure Several Geoparks that previously were given red card have re-applied and have been re-designated as UGGprsquos

While the two UNESCO designations have different remits and foci the two are not mutually exclusive There are several UGGprsquos that include within their boundaries one or more World Heritage Properties (cultural natural and mixed) there are some UGGprsquos that have subsequently either partially or wholly been inscribed onto the World Heritage List There are also some geological World Heritage Properties that have

subsequently been incorporated into a UGGp (eg Messel Pit Fossil Site World Heritage Property in Germany is now a site within the much larger Bergstraszlige-Odenwald UGGp)

When a Member State of UNESCO or a State Party to the World Heritage Convention is pondering whether to apply for an area within its territory to be designated as a geological World Heritage Property or as a UGGp the key questions they should ask is why do they want that designation and what is it they hope to achieve by obtaining it The following figures (34 and 35) are aimed at helping countries decide

Figure 33 Cuilcagh Lakelands UNESCO Global Geopark (Northern Ireland amp Republic of Ireland) Protection of internationally important geological environments is also part of the remit of UNESCO Global Geoparks Cuilcagh Mountain holds one of the largest expanses of blanket bog in Europe Erosion of the bog for example by increased numbers of walkers leads to increased rain runoff into the Marble Arch Caves To assist in the protection of both the bog and the caves the Geopark authorities built a walkway for ramblers The wooden walkway has become a huge success and has attracted tens of thousands more walkers to the area but still ensuring protection of the environment while economically benefitting the sustainable tourism industry of the Geopark copy Tourism Ireland



World Heritage Property Unesco Global Geopark

Who Can Apply Any country that has signed the World Heritage Convention Such countries are known as States Parties

Any country that is a member of UNESCO

Geological Values Must fulfil criterion (viii) and demonstrate OUV

Must have sites and landscapes of international geological significance

Who Decides On Geological Value Recommendation made by IUCN Decision made by World Heritage Committee

International Union of Geological Sciences make decision If they say lsquonorsquo the application is halted

Role Of National Government The nomination of a property for inscription on the World Heritage List is prepared by a State Party to the World Heritage Convention

Notice of intent to apply and the application sent by the national organisation that has official relations with UNESCO eg national commission

Tentative List Obligatory Recommended

National Committees Not required Recommended

Submission Only a property already on the World Heritage Tentative List may be submitted by the State Party to the UNESCO World Heritage Centre as a new World Heritage nomination

Through the national organisation that has official relations with UNESCO eg national commission

Serial Properties Sites Yes No Must be a single unified area

Other Values Can be submitted under any other natural or cultural criteria so long as it can demonstrate OUV under each criterion

Obligatory to link the geological values with other natural cultural and intangible values

Maximum Size None While there is no maximum size it needs to be manageable by a single management authority

Minimum Size Must be of adequate size to ensure the complete representation of the features and processes which convey the propertyrsquos significance and OUV

Cannot be a single site and must be of sufficient size to realise sustainable economic development

Management Body Obligatory Obligatory

Overlap With Other Unesco Designations

Yes Yes but the reasons must be detailed in the application and the management body of any other designation must support the UGGp application

Local Community Involvement Recommended where appropriate Obligatory

Areas With No Human Population Yes No

Selling Of Geological Material In So-Called rsquoRock Shopsrsquo

Yes Not permitted by any organisation selling such material that is linked to the management body

Networking With Other Sites In The Same Designation

No Obligatory All UGGprsquos must be members of the Global Geoparks Network

Cost Of Application Process World Heritage Properties need an established protection and management regime that meets the World Heritage standard but the cost of running such very much depends on site-specific characteristics

Costs associated with the nomination varies

Area must demonstrate it is acting as a de-facto UGGp at the time of application including employing staff operational activities visibility etc Costs associated with this varies Costs associated with creation of application dossier also vary but normally less that WHS applications

Figure 34 A compilation of common questions comparing geological World Heritage Properties and UNESCO Global Geoparks




Cost Of Site Assessment Costs borne by the nominating State Party

Costs borne by the applying area

Annual Fee None A fee of 1500euro is payable annually to the GGN of which 1000USD is donated to UNESCO

Application Timeline Sites need to have been inscribed on the Tentative List for at least 12 months before being nominated

Nomination process from voluntary draft deadline takes a minimumn of 22 months

Minimum of approximately 18 months At the time of application the candidate area must be acting as a de-facto Geopark for at least one year

Decision Making Process By the intergovernmental World Heritage Committee

By the international UNESCO Global Geopark Council Final endorsement is by the Executive Board of UNESCO

Review Process Every six years States Parties submit periodic reports for examination by the World Heritage Committee

The state of conservation of specific World Heritage Properties that are under threat is reported by the State Party and analysed by the Advisory Bodies

Four year revalidation process using a traffic light system of green (four year renewal) yellow (two year renewal) and red (delisting)

Expectation For Results Regarding Sustainable Development

States Parties to the World Heritage Convention have the responsibility to contribute to and comply with the sustainable development objectives including gender equality in the World Heritage processes and in their heritage conservation and management systems

Obligatory and assessed during the revalidation process




Figure 35 A Decision Tree aimed at further assisting countries decide whether to seek designation for an area as a geological World Heritage Property or a UNESCO Global Geoparks

ValuesDoes the site have OUV

Is the site of international geological significance

Scoping study on the potential for demonstrating OUV and or initialcomparative analysis of the site in

its wider global context

UGGp NONE Independentassessment

needed

IntegrityDoes the site satisfy the conditions for integrity

Is it a serial site Does the site include people within its boundaries and

is of sufficient area for territorial economic development

Assessment of conditions for integrity as outlined in sect88 and

sect93 of the World Heritage Operational Guidelines

Lead and managementIs the lead and management at state level

Are local communities indigenous peoples actively involved

Timeline for application processTime available

Sites need to be inscribed on the Tentative List

min 12 months before nominatedNomination process from voluntary

deadline for draft nominations takes min 22 months

Min 18 months

WH or UGGp

Yes No Donrsquot know



Yes No

WH or UGGpWH

Yes No

NONEUGGp

Yes No

WH

Yes No

NONEUGGp

Long Less

UGGp

WH



As was stated at the outset of this report the 2005 report entitled Geological World Heritage A Global Framework aimed to discuss and advise on the role of the World Heritage Convention in recognising and protecting geological and geomorphological heritage By using a thematic approach the 2005 report aimed to assist States Parties in undertaking global comparative



assist the World Heritage Committee and its advisors in their evaluation of new nominations of properties under criterion (viii)

The remit of the present report is to fully revise and update the 2005 report and to look at the potential impact of the new UNESCO Global Geopark designation on future inscriptions to the World Heritage List under criterion (viii)

As with the 2005 report this report also emphasises the fundamental nature of demonstrating OUV before any nomination to the World Heritage List should be made It must be further emphasised that the World Heritage List is very selective and just because a site may be the best of its type nationally or even on a continental scale it does not automatically follow that it has the necessary OUV to be inscribed onto the World Heritage List Only the best sites on a global scale should be inscribed

Before starting the process of considering a possible nomination (and preferably before addition of a possible site to the national Tentative List that guides possible World Heritage nominations) consideration should be given to the reason for seeking a nomination What is it the State Party wants to achieve by a nomination At this stage consideration should be given to assessing whether the UNESCO Global Geopark designation may be a more appropriate option to consider The decision tree in the previous section (Figure 35) can help with this assessment

Whether the decision is to press ahead with a World Heritage nomination or an application to become a UNESCO

Conclusions

Figure 36 Grand Canyon National Park (United States of America) Carved out by the Colorado River the Grand Canyon (nearly 1500 m deep) is the most spectacular gorge in the world Located in the state of Arizona it cuts across the Grand Canyon National Park and its horizontal strata retrace the geological history of the past two billion years copy US National Park Service


Global Geopark all the geological values of the site under consideration must be analysed For a World Heritage nomination the site must demonstrate OUV For a UNESCO Global Geopark application the proposed site or landscape must demonstrate geological heritage of international value

To assist with the analysis in relation to possible World Heritage nominations the 11 themes described in this report should be used to organise the information needed to consider the geological values of the proposed site Overlaps between the geological values of the proposed site and gaps in the World Heritage List should be identified to ensure that these values are not already well represented If the values overlap with identified gaps in the List a brief synthesis defining these values and the attributes should be compiled as the basis for further analysis

Finally to ensure the proposed site really can demonstrate OUV a thorough and detailed comparative analysis should be undertaken based on its geological values attributes and integrity to demonstrate that the site has the exceptional level of global significance that could justify its inclusion on the World Heritage List and fully meet the requirements set out in the World Heritage Conventionrsquos Operational Guidelines

Only once this has been done and the State Party can fully demonstrate that the site has the necessary potential to demonstrate OUV should the preparation of a full nomination to the World Heritage List be considered Throughout this process IUCN is available to respond to questions and advice of States Parties considering World Heritage nominations and welcomes further questions on the recommendations put forward in the present study

Conclusions


Abdulla A Obura D Bertzky B and Shi Y (2013) Marine Natural Heritage and the World Heritage List Interpretation of World Heritage criteria in marine systems analysis of biogeographic representation of sites and a roadmap for addressing gaps Gland Switzerland IUCN httpswwwiucnorgnode21147

Alvarez LW Alvarez W Asaro F and Michel HV (1980) Extraterrestrial cause for the CretaceousndashTertiary Extinction Science 208(4448) pp1095ndash1108 httpsdoiorg101126science20844481095

Anderson JM and de Wit M (2008) Africa Alive Corridors A continental network of earth life and cultural heritage Geobulletin of the Geological Society of South Africa December 2008 pp 11ndash25

Baldursson S Guethnason J Hannesdoacutettir H and Thoacuteretharson T (2018) Nomination of Vatnajoumlkull National Park for inclusion in the World Heritage List Reykjaviacutek Vatnajoumlkull National Park httpswhcunescoorgdocument166300

Bird EC (2004) lsquoCoastal Classificationrsquo In AS Goudie (ed) Encyclopaedia of Geomorphology Routledge London vol 1 p 165-168

Bosson J‐B Huss M and Osipova E (2019) Disappearing World Heritage glaciers as a keystone of nature conservation in a changing climate Earthrsquos Future 7 469ndash479 httpsdoi org1010292018EF001139

Casadevall T Tormey D and Roberts J (2019) World Heritage Volcanoes Classification gap analysis and recommendations for future listings Gland Switzerland IUCN httpsdoiorg102305IUCNCH201907en

Damholt T and Surlyk F (2012) Nomination of Stevns Klint for inclusion in the World Heritage List St Heddinge Denmark Oslashstsjaeligllands Museum

Dingwall P Weighell T and Badman T (2005) Geological World Heritage A Global Framework Gland Switzerland IUCN httpswwwiucnorgcontentgeological-world-heritage-a-global-framework

Dye BJ et al (2019) Heritage Dammed Water Infrastructure Impacts on World Heritage Properties and Free Flowing Rivers Civil Society Report to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee and Parties of the World Heritage Convention Moscow Rivers without Boundaries and World Heritage Watch httpsportalsiucnorglibrarynode48506

Fan J-X et al (2020) A high-resolution summary of Cambrian to Early Triassic marine invertebrate biodiversity Science 367(6475) pp272ndash277 httpsdoiorg101126scienceaax4953

Ferrier RC and Jenkins A (eds) (2010) Handbook of catchment management Chichester Wiley-Blackwell httpsdoiorg1010029781444307672

Ford DC and Williams PW (2007) Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology Chichester Wiley

Ford DC and Williams PW (2011) lsquoGeomorphology underground the study of karst and karst processesrsquo In KJ Gregory and AS Goudie (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Geomorphology London SAGE Publications

Freestone D Laffoley D Douvere F and Badman T (2016) World Heritage in the High Seas An Idea Whose Time Has Come World Heritage Report 44 UNESCO and IUCN

Fryirs KA and Brierley GJ (2012) Geomorphic analysis of river systems an approach to reading the landscape John Wiley amp Sons

Goldscheider N et al (2020) Global distribution of carbonate rocks and karst water resources Hydrogeology Journal 28 1661-1677 httpsdoiorg101007s10040-020-02139-5

Goudie A and Seely M (2011) World Heritage Desert Landscapes Potential Priorities for the Recognition of Desert Landscapes and Geomorphological Sites on the World Heritage List Gland Switzerland IUCN httpsportalsiucnorglibrarynode9818

Grill G et al (2019) Mapping the worldrsquos free-flowing rivers Nature 569(7755) p215 httpsdoiorg101038s41586-019-1111-9

Henriques MH and Neto K (2015) Geoheritage at the Equator Selected Geoproperties of Sao Tome Island (Cameron Line Central Africa) Sustainability v 7 pp 648-667 httpsdoiorg103390su7010648

Hillier JK and Watts AB (2007) Global distribution of seamounts from ship-track bathymetry data Geophys Res Lett 34 L13304 httpsdoiorg1010292007GL029874

References


International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) (2016) lsquoWorld Heritage Nomination ndash IUCN Technical Evaluation Mistaken Point (Canada)rsquo In IUCN World Heritage Evaluations 2016 IUCN Evaluations of nominations of natural and mixed properties to the WHL WHC1640COMINF8B2 Gland Switzerland IUCN pp53-62 httpswhcunescoorgdocument152802

IUCN (2019) lsquoWorld Heritage Nomination ndash IUCN Technical Evaluation Vatnajoumlkull National Park (Iceland)rsquo In IUCN World Heritage Evaluations 2019 IUCN Evaluations of nominations of natural and mixed properties to the World Heritage List WHC1943COMINF8B2 Gland Switzerland IUCN pp42-51 httpswhcunescoorgdocument176191

Kim S and Wessel P (2011) New global seamount census from altimetry-derived gravity data Geophysical Journal International 186 615-631 httpsdoiorg101111j1365-246X201105076x

Moss B (2010) Ecology of fresh waters a view for the twenty-first century John Wiley amp Sons

Osinski GR and Pierazzo E (2012) Impact Cratering Processes and Products John Wiley amp Sons

Palmer AN (2007) Cave Geology Dayton Ohio Cave Books

Raup DM and Sepkoski JJ (1982) Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record Science 215(4539) pp1501-1503 httpsdoiorg101126science21545391501

Soslashrensen AM (2010) Comparative analysis of KT boundary sites for inclusion in the World Heritage List Report Oslashstsjaeligllands Museum

Spalding MD (2012) Marine World Heritage Towards a representative balanced and credible World Heritage List UNESCO World Heritage Centre Paris Online whcunescoorguploadsactivitiesdocumentsactivity-13-24pdf

Thomas R and Narbonne GM (2015) Mistaken Point Nomination for inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Parks and Natural Areas Division of the Department of Environment and Conservation and Mistaken Point Ambassadors Inc httpswhcunescoorguploadsnominations1497pdf

Thorsell JW Levy RF and Sigaty T (1997) A global overview of wetland and marine protected areas on the World Heritage list Gland Switzerland IUCN httpsportalsiucnorglibrarynode7359

Toteu SF Anderson JM and De Wit M (2010) lsquoAfrica Alive Corridorsrsquo Forging a new future for the people of Africa Journal of African Earth Sciences 58 pp692ndash715 httpsdoiorg101016jjafrearsci201008011

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2015) The Statutes and Operational Guidelines of the International Geoscience and Geoparks Programme IGGP2015ST

UNESCO (2016) The future of the World Heritage convention for marine conservation UNESCO World Heritage paper 45

UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2011) Preparing World Heritage Nominations 2nd ed A World Heritage Resource Manual Paris France

UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2019) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention WHC1901 10 July 2019 Paris France

Wessel P Sandwell DT and Kim S (2010) The Global Seamount Census Oceanography 23 24-33

Wells RT (1996) Earthrsquos Geological History A Contextual Framework for Assessment of World Heritage Fossil Site Nominations IUCN Natural Heritage Programme Working Paper 1 Gland Switzerland IUCN httpsportalsiucnorglibrarynode7357

Williams P (2008) World Heritage Caves and Karst A Thematic Study Gland Switzerland IUCN httpswwwiucnorgcontentworld-heritage-caves-and-karst-a-thematic-study

Wood C (2009) World Heritage Volcanoes Gland Switzerland IUCN httpsportalsiucnorglibrarynode9486

Woodroffe CD Cowell PJ and Dickson ME (2011) lsquoCoastal Environmentsrsquo In KJ Gregory and AS Goudie (eds) The SAGE Handbook of Geomorphology London SAGE Publications

World Heritage Committee (2014) Decision 38 COM 8B10 Stevns Klint (Denmark) In Report of decisions of the 38th session of the World Heritage Committee (Doha 2014) Paris France UNESCO World Heritage Centre httpswhcunescoorgendecisions6095

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) (2019) New study in Nature Just one-third of the worldrsquos longest rivers remain free-flowing 8 May 2019 Gland Switzerland WWF httpswwfpandaorgwwf_newspress_releases346815New-Study-in-Nature-Just-One-Third-of-the-Worlds-Longest-Rivers-Remain-Free-Flowing

References

62 | Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention Geological World Heritage a revised global framework for the application of criterion (viii) of the World Heritage Convention | 63

Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Aust

ralia

n Fo

ssil

Mam

mal

Site

s (R

iver

slei

gh

Nara

coor

te)

1Ri

vers

leig

h pr

ovid

es e

xcep

tiona

l an

d in

man

y ca

ses

uniq

ue m

amm

al a

ssem

blag

es fr

om th

e Ol

igoc

ene

to M

ioce

ne s

pann

ing

from

10-

30 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

The

se a

ssem

blag

es d

ocum

ent c

hang

es

in h

abita

t fro

m h

umid

low

land

rain

fore

st to

dry

eu

calyp

t for

ests

and

woo

dlan

ds a

nd p

rovid

e th

e fir

st fo

ssil

reco

rd fo

r man

y di

stin

ctive

gro

ups

of

livin

g m

amm

als

such

as

the

mar

supi

al m

oles

and

fe

athe

r-ta

iled

poss

ums

The

ass

embl

ages

reco

vere

d fro

m th

e ca

ves

at N

arac

oorte

Vic

toria

Fos

sil C

ave

pres

erve

an

outs

tand

ing

reco

rd o

f mor

e re

cent

te

rrest

rial v

erte

brat

e lif

e T

hese

ope

n a

win

dow

into

a

sign

ifica

nt p

erio

d of

Ear

thrsquos

his

tory

from

the

mid

-Pl

eist

ocen

e to

pre

sent

(530

000

yea

rs a

go to

toda

y)

a pe

riod

char

acte

rised

by

grea

t clim

atic

cha

nges

Them

e 1

Rive

rsle

igh

and

Nara

coor

te

are

a su

perb

illu

stra

tion

of k

ey s

tage

s in

the

Ceno

zoic

evo

lutio

n of

Aus

tralia

rsquos

uniq

ue fa

una

1994

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Barb

erto

n M

akho

njw

a M

ount

ains

12

4 1

1De

cisi

on 4

2 CO

M 8

B5

stat

es T

he p

rope

rty

cont

ains

the

best

mos

t dive

rse

and

outs

tand

ing

exam

ples

of r

ock

outc

rops

from

the

Arch

aean

sta

ge

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry I

ts ro

cks

have

reve

aled

the

earli

est

reco

rd o

f sin

gle-

celle

d lif

e fo

rms

as w

ell a

s th

e ea

rlies

t and

mos

t sig

nific

ant g

eom

orph

ic fe

atur

es

incl

udin

g de

taile

d ev

iden

ce o

f the

pro

cess

es

invo

lved

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e or

igin

ally

oxyg

en-f

ree

ocea

ns a

nd a

tmos

pher

e a

nd c

reat

ion

of th

e fir

st

cont

inen

tal l

andf

orm

sTh

e pr

oper

ty is

a tr

uly

uniq

ue re

mna

nt o

f the

an

cien

t Ear

thrsquos

cru

st c

onta

inin

g am

ong

the

olde

st

and

undo

ubte

dly

the

best

-pre

serv

ed s

eque

nce

of

volc

anic

and

sed

imen

tary

rock

s on

Ear

th T

hese

hi

ghly

acce

ssib

le a

ncie

nt e

xpos

ures

pre

sent

a

cont

inuo

us 3

40 m

illion

yea

r seq

uenc

e of

rock

s

star

ting

3600

milli

on y

ears

ago

The

ir ph

ysic

al a

nd

chem

ical

cha

ract

eris

tics

prov

ide

an u

npar

alle

led

sour

ce o

f sci

entifi

c in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he e

arly

Earth

The

out

stan

ding

val

ue o

f the

se ro

cks

lies

in

the

larg

e nu

mbe

r of s

ites

and

feat

ures

that

whe

n co

mbi

ned

pro

vide

a un

ique

and

as

yet o

nly

parti

ally

expl

ored

sci

entifi

c re

sour

ce

Them

e 1

One

of t

he w

orld

rsquos

olde

st g

eolo

gica

l stru

ctur

es d

atin

g ba

ck 3

6 to

32

5 bi

llion

year

s ag

o

pres

ervin

g th

e en

viron

men

t for

the

early

evo

lutio

n of

life

The

me

2 A

n Ar

chea

n gr

anite

-gre

enst

one

belt

that

re

cord

s co

ntin

ent-

build

ing

on th

e ea

rly E

arth

The

me

4 K

omat

iites

the

ho

ttest

lava

s th

at h

ave

ever

flow

ed

on o

ur p

lane

t w

ere

first

reco

gnize

d in

th

is s

ite T

hem

e 11

Sph

erul

e be

ds

of m

olte

n ro

ck d

ropl

ets

from

a p

erio

d of

inte

nse

met

eorit

e bo

mba

rdm

ent

whi

ch p

rovid

e ev

iden

ce o

f som

e of

the

earli

est l

arge

met

eorit

e im

pact

eve

nts

2018

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sout

h Af

rica

Afric

a

Annex 1 Table of geological World Heritage Properties Guy M Narbonne and Joseacute Brilha


Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Cana

dian

Roc

ky

Mou

ntai

n Pa

rks

12

6Th

e Bu

rges

s Sh

ale

is o

ne o

f the

mos

t sig

nific

ant

foss

il ar

eas

in th

e w

orld

Exq

uisi

tely

pres

erve

d fo

ssils

reco

rd a

dive

rse

abu

ndan

t mar

ine

com

mun

ity d

omin

ated

by

soft-

bodi

ed o

rgan

ism

s

Orig

inat

ing

soon

afte

r the

rapi

d un

fold

ing

of a

nim

al

life

abou

t 540

milli

on y

ears

ago

the

Bur

gess

Sha

le

foss

ils p

rovid

e ke

y ev

iden

ce o

f the

his

tory

and

ear

ly ev

olut

ion

of m

ost a

nim

al g

roup

s kn

own

toda

y an

d yie

ld a

mor

e co

mpl

ete

view

of l

ife in

the

sea

than

an

y ot

her s

ite fo

r tha

t tim

e pe

riod

The

sev

en p

arks

of

the

Cana

dian

Roc

kies

are

a c

lass

ic re

pres

enta

tion

of s

igni

fican

t and

on-

goin

g gl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

long

th

e co

ntin

enta

l divi

de o

n hi

ghly

faul

ted

fold

ed a

nd

uplif

ted

sedi

men

tary

rock

s

Them

e 1

The

Bur

gess

Sha

le

insc

ribed

as

a UN

ESCO

Wor

ld H

erita

ge

Prop

erty

in 1

980

for i

ts w

orld

-ren

own

foss

ils o

f Cam

bria

n so

ft-bo

died

m

arin

e an

imal

s is

now

incl

uded

in

this

pro

perty

The

me

2 T

he

cont

iguo

us n

atio

nal p

arks

of B

anff

Ja

sper

Koo

tena

y an

d Yo

ho a

s w

ell a

s th

e M

ount

Rob

son

Mou

nt A

ssin

iboi

ne

and

Ham

ber p

rovin

cial

par

k fo

rms

a st

rikin

g m

ount

ain

land

scap

e T

hem

e 6

Incl

udes

larg

e ar

eas

of li

mes

tone

s an

d do

lom

ites

Out

stan

ding

exa

mpl

e of

gla

ciok

arst

terra

in M

any

karre

n

subt

erra

nean

stre

ams

spr

ings

and

ca

ves

Col

umbi

a Ic

efiel

d pa

rtly

over

lies

and

intru

des

Cast

legu

ard

Cave

1984

(199

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lCa

nada

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Cana

ima

Natio

nal

Park

32

5 6

No a

ppro

ved

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV

but t

he in

scrip

tion

refe

renc

es th

e fo

llow

ing

Earth

sc

ienc

e va

lues

Thr

ee d

iffer

ent e

rosi

on s

urfa

ces

are

to b

e fo

und

with

in th

e pa

rk T

he o

ldes

t roc

ks

are

Prec

ambr

ian

and

aro

und

170

0 m

illion

yea

rs

old

are

som

e of

the

olde

st o

n th

e pl

anet

Abo

ve

thes

e ar

e yo

unge

r for

mat

ions

whi

ch h

ave

been

w

eath

ered

into

mou

ntai

ns b

y 50

0 m

illion

yea

rs o

f er

osio

n T

he g

eolo

gy p

rovid

es e

viden

ce th

at S

outh

Am

eric

a an

d Af

rica

once

form

ed p

art o

f a s

ingl

e co

ntin

ent

The

prop

erty

dis

play

s a

dist

inct

ive a

nd

outs

tand

ing

tepu

i lan

dsca

pe w

hich

is s

till e

volvi

ng

in re

spon

se to

nat

ural

pro

cess

es a

t lar

ge s

cale

Th

e la

ndsc

ape

also

dem

onst

rate

s th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

th

e in

dige

nous

Pem

oacuten w

ith th

e en

viron

men

t bot

h be

caus

e of

the

grea

t use

the

Pem

oacuten m

ake

of th

e pa

rkrsquos

nat

ural

reso

urce

s an

d be

caus

e of

the

way

the

park

rsquos la

ndsc

ape

and

vege

tatio

n ha

s be

en s

hape

d by

the

Pem

oacuten

Them

e 3

Tab

ular

hills

and

hig

h es

carp

men

ts w

ith s

igni

fican

t kar

stic

er

osio

n of

qua

rtzite

s T

hem

e 2

Ro

ughl

y 65

o

f the

par

k is

cov

ered

by

tabl

e m

ount

ain

(tepu

i) fo

rmat

ions

Th

eme

5 A

ngel

Fal

ls in

Can

aim

a Na

tinal

Par

k is

the

high

est w

ater

falls

in

the

wor

ld T

hem

e 6

The

mos

t ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e in

the

wor

ld

of c

ave

deve

lopm

ent i

n qu

artz

ite

(Pre

cam

bria

n ag

e) C

aves

occ

ur

to 1

08

km lo

ng a

nd 3

83 m

dee

p

Encl

osed

dep

ress

ions

and

stre

am-

sink

s on

pla

teau

(tep

uy) s

urfa

ce

arou

nd 2

650

m S

prin

gs e

mer

ge in

te

puy

wal

ls A

fluv

ioka

rst l

ands

cape

1994

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lVe

nezu

-el

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Annex 1 Table of geological World Heritage Properties


Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Carls

bad

Cave

rns

Natio

nal P

ark

6Ca

rlsba

d Ca

vern

s Na

tiona

l Par

k is

one

of th

e fe

w p

lace

s in

the

wor

ld w

here

on-

goin

g ge

olog

ic

proc

esse

s ar

e m

ost a

ppar

ent a

nd ra

re s

pele

othe

ms

cont

inue

to fo

rm e

nabl

ing

scie

ntist

s to

stu

dy

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

in a

virt

ually

und

istur

bed

envir

onm

ent

Thes

e sp

eleo

them

s in

clud

e he

lictit

es

form

ing

unde

rwat

er c

alci

te a

nd g

ypsu

m s

pele

othe

ms

an

d an

ast

onish

ing

colle

ctio

n of

lsquobio

them

srsquo c

ave

form

atio

ns a

ssist

ed in

thei

r for

mat

ion

by b

acte

ria

Rese

arch

ers

can

stud

y bo

th th

e Ca

pita

n re

efrsquos

insid

e th

roug

h ca

ve p

assa

ges

that

pen

etra

te in

and

thro

ugh

it as

wel

l as

erod

ed c

anyo

n-ex

pose

d cr

oss

sect

ions

ou

tsid

e

Them

e 6

Hug

e ca

vern

s ex

tens

ively

deco

rate

d w

ith s

pele

othe

ms

are

a m

ajor

fe

atur

e of

the

park

The

81

know

n ca

ves

mai

nly

occu

r in

uplift

ed P

erm

ian

reef

lim

esto

nes

Outs

tand

ing

kars

t ext

ends

in

to n

eigh

bour

ing

Guad

alup

e Na

tiona

l Pa

rk T

he re

gion

rsquos ca

ves

prov

ide

the

wor

ldrsquos

fore

mos

t exa

mpl

e of

evo

lutio

n by

sul

phur

ic ac

id d

issol

utio

n w

hich

oc

curre

d pr

ogre

ssive

ly be

twee

n 12

and

4

milli

on y

ears

ago

Sur

face

topo

grap

hy

on b

ackr

eef d

olom

ites

and

limes

tone

s is

dom

inat

ed b

y dr

y va

lleys

Hig

h bi

odive

rsity

inc

ludi

ng a

bout

1 m

illion

bat

po

pula

tion

1995

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Cave

s of

Agg

tele

k Ka

rst a

nd S

lova

k Ka

rst

6Th

e pr

oper

ty C

aves

of A

ggte

lek

Kars

t and

Slo

vak

Kars

t w

hile

typi

cal o

f man

y ka

rst l

ocal

ities

in

Euro

pe i

s di

stin

ctive

in it

s gr

eat n

umbe

r (w

ith 7

12

reco

rded

at t

ime

of in

scrip

tion)

of d

iffer

ent t

ypes

of

cav

es fo

und

in a

con

cent

rate

d ar

ea G

eolo

gica

l pr

oces

ses

caus

ing

kars

t fea

ture

s to

be

burie

d by

se

dim

ent a

nd th

en la

ter r

eact

ivate

d or

exh

umed

pr

ovid

e ev

iden

ce p

erta

inin

g to

the

geol

ogic

his

tory

of

the

last

tens

of m

illion

s of

yea

rs R

elic

ts o

f pr

e-Pl

eist

ocen

e ka

rst (

ie m

ore

than

abo

ut 2

m

illion

yea

rs o

ld) a

re v

ery

dist

inct

in th

e ar

ea a

nd

man

y of

them

sho

w e

viden

ce fo

r sub

-tro

pica

l and

tro

pica

l clim

ate

form

s T

hese

incl

ude

roun

ded

hills

th

at a

re re

licts

of t

ropi

cal k

arst

late

r mod

ified

by

Plei

stoc

ene

perig

laci

al w

eath

erin

g T

his

suite

of

pale

okar

st fe

atur

es s

how

ing

a co

mbi

natio

n of

bot

h tro

pica

l and

gla

cial

clim

ates

is

very

unu

sual

and

is

prob

ably

bette

r doc

umen

ted

in th

e Sl

ovak

Kar

st th

an

anyw

here

els

e in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 6

Are

a co

ntai

ns 7

12 c

aves

Va

riety

of c

ave

type

s in

clud

ing

Dobš

insk

aacute Ic

e Ca

ve a

nd s

pele

othe

m

form

s w

ith s

tala

gmite

s to

32

7 m

hig

h S

urfa

ce la

ndsc

ape

is a

te

mpe

rate

dol

ine

kars

t with

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f a p

rior h

umid

trop

ical

or

sub

tropi

cal i

nflue

nce

whi

ch h

as

evol

ved

inte

rmitt

ently

sin

ce th

e Cr

etac

eous

1995

(200

0)(v

iii)Na

tura

lHu

ngar

y Sl

ovak

iaEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Chaicirc

ne d

es P

uys

- Li

mag

ne fa

ult

tect

onic

are

na

2Co

ntin

enta

l drif

t m

anife

sted

thro

ugh

plat

e te

cton

ics

is

an

esse

ntia

l par

adig

m fo

r the

his

tory

of t

he E

arth

as

it e

xpla

ins

the

curre

nt m

ake-

up o

f oce

ans

and

cont

inen

ts a

nd th

eir p

ast a

nd fu

ture

mov

emen

ts

The

prop

erty

is a

n ex

cept

iona

l illu

stra

tion

of th

e ph

enom

enon

of c

ontin

enta

l bre

ak-u

p o

r rift

ing

w

hich

is o

ne o

f the

five

maj

or s

tage

s of

pla

te

tect

onic

s T

he C

haicircn

e de

s Pu

ys -

Lim

agne

faul

t te

cton

ic a

rena

pre

sent

s a

coin

cide

nt v

iew

of a

ll th

e re

pres

enta

tive

proc

esse

s of

con

tinen

tal b

reak

-up

and

reve

als

thei

r int

rinsi

c lin

ks T

he g

eolo

gica

l fo

rmat

ions

of t

he p

rope

rty a

nd th

eir s

peci

fic la

yout

illu

stra

te w

ith c

larit

y th

is p

lane

t-w

ide

proc

ess

and

its

effe

cts

on a

larg

e an

d sm

all s

cale

on

the

land

scap

e

This

con

cent

ratio

n ha

s a

dem

onst

rate

d gl

obal

si

gnifi

canc

e in

term

s of

its

com

plet

enes

s d

ensi

ty

and

expr

essi

on a

nd h

as c

ontri

bute

d to

the

site

rsquos

prom

inen

ce s

ince

the

18th

cen

tury

for t

he s

tudy

of

clas

sica

l geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

Them

e 2

Situ

ated

in th

e ce

ntre

of

Fran

ce t

he p

rope

rty c

ompr

ises

the

long

Lim

agne

faul

t th

e al

ignm

ents

of

the

Chaicirc

ne d

es P

uys

volc

anoe

s an

d th

e in

verte

d re

lief o

f the

Mon

tagn

e de

la

Ser

re I

t is

an e

mbl

emat

ic s

egm

ent

of th

e W

est E

urop

ean

Rift

cre

ated

in

the

afte

rmat

h of

the

form

atio

n of

th

e Al

ps 3

5 m

illion

yea

rs a

go T

he

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es o

f the

pro

perty

de

mon

stra

te h

ow th

e co

ntin

enta

l cru

st

crac

ks t

hen

colla

pses

allo

win

g de

ep

mag

ma

to ri

se a

nd c

ause

upl

iftin

g at

the

surfa

ce T

he p

rope

rty is

an

exce

ptio

nal i

llust

ratio

n of

con

tinen

tal

brea

k-up

ndash o

r rift

ing

ndash w

hich

is o

ne

of th

e fiv

e m

ajor

sta

ges

of p

late

te

cton

ics

2018

(viii)

Natu

ral

Fran

ceEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Chen

gjia

ng F

ossi

l Si

te1

The

Chen

gjia

ng F

ossil

Site

pre

sent

s an

exc

eptio

nal

reco

rd o

f the

rapi

d di

vers

ifica

tion

of lif

e on

Ear

th d

urin

g th

e ea

rly C

ambr

ian

Perio

d 5

30 m

illion

yea

rs b

efor

e pr

esen

t In

this

geol

ogica

lly s

hort

inte

rval

alm

ost a

ll m

ajor

gro

ups

of a

nim

als

had

thei

r orig

ins

The

prop

erty

is

a gl

obal

ly ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

a m

ajor

sta

ge

in th

e hi

stor

y of

life

repr

esen

ting

a pa

laeo

biol

ogica

l w

indo

w o

f gre

at s

igni

fican

ce

The

exce

ptio

nal p

alae

onto

logi

cal e

viden

ce o

f the

Ch

engj

iang

Fos

sil S

ite is

unr

ivalle

d fo

r its

rich

spe

cies

dive

rsity

To

date

at l

east

16

phyla

plu

s a

varie

ty o

f en

igm

atic

grou

ps a

nd a

bout

196

spe

cies

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d Ta

xa re

cove

red

rang

e fro

m a

lgae

thr

ough

sp

onge

s an

d cn

idar

ians

to n

umer

ous

bila

teria

n ph

yla

inclu

ding

the

earli

est k

now

n ch

orda

tes

The

earli

est

know

n sp

ecim

ens

of s

ever

al p

hyla

suc

h as

cni

daria

ns

cten

opho

res

pria

pulid

s an

d ve

rtebr

ates

occ

ur h

ere

M

any

of th

e ta

xa re

pres

ent t

he s

tem

gro

ups

to e

xtan

t ph

yla a

nd th

row

light

on

char

acte

ristic

s th

at d

istin

guish

m

ajor

taxo

nom

ic gr

oups

Th

e pr

oper

ty d

ispla

ys e

xcel

lent

qua

lity o

f fos

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pres

erva

tion

inclu

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the

soft

and

hard

tiss

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of

anim

als

with

har

d sk

elet

ons

alon

g w

ith a

wid

e ar

ray

of

orga

nism

s th

at w

ere

entir

ely

soft-

bodi

ed a

nd th

eref

ore

rela

tivel

y un

repr

esen

ted

in th

e fo

ssil r

ecor

d A

lmos

t all

of th

e so

ft-bo

died

spe

cies

are

unkn

own

else

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re

Fine

-sca

le d

etai

led

pres

erva

tion

inclu

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feat

ures

as

the

alim

enta

ry s

yste

ms

of a

nim

als

for e

xam

ple

of th

e ar

thro

pod

Nara

oia

and

the

delic

ate

gills

of t

he

enig

mat

ic Yu

nnan

ozoo

n T

he s

edim

ents

of C

heng

jiang

pr

ovid

e w

hat a

re c

urre

ntly

the

olde

st k

now

n fo

ssil

chor

date

s th

e ph

ylum

to w

hich

all v

erte

brat

es b

elon

g

The

foss

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nd ro

cks

of th

e Ch

engj

iang

Fos

sil S

ite

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ther

pre

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ompl

ete

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f an

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Ca

mbr

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com

mun

ity I

t is

one

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e ea

rlies

t re

cord

s of

a c

ompl

ex m

arin

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w

ebs

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phist

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Mor

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s th

at c

ompl

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unity

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ctur

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ad

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lope

d ve

ry e

arly

in th

e Ca

mbr

ian

dive

rsifi

catio

n of

an

imal

life

and

pro

vides

evid

ence

of a

wid

e ra

nge

of

ecol

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l nich

es T

he p

rope

rty th

us p

rovid

es a

uni

que

win

dow

of u

nder

stan

ding

into

the

stru

ctur

e of

ear

ly Ca

mbr

ian

com

mun

ities

Them

e 1

Che

ngjia

ngrsquos

foss

ils p

rese

nt

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mos

t com

plet

e re

cord

of a

n ea

rly

Cam

bria

n m

arin

e co

mm

unity

with

ex

cept

iona

lly p

rese

rved

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t-bo

died

an

d sh

elly

foss

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ompr

isin

g m

ore

than

200

spe

cies

repr

esen

ting

at le

ast

sixt

een

phyla

of e

arly

anim

als

2012

(viii)

Natu

ral

Chin

aAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

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a Da

nxia

3Ch

ina

Danx

ia c

onta

ins

a w

ide

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f wel

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beds

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form

s su

ch a

s pe

aks

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fs v

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aves

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ches

Bei

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h en

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rces

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ion)

Chi

na D

anxia

pro

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t asp

ects

of t

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heno

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on

of p

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ands

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rang

e of

land

form

s in

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tion

to th

e fo

rces

and

pr

oces

ses

that

form

ed th

em T

he c

ompo

nent

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ts

repr

esen

t the

bes

t exa

mpl

es o

f lsquole

ast e

rode

drsquo to

lsquom

ost e

rode

drsquo D

anxia

land

form

s d

ispl

ayin

g a

clea

r la

ndfo

rm s

eque

nce

from

lsquoyou

ngrsquo t

hrou

gh lsquom

atur

ersquo to

lsquoo

ld a

gersquo

and

with

eac

h co

mpo

nent

par

t dis

play

ing

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acte

ristic

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mor

phol

ogic

feat

ures

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give

n st

age

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e 3

Dive

rse

eros

iona

l to

pogr

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es o

n co

ntin

enta

l red

be

ds p

redo

min

antly

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dsto

ne a

nd

cong

lom

erat

e

2010

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Chin

aAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Dese

mba

rco

del

Gran

ma

Natio

nal

Park

67

The

uplif

ted

mar

ine

terra

ces

of D

esem

barc

o de

l Gr

anm

a Na

tiona

l Par

k (D

GNP)

and

the

cont

inui

ng

deve

lopm

ent o

f kar

st to

pogr

aphy

and

feat

ures

are

a

glob

ally

sign

ifica

nt il

lust

ratio

n of

geo

mor

phol

ogic

an

d ph

ysio

grap

hic

feat

ures

and

ong

oing

geo

logi

cal

proc

esse

s D

GNP

disp

lays

a ra

re re

lief f

orm

ed b

y th

e co

mbi

natio

n of

tect

onic

mov

emen

ts in

the

still

activ

e co

ntac

t zon

e be

twee

n tw

o te

cton

ic p

late

s an

d th

e ef

fect

s of

pas

t sea

leve

l cha

nge

in re

spon

se

to c

limat

e flu

ctua

tions

The

kar

st fo

rms

incl

ude

esca

rpm

ents

clif

fs c

ave

syst

ems

rive

r can

yons

and

la

rge

sink

hole

s kn

own

as d

olin

es in

mos

t dive

rse

size

s an

d sh

apes

Them

e 6

7 S

pect

acul

ar s

tairc

ase

of u

plift

ed c

oral

terra

ces

arou

nd

Cabo

Cru

z th

at s

uppo

rt on

goin

g de

velo

pmen

t of k

arst

land

form

s

Terra

ces

exte

nd fr

om -

180

m

offs

hore

to 4

60 m

inla

nd a

nd re

flect

a

com

bina

tion

of te

cton

ic a

nd

glac

io-e

usta

tic p

roce

sses

Exc

elle

nt

exam

ples

of l

ittor

al k

arst

Rel

ative

ly re

cent

upl

ift h

as p

erm

itted

the

com

men

cem

ent o

f kar

stifi

catio

n

1999

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cuba

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Dino

saur

Pr

ovin

cial

Par

k1

The

prop

erty

is o

utst

andi

ng in

the

num

ber a

nd

varie

ty o

f hig

h qu

ality

spe

cim

ens

repr

esen

ting

ever

y kn

own

grou

p of

Cre

tace

ous

dino

saur

s T

he d

ivers

ity

affo

rds

exce

llent

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r pal

eont

olog

y th

at is

bot

h co

mpa

rativ

e an

d ch

rono

logi

cal

Over

35

0 ar

ticul

ated

spe

cim

ens

from

the

Oldm

an a

nd

Dino

saur

Par

k fo

rmat

ions

incl

udin

g m

ore

than

15

0 co

mpl

ete

skel

eton

s no

w re

side

in m

ore

than

30

maj

or m

useu

ms

In a

dditi

on to

the

sign

ifica

nt

num

ber o

f hig

h qu

ality

spe

cim

ens

the

prop

erty

co

ntai

ns a

com

plet

e as

sem

blag

e of

non

-din

osau

rian

foss

il m

ater

ial o

fferin

g an

unp

aral

lele

d op

portu

nity

fo

r the

stu

dy o

f the

Lat

e Cr

etac

eous

pal

eo-

ecos

yste

m

Them

e 1

Din

osau

r Pro

vinci

al P

ark

cont

ains

som

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt

foss

il di

scov

erie

s ev

er m

ade

from

th

e Cr

etac

eous

in

parti

cula

r abo

ut

35 s

peci

es o

f din

osau

rs d

atin

g ba

ck

som

e 75

milli

on y

ears

1979

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Dors

et a

nd E

ast

Devo

n Co

ast

17

The

coas

tal e

xpos

ures

alo

ng th

e Do

rset

and

Ea

st D

evon

coa

st p

rovid

e an

alm

ost c

ontin

uous

se

quen

ce o

f Tria

ssic

Jur

assi

c an

d Cr

etac

eous

ro

ck fo

rmat

ions

spa

nnin

g th

e M

esoz

oic

Era

and

docu

men

t app

roxim

atel

y 18

5 m

illion

yea

rs o

f Ear

thrsquos

hi

stor

y Th

e pr

oper

ty in

clud

es a

rang

e of

glo

bally

si

gnifi

cant

foss

il lo

calit

ies

- bo

th v

erte

brat

e an

d in

verte

brat

e m

arin

e an

d te

rrest

rial -

whi

ch h

ave

prod

uced

wel

l pre

serv

ed a

nd d

ivers

e ev

iden

ce

of li

fe d

urin

g M

esoz

oic

times

It a

lso

cont

ains

te

xtbo

ok e

xem

plar

s of

coa

stal

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al

feat

ures

lan

dfor

ms

and

proc

esse

s R

enow

ned

for i

ts

cont

ribut

ion

to E

arth

sci

ence

inve

stig

atio

ns fo

r ove

r 30

0 ye

ars

the

Dors

et a

nd E

ast D

evon

coa

st h

as

help

ed fo

ster

maj

or c

ontri

butio

ns to

man

y as

pect

s of

geo

logy

pal

aeon

tolo

gy a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

y an

d ha

s co

ntin

uing

sig

nific

ance

as

a hi

gh q

ualit

y te

achi

ng t

rain

ing

and

rese

arch

reso

urce

for t

he

Earth

sci

ence

s

Them

e 1

Sup

erb

coas

tal e

xpos

ures

pr

ovid

e an

alm

ost c

ontin

uous

se

quen

ce o

f Tria

ssic

Jur

assi

c an

d Cr

etac

eous

rock

form

atio

ns s

pann

ing

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a an

d do

cum

ent

appr

oxim

atel

y 18

5 m

illion

yea

rs

of E

arth

his

tory

The

me

7 It

als

o co

ntai

ns te

xtbo

ok e

xem

plar

s of

co

asta

l geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

land

form

s an

d pr

oces

ses

2001

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

of G

reat

Br

itain

an

d No

rther

n Ire

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Durm

itor N

atio

nal

Park

3Du

rmito

r Nat

iona

l Par

k ha

rbou

rs a

wea

lth o

f ge

olog

ical

and

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es o

f maj

or

scie

ntifi

c in

tere

st w

hich

hav

e be

en s

hapi

ng th

e la

ndsc

ape

suc

h as

the

man

y re

mar

kabl

e Ka

rst

phen

omen

a T

he d

omin

ant g

eolo

gica

l fea

ture

s ar

e ve

ry th

ick

ofte

n sa

vage

ly co

ntor

ted

limes

tone

fo

rmat

ions

of t

he M

iddl

e an

d Up

per T

riass

ic U

pper

Ju

rass

ic a

nd U

pper

Cre

tace

ous

thou

gh m

ore

rece

nt ro

cks

are

also

pre

sent

One

par

ticul

arity

is

the

so-c

alle

d Du

rmito

r Flys

ch a

term

use

d fo

r te

cton

ic la

yers

incl

ined

at a

n an

gle

of 9

0 de

gree

s in

the

Durm

itor M

assi

f Th

e sh

eer w

alls

of t

he m

any

cany

ons

and

in p

artic

ular

tho

se o

f the

spe

ctac

ular

Ta

ra R

iver G

orge

of m

ore

than

60

km a

re n

ot o

nly

fund

amen

tal l

ands

cape

feat

ures

of t

he p

ark

but a

lso

expo

se m

agni

ficen

t roc

k fo

rmat

ions

Les

s kn

own

but n

o le

ss fa

scin

atin

g is

the

unde

rgro

und

wor

ld

of th

e pr

oper

ty It

incl

udes

Mon

tene

grorsquo

s de

epes

t ca

ve a

nd s

ubte

rrane

an ri

vers

dra

inin

g so

me

of th

e gl

acia

l lak

es I

n pa

rticu

lar

the

lsquoIce

Cave

rsquo is

a vis

ually

st

unni

ng a

nd a

rare

relic

t of p

ast g

laci

atio

n

Them

e 3

Thi

s br

eath

taki

ng n

atio

nal

park

was

form

ed b

y gl

acie

rs a

nd is

tra

vers

ed b

y riv

ers

and

unde

rgro

und

stre

ams

The

Tar

a Ri

ver c

anyo

n w

hich

ha

s th

e de

epes

t gor

ges

in E

urop

e

1980

(200

5)(v

ii)(v

iii)(x

)Na

tura

lM

onte

ne-

gro

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

El P

inac

ate

and

Gran

Des

iert

o de

Al

tar B

iosp

here

Re

serv

e

104

The

prop

erty

rsquos d

eser

t and

vol

cani

c la

ndfo

rms

prov

ide

an e

xcep

tiona

l com

bina

tion

of fe

atur

es o

f gr

eat s

cien

tific

inte

rest

The

vas

t sea

of s

and

dune

s th

at s

urro

unds

the

volc

anic

shi

eld

is c

onsi

dere

d th

e la

rges

t and

mos

t act

ive d

une

syst

em in

Nor

th

Amer

ica

It in

clud

es a

dive

rse

rang

e of

dun

es th

at

are

near

ly un

dist

urbe

d a

nd in

clud

e sp

ecta

cula

r an

d ve

ry la

rge

star

-sha

ped

dune

s th

at o

ccur

bo

th s

ingl

y an

d in

long

ridg

es u

p to

48k

m in

le

ngth

The

vol

cani

c ex

posu

res

prov

ide

impo

rtant

co

mpl

emen

tary

geo

logi

cal v

alue

s a

nd th

e de

sert

envir

onm

ent a

ssur

es a

dra

mat

ic d

ispl

ay o

f a s

erie

s of

impr

essi

ve la

rge

crat

ers

and

mor

e th

an 4

00

cind

er c

ones

lav

a flo

ws

and

lava

tube

s T

aken

to

geth

er th

e co

mbi

natio

n of

Ear

th s

cien

ce fe

atur

es

is a

n im

pres

sive

labo

rato

ry fo

r geo

logi

cal a

nd

geom

orph

olog

ical

stu

dies

Them

e 10

The

pro

perty

incl

udes

par

t of

the

Sono

ran

Dese

rt w

ith s

tar d

unes

an

d lin

ear d

unes

of c

onsi

dera

ble

heig

ht T

hem

e 4

The

714

566

ha

prop

erty

com

pris

es tw

o di

stin

ct p

arts

th

e do

rman

t vol

cani

c Pi

naca

te S

hiel

d of

bla

ck a

nd re

d la

va fl

ows

and

mor

e th

an 4

00 m

onog

enet

ic c

inde

r con

es

and

maa

rs o

f Hol

ocen

e ag

e

2013

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Mex

ico

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Ever

glad

es

Natio

nal P

ark

5 7

The

Ever

glad

es is

a v

ast

near

ly fla

t se

abed

that

was

su

bmer

ged

at th

e en

d of

the

last

Ice

Age

Its

limes

tone

su

bstra

te is

one

of t

he m

ost a

ctive

are

as o

f mod

ern

carb

onat

e se

dim

enta

tion

Them

e 5

7 A

rive

r of g

rass

flow

ing

impe

rcep

tibly

from

the

hint

erla

nd in

to

the

sea

1979

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Fras

er Is

land

7Th

e pr

oper

ty re

pres

ents

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of

signi

fican

t ong

oing

geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

incl

udin

g lo

ngsh

ore

drift

The

imm

ense

san

d du

nes

are

part

of th

e lo

nges

t and

mos

t com

plet

e ag

e se

quen

ce

of c

oast

al d

une

syst

ems

in th

e w

orld

and

are

stil

l ev

olvin

g T

he s

uper

impo

sitio

n of

act

ive p

arab

olic

du

nes

on re

mna

nts

of o

lder

dun

es d

epos

ited

durin

g pe

riods

of l

ow s

ea le

vel

whi

ch a

re s

tabi

lised

by

tow

erin

g ra

info

rest

s at

ele

vatio

ns o

f up

to 2

40 m

is

cons

ider

ed u

niqu

e F

rase

r Isla

nd a

lso h

as a

var

iety

of

fres

hwat

er d

une

lake

s w

hich

are

exc

eptio

nal i

n te

rms

of n

umbe

r di

vers

ity a

nd a

ge T

he d

ynam

ic

inte

rrela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

coas

tal d

une

sand

m

ass

aqu

ifer h

ydro

logy

and

the

fresh

wat

er d

une

lake

s pr

ovid

es a

seq

uenc

e of

lake

form

atio

n bo

th

spat

ially

and

tem

pora

lly

The

proc

ess

of s

oil f

orm

atio

n on

the

islan

d is

also

un

ique

sin

ce a

s a

resu

lt of

the

succ

essiv

e ov

erla

ying

of d

une

syst

ems

a c

hron

oseq

uenc

e of

pod

zol

deve

lopm

ent f

rom

the

youn

ger d

une

syst

ems

on th

e ea

st to

the

olde

st s

yste

ms

on th

e w

est c

hang

e fro

m

rudi

men

tary

pro

files

less

than

05

m th

ick

to g

iant

fo

rms

mor

e th

an 2

5 m

thic

k T

he la

tter f

ar e

xcee

ds

know

n de

pths

of p

odzo

ls an

ywhe

re e

lse in

the

wor

ld

and

has

a di

rect

influ

ence

on

plan

t suc

cess

ion

w

ith th

e ol

der d

une

syst

ems

caus

ing

retro

gres

sive

succ

essio

n w

hen

the

soil

horiz

on b

ecom

es to

o de

ep

to p

rovid

e nu

tritio

n fo

r tal

l for

est s

peci

es

Them

e 7

Fra

ser I

slan

d is

the

larg

est s

and

isla

nd in

the

wor

ld T

he

com

bina

tion

of s

hifti

ng s

and-

dune

s

tropi

cal r

ainf

ores

ts a

nd la

kes

mak

es it

an

exc

eptio

nal s

ite

1992

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Galaacute

pago

s Is

land

s2

47

8Th

e ar

chip

elag

oacutes

geol

ogy

begi

ns a

t the

sea

floo

r and

em

erge

s ab

ove

sea

leve

l whe

re b

iolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

cont

inue

Thr

ee m

ajor

tect

onic

plat

esmdash

Nazc

a C

ocos

an

d Pa

cificmdash

mee

t at t

he b

asis

of th

e oc

ean

whi

ch

is of

sig

nific

ant g

eolo

gica

l inte

rest

In

com

paris

on

with

mos

t oce

anic

arch

ipel

agos

the

Gal

aacutepag

os a

re

very

you

ng w

ith th

e la

rges

t and

you

nges

t isla

nds

Isa

bela

and

Fer

nand

ina

with

less

than

one

milli

on

year

s of

exis

tenc

e a

nd th

e ol

dest

isla

nds

Espa

ntildeola

an

d Sa

n Cr

istoacuteb

al s

omew

here

bet

wee

n th

ree

to fi

ve

milli

on y

ears

The

pro

perty

dem

onst

rate

s th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e yo

unge

r vol

cani

c ar

eas

in th

e w

est a

nd th

e ol

der i

sland

s in

the

east

On-

goin

g ge

olog

ical a

nd

geom

orph

olog

ical p

roce

sses

inc

ludi

ng re

cent

vol

cani

c er

uptio

ns s

mal

l sei

smic

mov

emen

ts a

nd e

rosio

n pr

ovid

e ke

y in

sight

s to

the

puzz

le o

f the

orig

in o

f the

Ga

laacutepa

gos

Islan

ds A

lmos

t no

othe

r site

in th

e w

orld

of

fers

pro

tect

ion

of s

uch

a co

mpl

ete

cont

inuu

m o

f ge

olog

ical a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical f

eatu

res

Them

e 2

4 S

ituat

ed in

the

Paci

fic

Ocea

n so

me

100

0 km

from

the

Sout

h Am

eric

an c

ontin

ent

thes

e 19

is

land

s an

d th

e su

rroun

ding

mar

ine

rese

rve

have

bee

n ca

lled

a un

ique

lsquoli

ving

mus

eum

and

sho

wca

se o

f ev

olut

ionrsquo

Ong

oing

sei

smic

and

vo

lcan

ic a

ctivi

ty re

flect

s th

e pr

oces

ses

that

form

ed th

e is

land

s T

hem

e 7

8

The

arc

hipe

lago

acutes g

eolo

gy b

egin

s at

the

sea

floor

and

em

erge

s ab

ove

sea

leve

l

1978

(200

1)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Ecua

dor

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Gian

trsquos C

ause

way

an

d Ca

usew

ay

Coas

t

4Th

e ge

olog

ical

act

ivity

of t

he C

enoz

oic

Era

is c

lear

ly illu

stra

ted

by th

e su

cces

sion

of t

he la

va fl

ows

and

inte

rbas

altic

bed

s w

hich

are

in e

viden

ce o

n th

e Ca

usew

ay C

oast

Int

erpr

etat

ion

of th

e su

cces

sion

ha

s al

low

ed a

det

aile

d an

alys

is o

f Ter

tiary

eve

nts

in

the

North

Atla

ntic

The

ext

rem

ely

regu

lar c

olum

nar

join

ting

of th

e Th

olei

itic

basa

lts is

a s

pect

acul

ar

feat

ure

whi

ch is

dis

play

ed in

exe

mpl

ary

fash

ion

at th

e Gi

antrsquos

Cau

sew

ay T

he C

ause

way

itse

lf is

a

uniq

ue fo

rmat

ion

and

a su

perla

tive

horiz

onta

l se

ctio

n th

roug

h co

lum

nar b

asal

t lav

as

Them

e 4

The

Gia

ntrsquos

Cau

sew

ay li

es

at th

e fo

ot o

f the

bas

alt c

liffs

alo

ng th

e se

a co

ast o

n th

e ed

ge o

f the

Ant

rim

plat

eau

in N

orth

ern

Irela

nd I

t is

mad

e up

of s

ome

400

00 m

assi

ve b

lack

ba

salt

colu

mns

stic

king

out

of t

he

sea

The

dra

mat

ic s

ight

has

insp

ired

lege

nds

of g

iant

s st

ridin

g ov

er th

e se

a to

Sco

tland

Geo

logi

cal s

tudi

es

of th

ese

form

atio

ns o

ver t

he la

st 3

00

year

s ha

ve g

reat

ly co

ntrib

uted

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he E

arth

sci

ence

s

and

show

that

this

stri

king

land

scap

e w

as c

ause

d by

vol

cani

c ac

tivity

dur

ing

the

Pale

ogen

e s

ome

50ndash6

0 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

of G

reat

Br

itain

an

d No

rther

n Ire

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gond

wan

a Ra

info

rest

s of

Au

stra

lia

21

3Th

e Go

ndw

ana

Rain

fore

sts

prov

ides

out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

es o

f sig

nific

ant o

ngoi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

Whe

n Au

stra

lia s

epar

ated

from

Ant

arct

ica fo

llow

ing

the

brea

kup

of G

ondw

ana

new

con

tinen

tal m

argi

ns

deve

lope

d T

he m

argi

n w

hich

form

ed a

long

Aus

tralia

rsquos ea

ster

n ed

ge is

cha

ract

erise

d by

an

asym

met

rical

m

argi

nal s

wel

l tha

t run

s pa

ralle

l to

the

coas

tline

the

eros

ion

of w

hich

has

resu

lted

in th

e Gr

eat D

ivide

and

th

e Gr

eat E

scar

pmen

t Th

is ea

ster

n co

ntin

enta

l mar

gin

expe

rienc

ed v

olca

nicit

y du

ring

the

Ceno

zoic

Era

as

the

Aust

ralia

n co

ntin

enta

l pla

te m

oved

ove

r one

of t

he

plan

etrsquos

hot s

pots

Vol

cano

es e

rupt

ed in

seq

uenc

e al

ong

the

east

coa

st re

sultin

g in

the

Twee

d F

ocal

Pea

k

Ebor

and

Bar

ringt

on v

olca

nic

shie

lds

This

sequ

ence

of

volca

nos

is sig

nific

ant a

s it

enab

les

the

datin

g of

the

geom

orph

ic ev

olut

ion

of e

aste

rn A

ustra

lia th

roug

h th

e st

udy

of th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

thes

e vo

lcani

c re

mna

nts

with

th

e ea

ster

n hi

ghla

nds

Them

e 2

1 3

The

Gon

dwan

a Ra

info

rest

s pr

ovid

es o

utst

andi

ng

exam

ples

of s

igni

fican

t ong

oing

ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es W

hen

Aust

ralia

se

para

ted

from

Ant

arct

ica

follo

win

g th

e br

eaku

p of

Gon

dwan

a n

ew

cont

inen

tal m

argi

ns d

evel

oped

The

m

argi

n w

hich

form

ed a

long

Aus

tralia

rsquos

east

ern

edge

is c

hara

cter

ised

by

an

asym

met

rical

mar

gina

l sw

ell t

hat r

uns

para

llel t

o th

e co

astli

ne t

he e

rosi

on o

f w

hich

has

resu

lted

in th

e Gr

eat D

ivide

an

d th

e Gr

eat E

scar

pmen

t

1986

(199

4)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Gran

d Ca

nyon

Na

tiona

l Par

k3

1W

ithin

par

k bo

unda

ries

the

geol

ogic

reco

rd s

pans

al

l fou

r era

s of

the

Earth

rsquos e

volu

tiona

ry h

isto

ry f

rom

th

e Pr

ecam

bria

n to

the

Ceno

zoic

The

Pre

cam

bria

n an

d Pa

leoz

oic

porti

ons

of th

is re

cord

are

par

ticul

arly

wel

l exp

osed

in c

anyo

n w

alls

and

incl

ude

a ric

h fo

ssil

asse

mbl

age

Num

erou

s ca

ves

shel

ter f

ossi

ls

and

anim

al re

mai

ns th

at e

xten

d th

e pa

leon

tolo

gica

l re

cord

into

the

Plei

stoc

ene

Them

e 3

Car

ved

out b

y th

e Co

lora

do

Rive

r th

e Gr

and

Cany

on (n

early

15

00

m d

eep)

was

form

ed d

urin

g 6

milli

on

year

s of

geo

logi

c ac

tivity

and

ero

sion

by

the

Colo

rado

Rive

r on

the

upra

ised

Ea

rthrsquos

cru

st T

hem

e 1

Its

horiz

onta

l st

rata

retra

ce th

e ge

olog

ical

his

tory

of

the

past

2 b

illion

yea

rs

1979

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Grea

t Bar

rier R

eef

87

The

GBR

ext

endi

ng 2

000

km

alo

ng Q

ueen

slan

drsquos

coas

t is

a g

loba

lly o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of a

n ec

osys

tem

that

has

evo

lved

over

mille

nnia

The

ar

ea h

as b

een

expo

sed

and

flood

ed b

y at

leas

t fou

r gl

acia

l and

inte

rgla

cial

cyc

les

and

ove

r the

pas

t 15

000

yea

rs re

efs

have

gro

wn

on th

e co

ntin

enta

l sh

elf

Durin

g gl

acia

l per

iods

sea

leve

ls d

ropp

ed e

xpos

ing

the

reef

s as

flat

-top

ped

hills

of e

rode

d lim

esto

ne

Larg

e riv

ers

mea

nder

ed b

etw

een

thes

e hi

lls a

nd th

e co

astli

ne e

xten

ded

furth

er e

ast

Durin

g in

terg

laci

al

perio

ds r

isin

g se

a le

vels

cau

sed

the

form

atio

n of

co

ntin

enta

l isl

ands

cor

al c

ays

and

new

pha

ses

of

cora

l gro

wth

Thi

s en

viron

men

tal h

isto

ry c

an b

e se

en

in c

ores

of o

ld m

assi

ve c

oral

s

Toda

y th

e GB

R fo

rms

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

oral

reef

ec

osys

tem

ran

ging

from

insh

ore

fring

ing

reef

s to

m

id-s

helf

reef

s a

nd e

xpos

ed o

uter

reef

s in

clud

ing

exam

ples

of a

ll st

ages

of r

eef d

evel

opm

ent

The

proc

esse

s of

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical

ev

olut

ion

are

wel

l rep

rese

nted

lin

king

con

tinen

tal

isla

nds

cor

al c

ays

and

reef

s T

he v

arie

d se

asca

pes

and

land

scap

es th

at o

ccur

toda

y ha

ve b

een

mou

lded

by

chan

ging

clim

ates

and

sea

leve

ls a

nd

the

eros

ive p

ower

of w

ind

and

wat

er o

ver l

ong

time

perio

ds

One-

third

of t

he G

BR li

es b

eyon

d th

e se

awar

d ed

ge o

f the

sha

llow

er re

efs

this

are

a co

mpr

ises

co

ntin

enta

l slo

pe a

nd d

eep

ocea

nic

wat

ers

and

abys

sal p

lain

s

Them

e 8

7 T

he G

BR fo

rms

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

oral

reef

eco

syst

em

rang

ing

from

insh

ore

fring

ing

reef

s to

m

id-s

helf

reef

s a

nd e

xpos

ed o

uter

re

efs

incl

udin

g ex

ampl

es o

f all

stag

es

of re

ef d

evel

opm

ent

The

proc

esse

s of

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical

ev

olut

ion

are

wel

l rep

rese

nted

lin

king

co

ntin

enta

l isl

ands

cor

al c

ays

and

reef

s T

he v

arie

d se

asca

pes

and

land

scap

es th

at o

ccur

toda

y ha

ve

been

mou

lded

by

chan

ging

clim

ates

an

d se

a le

vels

and

the

eros

ive

pow

er o

f win

d an

d w

ater

ove

r lon

g tim

e pe

riods

One

-thi

rd o

f the

GBR

lie

s be

yond

the

seaw

ard

edge

of t

he

shal

low

er re

efs

this

are

a co

mpr

ises

co

ntin

enta

l slo

pe a

nd d

eep

ocea

nic

wat

ers

and

abys

sal p

lain

s

1981

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Grea

t Sm

oky

Mou

ntai

ns

Natio

nal P

ark

13

Grea

t Sm

oky

Mou

ntai

ns N

atio

nal P

ark

is o

f wor

ld

impo

rtanc

e as

the

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e di

vers

e Ar

cto-

Terti

ary

geofl

ora

era

pro

vidin

g an

in

dica

tion

of w

hat t

he la

te P

leis

toce

ne fl

ora

look

ed

like

befo

re re

cent

hum

an im

pact

s

Them

e 1

Sta

ted

to b

e an

out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

e of

the

dive

rse

Arct

o-Te

rtiar

y ge

oflor

a er

a p

rovid

ing

an in

dica

tion

of

wha

t the

late

Ple

isto

cene

flor

a lo

oked

lik

e be

fore

Rec

ent h

uman

impa

cts

Th

eme

3 N

on-g

laci

al d

isse

cted

m

ount

aino

us te

rrain

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gros

Mor

ne

Natio

nal P

ark

29

The

rock

s of

Gro

s M

orne

Nat

iona

l Par

k co

llect

ively

pres

ent a

n in

tern

atio

nally

sig

nific

ant i

llust

ratio

n of

th

e pr

oces

s of

con

tinen

tal d

rift a

long

the

east

ern

coas

t of N

orth

Am

eric

a an

d co

ntrib

ute

grea

tly to

th

e bo

dy o

f kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

pla

te

tect

onic

s an

d th

e ge

olog

ical

evo

lutio

n of

anc

ient

m

ount

ain

belts

In

glac

ier-

scou

red

high

land

s an

d sp

ecta

cula

r fjo

rds

gla

ciat

ion

has

mad

e vis

ible

the

park

rsquos m

any

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

Them

e 2

Thi

s pa

rk s

ituat

ed o

n th

e w

est c

oast

of t

he is

land

of

New

foun

dlan

d pr

ovid

es a

rare

ex

ampl

e of

the

proc

ess

of c

ontin

enta

l dr

ift w

here

dee

p oc

ean

crus

t and

th

e ro

cks

of th

e Ea

rthrsquos

man

tle li

e ex

pose

d T

hem

e 9

Ple

isto

cene

gl

acia

l act

ion

has

resu

lted

in s

ome

spec

tacu

lar s

cene

ry w

ith c

oast

al

low

land

alp

ine

plat

eau

fjor

ds g

laci

al

valle

ys s

heer

clif

fs w

ater

falls

and

m

any

pris

tine

lake

s

1987

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Gulf

of P

orto

Ca

lanc

he o

f Pi

ana

Gul

f of

Giro

lata

Sc

ando

la R

eser

ve

7No

cur

rent

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV b

ut th

e in

scrip

tion

in 1

983

is b

ased

on

lsquodra

mat

ic g

eolo

gica

l la

ndfo

rmsrsquo

and

refe

rs to

Cyc

les

of e

rosi

on a

nd

reju

vena

tion

have

cre

ated

hig

h cl

iffs

of re

d po

rphy

ry

rhyo

liths

and

bas

altic

pilla

rs c

onsi

dera

bly

erod

ed b

y w

ave

actio

n T

hus

the

area

has

a v

arie

d an

d ru

gged

re

lief o

n m

arin

e an

d sh

ore

habi

tats

The

jagg

ed a

nd

shee

r clif

fs c

onta

in m

any

grot

tos

and

are

flank

ed b

y nu

mer

ous

stac

ks a

nd a

lmos

t ina

cces

sibl

e is

lets

and

co

ves

such

as

Tuar

a T

he c

ombi

natio

n of

the

red

cliff

s s

ome

900

m h

igh

san

d be

ache

s h

eadl

ands

su

ch a

s Ca

pe O

sani

and

the

Peni

nsul

a of

Elb

o a

nd

the

trans

pare

nt s

ea m

ake

the

area

exc

eptio

nally

be

autif

ul

Them

e 7

The

mar

ine

area

of t

he

prop

erty

par

ticul

arly

in th

e Sc

ando

la

natu

re re

serv

e is

rem

arka

ble

for i

ts

wea

lth o

f alg

ae T

he te

rraci

ng o

f livi

ng

form

s is

ver

y re

pres

enta

tive

of th

e M

edite

rrane

an c

oast

al e

nviro

nmen

t th

e lsquop

avem

entrsquo

of L

ithop

hyllu

m (a

lga)

le

ads

to a

bed

of P

osid

onia

whi

ch

can

be u

p to

35

m d

eep

Rem

arka

ble

cora

lligen

ous

stru

ctur

es fo

rm u

p to

th

e ed

ge o

f the

con

tinen

tal s

helf

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Fran

ceEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gunu

ng M

ulu

Natio

nal P

ark

6Th

e pa

rk is

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of m

ajor

ch

ange

s in

the

Earth

rsquos h

isto

ry T

hree

maj

or ro

ck

form

atio

ns a

re e

viden

t th

e M

ulu

Form

atio

n of

Pa

leoc

ene

and

Eoce

ne s

hale

rsquos a

nd s

ands

tone

ris

ing

to 2

376

m a

t the

sum

mit

of G

unun

g M

ulu

th

e 1

5 km

thic

k M

elin

au L

imes

tone

form

atio

n of

Up

per E

ocen

e O

ligoc

ene

and

Low

er M

ioce

ne r

isin

g to

16

82 m

at G

unun

g Ap

i an

d th

e M

ioce

ne S

etap

Sh

ale

form

atio

n ou

tcro

ppin

g as

a g

entle

line

of h

ills

to th

e w

est

Maj

or u

plift

that

occ

urre

d du

ring

the

late

Pl

ioce

ne to

Ple

isto

cene

is w

ell r

epre

sent

ed in

the

295

km o

f exp

lore

d ca

ves

as a

ser

ies

of m

ajor

cav

e le

vels

The

sur

face

and

und

ergr

ound

geo

mor

phol

ogy

and

hydr

olog

y re

veal

sig

nific

ant i

nfor

mat

ion

on

the

tect

onic

and

clim

atic

evo

lutio

n of

Bor

neo

The

se

quen

ce o

f ter

rest

rial a

lluvia

l dep

osits

pro

vides

an

impo

rtant

reco

rd o

f gla

cial

ndash in

terg

laci

al c

ycle

s w

ith th

e se

ries

of u

plift

ed c

aves

rang

ing

from

28

m

to o

ver 3

00 m

abo

ve s

ea le

vel a

re a

t lea

st 2

to 3

m

illion

yea

rs o

ld i

ndic

atin

g up

lift r

ates

of a

bout

19

cm p

er 1

000

yea

rs

Them

e 6

The

par

k ha

s a

sign

ifica

nt

area

of k

arst

in M

ioce

ne li

mes

tone

th

at c

onta

ins

larg

e un

derg

roun

d riv

ers

and

gt29

0 km

of e

xplo

red

cave

s

incl

udin

g Sa

raw

ak C

ham

ber (

700

m lo

ng 3

00-4

00 m

wid

e an

d up

to

100

m h

igh)

ndash th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t un

derg

roun

d ro

om C

aves

con

tain

m

ajor

spe

leot

hem

dep

osits

and

15

m

illion

yea

r sed

imen

t seq

uenc

es

Rich

cav

e bi

ota

esp

ecia

lly n

otab

le fo

r ba

ts a

nd s

wift

lets

Su

rface

feat

ures

in

clud

e gi

ant c

olla

pse

dolin

es a

nd

spec

tacu

lar r

azor

-sha

rp p

inna

cle

kars

t (c

a 50

m h

igh)

2000

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lM

alay

sia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Ha L

ong

Bay

67

As th

e m

ost e

xten

sive

and

best

kno

wn

exam

ple

of

mar

ine-

inva

ded

tow

er k

arst

in th

e w

orld

Ha

Long

Ba

y is

one

of th

e w

orld

rsquos m

ost i

mpo

rtant

are

as o

f Fe

ngco

ng (c

lust

ers

of c

onic

al p

eaks

) and

Fen

glin

(is

olat

ed to

wer

feat

ures

) kar

st A

bund

ant l

akes

oc

cupy

ing

drow

ned

dolin

es a

re o

ne o

f the

dist

inct

ive

feat

ures

of t

he F

enco

ng k

arst

with

som

e ap

pear

ing

to b

e tid

al P

osse

ssin

g a

trem

endo

us d

ivers

ity o

f ca

ves

and

othe

r lan

dfor

ms

deriv

ed fr

om th

e un

usua

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al p

roce

ss o

f mar

ine

inva

ded

tow

er

kars

t the

cav

es a

re o

f thr

ee m

ain

type

s re

mna

nts

of p

hrea

tic c

aves

old

kar

stic

foot

cav

es a

nd m

arin

e no

tch

cave

s T

he p

rope

rty a

lso d

ispla

ys th

e fu

ll ra

nge

of k

arst

form

atio

n pr

oces

ses

on a

ver

y la

rge

scal

e an

d ov

er a

ver

y lo

ng p

erio

d of

geo

logi

cal t

ime

pos

sess

ing

the

mos

t com

plet

e an

d ex

tens

ive e

xzam

ple

of it

s ty

pe

in th

e w

orld

and

pro

vidin

g a

uniq

ue a

nd e

xten

sive

rese

rvoi

r of d

ata

for t

he fu

ture

und

erst

andi

ng o

f ge

oclim

atic

hist

ory

and

the

natu

re o

f kar

st p

roce

sses

in

a c

ompl

ex e

nviro

nmen

t

Them

e 6

7 T

he w

orld

rsquos m

ost

exte

nsive

and

bes

t- k

now

n ex

ampl

e of

trop

ical

tow

er k

arst

inva

ded

by th

e se

a In

corp

orat

es a

reas

of f

engc

ong

and

feng

lin k

arst

1994

(200

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lVi

et N

amAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Haw

aii V

olca

noes

Na

tiona

l Par

k4

This

pro

perty

is a

uni

que

exam

ple

of s

igni

fican

t is

land

bui

ldin

g th

roug

h on

goin

g vo

lcan

ic p

roce

sses

It

repr

esen

ts th

e m

ost r

ecen

t act

ivity

in th

e co

ntin

uing

pro

cess

of t

he g

eolo

gic

orig

in a

nd

chan

ge o

f the

Haw

aiia

n Ar

chip

elag

o T

he p

ark

cont

ains

sig

nific

ant p

arts

of t

wo

of th

e w

orld

rsquos m

ost

activ

e an

d be

st u

nder

stoo

d vo

lcan

oes

Kila

uea

and

Mau

na L

oa T

he v

olca

no M

auna

Loa

mea

sure

d fro

m th

e oc

ean

floor

is

the

grea

test

vol

cani

c m

ass

on E

arth

Them

e 4

Thi

s pr

oper

ty c

onta

ins

two

of th

e m

ost a

ctive

vol

cano

es in

the

wor

ld M

auna

Loa

(41

70 m

hig

h) a

nd

Kila

uea

(12

50 m

hig

h) b

oth

of w

hich

to

wer

ove

r the

Pac

ific

Ocea

n V

olca

nic

erup

tions

hav

e cr

eate

d a

cons

tant

ly ch

angi

ng la

ndsc

ape

and

the

lava

flo

ws

reve

al s

urpr

isin

g ge

olog

ical

fo

rmat

ions

1987

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Hear

d an

d M

cDon

ald

Isla

nds

2 4

9Th

e is

land

s co

ntai

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

es o

f si

gnifi

cant

on-

goin

g ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es o

ccur

ring

in a

n es

sent

ially

und

istu

rbed

env

ironm

ent

parti

cula

rly p

hysi

cal p

roce

sses

whi

ch p

rovid

e an

un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e ro

le o

f cru

stal

pla

tes

in th

e fo

rmat

ion

of o

cean

bas

ins

and

cont

inen

ts a

nd o

f at

mos

pher

ic a

nd o

cean

ic w

arm

ing

The

isla

nds

are

dist

inct

ive a

mon

g oc

eani

c is

land

s in

bei

ng fo

unde

d up

on a

maj

or s

ubm

arin

e pl

atea

u w

hich

in th

is c

ase

defle

cts

Anta

rctic

circ

umpo

lar w

ater

s no

rthw

ards

w

ith s

triki

ng c

onse

quen

ces

for g

eom

orph

olog

ical

pr

oces

ses

The

y al

so o

ffer a

n ac

tive

exam

ple

of p

lum

e vo

lcan

ism

pro

vidin

g di

rect

geo

logi

cal

evid

ence

of t

he a

ctio

n of

the

long

est o

pera

tiona

l pl

ume

syst

em k

now

n in

the

wor

ld T

his

incl

udes

in

form

atio

n ab

out p

lum

e in

tera

ctio

n w

ith o

verly

ing

crus

tal p

late

s a

s w

ell a

s in

sigh

ts in

to m

antle

plu

me

com

posi

tion

due

to th

e w

ides

t ran

ge o

f iso

topi

c co

mpo

sitio

ns o

f stro

ntiu

m n

eody

miu

m l

ead

and

heliu

m k

now

n fro

m a

ny o

cean

ic is

land

vol

cano

sy

stem

Big

Ben

on

Hear

d Is

land

is th

e on

ly kn

own

cont

inuo

usly

activ

e vo

lcan

o on

a s

ub-A

ntar

ctic

is

land

whe

reas

the

volc

ano

on M

acDo

nald

Isla

nd

rece

ntly

beca

me

activ

e ag

ain

afte

r a 7

500

0 ye

ar

perio

d of

dor

man

cy i

ncre

asin

g si

gnifi

cant

ly in

size

si

nce

insc

riptio

n

Hear

d Is

land

rsquos re

lativ

ely

shal

low

and

fast

-flow

ing

glac

iers

resp

ond

quic

kly

to c

limat

e ch

ange

fa

ster

than

any

gla

cier

s el

sew

here

mak

ing

them

pa

rticu

larly

impo

rtant

in m

onito

ring

clim

ate

chan

ge

They

hav

e flu

ctua

ted

dram

atic

ally

in re

cent

dec

ades

an

d ha

ve re

treat

ed s

igni

fican

tly

Them

e 2

4 H

eard

Isla

nd a

nd

McD

onal

d Is

land

s ar

e th

e on

ly vo

lcan

ical

ly ac

tive

suba

ntar

ctic

is

land

s T

he is

land

s ar

e di

stin

ctive

am

ong

ocea

nic

isla

nds

in b

eing

fo

unde

d up

on a

maj

or s

ubm

arin

e pl

atea

u w

hich

in th

is c

ase

defle

cts

Anta

rctic

circ

umpo

lar w

ater

s no

rthw

ards

The

y al

so o

ffer a

n ac

tive

exam

ple

of p

lum

e vo

lcan

ism

pr

ovid

ing

dire

ct g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

of

the

actio

n of

the

long

est o

pera

tiona

l pl

ume

syst

em k

now

n in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 9

Hea

rd Is

land

rsquos re

lativ

ely

shal

low

and

fast

-flow

ing

glac

iers

re

spon

d qu

ickl

y to

clim

ate

chan

ge

fast

er th

an a

ny g

laci

ers

else

whe

re

mak

ing

them

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in

mon

itorin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

The

y ha

ve fl

uctu

ated

dra

mat

ical

ly in

re

cent

dec

ades

and

hav

e re

treat

ed

sign

ifica

ntly

1997

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

High

Coa

st

Kva

rken

Ar

chip

elag

o

9Th

e Hi

gh C

oast

Kva

rken

Arc

hipe

lago

is o

f ex

cept

iona

l geo

logi

cal v

alue

for t

wo

mai

n re

ason

s

Firs

t bo

th a

reas

hav

e so

me

of th

e hi

ghes

t rat

es

of is

osta

tic u

plift

in th

e w

orld

mea

ning

that

the

land

stil

l con

tinue

s to

rise

in e

leva

tion

follo

win

g th

e re

treat

of t

he la

st in

land

ice

shee

t w

ith a

roun

d 29

0 m

of l

and

uplif

t rec

orde

d ov

er th

e pa

st 1

050

0 ye

ars

The

upl

ift is

ong

oing

and

is a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

maj

or c

hang

es in

the

wat

er b

odie

s in

pos

t-gl

acia

l tim

es T

his

phen

omen

on w

as fi

rst r

ecog

nize

d an

d st

udie

d he

re m

akin

g th

e pr

oper

ty a

key

are

a fo

r un

ders

tand

ing

the

proc

esse

s of

cru

stal

resp

onse

to

the

mel

ting

of th

e co

ntin

enta

l ice

she

et S

econ

d

the

Kvar

ken

Arch

ipel

ago

with

its

560

0 is

land

s an

d su

rroun

ding

sea

pos

sess

es a

dis

tinct

ive a

rray

of

glac

ial d

epos

ition

al fo

rmat

ions

suc

h as

De

Geer

m

orai

nes

whi

ch a

dd to

the

varie

ty o

f gla

cial

land

- an

d se

asca

pe fe

atur

es in

the

regi

on I

t is

a gl

obal

ex

cept

iona

l and

dive

rse

area

for s

tudy

ing

mor

aine

ar

chip

elag

os T

he H

igh

Coas

t and

the

Kvar

ken

Arch

ipel

ago

repr

esen

t com

plem

enta

ry e

xam

ples

of

post

-gla

cial

upl

iftin

g la

ndsc

apes

Them

e 9

Bot

h ar

eas

have

som

e of

th

e hi

ghes

t rat

es o

f iso

stat

ic u

plift

in

the

wor

ld m

eani

ng th

at th

e la

nd

still

cont

inue

s to

rise

in e

leva

tion

follo

win

g th

e re

treat

of t

he la

st in

land

ic

e sh

eet

with

aro

und

290

m o

f lan

d up

lift r

ecor

ded

over

the

past

10

500

year

s T

he u

plift

is o

ngoi

ng a

nd is

as

soci

ated

with

maj

or c

hang

es in

the

wat

er b

odie

s in

pos

t-gl

acia

l tim

es

[] a

key

are

a fo

r und

erst

andi

ng th

e pr

oces

ses

of c

rust

al re

spon

se to

the

mel

ting

of th

e co

ntin

enta

l ice

she

et

[] t

he K

vark

en A

rchi

pela

go w

ith

its 5

600

isla

nds

and

surro

undi

ng

sea

pos

sess

es a

dis

tinct

ive a

rray

of g

laci

al d

epos

ition

al fo

rmat

ions

su

ch a

s De

Gee

r mor

aine

s w

hich

ad

d to

the

varie

ty o

f gla

cial

land

- an

d se

asca

pe fe

atur

es in

the

regi

on I

t is

a gl

obal

exc

eptio

nal a

nd d

ivers

e ar

ea

for s

tudy

ing

mor

aine

arc

hipe

lago

s

The

High

Coa

st a

nd th

e Kv

arke

n Ar

chip

elag

o re

pres

ent c

ompl

emen

tary

ex

ampl

es o

f pos

t-gl

acia

l upl

iftin

g la

ndsc

apes

2000

(200

6)(v

iii)Na

tura

lFi

nlan

d

Swed

enEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Huas

caraacute

n Na

tiona

l Par

k9

Huas

caraacute

n is

loca

ted

in th

e Hi

gh A

ndes

and

incl

udes

hi

gh p

late

aus

of P

una

gras

slan

ds w

here

60

00

m p

eaks

and

gla

cier

s fo

rm a

glo

bally

not

able

m

ount

aino

us re

gion

inc

ludi

ng o

ver 6

00 g

laci

ers

al

mos

t 300

lake

s an

d 41

trib

utar

ies

of th

ree

impo

rtant

rive

rs t

he S

anta

Pat

ivilc

a an

d M

aran

on

Unde

rlyin

g th

e ex

cept

iona

l lan

dsca

pe o

f Hua

scar

an

Natio

nal P

ark

is a

bro

ad s

pect

rum

of r

emar

kabl

e on

goin

g ge

olog

ical

feat

ures

and

pro

cess

es

shap

ing

the

impr

essi

ve g

eom

orph

olog

y Th

e ar

earsquos

ge

olog

ical

his

tory

and

stru

ctur

es a

re v

ery

com

plex

w

ith s

erra

ted

peak

s an

d th

e ru

gged

topo

grap

hy

orig

inat

e fro

m th

e up

liftin

g of

Mes

ozoi

c se

dim

ents

w

hich

wer

e se

vere

ly fo

lded

and

faul

ted

by c

ompl

ex

tect

onic

act

ivity

at t

he e

nd o

f the

Cre

tace

ous

Perio

d an

d su

bjec

t to

volc

anis

m in

the

Plio

cene

an

d Pl

eist

ocen

e ep

ochs

To

this

day

ther

e is

stro

ng

seis

mic

act

ivity

in th

e ar

ea m

ajor

ear

thqu

akes

su

ch a

s in

194

5 1

962

and

1970

ser

ving

as c

ruel

re

min

ders

Gla

ciat

ion

is a

maj

or e

lem

ent i

n th

e ge

omor

phol

ogy

and

hydr

olog

y of

the

prop

erty

It is

es

timat

ed th

at a

s m

uch

a qu

arte

r of t

he v

olum

e of

gl

acia

l ice

in th

e Co

rdille

ra m

ay h

ave

disa

ppea

red

sinc

e th

e la

te 1

960s

a p

roce

ss w

hich

is li

kely

to

furth

er c

hang

e th

e vis

ual f

ace

of H

uasc

araacuten

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk

Them

e 9

Loc

ated

in th

e Hi

gh A

ndes

an

d in

clud

es h

igh

plat

eaus

of P

una

gras

slan

ds w

here

60

00 m

pea

ks

and

glac

iers

form

a g

loba

lly n

otab

le

mou

ntai

nous

regi

on i

nclu

ding

ove

r 60

0 gl

acie

rs a

lmos

t 300

lake

s an

d 41

trib

utar

ies

of th

ree

impo

rtant

rive

rs

the

Sant

a P

ativi

lca

and

Mar

anon

1985

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Peru

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Ilulis

sat I

cefjo

rd9

The

Ilulis

sat I

cefjo

rd is

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of

a st

age

in th

e Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

the

last

ice

age

of

the

Quat

erna

ry P

erio

d T

he ic

e-st

ream

is o

ne o

f the

fa

stes

t (40

m p

er d

ay) a

nd m

ost a

ctive

in th

e w

orld

Its

ann

ual c

alvin

g of

ove

r 46

km3

of ic

e ac

coun

ts

for 1

0 o

f the

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll Gr

eenl

and

calf

ice

m

ore

than

any

oth

er g

laci

er o

utsi

de A

ntar

ctic

a T

he

glac

ier h

as b

een

the

obje

ct o

f sci

entifi

c at

tent

ion

for 2

50 y

ears

and

alo

ng w

ith it

s re

lativ

e ea

se

of a

cces

sibi

lity

has

sign

ifica

ntly

adde

d to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

ice-

cap

glac

iolo

gy c

limat

e ch

ange

an

d re

late

d ge

omor

phic

pro

cess

es

Them

e 9

The

Ilul

issa

t Ice

fjord

is

an o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of a

sta

ge

in th

e Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

the

last

ice

age

of th

e Qu

ater

nary

Per

iod

The

ic

e-st

ream

is o

ne o

f the

fast

est (

40

m p

er d

ay) a

nd m

ost a

ctive

in th

e w

orld

Its

ann

ual c

alvin

g of

ove

r 46

km3

of ic

e ac

coun

ts fo

r 10

of t

he

prod

uctio

n of

all

Gree

nlan

d ca

lf ic

e

mor

e th

an a

ny o

ther

gla

cier

out

side

An

tarc

tica

[]

has

sig

nific

antly

add

ed

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of ic

e-ca

p gl

acio

logy

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd re

late

d ge

omor

phic

pro

cess

es

2004

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Isch

igua

last

o T

alam

paya

Na

tura

l Par

ks

1Th

e pr

oper

ty o

f Isc

higu

alas

to-T

alam

paya

Nat

ural

Pa

rks

is o

f ext

raor

dina

ry s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e

prov

idin

g a

com

plet

e se

quen

ce o

f fos

silif

erou

s co

ntin

enta

l sed

imen

ts re

pres

entin

g th

e Tr

iass

ic

Perio

d of

geo

logi

cal h

isto

ry (c

250

-200

milli

on

year

s be

fore

pre

sent

) an

d re

veal

ing

the

evol

utio

n of

ve

rtebr

ate

life

and

the

natu

re o

f pal

aeoe

nviro

nmen

ts

in th

e Tr

iass

ic th

at u

sher

ed in

the

lsquoAge

of t

he

Dino

saur

srsquo

Exte

ndin

g ov

er th

e Is

chig

uala

sto-

Villa

Uni

oacuten

sedi

men

tary

bas

in t

he d

ram

atic

nat

ural

land

scap

e of

the

prop

erty

exp

oses

six

geol

ogic

al fo

rmat

ions

th

at c

lear

ly an

d ex

cept

iona

lly d

ocum

ent t

he m

ajor

st

age

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry fr

om th

e ev

olut

ion

from

the

mam

mal

anc

esto

rs in

the

Early

Tria

ssic

to th

e ris

e of

din

osau

r dom

inan

ce d

urin

g th

e Tr

iass

ic T

he ri

ch

dive

rsity

of f

ossi

ls in

clud

es s

ome

56 k

now

n ge

nera

an

d m

any

mor

e sp

ecie

s of

ver

tebr

ates

inc

ludi

ng

but n

ot li

mite

d to

fish

am

phib

ians

and

a g

reat

va

riety

of r

eptil

es a

nd d

irect

mam

mal

ian

ance

stor

s

incl

udin

g th

e ea

rly d

inos

aur

Eora

ptor

and

at l

east

10

0 sp

ecie

s of

pla

nts

toge

ther

with

abu

ndan

t em

phas

is o

f the

env

ironm

ents

of t

he ti

me

Tog

ethe

r th

ese

rem

ains

pro

vide

a un

ique

win

dow

on

life

in

the

Tria

ssic

Per

iod

with

man

y ne

w d

isco

verie

s st

ill to

be

mad

e

Them

e 1

Isch

igua

last

o T

alam

paya

Na

tura

l Par

ks c

onta

in th

e m

ost

com

plet

e co

ntin

enta

l fos

sil r

ecor

d kn

own

from

the

Tria

ssic

Per

iod

(c 2

50-2

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go)

Six

geol

ogic

al fo

rmat

ions

con

tain

fo

ssils

of a

wid

e ra

nge

of a

nces

tors

of

mam

mal

s d

inos

aurs

and

pla

nts

reve

alin

g th

e ev

olut

ion

of v

erte

brat

es

and

the

natu

re o

f pal

aeoe

nviro

nmen

ts

in th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d

2000

(viii)

Natu

ral

Arge

ntin

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Isol

e Eo

lie

(Aeo

lian

Isla

nds)

4Th

e is

land

srsquo v

olca

nic

land

form

s re

pres

ent c

lass

ic

feat

ures

in th

e co

ntin

uing

stu

dy o

f vol

cano

logy

w

orld

-wid

e W

ith th

eir s

cien

tific

stud

y fro

m a

t lea

st

the

18th

Cen

tury

the

isla

nds

have

pro

vided

two

of

the

type

s of

eru

ptio

ns (V

ulca

nian

and

Stro

mbo

lian)

to

vul

cano

logy

and

geo

logy

text

book

s an

d so

ha

ve fe

atur

ed p

rom

inen

tly in

the

educ

atio

n of

all

geos

cien

tists

for o

ver 2

00 y

ears

The

y co

ntin

ue

to p

rovid

e a

rich

field

for v

olca

nolo

gica

l stu

dies

of

on-g

oing

geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

land

form

s

Them

e 4

The

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

prov

ide

an o

utst

andi

ng re

cord

of v

olca

nic

isla

nd-b

uild

ing

and

dest

ruct

ion

and

on

goin

g vo

lcan

ic p

heno

men

a S

tudi

ed

sinc

e at

leas

t the

18t

h ce

ntur

y th

e is

land

s ha

ve p

rovid

ed th

e sc

ienc

e of

vul

cano

logy

with

exa

mpl

es o

f tw

o ty

pes

of e

rupt

ion

(Vul

cani

an a

nd

Stro

mbo

lian)

2000

(viii)

Natu

ral

Italy

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Jeju

Vol

cani

c Is

land

and

Lav

a Tu

bes

46

Jeju

has

a d

istin

ctive

val

ue a

s on

e of

the

few

la

rge

shie

ld v

olca

noes

in th

e w

orld

bui

lt ov

er a

ho

t spo

t on

a st

atio

nary

con

tinen

tal c

rust

pla

te I

t is

dis

tingu

ishe

d by

the

Geom

unor

eum

lava

tube

sy

stem

whi

ch is

the

mos

t im

pres

sive

and

sig

nific

ant

serie

s of

pro

tect

ed la

va tu

be c

aves

in th

e w

orld

and

in

clud

es a

spe

ctac

ular

arra

y of

sec

onda

ry c

arbo

nate

sp

eleo

them

s (s

tala

ctite

s an

d ot

her d

ecor

atio

ns)

with

an

abu

ndan

ce a

nd d

ivers

ity u

nkno

wn

else

whe

re

with

in a

lava

cav

e T

he S

eong

san

Ilchu

lbon

g tu

ff co

ne h

as e

xcep

tiona

l exp

osur

es o

f its

stru

ctur

al a

nd

sedi

men

tolo

gica

l cha

ract

eris

tics

mak

ing

it a

wor

ld-

clas

s lo

catio

n fo

r und

erst

andi

ng S

urts

eyan

-typ

e vo

lcan

ic e

rupt

ions

Them

e 4

Jej

u Vo

lcan

ic Is

land

and

La

va T

ubes

incl

udes

Geo

mun

oreu

m

rega

rded

as

the

fines

t lav

a tu

be

syst

em o

f cav

es a

nyw

here

with

its

mul

ticol

oure

d ca

rbon

ate

roof

s an

d flo

ors

and

dar

k-co

lour

ed la

va

wal

ls t

he fo

rtres

s-lik

e Se

ongs

an

Ilchu

lbon

g tu

ff co

ne r

isin

g ou

t of t

he

ocea

n a

dra

mat

ic la

ndsc

ape

and

M

ount

Hal

la t

he h

ighe

st in

Kor

ea

with

its

wat

erfa

lls m

ulti-

shap

ed

rock

form

atio

ns a

nd la

ke-fi

lled

crat

er T

hem

e 6

Out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

e of

vul

cano

kars

t a

spec

ial

style

of p

seud

okar

st T

his

incl

udes

Ge

omun

oreu

m la

va tu

bes

whi

ch a

re

nota

ble

for s

pect

acul

ar d

ecor

atio

n w

ith c

arbo

nate

spe

leot

hem

s th

e ca

rbon

ate

bein

g de

rived

from

ov

erlyi

ng c

alca

reou

s du

ne s

ands

bl

own

in fr

om th

e co

ast

2007

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Repu

blic

of

Kor

eaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Jogg

ins

Foss

il Cl

iffs

1Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

ic fe

atur

es

and

proc

esse

s T

he lsquog

rand

exp

osur

ersquo o

f roc

ks a

t Jo

ggin

s Fo

ssil

Cliff

s co

ntai

ns th

e be

st a

nd m

ost

com

plet

e kn

own

foss

il re

cord

of t

erre

stria

l life

in

the

icon

ic lsquoC

oal A

gersquo

the

Penn

sylva

nian

Sub

perio

d of

the

Carb

onife

rous

Per

iod

in E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry T

he

prop

erty

bea

rs w

itnes

s to

the

first

rept

iles

in E

arth

hi

stor

y w

hich

are

the

earli

est r

epre

sent

ative

s of

th

e am

niot

es a

gro

up o

f ani

mal

s th

at in

clud

es

rept

iles

din

osau

rs b

irds

and

mam

mal

s U

prig

ht

foss

il tre

es a

re p

rese

rved

at a

ser

ies

of le

vels

in th

e cl

iffs

toge

ther

with

ani

mal

pla

nt a

nd tr

ace

foss

ils

that

pro

vide

envir

onm

enta

l con

text

and

ena

ble

a co

mpl

ete

reco

nstru

ctio

n to

be

mad

e of

the

exte

nsive

fo

ssil

fore

sts

that

dom

inat

ed la

nd a

t thi

s tim

e a

nd

are

now

the

sour

ce o

f mos

t of t

he w

orld

rsquos c

oal

depo

sits

The

pro

perty

has

pla

yed

a vit

al ro

le in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f sem

inal

geo

logi

cal a

nd e

volu

tiona

ry

prin

cipl

es i

nclu

ding

thro

ugh

the

wor

k of

Sir

Char

les

Lyel

l and

Cha

rles

Darw

in f

or w

hich

the

site

has

be

en re

ferre

d to

as

the

lsquocoa

l age

Gal

aacutepag

osrsquo

Them

e 1

The

Jog

gins

Fos

sil C

liffs

ha

ve b

een

desc

ribed

as

the

lsquocoa

l age

Ga

laacutepa

gosrsquo

due

to th

eir w

ealth

of

foss

ils fr

om th

e Ca

rbon

ifero

us P

erio

d (c

360

to 3

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go) a

nd

repr

esen

t the

mos

t com

plet

e kn

own

foss

il re

cord

of t

erre

stria

l life

from

th

at ti

me

2008

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Klua

ne

Wra

ngel

l-St

Elia

s G

laci

er B

ay

Tats

hens

hini

-Al

sek

9Th

ese

tect

onic

ally

activ

e jo

int s

ites

feat

ure

cont

inuo

us m

ount

ain

build

ing

and

cont

ain

outs

tand

ing

exam

ples

of m

ajor

ong

oing

geo

logi

c an

d gl

acia

l pro

cess

es O

ver 2

00 g

laci

ers

in th

e ic

e-co

vere

d ce

ntra

l pla

teau

com

bine

to fo

rm s

ome

of th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t and

long

est g

laci

ers

sev

eral

of

whi

ch s

tretc

h to

the

sea

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

broa

d ra

nge

of g

laci

al p

roce

sses

inc

ludi

ng

wor

ld-c

lass

dep

ositi

onal

feat

ures

and

cla

ssic

ex

ampl

es o

f mor

aine

s h

angi

ng v

alle

ys a

nd o

ther

ge

omor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

Them

e 9

Ove

r 200

gla

cier

s in

the

ice-

cove

red

cent

ral p

late

au c

ombi

ne

to fo

rm s

ome

of th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t an

d lo

nges

t gla

cier

s s

ever

al o

f whi

ch

stre

tch

to th

e se

a T

he p

rope

rty

disp

lays

a b

road

rang

e of

gla

cial

pr

oces

ses

incl

udin

g w

orld

-cla

ss

depo

sitio

nal f

eatu

res

and

clas

sic

exam

ples

of m

orai

nes

han

ging

va

lleys

and

oth

er g

eom

orph

olog

ical

fe

atur

es

1979

(199

2

1994

)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Cana

da

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Lake

Bai

kal

25

No a

ppro

ved

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV B

asis

of

insc

riptio

n is

The

geo

logi

cal r

ift s

yste

m w

hich

ga

ve ri

se to

Lak

e Ba

ikal

was

form

ed in

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a L

ake

Baik

al is

thus

the

olde

st la

ke in

the

wor

ld

as w

ell a

s th

e de

epes

t Va

rious

tect

onic

forc

es a

re

still

on-g

oing

as

evid

ence

d in

rece

nt th

erm

al v

ents

in

the

dept

hs o

f the

lake

Them

e 2

The

geo

logi

cal r

ift s

yste

m

whi

ch g

ave

rise

to L

ake

Baik

al w

as

form

ed in

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a V

ario

us

tect

onic

forc

es a

re s

till o

n-go

ing

as

evid

ence

d in

rece

nt th

erm

al v

ents

in

the

dept

hs o

f the

lake

The

me

5 T

he

prop

erty

incl

udes

Lak

e Ba

ikal

itse

lf

the

deep

est i

n w

orld

and

con

tain

ing

20

of a

ll fre

sh ru

nnin

g w

ater

on

the

plan

et

1996

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lRu

ssia

n Fe

dera

-tio

n

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Lake

Tur

kana

Na

tiona

l Par

ks1

The

geol

ogy

and

foss

il re

cord

repr

esen

ts m

ajor

st

ages

of t

he E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry i

nclu

ding

reco

rds

of

life

repr

esen

ted

by h

omin

id d

isco

verie

s p

rese

nce

of re

cent

geo

logi

cal p

roce

ss re

pres

ente

d by

vo

lcan

ic e

rosi

onal

and

sed

imen

tary

land

form

s

This

pro

perty

rsquos m

ain

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es s

tem

from

th

e Pl

ioce

ne to

Hol

ocen

e ep

ochs

(c 4

milli

on to

10

000

yea

rs o

ld)

It ha

s be

en v

ery

valu

able

in th

e re

cons

truct

ion

of th

e pa

leo-

envir

onm

ent o

f the

en

tire

Lake

Tur

kana

Bas

in T

he K

obi F

ora

depo

sits

co

ntai

n pr

e-hu

man

mam

mal

ian

mol

lusc

an a

nd

othe

r fos

sil r

emai

ns a

nd h

ave

cont

ribut

ed m

ore

to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

hum

an a

nces

try a

nd p

aleo

-en

viron

men

t tha

n an

y ot

her s

ite in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 1

The

Koo

bi F

ora

depo

sits

ric

h in

mam

mal

ian

mol

lusc

an a

nd

othe

r fos

sil r

emai

ns h

ave

cont

ribut

ed

mor

e to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

pal

eo-

envir

onm

ents

than

any

oth

er s

ite o

n th

e co

ntin

ent

1997

(200

1)(v

iii)(x

)Na

tura

lKe

nya

Afric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Lapo

nian

Are

a9

The

Lapo

nian

Are

a co

ntai

ns a

ll th

e pr

oces

ses

asso

ciat

ed w

ith g

laci

al a

ctivi

ty s

uch

as U

-sha

ped

valle

ys m

orai

nes

talu

s sl

opes

dru

mlin

s p

rese

nce

of la

rge

erra

tics

and

rapi

dly

flow

ing

glac

ial s

tream

s

It ha

s ex

celle

nt e

xam

ples

of i

ce a

nd fr

ost a

ctio

n in

a

tund

ra s

ettin

g in

clud

ing

form

atio

n of

pol

ygon

s an

d an

are

a of

spe

ctac

ular

ly co

llaps

ing

and

grow

ing

pals

a m

ound

s G

laci

al ri

vers

orig

inat

ing

in th

e sn

owfie

lds

cont

inue

to c

ut th

roug

h be

droc

k L

arge

un

vege

tate

d ar

eas

illust

rate

the

phen

omen

on o

f w

eath

erin

g T

he p

rope

rty a

lso

cont

ains

a re

cord

of

hum

ans

bein

g pa

rt of

thes

e ec

osys

tem

s fo

r sev

en

thou

sand

yea

rs

Them

e 9

Con

tain

s al

l the

pro

cess

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith g

laci

al a

ctivi

ty s

uch

as U

-sha

ped

valle

ys m

orai

nes

talu

s sl

opes

dru

mlin

s p

rese

nce

of la

rge

erra

tics

and

rapi

dly

flow

ing

glac

ial

stre

ams

It h

as e

xcel

lent

exa

mpl

es o

f ic

e an

d fro

st a

ctio

n in

a tu

ndra

set

ting

incl

udin

g fo

rmat

ion

of p

olyg

ons

and

an a

rea

of s

pect

acul

arly

colla

psin

g an

d gr

owin

g pa

lsa

mou

nds

Gla

cial

riv

ers

orig

inat

ing

in th

e sn

owfie

lds

cont

inue

to c

ut th

roug

h be

droc

k

1996

(iii)(

v)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)M

ixed

Swed

enEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Lena

Pill

ars

Natu

re P

ark

36

The

Lena

Pilla

rs N

atur

e Pa

rk d

ispl

ays

two

feat

ures

of

sig

nific

ant i

nter

natio

nal i

nter

est i

n re

latio

n to

the

Earth

sci

ence

s T

he la

rge

cryo

geni

cally

m

odifi

ed p

illars

in th

e re

gion

are

the

mos

t not

able

pi

llar l

ands

cape

of t

heir

kind

kno

wn

whi

lst t

he

inte

rnat

iona

lly re

now

ned

and

impo

rtant

exp

osur

es

of C

ambr

ian

rock

s pr

ovid

e a

seco

nd a

nd im

porta

nt

supp

ortin

g se

t of v

alue

s

Them

e 3

Len

a Pi

llars

Nat

ure

Park

is

mar

ked

by s

pect

acul

ar ro

ck p

illars

up

to 1

00 m

hig

h th

at fo

rmed

due

to

diffe

rent

ial e

rosio

n al

ong

the

bank

s of

th

e Le

na R

iver

Them

e 6

Pilla

rs w

ere

isola

ted

by p

aleo

-diss

olut

ion

alon

g jo

ints

ben

eath

thick

gra

vel c

over

and

ar

e re

veal

ed a

long

val

ley

sides

by

frost

pr

oces

ses

and

fluvia

l und

ercu

tting

Kar

st

feat

ures

inclu

de g

roun

dwat

er c

ircul

atio

n an

d sm

all fl

utes

2012

(viii)

Natu

ral

Russ

ian

Fede

ra-

tion

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Lore

ntz

Natio

nal

Park

26

The

geol

ogy

and

land

form

s of

Lor

entz

Nat

iona

l Par

k di

spla

y gr

aphi

c ev

iden

ce o

f Ear

thrsquos

his

tory

Loc

ated

at

the

mee

ting

poin

t of t

wo

collid

ing

cont

inen

tal

plat

es t

he a

rea

has

a co

mpl

ex g

eolo

gy w

ith o

ngoi

ng

mou

ntai

n fo

rmat

ion

as w

ell a

s m

ajor

scu

lptin

g by

gl

acia

tion

and

shor

elin

e ac

cret

ion

The

dom

inat

ing

mou

ntai

n ra

nge

is a

dire

ct p

rodu

ct o

f the

col

lisio

n be

twee

n th

e Au

stra

lian

and

Paci

fic te

cton

ic p

late

s an

d th

e pr

oper

ty c

onta

ins

the

high

est p

oint

s of

th

e m

ount

ains

of P

apua

New

Gui

nea

and

the

only

rem

aini

ng g

laci

ers

on th

e is

land

The

re is

als

o cl

ear

evid

ence

of p

ost g

laci

al s

hore

lines

Gr

aphi

cally

illu

stra

ting

the

geom

orph

olog

ical

effe

ct

of th

e la

st g

laci

al a

nd p

ost-

glac

ial p

erio

ds t

he

mou

ntai

ns s

how

all

the

clas

sica

l gla

cial

land

form

s in

clud

ing

lake

s an

d m

orai

nes

Fur

ther

mor

e th

ere

are

five

smal

l rem

nant

gla

cier

s W

hile

all

five

glac

iers

are

retre

atin

g ra

pidl

y un

der p

rese

nt c

limat

ic

cond

ition

s n

o ot

her t

ropi

cal g

laci

er fi

elds

in th

e w

orld

exh

ibit

glac

ial e

volu

tion

as w

ell a

s th

ose

in L

oren

tz N

atio

nal P

ark

The

re is

als

o no

bet

ter

exam

ple

in th

e w

orld

of t

he c

ombi

ned

effe

ct o

f co

llisio

n of

tect

onic

pla

tes

and

the

seco

ndar

y m

ajor

sc

ulpt

ing

by g

laci

al a

nd p

ost-

glac

ial e

vent

s

Them

e 2

The

geo

logy

and

land

form

s of

Lor

entz

Nat

iona

l Par

k di

spla

y gr

aphi

c ev

iden

ce o

f Ear

thsrsquo

his

tory

Lo

cate

d at

the

mee

ting

poin

t of

two

collid

ing

cont

inen

tal p

late

s th

e ar

ea h

as a

com

plex

geo

logy

with

on

goin

g m

ount

ain

form

atio

n as

wel

l as

maj

or s

culp

ting

by g

laci

atio

n an

d sh

orel

ine

accr

etio

n T

he d

omin

atin

g m

ount

ain

rang

e is

a d

irect

pro

duct

of

the

collis

ion

betw

een

the

Aust

ralia

n an

d Pa

cific

tect

onic

pla

tes

Them

e 6

Wor

ldrsquos

bes

t exa

mpl

e of

trop

ical

al

pine

gla

ciat

ed k

arst

Ext

ensi

ve

hum

id tr

opic

al k

arst

occ

urs

at lo

wer

el

evat

ions

Hug

e si

nkin

g riv

ers

and

sprin

gs

1999

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lIn

done

sia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Los

Glac

iare

s Na

tiona

l Par

k9

Los

Glac

iare

s Na

tiona

l Par

k is

an e

xcel

lent

exa

mpl

e of

the

signi

fican

t pro

cess

of g

laci

atio

n a

s w

ell

as o

f geo

logi

cal

geom

orph

ic a

nd p

hysio

grap

hic

phen

omen

a ca

used

by

the

ongo

ing

adva

nce

and

retre

at o

f the

gla

ciat

ions

that

took

pla

ce d

urin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e Ep

och

of th

e Qu

ater

nary

Per

iod

and

the

neog

laci

atio

ns c

orre

spon

ding

to th

e cu

rrent

epo

ch

or H

oloc

ene

The

se e

vent

s ha

ve m

odel

led

ndash an

d co

ntin

ue to

mod

el th

e la

ndsc

ape

of th

e ar

ea a

nd

may

be

reco

gnise

d by

the

lacu

strin

e ba

sins

of

glac

ial o

rigin

the

mor

aine

sys

tem

s de

posit

ed o

n th

e pl

atea

ux o

r by

mor

e re

cent

sys

tem

s pe

rtain

ing

to th

e cu

rrent

val

leys

and

the

man

y la

rge

glac

ier t

ongu

es

fed

by th

e Ic

e Fi

elds

of t

he A

ndes

The

pro

perty

also

pr

ovid

es fe

rtile

gro

und

for s

cien

tific

rese

arch

on

clim

ate

chan

ge

Them

e 9

Sig

nific

ant p

roce

ss o

f gl

acia

tion

as

wel

l as

of g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phic

and

phy

siog

raph

ic

phen

omen

a ca

used

by

the

ongo

ing

adva

nce

and

retre

at o

f the

gla

ciat

ions

th

at to

ok p

lace

dur

ing

the

Plei

stoc

ene

Epoc

h of

the

Quat

erna

ry P

erio

d a

nd

the

neog

laci

atio

ns c

orre

spon

ding

to

the

curre

nt e

poch

or H

oloc

ene

La

cust

rine

basi

ns o

f gla

cial

orig

in t

he

mor

aine

sys

tem

s de

posi

ted

on th

e pl

atea

ux o

r by

mor

e re

cent

sys

tem

s pe

rtain

ing

to th

e cu

rrent

val

leys

and

th

e m

any

larg

e gl

acie

r ton

gues

fed

by

the

Ice

Fiel

ds o

f the

And

es

1981

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Arge

ntin

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



Prop

erty

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emes

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ain)

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emes

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ncil-

lary

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ifica

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tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

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in

scrib

ed

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

Lut D

eser

t10

The

prop

erty

repr

esen

ts a

n ex

cept

iona

l exa

mpl

e of

on

goin

g ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es re

late

d to

ero

sion

al

and

depo

sitio

nal f

eatu

res

in a

hot

des

ert

The

yard

ang

kal

ut la

ndfo

rms

are

wid

ely

cons

ider

ed

the

best

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ress

ed in

the

wor

ld in

term

s of

ext

ent

unbr

oken

con

tinui

ty a

nd h

eigh

t Th

e Lu

t san

d-se

as

are

amon

gst t

he b

est d

evel

oped

act

ive d

une

field

s in

the

wor

ld d

ispl

ayin

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wid

e va

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tar d

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com

plex

line

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dune

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erve

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ywhe

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net

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ides

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ith th

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laye

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e va

riety

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udin

g w

hite

sa

lt-cr

uste

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ysta

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beds

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laya

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ith p

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omes

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all

salt

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os (o

r blis

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d sa

lt ka

rren

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er

dry-

land

land

form

s in

clud

e ex

tens

ive h

amad

a (s

tony

des

ert p

avem

ents

or r

eg) u

sual

ly lo

cate

d on

ped

imen

t sur

face

s w

ith w

ind

face

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ston

es

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tifac

ts)

gullie

d ba

dlan

ds a

nd a

lluvia

l fan

s (b

ajad

a)

Them

e 10

Cla

ssic

loca

lity

of

yard

angs

dev

elop

ed o

n a

mas

sive

sc

ale

as

wel

l as

grav

el p

lain

s an

d du

ne fi

elds

2016

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Iran

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

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emes

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ain)

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th

emes

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ncil-

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Just

ifica

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tions

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ed

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

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quar

ie Is

land

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Mac

quar

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land

and

its

outly

ing

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s ar

e ge

olog

ical

ly un

ique

in b

eing

the

only

plac

e on

Ear

th

whe

re ro

cks

from

the

Earth

rsquos m

antle

are

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ng

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ely

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e se

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he is

land

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e ex

pose

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est o

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acqu

arie

Rid

ge

raise

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its

pres

ent p

ositi

on w

here

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Indo

-Au

stra

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onic

pla

te m

eets

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Paci

fic p

late

Th

ese

uniq

ue e

xpos

ures

pro

vide

an e

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tiona

lly

com

plet

e se

ctio

n of

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stru

ctur

e an

d co

mpo

sitio

n of

bot

h th

e oc

eani

c cr

ust a

nd th

e up

per m

antle

and

pr

ovid

e ev

iden

ce o

f lsquose

a-flo

or s

prea

ding

rsquo and

tect

onic

pr

oces

ses

that

hav

e op

erat

ed fo

r hun

dred

s of

milli

ons

of y

ears

The

geo

logi

cal e

volu

tion

of M

acqu

arie

Isla

nd

bega

n 10

milli

on y

ears

ago

and

con

tinue

s to

day

with

th

e isl

and

expe

rienc

ing

earth

quak

es a

nd a

rapi

d ra

te

of u

plift

all

of w

hich

are

rela

ted

to a

ctive

geo

logi

cal

proc

esse

s al

ong

the

boun

dary

bet

wee

n th

e tw

o pl

ates

Se

quen

ces

from

all

crus

tal l

evel

s d

own

to 6

km

be

low

the

ocea

n flo

or a

re e

xpos

ed a

s a

resu

lt of

til

ting

and

diffe

rent

ial u

plift

on

Mac

quar

ie Is

land

Th

is pr

ovid

es ra

re e

viden

ce fo

r seq

uenc

es th

at a

re

com

mon

from

the

botto

m o

f the

oce

ans

to th

e up

per

man

tle b

ut n

ot s

een

else

whe

re in

sur

face

out

crop

s

The

lack

of d

efor

mat

ion

of th

is ex

pose

d cr

ust i

s hi

ghly

signi

fican

t as

it ex

hibi

ts k

ey in

terre

late

d an

d in

terd

epen

dent

oce

anic

cru

stal

ele

men

ts in

thei

r na

tura

l rel

atio

nshi

p

Mac

quar

ie Is

land

is th

e on

ly op

hiol

ite (a

wel

l-de

velo

ped

and

stud

ied

geol

ogic

al c

ompl

ex)

reco

gnise

d to

hav

e be

en fo

rmed

with

in a

maj

or

ocea

n ba

sin T

he g

eolo

gy o

f the

isla

nd is

ther

efor

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e th

e co

nnec

ting

link

betw

een

the

ophi

olite

s of

con

tinen

tal e

nviro

nmen

ts a

nd th

ose

loca

ted

with

in th

e oc

eani

c cr

ust

Them

e 2

The

pro

perty

is a

n ex

posu

re o

f the

oce

anic

pla

te

boun

dary

bet

wee

n th

e Pa

cific

and

Au

stra

lian

Ind

ian

plat

es e

xpos

ed

with

act

ive fa

ults

and

ong

oing

tect

onic

m

ovem

ents

The

me

4 M

acqu

arie

Is

land

pro

vides

a u

niqu

e ex

ampl

e of

exp

osur

e of

the

ocea

n cr

ust o

f vo

lcan

ic o

rigin

abo

ve th

e se

a le

vel a

nd

of g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

for s

ea-fl

oor

spre

adin

g

1997

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

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ncil-

lary

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Just

ifica

tion

unde

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erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

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riaCa

tego

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ate

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on

Mam

mot

h Ca

ve

Natio

nal P

ark

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amm

oth

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arly

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y ty

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n G

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volve

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r for

mat

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inue

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ay t

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ave

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pro

vides

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r co

mpl

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and

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cord

of t

he w

orld

rsquos

geom

orph

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limat

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hang

es O

utsi

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ve

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kars

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ogra

phy

is s

uper

b w

ith fa

scin

atin

g la

ndsc

apes

and

all

of th

e cl

assi

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atur

es o

f a k

arst

dr

aina

ge s

yste

m v

ast r

echa

rge

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com

plex

ne

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k of

und

ergr

ound

con

duits

sin

k ho

les

cra

cks

fis

sure

s a

nd u

nder

grou

nd ri

vers

and

spr

ings

Them

e 6

The

long

est c

ave

in th

e w

orld

with

590

km

of s

urve

yed

river

pa

ssag

es o

ften

larg

e in

dim

ensi

on

and

gent

ly sl

opin

g T

he k

arst

is

deve

lope

d in

Low

er C

arbo

nife

rous

(M

issi

ssip

pian

) lim

esto

ne a

nd c

ave

evol

utio

n co

mm

ence

d fo

llow

ing

uplif

t an

d ex

posu

re 3

to 4

milli

on y

ears

ag

o E

xten

sive

sin

khol

e pl

ain

at th

e su

rface

Lar

ge s

prin

gs R

ich

trogl

obiti

c fa

una

The

inflo

w m

argi

n of

the

kars

t is

loca

ted

beyo

nd th

e pa

rk b

ound

ary

1981

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Mes

sel P

it Fo

ssil

Site

1M

esse

l Pit

Foss

il Si

te is

con

side

red

to b

e th

e si

ngle

be

st s

ite w

hich

con

tribu

tes

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e Eo

cene

whe

n m

amm

als

beca

me

firm

ly es

tabl

ishe

d in

all

prin

cipa

l lan

d ec

osys

tem

s T

he

stat

e of

pre

serv

atio

n of

its

foss

ils is

exc

eptio

nal a

nd

allo

ws

for h

igh-

qual

ity s

cien

tific

wor

k

Them

e 1

Mes

sel P

it is

the

riche

st

site

in th

e w

orld

for u

nder

stan

ding

th

e liv

ing

envir

onm

ent o

f the

Eoc

ene

be

twee

n 57

milli

on a

nd 3

6 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

1995

(viii)

Natu

ral

Germ

any

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Mig

uash

a Na

tiona

l Par

k1

Mig

uash

a Na

tiona

l Par

k is

the

mos

t out

stan

ding

fo

ssil

site

in th

e w

orld

from

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stan

dpoi

nt o

f its

re

pres

enta

tion

of v

erte

brat

e lif

e an

d its

illu

stra

tion

of th

e De

voni

an P

erio

d kn

own

as th

e Ag

e of

Fis

hes

Th

e si

te is

of p

aram

ount

impo

rtanc

e be

caus

e it

has

the

larg

est n

umbe

r and

the

best

-pre

serv

ed fo

ssil

spec

imen

s in

the

wor

ld o

f sar

copt

eryg

ian

fish

whi

ch

gave

rise

to th

e fir

st fo

ur-le

gged

air-

brea

thin

g te

rrest

rial v

erte

brat

es mdash

the

tetra

pods

Them

e 1

Mig

uash

a is

the

outs

tand

ing

foss

il si

te in

the

wor

ld

illust

ratin

g th

e De

voni

an a

s th

e lsquoA

ge

of F

ishe

srsquo a

nd d

ispl

ays

the

high

est

dive

rsity

in th

e w

orld

of t

he lo

be-

finne

d fis

hes

that

gav

e ris

e to

the

first

fo

ur-le

gged

air-

brea

thin

g te

rrest

rial

erte

brat

es mdash

the

tetra

pods

1999

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

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ica



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erty

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th

emes

(m

ain)

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th

emes

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erio

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tions

hip

to id

entifi

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emes

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in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

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take

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int

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ista

ken

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t fos

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stitu

te a

n ou

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ndin

g re

cord

of a

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ston

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hist

ory

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fe

on E

arth

lsquow

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life

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igrsquo a

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ee

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icro

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type

m

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pre

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rs th

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mbr

ian

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osio

n b

eing

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st fo

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nces

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ost m

oder

n an

imal

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ups

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arge

arc

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ally

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plex

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anis

ms

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tain

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ples

of E

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ld th

us p

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oniza

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ude

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ples

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etaz

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mot

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ntia

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omet

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atin

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the

asse

mbl

ages

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d ev

iden

ce fo

r the

role

of a

ncie

nt o

xyge

n le

vels

in

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regi

onal

and

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bal a

ppea

ranc

e of

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plex

m

ultic

ellu

lar l

ife

Them

e 1

The

se ru

gged

coa

stal

cl

iffs

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eep

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ine

orig

in d

ate

to

the

mid

dle

of th

e Ed

iaca

ran

Perio

d c

580

-560

milli

on y

ears

ago

The

y re

cord

lsquowhe

n lif

e go

t big

rsquo th

e fir

st

abun

dant

app

eara

nce

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rge

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olog

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ly co

mpl

ex o

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ism

s af

ter

thre

e bi

llion

year

s of

mai

nly

mic

robi

al

evol

utio

n

2016

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

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ica

Mon

te S

an

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gio

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onte

San

Gio

rgio

is th

e sin

gle

best

kno

wn

reco

rd

of m

arin

e lif

e in

the

Tria

ssic

per

iod

and

reco

rds

impo

rtant

rem

ains

of l

ife o

n la

nd a

s w

ell T

he p

rope

rty

has

prod

uced

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rse

and

num

erou

s fo

ssils

man

y of

w

hich

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w e

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tiona

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plet

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s an

d de

taile

d pr

eser

vatio

n T

he lo

ng h

istor

y of

stu

dy o

f the

pro

perty

an

d th

e di

scip

lined

man

agem

ent o

f the

reso

urce

hav

e cr

eate

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wel

l doc

umen

ted

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cata

logu

ed b

ody

of

spec

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s of

exc

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ualit

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e th

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sis

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ture

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sult

M

onte

San

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rgio

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prin

cipa

l poi

nt o

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fere

nce

rele

vant

to fu

ture

disc

over

ies

of m

arin

e Tr

iass

ic re

mai

ns th

roug

hout

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wor

ld

Them

e 1

Mon

te S

an G

iorg

io is

re

gard

ed a

s th

e be

st fo

ssil

reco

rd o

f m

arin

e lif

e fro

m th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d (c

25

0ndash20

0 m

illion

yea

rs a

go)

2003

(201

0)(v

iii)Na

tura

lIta

ly

Switz

er-

land

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pe

and

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Am

eric

a



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erty

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emes

(m

ain)

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emes

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ncil-

lary

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tion

unde

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erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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ne T

rois

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tons

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iona

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rk

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mor

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feat

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olca

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dist

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ark

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ajor

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atio

ns v

olca

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pile

s g

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pes

and

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riere

s T

he p

rope

rty d

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ys a

mag

nific

ent

spec

trum

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olca

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form

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tream

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ious

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ors

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ud

pond

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t spr

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assiv

e Bo

iling

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phol

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roce

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e 4

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nic

volc

anic

feat

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grea

t sci

entifi

c in

tere

st in

this

nat

iona

l pa

rk a

re c

ente

red

on th

e 1

342

m

high

vol

cano

kno

wn

as M

orne

Tro

is

Pito

ns M

ore

than

50

fum

arol

es

hot s

prin

gs t

hree

fres

hwat

er la

kes

a

lsquoboi

ling

lake

rsquo and

five

vol

cano

es

loca

ted

on th

e pa

rkrsquos

nea

rly 7

000

ha

to

geth

er w

ith th

e ric

hest

bio

dive

rsity

in

the

Less

er A

ntille

s

1997

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Dom

inic

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Mos

i-oa-

Tuny

a

Vict

oria

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ls5

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e M

osi-o

a-Tu

nya

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toria

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ls a

nd a

ssoc

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ght s

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ed g

orge

s ha

ve b

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roug

h th

e ch

angi

ng w

ater

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posi

tions

ove

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eolo

gica

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e sc

ale

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gor

ges

are

an o

utst

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ng e

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ple

of ri

ver c

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re a

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e er

osive

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wat

er

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inue

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ture

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se

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ke a

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mbe

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ver b

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falls

Se

ven

prev

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lls o

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seve

n go

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t fal

ls a

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vilrsquos

Ca

tara

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Zim

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e is

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star

ting

poin

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ll In

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l vie

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lls s

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omor

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perty

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ract

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lt of

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ient

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w K

alah

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fact

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Hom

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bilis

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e m

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rs s

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reat

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orld

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exc

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eolo

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omor

phol

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ate

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Mou

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umen

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ount

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nt E

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is o

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bes

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anoe

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geo

phys

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atio

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Natu

ral

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Euro

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Am

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Naha

nni N

atio

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ere

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h ab

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e 6

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e of

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pes

Fu

nctio

ning

nat

ural

pro

cess

es a

llow

for s

tudy

of t

he

cont

inue

d ev

olut

ion

of th

e la

ndfo

rms

of th

e pr

oper

ty

and

help

to u

nder

stan

d ot

her u

plan

d ar

eas

in th

e re

gion

Them

e 9

The

prin

cipa

l Ear

th s

cien

ce

valu

es o

f the

pro

perty

rela

te to

its

glac

ial g

eom

orph

olog

y de

mon

stra

ted

thro

ugh

a ra

nge

of fe

atur

es in

clud

ing

cirq

ues

dee

p va

lleys

and

ove

r 70

glac

ial l

akes

1983

(201

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lBu

lgar

iaEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Pito

ns

Man

agem

ent

Area

4Th

e Pi

tons

Man

agem

ent A

rea

cont

ains

the

grea

ter

part

of a

col

laps

ed s

trato

volc

ano

cont

aine

d w

ithin

th

e vo

lcan

ic s

yste

m k

now

n to

geo

logi

sts

as th

e So

ufrie

re V

olca

nic

Cent

re P

rom

inen

t with

in th

e vo

lcan

ic la

ndsc

ape

are

two

rem

nant

vol

cani

c pe

aks

Gr

os P

iton

and

Petit

Pito

n T

he P

itons

occ

ur w

ith a

va

riety

of o

ther

vol

cani

c fe

atur

es in

clud

ing

cum

ulo

dom

es e

xplo

sion

cra

ters

pyr

ocla

stic

dep

osits

(p

umic

e an

d as

h) a

nd la

va fl

ows

Col

lect

ively

thes

e fu

lly il

lust

rate

the

volc

anic

his

tory

of a

n an

desi

tic

com

posi

te v

olca

no a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith c

rust

al p

late

su

bduc

tion

Them

e 4

The

Pito

ns M

anag

emen

t Ar

ea c

onta

ins

a co

llaps

ed

stra

tovo

lcan

o kn

own

as th

e So

ufrie

re

Volc

anic

Cen

tre P

rom

inen

t with

in th

e vo

lcan

ic la

ndsc

ape

are

two

erod

ed

rem

nant

s of

lava

dom

es G

ros

Pito

n an

d Pe

tit P

iton

with

a v

arie

ty o

f oth

er

volc

anic

feat

ures

incl

udin

g cu

mul

o-do

mes

exp

losi

on c

rate

rs p

yroc

last

ic

depo

sits

(pum

ice

and

ash)

and

lava

flo

ws

2004

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sain

t Lu

cia

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Plitv

ice

Lake

s Na

tiona

l Par

k5

6Th

e ke

y ex

traor

dina

ry p

roce

ss w

hich

has

bee

n sh

apin

g an

d co

ntin

ues

to s

hape

the

Plitv

ice

lake

sy

stem

is th

e tu

fa c

reat

ion

whi

ch fo

rms

barri

ers

acro

ss th

e w

ater

cour

se D

ue to

the

char

acte

ristic

s of

kar

st b

ase

the

wat

ers

of P

litvic

e La

kes

are

natu

rally

sup

ersa

tura

ted

with

cal

cium

car

bona

te

Unde

r cer

tain

phy

sico

-che

mic

al a

nd b

iolo

gica

l co

nditi

ons

the

diss

olve

d ca

lciu

m c

arbo

nate

is

depo

site

d on

the

botto

ms

and

mar

gins

of t

he la

kes

as

wel

l as

on o

bsta

cles

in th

e w

ater

cou

rses

Ove

r tim

e th

is p

roce

ss le

ads

to th

e fo

rmat

ion

of p

orou

s

sim

ulta

neou

sly

hard

and

frag

ile li

mes

tone

bar

riers

w

hich

reta

in th

e w

ater

of c

reek

s an

d riv

ers

The

la

ke s

yste

m is

a s

ubje

ct to

con

stan

t cha

nges

larg

ely

due

to th

e dy

nam

ics

of g

row

th a

nd e

rosi

on o

f tuf

a ba

rrier

s A

clo

ser l

ook

at th

e ba

rrier

s re

veal

s th

e ub

iqui

tous

rem

ains

of m

osse

s an

d ot

her t

erre

stria

l an

d aq

uatic

org

anis

ms

inha

bitin

g th

e hi

ghly

spec

ializ

ed h

abita

t Th

e sc

ale

and

inta

ctne

ss o

f th

e tu

fa fo

rmat

ion

phen

omen

a at

Plit

vice

Lake

s am

ount

to a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

a la

rgel

y un

dist

urbe

d on

-goi

ng p

roce

ss E

xten

sive

rese

arch

on

the

form

atio

n a

ge a

nd s

truct

ure

and

ecol

ogic

al

char

acte

ristic

s illu

stra

te th

e m

ajor

sci

entifi

c im

porta

nce

of th

e pr

oper

ty

Them

e 5

6 I

nter

natio

nal t

ype-

site

fo

r tuf

a-da

mm

ed la

kes

Car

bona

te

biol

ith b

arrie

rs c

onfin

e 16

lake

s up

to

08

km

2 in

are

a an

d up

to 4

6 m

de

ep M

ixed

limes

tone

and

dol

omiti

c lim

esto

ne c

atch

men

t are

a

1979

(200

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lCr

oatia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Purn

ulul

u Na

tiona

l Par

k3

6Th

e Bu

ngle

Bun

gles

are

by

far

the

mos

t ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

con

e ka

rst i

n sa

ndst

ones

an

ywhe

re in

the

wor

ld a

nd o

we

thei

r exis

tenc

e an

d un

ique

ness

to s

ever

al in

tera

ctin

g ge

olog

ical

bi

olog

ical

ero

sion

al a

nd c

limat

ic p

heno

men

a

The

sand

ston

e ka

rst o

f Pur

nulu

lu N

atio

nal P

ark

is o

f gre

at s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e in

dem

onst

ratin

g so

cle

arly

the

proc

ess

of c

one

kars

t for

mat

ion

on s

ands

tone

- a

phe

nom

enon

reco

gnis

ed b

y ge

omor

phol

ogis

ts o

nly

rece

ntly

and

still

not

com

plet

ely

unde

rsto

od T

he B

ungl

e Bu

ngle

Ran

ges

of th

e pa

rk a

lso

disp

lay

to a

n ex

cept

iona

l deg

ree

evid

ence

of g

eom

orph

ic p

roce

sses

of d

isso

lutio

n

wea

ther

ing

and

eros

ion

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of la

ndfo

rms

unde

r a s

avan

nah

clim

atic

regi

me

with

in a

n an

cien

t st

able

sed

imen

tary

land

scap

e

Them

e 3

6 D

isse

cted

san

dsto

ne

plat

form

that

repr

esen

ts a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

qua

rtz

sand

ston

e flu

vioka

rst w

ith b

eehi

ve-

shap

ed h

ills s

epar

ated

by

narro

w

sinu

ous

gorg

es

2003

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Pyreacute

neacutees

- M

ont

Perd

u9

6Th

e ca

lcar

eous

mas

sif o

f Mon

t Per

du p

rese

nts

a se

ries

of c

lass

ic g

eolo

gica

l lan

dfor

ms

such

as

the

deep

ly-in

cise

d ca

nyon

s an

d sp

ecta

cula

r cirq

ues

Th

e re

gion

is d

istin

guis

hed

by it

s lo

catio

n at

the

tect

onic

col

lisio

n po

int b

etw

een

the

Iber

ian

and

wes

t Eur

opea

n pl

ates

The

pro

perty

pre

sent

s an

ex

cept

iona

l geo

logi

cal u

nity

form

ing

a ca

lcar

eous

m

assi

f with

Mon

t Per

du a

t its

cen

tre T

he re

sulti

ng

land

scap

e is

con

side

rabl

y di

ffere

nt o

n th

e no

rther

n sl

opes

(Fra

nce)

and

the

sout

hern

slo

pes

(Spa

in)

Them

e 9

Com

pose

d of

cla

ssic

al

geol

ogic

al la

ndfo

rms

not

ably

deep

ly-in

cise

d ca

nyon

s on

the

sout

hern

Sp

anis

h si

de a

nd s

pect

acul

ar c

irque

w

alls

on

the

north

ern

slop

es w

ithin

Fr

ance

Cen

tred

arou

nd th

e pe

ak o

f M

ont P

erdu

that

rise

s to

33

48 m

Th

eme

6 O

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of

alpi

ne g

laci

ated

kar

st to

33

52 m

with

ex

tens

ive k

arre

nfel

d d

eep

cany

ons

de

ep c

aves

and

sub

terra

nean

rive

r sy

stem

s In

corp

orat

es c

ompl

ete

kars

t sy

stem

s

1997

(199

9)(ii

i)(iv)

(v)

(vii)

(viii)

Mixe

dFr

ance

Sp

ain

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Riacuteo

Plaacutet

ano

Bios

pher

e Re

serv

e

5Th

e pr

oper

ty c

ompr

ises

two

mai

n ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

area

s T

hese

are

the

stee

p m

ount

ain

rang

e ha

rbou

ring

the

head

wat

ers

of R

iacuteo P

laacuteta

no a

nd

the

flat t

o un

dula

ting

coas

tal p

lain

s T

he la

tter i

s co

mpo

sed

of te

rrace

s of

rece

nt m

arin

e se

dim

ents

an

d pa

rtly

unde

rlain

by

a be

lt of

infe

rtile

dee

ply

wea

ther

ed P

leis

toce

ne q

uartz

san

dy g

rave

ls T

he

Riacuteo

Plaacutet

ano

mea

nder

s fo

r som

e 45

km

thro

ugh

the

low

land

s fo

rmin

g ox

-bow

lake

s b

ackw

ater

sw

amps

an

d na

tura

l lev

ees

At a

bout

100

ma

sl

inla

nd

the

foot

hills

beg

in a

brup

tly T

he ru

gged

gra

nite

m

ount

ains

whi

ch ri

se to

Pun

ta P

iedr

a at

14

18

ma

sl

hav

e m

any

stee

p rid

ges

rem

arka

ble

rock

fo

rmat

ions

suc

h as

Pic

o Da

ma

a 1

50 m

pin

nacl

e

and

man

y w

ater

falls

one

reac

hing

150

m in

hei

ght

Two

third

s of

the

Plaacutet

ano

Rive

r run

thro

ugh

a ru

gged

par

t of t

he m

ount

ains

with

long

stre

tche

s of

whi

te w

ater

In

one

cata

ract

in a

dee

p fo

rest

ed

gorg

e th

e riv

er d

isap

pear

s un

der m

assi

ve b

ould

ers

Th

e m

ount

ains

are

par

t of t

he C

ordi

llera

Cen

tral

whi

ch c

orre

spon

ds to

wha

t was

the

Hond

uras

In

terc

ontin

enta

l Dep

ress

ion

dur

ing

the

Cret

aceo

us

Perio

d

Them

e 5

The

pro

perty

con

tain

s ne

arly

the

full

leng

th o

f the

Riacuteo

Pl

aacutetan

o fr

om it

s m

ount

aino

us

head

wat

ers

to it

s m

eand

ers

thro

ugh

flat t

o un

dula

ting

coas

tal p

lain

s

1982

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lHo

ndur

asLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Sang

ay N

atio

nal

Park

4Sa

ngay

(a p

erfe

ct c

one-

shap

ed v

olca

no) i

s no

tabl

e gl

obal

ly fo

r its

long

per

iod

of c

ontin

uous

act

ivity

Th

e ar

ea e

xhib

its a

rugg

ed to

pogr

aphy

with

dee

p

stee

p-si

ded

valle

ys a

bund

ant c

liffs

and

man

y ro

cky

jagg

ed p

eaks

A n

umbe

r of l

arge

rive

rs d

rain

ing

east

war

ds in

to th

e Am

azon

Bas

in a

re c

hara

cter

ized

by fa

st a

nd d

ram

atic

var

iatio

ns in

wat

er le

vel

Run-

off i

s ex

trem

ely

rapi

d du

e to

hig

h ra

infa

ll an

d st

eep

slop

es E

rosi

on is

a c

onst

ant d

ange

r al

thou

gh

cont

rolle

d by

thic

k fo

rest

veg

etat

ion

Num

erou

s w

ater

falls

occ

ur e

spec

ially

in th

e ha

ngin

g va

lleys

of

the

glac

ial z

one

alon

g th

e ea

ster

n ed

ge o

f the

Co

rdille

ra

Them

e 4

With

its

outs

tand

ing

natu

ral

beau

ty a

nd tw

o ac

tive

volc

anoe

s th

e pa

rk il

lust

rate

s th

e en

tire

spec

trum

of

eco

syst

ems

rang

ing

from

trop

ical

ra

info

rest

s to

gla

cier

s w

ith s

triki

ng

cont

rast

s be

twee

n th

e sn

owca

pped

pe

aks

and

the

fore

sts

of th

e pl

ains

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lEc

uado

rLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Shar

k Ba

y W

este

rn A

ustr

alia

17

Shar

k Ba

y co

ntai

ns i

n th

e hy

pers

alin

e Ha

mel

in

Pool

the

mos

t dive

rse

and

abun

dant

exa

mpl

es

of s

trom

atol

ites

(har

d d

ome-

shap

ed s

truct

ures

fo

rmed

by

mic

robi

al m

ats)

in th

e w

orld

Ana

logo

us

stru

ctur

es d

omin

ated

mar

ine

ecos

yste

ms

on E

arth

fo

r mor

e th

an 3

000

milli

on y

ears

Th

e st

rom

atol

ites

of H

amel

in P

ool w

ere

the

first

m

oder

n li

ving

exam

ples

to b

e re

cogn

ised

that

ha

ve a

mor

phol

ogic

al d

ivers

ity a

nd a

bund

ance

co

mpa

rabl

e to

thos

e th

at in

habi

ted

Prot

eroz

oic

seas

As

suc

h th

ey a

re o

ne o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

bes

t exa

mpl

es

of a

livin

g an

alog

ue fo

r the

stu

dy o

f the

nat

ure

and

evol

utio

n of

the

Earth

rsquos b

iosp

here

up

until

the

early

Ca

mbr

ian

Th

e W

oora

mel

Sea

gras

s Ba

nk is

als

o of

gre

at

geol

ogic

al in

tere

st d

ue to

the

exte

nsive

dep

osit

of

limes

tone

san

ds a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e ba

nk f

orm

ed

by th

e pr

ecip

itatio

n of

cal

cium

car

bona

te fr

om

hype

rsal

ine

wat

ers

Them

e 1

Abu

ndan

t stro

mat

olite

s (c

olon

ies

of m

icro

bes

that

form

har

d

dom

e-sh

aped

dep

osits

) tha

t are

m

oder

n re

pres

enta

tives

of s

ome

of th

e ol

dest

form

s of

life

on

Earth

The

me

7 T

he W

oora

mel

Sea

gras

s Ba

nk is

of

gre

at g

eolo

gica

l int

eres

t due

to th

e ex

tens

ive d

epos

it of

lim

esto

ne s

ands

as

soci

ated

with

the

bank

for

med

by

the

prec

ipita

tion

of c

alci

um c

arbo

nate

fro

m h

yper

salin

e w

ater

s

1991

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Škoc

jan

Cave

s6

The

Škoc

jan

Cave

s an

d th

eir s

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the

maj

or lo

calit

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hy a

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re th

e pl

ace

whe

re fu

ndam

enta

l ter

ms

such

as

lsquokar

strsquo

and

lsquodol

inersquo

hav

e th

eir o

rigin

Thi

s is

not

onl

y a

stro

ng in

dica

tion

of th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

impo

rtanc

e fo

r sc

ienc

e b

ut m

ore

spec

ifica

lly o

f its

impo

rtanc

e fo

r th

e hi

stor

y of

Ear

th s

cien

ces

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impr

essi

ve a

rray

of e

xcep

tiona

l kar

st m

anife

stat

ions

the

resu

lt of

pa

st a

nd p

rese

nt g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

spel

eolo

gica

l and

hyd

rolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

re c

lear

ly at

dis

play

for s

cien

tists

and

vis

itors

alik

e w

ithin

a

rela

tivel

y sm

all a

rea

The

hea

rt of

the

prop

erty

the

mai

n ca

ve s

yste

m w

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e un

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retc

hes

of th

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ka R

iver

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form

ed in

a th

ick

laye

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cre

tace

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limes

tone

The

con

stan

tly d

ynam

ic

syst

em is

an

outs

tand

ing

text

book

exa

mpl

e of

co

ntac

t Kar

st w

ith w

ell-d

evel

oped

feat

ures

suc

h as

a

blin

d va

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colla

psed

dol

ines

ope

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s c

hasm

s an

d ca

ves

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arka

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this

geo

logi

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ivers

ity

supp

orts

an

equa

lly fa

scin

atin

g bi

olog

ical

dive

rsity

w

hich

has

impo

rtant

impl

icat

ions

for l

and

and

wat

er

man

agem

ent

Them

e 6

Loc

ated

in th

e lsquoc

lass

ical

rsquo ka

rst o

f Eur

ope

The

pro

perty

co

mpr

ises

a s

inki

ng ri

ver a

t the

end

of

blin

d va

lley

the

expo

sed

cour

se o

f the

un

derg

roun

d riv

er fl

owin

g ac

ross

the

base

of d

eep

colla

pse

depr

essi

ons

an

d a

larg

e riv

er c

ave

with

a h

igh

cany

on p

assa

ge I

t is

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

inpu

t of a

n al

loge

nic

river

into

a

kars

t sys

tem

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Slov

enia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

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ncil-

lary

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Just

ifica

tion

unde

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erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Sout

h Ch

ina

Kars

t6

The

Sout

h Ch

ina

Kars

t Wor

ld H

erita

ge P

rope

rty

reve

als

the

com

plex

evo

lutio

nary

hist

ory

of o

ne o

f the

w

orld

rsquos m

ost o

utst

andi

ng la

ndsc

apes

Shi

lin a

nd L

ibo

are

glob

al re

fere

nce

area

s fo

r the

kar

st fe

atur

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nd

land

scap

es th

at th

ey e

xhib

it T

he s

tone

fore

sts

of S

hilin

de

velo

ped

over

270

milli

on y

ears

dur

ing

four

maj

or

geol

ogica

l tim

e pe

riods

from

the

Perm

ian

to p

rese

nt

illust

ratin

g th

e ep

isodi

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of t

he e

volu

tion

of th

ese

kars

t fea

ture

s Li

bo c

onta

ins

carb

onat

e ou

tcro

ps o

f di

ffere

nt a

ges

shap

ed o

ver m

illion

s of

yea

rs b

y er

osive

pr

oces

ses

into

impr

essiv

e Fe

ngco

ng a

nd F

engl

in

kars

ts L

ibo

also

con

tain

s a

com

bina

tion

of n

umer

ous

tall k

arst

pea

ks d

eep

dolin

es s

inkin

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s an

d lo

ng ri

ver c

aves

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ong

repr

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ts h

igh

inla

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pl

atea

us th

at h

ave

expe

rienc

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plift

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gi

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ridge

s W

ulon

grsquos

land

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onta

in

evid

ence

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he h

istor

y of

one

of t

he w

orld

rsquos gr

eat

river

sys

tem

s th

e Ya

ngtze

and

its

tribu

tarie

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anjia

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Kars

t is

an e

xten

sion

of th

e Li

bo K

arst

com

pone

nt

Toge

ther

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two

sites

pro

vide

an o

utst

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ng e

xam

ple

of fe

ngco

ng k

arst

and

also

pre

serv

e an

d di

spla

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rich

dive

rsity

of s

urfa

ce a

nd u

nder

grou

nd k

arst

fe

atur

es G

uilin

Kar

st is

con

sider

ed th

e be

st k

now

n ex

ampl

e of

con

tinen

tal f

engl

in a

nd p

rovid

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per

fect

ge

omor

phic

expr

essio

n of

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end

stag

e of

kar

st

evol

utio

n in

Sou

th C

hina

Gui

lin is

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asin

at a

rela

tivel

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w a

ltitud

e an

d re

ceive

s ab

unda

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lloge

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fed)

w

ater

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roun

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hills

lea

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to a

fluv

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com

pone

nt th

at a

ids

feng

lin d

evel

opm

ent

resu

lting

in

feng

lin a

nd fe

ngco

ng k

arst

sid

e-by

-sid

e ov

er a

larg

e ar

ea S

cient

ific

stud

y of

kar

st d

evel

opm

ent i

n th

e re

gion

ha

s re

sulte

d in

the

gene

ratio

n of

the

lsquoGui

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odel

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feng

cong

and

feng

lin k

arst

evo

lutio

n S

hibi

ng K

arst

pr

ovid

es a

spe

ctac

ular

feng

cong

land

scap

e w

hich

is

also

exc

eptio

nal b

ecau

se it

dev

elop

ed in

rela

tivel

y in

solu

ble

dolo

mite

rock

s Sh

ibin

g al

so c

onta

ins

a ra

nge

of m

inor

kar

st fe

atur

es in

cludi

ng k

arre

n tu

fa d

epos

its

and

cave

s Jin

fosh

an K

arst

is a

uni

que

kars

t tab

le

mou

ntai

n su

rroun

ded

by m

assiv

e to

wer

ing

cliffs

It

repr

esen

ts a

pie

ce o

f diss

ecte

d pl

atea

u ka

rst i

sola

ted

from

the

Yunn

an-G

uizh

ou-C

honq

ing

plat

eau

by d

eep

fluvia

l incis

ion

An

ancie

nt p

lana

tion

surfa

ce re

mai

ns o

n th

e su

mm

it w

ith a

n an

cient

wea

ther

ing

crus

t Be

neat

h th

e pl

atea

u su

rface

are

dism

embe

red

horiz

onta

l cav

e sy

stem

s th

at a

ppea

r at h

igh

altit

ude

on c

liff fa

ces

Jin

fosh

an re

cord

s th

e pr

oces

s of

diss

ectio

n of

the

high

el

evat

ion

kars

t pla

teau

and

con

tain

s ev

iden

ce o

f the

re

gion

rsquos in

term

itten

t upl

ift a

nd k

arst

ifica

tion

since

the

Ceno

zoic

It is

a s

uper

lativ

e ty

pe-s

ite o

f a k

arst

tabl

e m

ount

ain

Them

e 6

Sev

en s

ites

of a

ser

ial

prop

erty

that

repr

esen

t kar

st e

volu

tion

in s

outh

ern

Chin

a S

hilin

com

pris

es

ston

e fo

rest

s on

a ro

lling

plat

eau

in

Yunn

an J

info

shan

is a

n is

olat

ed h

igh

plat

eau

with

hug

e ho

rizon

tal c

aves

su

spen

ded

abov

e de

ep s

urro

undi

ng

valle

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ulon

g is

pla

teau

kar

st

with

spe

ctac

ular

tian

keng

nat

ural

br

idge

s de

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aves

and

gor

ges

Sh

ibin

g illu

stra

tes

unus

ual c

one

kars

t de

velo

pmen

t in

dolo

mite

bed

rock

Li

bo h

as e

xten

sive

fore

sted

con

e ka

rst

(feng

cong

and

feng

lin)

polje

s g

orge

s an

d ca

ves

with

Hua

njia

ng b

eing

an

exte

nsio

n of

the

prot

ecte

d ar

ea G

uilin

sh

ows

the

culm

inat

ion

of s

ubtro

pica

l ka

rst d

evel

opm

ent w

ith s

pect

acul

ar

cone

s an

d to

wer

s be

side

the

Rive

r Li

The

se a

reas

pro

vide

type

-site

s fo

r th

eir p

rinci

pal k

arst

feat

ures

2007

(201

4)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lCh

ina

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

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Just

ifica

tion

unde

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erio

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iii)

Rela

tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Škoc

jan

Cave

s6

The

Škoc

jan

Cave

s an

d th

eir s

urro

undi

ngs

are

the

maj

or lo

calit

ies

for k

arst

topo

grap

hy a

nd a

re th

e pl

ace

whe

re fu

ndam

enta

l ter

ms

such

as

lsquokar

strsquo

and

lsquodol

inersquo

hav

e th

eir o

rigin

Thi

s is

not

onl

y a

stro

ng in

dica

tion

of th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

impo

rtanc

e fo

r sc

ienc

e b

ut m

ore

spec

ifica

lly o

f its

impo

rtanc

e fo

r th

e hi

stor

y of

Ear

th s

cien

ces

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impr

essi

ve a

rray

of e

xcep

tiona

l kar

st m

anife

stat

ions

the

resu

lt of

pa

st a

nd p

rese

nt g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

spel

eolo

gica

l and

hyd

rolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

re c

lear

ly at

dis

play

for s

cien

tists

and

vis

itors

alik

e w

ithin

a

rela

tivel

y sm

all a

rea

The

hea

rt of

the

prop

erty

the

mai

n ca

ve s

yste

m w

ith th

e un

derg

roun

d st

retc

hes

of th

e Re

ka R

iver

has

been

form

ed in

a th

ick

laye

r of

cre

tace

ous

limes

tone

The

con

stan

tly d

ynam

ic

syst

em is

an

outs

tand

ing

text

book

exa

mpl

e of

co

ntac

t Kar

st w

ith w

ell-d

evel

oped

feat

ures

suc

h as

a

blin

d va

lley

colla

psed

dol

ines

ope

ning

s c

hasm

s an

d ca

ves

Rem

arka

bly

this

geo

logi

cal d

ivers

ity

supp

orts

an

equa

lly fa

scin

atin

g bi

olog

ical

dive

rsity

w

hich

has

impo

rtant

impl

icat

ions

for l

and

and

wat

er

man

agem

ent

Them

e 6

Loc

ated

in th

e lsquoc

lass

ical

rsquo ka

rst o

f Eur

ope

The

pro

perty

co

mpr

ises

a s

inki

ng ri

ver a

t the

end

of

blin

d va

lley

the

expo

sed

cour

se o

f the

un

derg

roun

d riv

er fl

owin

g ac

ross

the

base

of d

eep

colla

pse

depr

essi

ons

an

d a

larg

e riv

er c

ave

with

a h

igh

cany

on p

assa

ge I

t is

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

inpu

t of a

n al

loge

nic

river

into

a

kars

t sys

tem

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Slov

enia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Stev

ns K

lint

111

Stev

ns K

lint i

s a

glob

ally

exce

ptio

nal t

estim

ony

to th

e im

pact

of m

eteo

rite

impa

ct o

n th

e hi

stor

y of

life

on

Earth

The

pro

perty

pro

vides

a g

loba

lly

exce

ptio

nal r

epre

sent

atio

n of

the

evid

ence

of t

he

Chixu

lub

met

eorit

e im

pact

that

took

pla

ce a

t the

end

of

the

Cret

aceo

us P

erio

d c

67

milli

on y

ears

ago

Th

is im

pact

is w

idel

y be

lieve

d by

mod

ern

scie

ntis

ts

to h

ave

caus

ed th

e en

d of

the

Age

of th

e Di

nosa

urs

an

d le

d to

the

extin

ctio

n of

mor

e th

an 5

0 o

f life

on

Ear

th T

his

is th

e m

ost r

ecen

t of t

he m

ajor

mas

s ex

tinct

ions

in E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry C

ompa

rativ

e an

alys

is

indi

cate

s th

is is

the

mos

t sig

nific

ant a

nd re

adily

ac

cess

ible

site

of h

undr

eds

avai

labl

e to

see

the

sedi

men

tary

reco

rd o

f the

ash

clo

ud fo

rmed

by

the

met

eorit

e im

pact

the

act

ual s

ite o

f the

impa

ct b

eing

de

ep u

nder

wat

er o

ffsho

re th

e Yu

cata

n pe

nins

ula

In

add

ition

the

pro

perty

has

icon

ic s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e as

the

mos

t sig

nific

ant a

nd a

cces

sibl

e of

the

thre

e lo

calit

ies

whe

re th

e ra

dica

l the

ory

for

aste

roid

driv

en e

xtin

ctio

n w

as d

evel

oped

thro

ugh

the

sem

inal

wor

k of

Wal

ter a

nd L

uis

W A

lvare

z w

ith

thei

r co-

wor

kers

Ste

vns

Klin

t is

high

ly si

gnifi

cant

in

term

s of

its

past

pre

sent

and

futu

re c

ontri

butio

n to

sci

ence

esp

ecia

lly p

erta

inin

g to

the

defin

ition

of

and

expl

anat

ion

of th

e Cr

etac

eous

Pal

eoge

ne (K

Pg

) bou

ndar

y Th

e ou

tsta

ndin

g fo

ssil

reco

rd a

t Ste

vns

Klin

t pr

ovid

es a

suc

cess

ion

of th

ree

biot

ic a

ssem

blag

es

incl

udin

g th

e m

ost d

ivers

e en

d-Cr

etac

eous

mar

ine

ecos

yste

m k

now

n T

he m

illion

yea

rs re

cord

ed in

the

rock

at S

tevn

s Kl

int p

rovid

es e

viden

ce o

f a c

limax

pr

e-im

pact

com

mun

ity f

auna

that

sur

vived

a m

ass

extin

ctio

n ev

ent

and

the

subs

eque

nt fa

unal

reco

very

an

d in

crea

sed

biod

ivers

ity fo

llow

ing

this

eve

nt T

he

foss

il re

cord

sho

ws

whi

ch ta

xa b

ecam

e ex

tinct

an

d w

hich

sur

vived

and

reve

als

the

tem

po a

nd

mod

e of

evo

lutio

n of

the

succ

eedi

ng p

ost i

mpa

ct

faun

a th

at d

ivers

ified

to th

e m

arin

e fa

una

of to

day

thus

pro

vidin

g im

porta

nt c

onte

xt fo

r the

mai

n K

Pg

boun

dary

laye

r exp

osed

at S

tevn

s Kl

int

Them

e 11

Bea

rs e

viden

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as

tero

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pact

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ieve

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hav

e ca

used

the

mas

s ex

tinct

ion

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led

to

the

end

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e Ag

e of

the

Dino

saur

s

Icon

ic s

cien

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rtanc

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e to

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asso

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with

the

radi

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tero

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riven

ext

inct

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The

me

1

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xcep

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prop

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mpl

ete

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on o

f fau

na a

nd m

icro

-fau

na

char

ting

the

reco

very

afte

r the

mas

s ex

tinct

ion

2014

(viii)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Euro

pe

and

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eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Swis

s Al

ps

Jung

frau

-Ale

tsch

92

The

prop

erty

pro

vides

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e fo

rmat

ion

of th

e Hi

gh A

lps

resu

lting

from

upl

ift a

nd

com

pres

sion

whi

ch b

egan

20-

40 m

illion

yea

rs a

go

With

in a

n al

titud

e ra

nge

from

809

m to

42

74 m

th

e re

gion

dis

play

s 40

0 m

illion

-yea

r-ol

d cr

ysta

lline

rock

s th

rust

ove

r you

nger

car

bona

te ro

cks

due

to

the

north

war

d dr

ift o

f the

Afri

can

tect

onic

pla

te

Adde

d to

the

dram

atic

reco

rd o

f the

pro

cess

es

of m

ount

ain

build

ing

is a

gre

at a

bund

ance

and

di

vers

ity o

f geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es s

uch

as

U-sh

aped

gla

cial

val

leys

cirq

ues

hor

n pe

aks

val

ley

glac

iers

and

mor

aine

s T

his

mos

t gla

ciat

ed p

art o

f th

e Al

ps c

onta

ins

the

Alet

sch

glac

ier

the

larg

est a

nd

long

est i

n Eu

rope

whi

ch is

of s

igni

fican

t sci

entifi

c in

tere

st in

the

cont

ext o

f gla

cial

his

tory

and

ong

oing

pr

oces

ses

par

ticul

arly

rela

ted

to c

limat

e ch

ange

Them

e 9

Gla

cial

feat

ures

incl

ude

U-sh

aped

gla

cial

val

leys

cirq

ues

hor

n pe

aks

val

ley

glac

iers

and

mor

aine

s

This

mos

t gla

ciat

ed p

art o

f the

Alp

s co

ntai

ns th

e Al

etsc

h gl

acie

r th

e la

rges

t and

long

est i

n Eu

rope

whi

ch

is o

f sig

nific

ant s

cien

tific

inte

rest

in

the

cont

ext o

f gla

cial

his

tory

and

on

goin

g pr

oces

ses

par

ticul

arly

rela

ted

to c

limat

e ch

ange

The

me

2 T

he

prop

erty

pro

vides

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e fo

rmat

ion

of th

e Hi

gh A

lps

resu

lting

from

upl

ift a

nd

com

pres

sion

whi

ch b

egan

20-

40

milli

on y

ears

ago

With

in a

n al

titud

e ra

nge

from

809

m to

42

74 m

the

re

gion

dis

play

s 40

0 m

illion

-yea

r-ol

d cr

ysta

lline

rock

s th

rust

ove

r you

nger

ca

rbon

ate

rock

s du

e to

the

north

war

d dr

ift o

f the

Afri

can

tect

onic

pla

te

2001

(200

7)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lSw

itzer

-la

ndEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Swis

s Te

cton

ic

Aren

a Sa

rdon

a2

Earth

rsquos h

isto

ry g

eolo

gica

l and

geo

mor

phic

feat

ures

an

d pr

oces

ses

The

Sw

iss

Tect

onic

Are

na S

ardo

na

prov

ides

an

exce

ptio

nal d

ispl

ay o

f mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

and

has

been

reco

gnis

ed a

s a

key

site

fo

r geo

logi

cal s

cien

ces

sinc

e th

e 18

th c

entu

ry T

he

clea

r exp

osur

e of

the

Glar

us O

verth

rust

is a

key

but

no

t the

onl

y si

gnifi

cant

fea

ture

The

exp

osur

es o

f th

e ro

cks

belo

w a

nd a

bove

this

feat

ure

are

visib

le

in th

ree

dim

ensi

ons

and

take

n to

geth

er h

ave

mad

e su

bsta

ntia

l con

tribu

tions

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of

mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

Its

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

can

be re

adily

app

reci

ated

by

all v

isito

rs T

he

prop

erty

can

be

diffe

rent

iate

d fro

m o

ther

sim

ilar

site

s by

the

com

bina

tion

of th

e cl

ear e

xpos

ure

of

the

phen

omen

on in

a m

ount

ain

setti

ng i

ts h

isto

ry

of s

tudy

and

its

ongo

ing

cont

ribut

ion

to g

eolo

gica

l sc

ienc

es

Them

e 2

The

Sw

iss

Tect

onic

Are

na

Sard

ona

prov

ides

an

exce

ptio

nal

disp

lay

of m

ount

ain

build

ing

tect

onic

s an

d ha

s be

en re

cogn

ised

as

a ke

y si

te fo

r geo

logi

cal s

cien

ces

sinc

e th

e 18

th c

entu

ry T

he c

lear

exp

osur

e of

th

e Gl

arus

Ove

rthru

st is

a k

ey b

ut

not t

he o

nly

sign

ifica

nt f

eatu

re T

he

expo

sure

s of

the

rock

s be

low

and

ab

ove

this

feat

ure

are

visib

le in

thre

e di

men

sion

s an

d ta

ken

toge

ther

hav

e m

ade

subs

tant

ial c

ontri

butio

ns to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

2008

(viii)

Natu

ral

Switz

er-

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Tajik

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk (M

ount

ains

of

the

Pam

irs)

92

5Th

e Pa

mir

Mou

ntai

ns a

re a

maj

or c

entre

of

glac

iatio

n on

the

Eura

sian

con

tinen

t and

Taj

ik

Natio

nal P

ark

illust

rate

s w

ithin

one

pro

tect

ed

area

an

outs

tand

ing

juxt

apos

ition

of m

any

high

m

ount

ains

val

ley

glac

iers

and

dee

p riv

er g

orge

s al

ongs

ide

the

cold

con

tinen

tal d

eser

t env

ironm

ent

of th

e hi

gh P

amir

Plat

eau

land

form

s A

n ou

tsta

ndin

g la

ndfo

rm fe

atur

e of

the

prop

erty

rsquos g

eolo

gica

lly

dyna

mic

terra

in is

Lak

e Sa

rez

It w

as c

reat

ed b

y an

ea

rthqu

ake-

gene

rate

d la

ndsl

ide

of a

n es

timat

ed

six

billio

n to

nnes

of m

ater

ial a

nd is

pos

sibl

y th

e yo

unge

st d

eep

wat

er a

lpin

e la

ke in

the

wor

ld I

t is

of in

tern

atio

nal s

cien

tific

and

geom

orph

olog

ical

ha

zard

sig

nific

ance

bec

ause

of t

he o

n-go

ing

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

influ

enci

ng it

s st

abilit

y an

d th

e so

rt of

lacu

strin

e ec

osys

tem

whi

ch w

ill de

velo

p ov

er ti

me

Taj

ik N

atio

nal P

ark

furth

erm

ore

offe

rs a

un

ique

opp

ortu

nity

for t

he s

tudy

of p

late

tect

onic

s an

d co

ntin

enta

l sub

duct

ion

phen

omen

a th

ereb

y co

ntrib

utin

g to

our

fund

amen

tal u

nder

stan

ding

of

Earth

bui

ldin

g pr

oces

ses

Them

e 9

The

Pam

ir M

ount

ains

are

a

maj

or c

entre

of g

laci

atio

n on

the

Eura

sian

con

tinen

t and

Taj

ik N

atio

nal

Park

illu

stra

tes

with

in o

ne p

rote

cted

ar

ea a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ju

xtap

ositi

on o

f m

any

high

mou

ntai

ns v

alle

y gl

acie

rs

and

deep

rive

r gor

ges

alon

gsid

e th

e co

ld c

ontin

enta

l des

ert e

nviro

nmen

t of

the

high

Pam

ir Pl

atea

u la

ndfo

rms

Th

eme

2 T

ajik

Nat

iona

l Par

k of

fers

a

uniq

ue o

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r the

stu

dy

of p

late

tect

onic

s an

d co

ntin

enta

l su

bduc

tion

phen

omen

a th

ereb

y co

ntrib

utin

g to

our

fund

amen

tal

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

Ear

th b

uild

ing

proc

esse

s T

hem

e 5

An

outs

tand

ing

land

form

feat

ure

of th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

ge

olog

ical

ly dy

nam

ic te

rrain

is

Lake

Sar

ez I

t was

cre

ated

by

an

earth

quak

e-ge

nera

ted

land

slid

e of

an

est

imat

ed s

ix bi

llion

tonn

es o

f m

ater

ial a

nd is

pos

sibl

y th

e yo

unge

st

deep

wat

er a

lpin

e la

ke in

the

wor

ld

It is

of i

nter

natio

nal s

cien

tific

and

geom

orph

olog

ical

haz

ard

sign

ifica

nce

beca

use

of th

e on

-goi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pr

oces

ses

influ

enci

ng it

s st

abilit

y an

d th

e so

rt of

lacu

strin

e ec

osys

tem

whi

ch

will

deve

lop

over

tim

e

2013

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Tajik

ista

nAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Tala

man

ca

Rang

e-La

Am

ista

d Re

serv

es

La

Amis

tad

Natio

nal P

ark

9Th

e Ta

lam

anca

Ran

ge is

a v

ery

parti

cula

r sam

ple

of th

e re

cent

geo

logi

cal h

isto

ry o

f the

Cen

tral

Amer

ican

Isth

mus

the

rela

tivel

y na

rrow

stri

p of

land

co

nnec

ting

North

and

Sou

th A

mer

ica

and

sepa

ratin

g th

e Pa

cific

and

Atla

ntic

Oce

ans

The

pro

perty

sho

ws

impr

essi

ve m

arks

of Q

uate

rnar

y gl

acia

l act

ivity

w

hich

has

sha

ped

glac

ial c

irque

s g

laci

al la

kes

and

deep

U-s

hape

d va

lleys

whi

ch c

anno

t be

foun

d an

ywhe

re e

lse

in C

entra

l Am

eric

a

Them

e 9

Qua

tern

ary

glac

ial a

ctivi

ty

has

shap

ed g

laci

al c

irque

s g

laci

al

lake

s an

d de

ep U

-sha

ped

valle

ys

that

can

not b

e fo

und

anyw

here

els

e in

Ce

ntra

l Am

eric

a

1983

(199

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Cost

a Ri

ca

Pana

ma

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Tasm

ania

n W

ilder

ness

91

No c

urre

nt re

trosp

ectiv

e st

atem

ent o

f OUV

The

co

ntem

pora

ry in

scrip

tion

is b

ased

on

the

follo

win

g Ea

rth s

cien

ce v

alue

s R

ock

form

atio

ns g

laci

al

depo

sits

ext

ragl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

nd g

laci

o-ka

rst

land

form

s of

his

pro

perty

pro

vide

a re

cord

of m

ajor

st

ages

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry a

nd to

geth

er w

ith th

e as

soci

ated

eco

logy

pro

vide

livin

g ev

iden

ce o

f the

pr

evio

us e

xiste

nce

of th

e so

uthe

rn s

uper

cont

inen

t of

Gon

dwan

a an

d its

sub

sequ

ent f

ragm

enta

tion

The

as

soci

ated

pro

cess

es a

re o

ccur

ring

at la

rge

scal

e in

a v

arie

ty o

f und

istu

rbed

env

ironm

ents

pro

vidin

g a

benc

hmar

k ag

ains

t whi

ch th

e ef

fect

s of

hum

an

activ

ities

can

be

mea

sure

d

Them

e 9

1 R

ock

form

atio

ns g

laci

al

depo

sits

ext

ragl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

nd

glac

io-k

arst

land

form

s of

his

pro

perty

pr

ovid

e a

reco

rd o

f maj

or s

tage

s of

Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

and

toge

ther

with

the

asso

ciat

ed e

colo

gy p

rovid

e liv

ing

evid

ence

of t

he p

revio

us e

xiste

nce

of th

e so

uthe

rn s

uper

cont

inen

t of

Gon

dwan

a an

d its

sub

sequ

ent

fragm

enta

tion

1982

(199

0)(ii

i)(iv)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Tass

ili n

rsquoAjje

r3

The

geol

ogica

l con

form

atio

n of

Tass

ili nrsquo

Ajje

r inc

lude

s Pr

ecam

bria

n cr

ysta

lline

elem

ents

and

sed

imen

tary

sa

ndst

one

succ

essio

ns o

f gre

at p

aleo

-geo

grap

hica

l an

d pa

leo-

ecol

ogica

l inte

rest

Them

e 3

San

dsto

ne p

late

aus

and

esca

rpm

ents

that

are

hig

hly

diss

ecte

d w

ith a

rang

e of

ero

sion

al fe

atur

es

1982

(i)(ii

i)(vii

)(v

iii)M

ixed

Alge

riaAr

ab

Stat

es



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Te W

ahip

ouna

mu

ndash So

uth

Wes

t Ne

w Z

eala

nd

91

2Te

Waumlh

ipou

nam

u - S

outh

Wes

t New

Zea

land

is

cons

ider

ed to

be

the

best

mod

ern

exam

ple

of th

e pr

imitiv

e ta

xa o

f Gon

dwan

alan

d se

en in

mod

ern

ecos

yste

ms

ndash an

d as

suc

h th

e pr

oper

ty is

of g

loba

l sig

nific

ance

The

pro

gres

sive

brea

k-up

of t

he s

outh

ern

supe

r-con

tinen

t of G

ondw

anal

and

is co

nsid

ered

on

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt e

vent

s in

the

Earth

rsquos ev

olut

iona

ry h

istor

y Ne

w Z

eala

ndrsquos

sepa

ratio

n be

fore

th

e ap

pear

ance

of m

arsu

pial

s an

d ot

her m

amm

als

and

its lo

ng is

olat

ion

since

wer

e ke

y fa

ctor

s en

ablin

g th

e su

rviva

l of t

he a

ncie

nt G

ondw

anan

bio

ta o

n th

e isl

ands

of

New

Zea

land

to a

gre

ater

deg

ree

than

else

whe

re

The

livin

g re

pres

enta

tives

of t

his

ancie

nt b

iota

inclu

de

fligh

tless

kiw

is c

arni

voro

us la

nd s

nails

14

spec

ies

of

podo

carp

and

gen

era

or b

eech

Th

e So

uth

Wes

t is

also

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e im

pact

of t

he P

leist

ocen

e ep

och

of E

arth

hist

ory

Ice-

carv

ed la

ndfo

rms

crea

ted

by th

ese

lsquoIce

Agersquo

gla

ciers

do

min

ate

the

mou

ntai

n la

nds

and

are

espe

cially

w

ell-p

rese

rved

in th

e ha

rder

plu

toni

c ig

neou

s ro

cks

of F

iord

land

Gla

cier-c

ut fi

ords

lak

es d

eep

U-sh

aped

va

lleys

han

ging

val

leys

cirq

ues

and

ice-s

horn

spu

rs

are

grap

hic

illust

ratio

ns o

f the

pow

erfu

l influ

ence

of

thes

e gl

acie

rs o

n th

e la

ndsc

ape

Dep

ositio

nal

land

form

s of

Ple

istoc

ene

glac

ial o

rigin

are

also

im

porta

nt e

spec

ially

in W

estla

nd w

est o

f the

Alp

ine

Faul

t Ch

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gree

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ses

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glac

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hem

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out

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yste

ms

and

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cons

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luṟu

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hem

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phic

pro

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luṟu

and

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ca

vern

ous

wea

ther

ing

Them

e 3

Thi

s pa

rk fe

atur

es

inse

lber

gs o

f san

dsto

ne (U

luṟu)

and

co

nglo

mer

ate

(Kat

a Tj

u ṯa) t

hat r

ise

spec

tact

acul

arly

abov

e th

e va

st re

d sa

ndy

plai

n of

cen

tral A

ustra

lia

1987

(199

4)(v

)(vi)(

vii)

(viii)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Valleacute

e de

Mai

Na

ture

Res

erve

1Sh

aped

by

geol

ogic

al a

nd b

iolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

that

took

pla

ce m

illion

s of

yea

rs a

go t

he p

rope

rty

is a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

an

earli

er a

nd m

ajor

st

age

in th

e ev

olut

iona

ry h

isto

ry o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

flo

ra I

ts e

colo

gy is

dom

inat

ed b

y en

dem

ic p

alm

s

and

espe

cial

ly by

the

coco

-de-

mer

fam

ous

for i

ts

dist

inct

ively

larg

e do

uble

nut

con

tain

ing

the

larg

est

seed

in th

e pl

ant k

ingd

om T

he V

alleacute

e de

Mai

co

nstit

utes

a li

ving

labo

rato

ry i

llust

ratin

g of

wha

t ot

her t

ropi

cal a

reas

wou

ld h

ave

been

bef

ore

the

adve

nt o

f mor

e ad

vanc

ed p

lant

fam

ilies

Them

e 1

Sta

ted

to c

onst

itute

a li

ving

labo

rato

ry i

llust

ratin

g of

wha

t oth

er

tropi

cal a

reas

wou

ld h

ave

been

bef

ore

the

adve

nt o

f mor

e ad

vanc

ed p

lant

fa

milie

s

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lSe

y-ch

elle

sAf

rica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull

Natio

nal P

ark

- Dy

nam

ic N

atur

e of

Fire

and

Ice

4 9

The

coex

isten

ce a

nd o

ngoi

ng in

tera

ctio

n of

an

activ

e oc

eani

c rif

t on

land

a m

antle

plu

me

the

atm

osph

ere

and

an ic

e ca

p w

hich

has

var

ied

in s

ize a

nd e

xten

t ov

er th

e pa

st 2

8 m

illion

yea

rs m

ake

the

prop

erty

un

ique

in a

glo

bal c

onte

xt E

arth

sys

tem

inte

ract

ions

ar

e co

nsta

ntly

build

ing

and

resh

apin

g th

e pr

oper

ty

crea

ting

rem

arka

bly

dive

rse

land

scap

es a

nd a

w

ide

varie

ty o

f tec

toni

c v

olca

nic

and

glac

iovo

lcan

ic

feat

ures

Esp

ecia

lly in

tere

stin

g an

d un

ique

in th

is re

gard

are

the

basa

ltic

lava

shi

elds

(Ice

land

shi

elds

) vo

lcan

ic fi

ssur

es a

nd c

one

row

s v

ast fl

ood

lava

s

and

feat

ures

of i

ce d

omin

ant g

laci

o-vo

lcan

ism s

uch

as tu

yas

and

tinda

r In

tere

stin

gly

the

wel

l exp

osed

vo

lcan

ic fe

atur

es o

f the

pro

perty

hav

e be

en u

sed

as a

nalo

gues

for s

imila

r fea

ture

s on

the

plan

et

Mar

s G

eoth

erm

al h

eat a

nd s

ubgl

acia

l eru

ptio

ns

prod

uce

mel

twat

er a

nd jouml

kulh

laup

s th

at m

aint

ain

glob

ally

uniq

ue s

andu

r pla

ins

to th

e no

rth a

nd

sout

h of

the

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull i

ce c

ap a

s w

ell a

s ra

pidl

y ev

olvin

g ca

nyon

s In

add

ition

the

pro

perty

con

tain

s a

dyna

mic

arra

y of

gla

cial

- and

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al

feat

ures

cre

ated

by

expa

ndin

g or

retre

atin

g gl

acie

rs

resp

ondi

ng to

cha

nges

in c

limat

e T

hese

feat

ures

ca

n be

eas

ily a

cces

sed

and

expl

ored

at t

he s

nout

s of

Va

tnaj

oumlkul

lrsquos m

any

outle

t gla

cier

s an

d th

eir f

orel

ands

es

peci

ally

in th

e so

uthe

rn lo

wla

nds

mak

ing

the

prop

erty

a fl

agsh

ip g

laci

al re

sear

ch lo

catio

n

Them

e 4

9 T

his

is a

n ic

onic

vo

lcan

ic re

gion

that

als

o fe

atur

es th

e co

ntin

enta

l drif

ting

curre

ntly

activ

e in

this

par

t of A

tlant

ic O

cean

with

te

n ce

ntra

l vol

cano

es e

ight

of w

hich

ar

e su

bgla

cial

Tw

o of

thes

e ar

e am

ong

the

mos

t act

ive in

Icel

and

The

in

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n vo

lcan

oes

and

the

rifts

that

und

erlie

the

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull

ice

cap

take

s m

any

form

s th

e m

ost

spec

tacu

lar o

f whi

ch is

the

joumlku

lhla

up

ndash a

sudd

en fl

ood

caus

ed b

y th

e br

each

of t

he m

argi

n of

a g

laci

er

durin

g an

eru

ptio

n

2019

(viii)

Natu

ral

Icel

and

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Viru

nga

Natio

nal

Park

4Vi

rung

a Na

tiona

l Par

k is

loca

ted

in th

e ce

ntre

of t

he

Albe

rtine

Rift

of t

he G

reat

Rift

Val

ley

In th

e so

uthe

rn

part

of th

e pa

rk t

ecto

nic

activ

ity d

ue to

the

exte

nsio

n of

the

Earth

rsquos cr

ust i

n th

is re

gion

has

cau

sed

the

emer

genc

e of

the

Viru

nga

mas

sif c

ompr

ising

eig

ht

volc

anoe

s s

even

of w

hich

are

loca

ted

tota

lly o

r pa

rtial

ly in

the

park

Am

ong

them

are

the

two

mos

t ac

tive

volc

anoe

s of

Afri

ca ndash

Nya

mur

agira

and

nea

rby

Nyira

gong

o ndash

whi

ch b

etw

een

them

are

resp

onsib

le

for t

wo-

fifth

s of

the

hist

oric

vol

cani

c er

uptio

ns o

n th

e Af

rican

con

tinen

t and

whi

ch a

re c

hara

cter

ized

by th

e ex

trem

e flu

idity

of t

he a

lkal

ine

lava

The

act

ivity

of

Nyira

gong

o is

of w

orld

impo

rtanc

e as

a w

itnes

s to

vo

lcan

ism o

f a la

va la

ke t

he b

otto

m o

f its

cra

ter i

s in

fact

fille

d by

a la

ke o

f qua

si pe

rman

ent l

ava

that

em

ptie

s pe

riodi

cally

with

cat

astro

phic

con

sequ

ence

s fo

r the

loca

l com

mun

ities

The

nor

ther

n se

ctor

of

the

park

incl

udes

abo

ut 2

0 o

f the

mas

sif o

f Mon

ts

Rwen

zori

ndash th

e la

rges

t gla

cial

regi

on o

f Afri

ca a

nd

the

only

true

alpi

ne m

ount

ain

chai

n of

the

cont

inen

t It

bord

ers

the

Rwen

zori

Mou

ntai

ns N

atio

nal P

ark

of

Ugan

da i

nscr

ibed

as

Wor

ld H

erita

ge w

ith w

hich

it

shar

es th

e lsquoP

ic M

argu

erite

rsquo th

ird h

ighe

st s

umm

it of

Af

rica

(51

09 m

)

Them

e 4

The

Viru

nga

mas

sif

com

pris

es e

ight

vol

cano

es s

even

of

whi

ch a

re lo

cate

d to

tally

or

parti

ally

in th

e pa

rk A

mon

g th

em

are

the

two

mos

t act

ive v

olca

noes

of

Afri

ca ndash

Nya

mur

agira

and

nea

rby

Nyira

gong

o ndash

whi

ch b

etw

een

them

ar

e re

spon

sibl

e fo

r tw

o-fif

ths

of th

e hi

stor

ic v

olca

nic

erup

tions

on

the

Afric

an c

ontin

ent a

nd w

hich

are

ch

arac

teriz

ed b

y th

e ex

trem

e flu

idity

of

the

alka

line

lava

The

act

ivity

of

Nyira

gong

o is

of w

orld

impo

rtanc

e as

a w

itnes

s to

vol

cani

sm o

f a la

va

lake

the

bot

tom

of i

ts c

rate

r is

in fa

ct

fille

d by

a la

ke o

f qua

si p

erm

anen

t la

va th

at e

mpt

ies

perio

dica

lly w

ith

cata

stro

phic

con

sequ

ence

s fo

r the

lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es

1979

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Dem

-oc

ratic

Re

publ

ic

of th

e Co

ngo

Afric

a

Volc

anoe

s of

Ka

mch

atka

4Th

e ad

ditio

n of

Klu

chev

skoy

Nat

ure

Park

as

the

sixt

h co

mpo

nent

of t

he p

rope

rty fu

rther

add

s to

the

over

all c

over

age

of th

e ra

nge

of K

amch

atka

rsquos n

atur

al

feat

ures

The

add

ition

to th

e si

te c

lear

ly m

eets

cr

iterio

n (v

iii) in

its

own

right

as

an o

utst

andi

ng

exam

ple

of g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

nd la

ndfo

rms

and

ther

efor

e co

ntrib

utes

in a

ver

y si

gnifi

cant

way

to th

e ex

pand

ed p

rope

rty a

s a

who

le m

eetin

g cr

iterio

n (v

iii)

Them

e 4

One

of t

he m

ost

outs

tand

ing

volc

anic

regi

ons

in th

e w

orld

with

a h

igh

dens

ity o

f act

ive

volc

anoe

s a

var

iety

of t

ypes

and

a

wid

e ra

nge

of re

late

d fe

atur

es T

he s

ix si

tes

incl

uded

in th

e se

rial p

rope

rty

grou

p to

geth

er th

e m

ajor

ity o

f vol

cani

c fe

atur

es o

f the

Kam

chat

ka p

enin

sula

Th

e in

terp

lay

of a

ctive

vol

cano

es a

nd

glac

iers

form

s a

dyna

mic

land

scap

e of

gr

eat b

eaut

y

1996

(200

1)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Russ

ian

Fede

ra-

tion

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Vred

efor

t Dom

e11

Vred

efor

t Dom

e is

the

olde

st l

arge

st a

nd m

ost

deep

ly er

oded

com

plex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e in

th

e w

orld

It i

s th

e si

te o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

gre

ates

t sin

gle

kn

own

ener

gy re

leas

e ev

ent

It co

ntai

ns h

igh

qual

ity

and

acce

ssib

le g

eolo

gica

l (ou

tcro

p) s

ites

whi

ch

dem

onst

rate

a ra

nge

of g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

s of

a

com

plex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e T

he ru

ral a

nd

natu

ral l

ands

cape

s of

the

seria

l pro

perty

hel

p po

rtray

th

e m

agni

tude

of t

he ri

ng s

truct

ures

resu

lting

from

th

e im

pact

The

ser

ial p

rope

rty is

con

side

red

to b

e a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e of

a c

ompl

ex m

eteo

rite

impa

ct s

truct

ure

A c

ompr

ehen

sive

com

para

tive

anal

ysis

with

oth

er c

ompl

ex m

eteo

rite

impa

ct

stru

ctur

es d

emon

stra

ted

that

it is

the

only

exam

ple

on E

arth

pro

vidin

g a

full

geol

ogic

al p

rofil

e of

an

astro

blem

e be

low

the

crat

er fl

oor

ther

eby

enab

ling

rese

arch

into

the

gene

sis

and

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

astro

blem

e im

med

iate

ly po

st im

pact

Them

e 11

The

old

est

larg

est

and

mos

t dee

ply

erod

ed c

ompl

ex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e in

the

wor

ld T

he s

ite o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

gre

ates

t si

ngle

kno

wn

ener

gy re

leas

e ev

ent

2005

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sout

h Af

rica

Afric

a

Wad

den

Sea

7Th

e W

adde

n Se

a is

a d

epos

ition

al c

oast

line

of

unpa

ralle

led

scal

e an

d di

vers

ity I

t is

dist

inct

ive in

be

ing

alm

ost e

ntire

ly a

tidal

flat

and

bar

rier s

yste

m

with

onl

y m

inor

rive

r infl

uenc

es a

nd a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

the

larg

e-sc

ale

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

intri

cate

and

com

plex

tem

pera

te-c

limat

e sa

ndy

barri

er c

oast

und

er c

ondi

tions

of r

isin

g se

a-le

vel

High

ly dy

nam

ic n

atur

al p

roce

sses

are

uni

nter

rupt

ed

acro

ss th

e va

st m

ajor

ity o

f the

pro

perty

cre

atin

g a

varie

ty o

f diff

eren

t bar

rier i

slan

ds c

hann

els

fla

ts g

ullie

s s

altm

arsh

es a

nd o

ther

coa

stal

and

se

dim

enta

ry fe

atur

es

Them

e 7

The

larg

est u

nbro

ken

syst

em o

f int

ertid

al s

and

and

mud

fla

ts in

the

wor

ld

2009

(201

4)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Ge

rman

y Ne

ther

-la

nds

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Wad

i Al-H

itan

(Wha

le V

alle

y)1

Wad

i Al-H

itan

is th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

site

in th

e w

orld

to

dem

onst

rate

one

of t

he ic

onic

cha

nges

that

mak

e up

the

reco

rd o

f life

on

Earth

the

evo

lutio

n of

the

wha

les

It p

ortra

ys v

ividl

y th

eir f

orm

and

mod

e of

life

du

ring

thei

r tra

nsiti

on fr

om la

nd a

nim

als

to a

mar

ine

exis

tenc

e It

exc

eeds

the

valu

es o

f oth

er c

ompa

rabl

e si

tes

in te

rms

of th

e nu

mbe

r co

ncen

tratio

n an

d qu

ality

of i

ts fo

ssils

and

thei

r acc

essi

bilit

y an

d se

tting

in a

n at

tract

ive a

nd p

rote

cted

land

scap

e

Them

e 1

Wad

i Al-H

itan

is th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

site

in th

e w

orld

to

dem

onst

rate

one

of t

he ic

onic

ch

ange

s th

at m

ake

up th

e re

cord

of

life

on

Earth

the

evo

lutio

n of

the

wha

les

durin

g th

eir t

rans

ition

from

la

nd a

nim

als

to a

mar

ine

exis

tenc

e

2005

(viii)

Natu

ral

Egyp

tAr

ab

Stat

es



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Wes

t Nor

weg

ian

Fjor

ds ndash

Ge

irang

erfjo

rd

and

Naeligroslash

yfjo

rd

9Th

e W

est N

orw

egia

n Fj

ords

are

cla

ssic

sup

erbl

y de

velo

ped

fjord

s c

onsi

dere

d as

the

type

loca

lity

for

fjord

land

scap

es in

the

wor

ld T

hey

are

com

para

ble

in s

cale

and

qua

lity

to o

ther

exis

ting

fjord

s on

the

Wor

ld H

erita

ge L

ist a

nd a

re d

istin

guis

hed

by th

e cl

imat

e an

d ge

olog

ical

set

ting

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

full

rang

e of

the

inne

r seg

men

ts o

f tw

o of

the

wor

ldrsquos

long

est a

nd d

eepe

st fj

ords

and

pro

vides

w

ell-d

evel

oped

exa

mpl

es o

f you

ng a

ctive

gla

ciat

ion

durin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e ic

e ag

e T

he ic

e- a

nd w

ave-

polis

hed

surfa

ces

of th

e st

eep

fjord

sid

es p

rovid

e su

perb

ly ex

pose

d an

d co

ntin

uous

thre

e-di

men

sion

al

sect

ions

thro

ugh

the

bedr

ock

The

reco

rd o

f the

po

stgl

acia

l iso

stat

ic re

boun

d of

the

crus

t and

its

geom

orph

ic e

xpre

ssio

n in

the

fjord

land

scap

e ar

e si

gnifi

cant

and

repr

esen

t key

are

as fo

r the

sc

ient

ific

stud

y of

slo

pe in

stab

ility

and

the

resu

lting

ge

ohaz

ards

Them

e 9

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

full

rang

e of

the

inne

r seg

men

ts o

f tw

o of

the

wor

ldrsquos

long

est a

nd d

eepe

st

fjord

s a

nd p

rovid

es w

ell-d

evel

oped

ex

ampl

es o

f you

ng a

ctive

gla

ciat

ion

durin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e ic

e ag

e T

he

ice-

and

wav

e-po

lishe

d su

rface

s of

th

e st

eep

fjord

sid

es p

rovid

e su

perb

ly ex

pose

d an

d co

ntin

uous

thre

e-di

men

sion

al s

ectio

ns th

roug

h th

e be

droc

k T

he re

cord

of t

he p

ostg

laci

al

isos

tatic

rebo

und

of th

e cr

ust a

nd

its g

eom

orph

ic e

xpre

ssio

n in

the

fjord

land

scap

e ar

e si

gnifi

cant

and

re

pres

ent k

ey a

reas

for t

he s

cien

tific

stud

y of

slo

pe in

stab

ility

and

the

resu

lting

geo

haza

rds

2005

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Norw

ayEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Wet

Tro

pics

of

Quee

nsla

nd1

The

Wet

Tro

pics

con

tain

s on

e of

the

mos

t com

plet

e an

d di

vers

e liv

ing

reco

rds

of th

e m

ajor

sta

ges

in

the

evol

utio

n of

land

pla

nts

from

the

very

firs

t pt

erid

ophy

tes

mor

e th

an 2

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go to

th

e ev

olut

ion

of s

eed-

prod

ucin

g pl

ants

incl

udin

g th

e co

ne-b

earin

g cy

cads

and

sou

ther

n co

nife

rs

(gym

nosp

erm

s) f

ollo

wed

by

the

flow

erin

g pl

ants

(a

ngio

sper

ms)

As

the

Wet

Tro

pics

is th

e la

rges

t par

t of

the

entir

e Au

stra

lasi

an re

gion

whe

re ra

info

rest

s ha

ve p

ersi

sted

con

tinuo

usly

sinc

e Go

ndw

anan

tim

es i

ts li

ving

flora

with

the

high

est c

once

ntra

tion

of p

rimiti

ve a

rcha

ic a

nd re

lict t

axa

know

n is

the

clos

est m

oder

n-da

y co

unte

rpar

t for

Gon

dwan

an

fore

sts

In a

dditi

on a

ll of

Aus

tralia

rsquos u

niqu

e m

arsu

pial

s an

d m

ost o

f its

oth

er a

nim

als

orig

inat

ed

in ra

info

rest

eco

syst

ems

and

the

Wet

Tro

pics

stil

l co

ntai

ns m

any

of th

eir c

lose

st s

urviv

ing

mem

bers

Th

is m

akes

it o

ne o

f the

mos

t im

porta

nt li

ving

reco

rds

of th

e hi

stor

y of

mar

supi

als

as

wel

l as

of

song

bird

s

Them

e 1

The

livin

g pl

ants

in th

is

prop

erty

are

sta

ted

to re

pres

ent

lsquomaj

or s

tage

s in

the

evol

utio

n of

land

pl

ants

fro

m th

e ve

ry fi

rst l

and

plan

ts

to h

ighe

r pla

nts

(Gym

nosp

erm

s an

d An

gios

perm

s)rsquo

1988

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Will

andr

a La

kes

Regi

on5

1Th

e Au

stra

lian

geol

ogica

l env

ironm

ent

with

its

low

to

pogr

aphi

c re

lief a

nd lo

w e

nerg

y sy

stem

s is

uniq

ue

in th

e lo

ngev

ity o

f the

land

scap

es it

pre

serv

es a

nd

the

Willa

ndra

Lak

es p

rovid

es a

n ex

cept

iona

l win

dow

in

to c

limat

ic an

d re

late

d en

viron

men

tal c

hang

es o

ver

the

last

100

000

yea

rs T

he W

illand

ra L

akes

lar

gely

unm

odifi

ed s

ince

they

drie

d ou

t som

e 18

500

yea

rs

BP p

rovid

e ex

celle

nt c

ondi

tions

for r

ecor

ding

the

even

ts o

f the

Ple

istoc

ene

Epoc

h a

nd d

emon

stra

te h

ow

non-

glac

iate

d zo

nes

resp

onde

d to

the

maj

or g

lacia

l-in

terg

lacia

l fluc

tuat

ions

Th

e de

mon

stra

tion

at th

is pr

oper

ty o

f the

clo

se

inte

rcon

nect

ion

betw

een

land

form

s an

d pe

doge

nesis

pa

laeo

chem

istry

clim

atol

ogy

arch

aeol

ogy

arch

aeom

agne

tism

rad

ioca

rbon

dat

ing

pal

aeoe

colo

gy

and

faun

al e

xtin

ctio

n re

pres

ents

a c

lass

ic la

ndm

ark

in

Plei

stoc

ene

rese

arch

in th

e Au

stra

lasia

n ar

ea W

illand

ra

Lake

s Re

gion

is a

lso o

f exc

eptio

nal im

porta

nce

for

inve

stig

atin

g th

e pe

riod

whe

n hu

man

s be

cam

e do

min

ant i

n Au

stra

lia a

nd th

e la

rge

spec

ies

of w

ildlife

be

cam

e ex

tinct

and

rese

arch

con

tinue

s to

elu

cidat

e w

hat r

ole

hum

ans

play

ed in

thes

e ev

ents

Them

e 5

1 W

illand

ra L

akes

pro

vides

an

exc

eptio

nal w

indo

w in

to c

limat

ic

and

rela

ted

envir

onm

enta

l cha

nges

ov

er th

e la

st 1

000

00 y

ears

a p

erio

d of

maj

or c

limat

ic c

hang

es w

hen

hum

ans

beca

me

dom

inan

t in

Aust

ralia

an

d la

rge

spec

ies

of w

ildlif

e be

cam

e ex

tinct

1981

(iii)(

viii)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Yello

wst

one

Natio

nal P

ark

4Ye

llow

ston

e is

one

of t

he w

orld

rsquos fo

rem

ost s

ites

for t

he s

tudy

and

app

reci

atio

n of

the

evol

utio

nary

hi

stor

y of

the

Earth

The

par

k ha

s a

glob

ally

unpa

ralle

led

asse

mbl

age

of s

urfic

ial g

eoth

erm

al

activ

ity t

hous

ands

of h

ot s

prin

gs m

udpo

ts a

nd

fum

arol

es a

nd m

ore

than

hal

f of t

he w

orld

rsquos a

ctive

ge

yser

s N

early

150

spe

cies

of f

ossi

l pla

nts

rang

ing

from

sm

all f

erns

and

rush

es u

p to

larg

e Se

quoi

a an

d m

any

othe

r tre

e sp

ecie

s h

ave

been

iden

tified

in th

e pa

rkrsquos

abu

ndan

t fos

sil d

epos

its T

he w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t re

cogn

ized

cald

era

(45

km b

y 75

km

ndash 2

7 m

iles

by

45 m

iles)

is c

onta

ined

with

in th

e pa

rk

Them

e 4

Yel

low

ston

e Na

tiona

l Pa

rk is

the

wor

ldrsquos

firs

t nat

iona

l pa

rk s

et a

side

to p

rese

rve

a w

ide

varie

ty o

f you

ng v

olca

nic

and

rela

ted

hydr

othe

rmal

feat

ures

Yel

low

ston

e co

ntai

ns h

alf o

f all

the

wor

ldrsquos

kno

wn

geot

herm

al fe

atur

es w

ith m

ore

than

10

000

exam

ples

It a

lso

has

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

once

ntra

tion

of

geys

ers

(mor

e th

an 3

00 g

eyse

rs o

r tw

o th

irds

of a

ll th

ose

on th

e pl

anet

)

1978

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Yose

mite

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk9

Glac

ial a

ctio

n co

mbi

ned

with

the

gran

itic

bedr

ock

has

prod

uced

uni

que

and

pron

ounc

ed la

ndfo

rm

feat

ures

incl

udin

g di

stin

ctive

pol

ishe

d do

me

stru

ctur

es a

s w

ell a

s ha

ngin

g va

lleys

tar

ns

mor

aine

s an

d U-

shap

ed v

alle

ys G

rani

tic la

ndfo

rms

such

as

Half

Dom

e an

d th

e ve

rtica

l wal

ls o

f El

Capi

tan

are

clas

sic

dist

inct

ive re

flect

ions

of g

eolo

gic

hist

ory

No o

ther

are

a po

rtray

s th

e ef

fect

s of

gl

acia

tion

on u

nder

lying

gra

nitic

dom

es a

s w

ell a

s Yo

sem

ite d

oes

Them

e 9

Gla

cial

act

ion

com

bine

d w

ith th

e gr

aniti

c be

droc

k ha

s pr

oduc

ed u

niqu

e an

d pr

onou

nced

la

ndfo

rm fe

atur

es in

clud

ing

dist

inct

ive

polis

hed

dom

e st

ruct

ures

as

wel

l as

hang

ing

valle

ys t

arns

mor

aine

s an

d U-

shap

ed v

alle

ys

1984

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



From Wells 1996 p 40-41

Annex 2 Contextual framework for World Heritage fossil propertiesContextual framework for World Heritage Fossil Sites 40

Summary Recommendations

RECOMMENDATION 1Choose sites that contain well-preserved fossil accumulations of high species diversity which in combination best document the story of community and environmental change through time

RECOMMENDATION 2The events to be represented in the history of life should where possible encompass the iconography of a tree of life not a ladder of progress

RECOMMENDATION 3Choose fossil Lagerstatten and make provision for expanding the List or substituting sitesfossils to better tell any chapter of the story

RECOMMENDATION 4Separate Precambrian history from Phanerozoic history (the roots from the upper branches of the evolutionary tree respectively) Present Precambrian history as major events such as the origin of life multicellularity etc andPresent Phanerozoic history in terms of communities andor stages in the evolution of major groups

Contextual framework for World Heritage Fossil Sites 41

RECOMMENDATION 5All published Precambrian fossil sites should be reviewed by anexpert panel to select those worthy of evaluation for Heritagelisting This may be best achieved through a panel drawn fromthe international palaeontological societies

RECOMMENDATION 6Phanerozoic sites should be chosen so as to be representative in timeand space of both community structure and selected phylogeneticlineages

RECOMMENDATION 7Any fossil Lagerstatten chosen from the Phanerozoic shouldwherever possible be of high diversity and include significantinvertebrate as well as vertebrate assemblages

RECOMMENDATION 8A condition for granting World Heritage status should makeprovision for curation study and display of any sitefossils

RECOMMENDATION 9Specialists in the major Phanerozoic groups and time periodsshould be consulted to refine and update the indicative list Thismay be best achieved through a panel drawn from theinternational palaeontological societies

Footnote Fossil Lagerstatten A term used by the German palaeontologistAdolf Seilacher to describe exceptionally rich fossil deposits He dividedsuch deposits into two categories (i) Conservation Lagerstatten which aredeposits yielding fossils of exceptional preservation which are notnecessarily abundant (ii) Concentration Lagerstatten yielding highnumbers of fossils The two categories are not necessarily mutuallyexclusive and some sites contain both high numbers and high quality offossils


From Preparing World Heritage Nominations UNESCO World Heritage Centre (2011 p 42)

Annex 3 IUCN fossil site evaluation checklist

IUCN has undertaken a global thematic study on geological World Heritage (Dingwall et al2005) The study provides further guidance on this criterion and enables further considera-tion of the scope of the World Heritage List in relation to thirteen different thematic groupsof geological properties

EXAMPLE

Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) (Egypt)

Wadi Al-Hitan Whale Valley in the Western Desert ofEgypt contains invaluable fossil remains of the earliestand now extinct suborder of whales ArchaeocetiThese fossils represent one of the major stories of evo-lution the emergence of the whale as an ocean-goingmammal from a previous life as a land-based animalThis is the most important site in the world for thedemonstration of this stage of evolution It portrays

Co

nt

en

ts

Prep

arin

g W

orld

Her

itag

e N

omin

atio

ns bull

Sec

ond

edit

ion

201

1

42

World Heritage background1

copy U

NES

CO

V

eacuteron

ique

Dau

ge

IUCN fossil site evaluation checklist

1 Does the site provide fossils which cover an extended period of geological time ie how wide is the geological window

2 Does the site provide specimens of a limited number of species or whole biotic assemblages ie how rich is the species diversity

3 How unique is the site in yielding fossil specimens for that particular period of geologicaltime ie would this be the rsquotype localityrsquo for study or are there similar areas that are alternatives

4 Are there comparable sites elsewhere that contribute to the understanding of the totalrsquostoryrsquo of that point in timespace ie is a single site nomination sufficient or should a serial nomination be considered

5 Is the site the only main location where major scientific advances were (or are) beingmade that have made a substantial contribution to the understanding of life on Earth

6 What are the prospects for ongoing discoveries at the site

7 How international is the level of interest in the site

8 Are there other features of natural value (eg scenery landform vegetation) associatedwith the site ie does there exist within the adjacent area modern geological or biological processes that relate to the fossil resource

9 What is the state of preservation of specimens yielded from the site

10 Do the fossils yielded provide an understanding of the conservation status of contemporary taxa andor communities ie how relevant is the site in documenting the consequences to modern biota of gradual change through time

Source Wells (1996)


With permission from Goldscheider et al (2020) red triangles on Figure 18 depicting the locations of World Heritage Properties with karst OUV their numbers referring to the list of World Heritage karst sites

No State Party

World Heritage Property

Inscribed (extend-ed)

Criteria Key Karst Features Environmental context

5 Australia Purnululu 2003 viiviii Outstanding example of quartz sand-stone fluviokarst with beehive-shaped hills separated by narrow sinuous gorg-es Developed on rocks of Devonian age

Tropical savannah re-gime

9 Canada Nahanni Nation-al Park

1978 viiviii Worldrsquos foremost example of karst development in cold climate condi-tions Contains a spectacular karst landscape including poljes caves and gorges and hot spring with large tufa mound Landscape is subject to active frost processes

Cold continental climate with wide monthly vari-ations in temperature and precipitation Alpine tundra and mountainous taiga environments with discontinuous perma-frost Rich diversity of vegetation and wildlife

10 Canada Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks

1984 (1990)

viiviii Includes large areas of limestones and dolomites Outstanding example of glaciokarst terrain Many karren sub-terranean streams springs and caves Columbia Icefield partly overlies and intrudes Castleguard Cave

Located across conti-nental divide between 1036 m to 3954 m Continental cool temper-ate alpine climate with mountain permafrost Rich diversity of vegeta-tion and wildlife

11 China Huanglong 1992 vii Hot springs emerging from carbon-ate rocks have precipitated extensive calcareous travertine deposits along valley floor with numerous rimstone pools Represents depositional output landforms of deeply circulating karst groundwater system

Warm temperate con-tinental alpine environ-ment Forested valleys surrounded by moun-tains to 5000 m

12 China Jiuzhaigou Valley

1992 vii Extensive areas of limestone and do-lomite Carbonate tufa deposits from cold springs have formed a series of tufa-dammed lakes and tufa-coated cascades along valley floor Represents depositional output landforms of shal-low karst groundwater system with significant epikarst water contribution


Annex 4 Distribution of karstifiable rocks and potential karst aquifers across the world


No State Party




13 China Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area

1992 vii A mixed quartz sandstone (66) and limestone (33) area most notable for 3100 sandstone pillars and peaks to 200 m high separated by ravines and gorges Limestone part contains about 40 known caves with rich decoration and two natural bridges one of which is 357m high Includes entire Suoxi karst catchment Particularly outstand-ing for its spectacular sandstone fluvio-karst relief

Humid warm temperate climate with deciduous forest Altitude range 450 m to 1264 m

15 China South China Karst

2007 (2014)

vii viii Seven sites of a serial nomination that represent karst evolution in southern China Shilin comprises stone forests on a rolling plateau in Yunnan Jinfos-han is an isolated high plateau with huge horizontal caves suspended above deep surrounding valleys Wu-long is plateau karst with spectacular tiankeng natural bridges deep caves and gorges Shibing illustrates unusual cone karst development in dolomite bedrock Libo has extensive forested cone karst (fengcong and fenglin) poljes gorges and caves with Huanji-ang being an extension of the protect-ed area Guilin shows the culmination of subtropical karst development with spectacular cones and towers beside the River Li These areas provide type-sites for their principal karst features

Continental humid sub-tropical plateau (Shilin Jinfoshan Wulong) to subtropical monsoonal (Shibing Libo Huanji-ang Guilin) Extensive natural forest cover at Libo-Huanjiang

16 Croatia Plitvice Lakes National Park

1979 (2000)

viiviii ix International type-site for tufa-dammed lakes Carbonate biolith barriers confine 16 lakes up to 08 km2 in area and up to 46 m deep Mixed limestone and dolomitic limestone catchment area

Continental humid warm temperate Mixed co-niferous and deciduous forested catchment

22 France Spain

Pyreacuteneacutees - Mont Perdu

1997 (1999)

iii iv v vii viii

Outstanding example of alpine glaci-ated karst to 3352 m with extensive karrenfeld deep canyons deep caves and subterranean river systems Incor-porates complete karst systems

Humid maritime alpine climate to north and drier Mediterranean climate to south with associated complex vegetation zo-nation

23 Greece Meteora 1988 iiiivvvii Sheer towers and pillars 10 to gt100 m high developed in early Tertiary deltaic quartz conglomerate often fluted with closely spaced vertical karren (the tow-ers support almost inaccessible mon-astery buildings) Fluviokarst

Mean altitude 300 m rising to 1000 m Medi-terranean climate

24 Hungary Slovakia

Caves of Ag-gtelek Karst and Slovak Karst

1995 (2000)

viii Area contains 712 caves Variety of cave types including Dobšinskaacute Ice Cave and speleothem forms with stalagmites to 327 m high Surface landscape is a temperate doline karst with some evidence of a prior humid tropical or subtropical influence which has evolved intermittently since the Cretaceous

Continental humid tem-perate



No State Party




25 Indonesia Lorentz National Park

1999 viii ix x Largest protected area in SE Asia (235M ha) Continuous transect from snow caps (5030 m) to tropical coast Worldrsquos best example of tropical alpine glaciated karst Extensive humid trop-ical karst occurs at lower elevations Huge sinking rivers and springs

From the mountains to the sea Tropical glaci-ated alpine to lowland tropical rainforest

29 Korea Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes

2007 vii viii Oustanding example of vulcanokarst a special style of pseudokarst This in-cludes Geomunoreum lava tubes which are notable for spectacular decoration with carbonate speleothems the car-bonate being derived from overlying calcareous dune sands blown in from the coast

Warm temperate mon-soonal

30 Mada-gascar

Tsingy de Be-maraha Strict Nature Reserve

1990 vii x Extensive areas of very sharp limestone pinnacle karst known locally as lsquotsingyrsquo with joint corridors up to 80 m deep occupied by forest Traversed by river gorges May be the worldrsquos most spec-tacular pinnacled terrain

Tropical seasonally arid

31 Malaysia Gunung Mulu 2000 vii viii ix x

The park has a significant area of karst in Miocene limestone that contains large underground rivers and gt290 km of explored caves including Sarawak Chamber (700 m long 300-400 m wide and up to 100m high) ndash the worldrsquos largest underground room Caves con-tain major speleothem deposits and 15 million year sediment sequences Rich cave biota especially notable for bats and swiftlets Surface features include giant collapse dolines and spectacular razor-sharp pinnacle karst (ca 50 m high)

Humid tropical rainforest with 17 vegetation zones covering altitude range to 2377 m

34 Palau Rock Islands Southern La-goon

2012 iii v vii ix x

A superb example of 445 partly drowned well-karstified coral islands with flooded closed depressions as marine lakes

Western Pacific oceanic tropical humid

35 Philip-pines

Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park

1999 vii x Spectacular tropical karst landscape in middle Miocene limestone on Pala-wan Island extending from mountains to the sea Contains polygonal karst towers and polje Major underground river drains directly to the sea lower portions of cave are tidal and navigable for 6 km

Humid tropical rainforest environment Most sig-nificant forest in Palawan Biogeographical Prov-ince

37 Russian Federa-tion

Lena Pillars Nature Park

2012 viii Dolomitic limestone pillars along edges of Lena River and tributaries Pillars were isolated by paleo-dissolution along joints beneath thick gravel cover and are revealed along valley sides by frost processes and fluvial undercutting Karst features include groundwater circulation and small flutes

Worldrsquos most extreme continental climate with permafrost at base of soil extending to depth of several hundred me-tres



No State Party





Western Cau-casus

1999 vii x A geologically complex region rising to over 3000 m The northern section consists of alpine karst in Triassic lime-stones much of it glaciated Includes glaciokarst features many deep gorges and deep caves Incorporates com-plete karst systems

Temperate to alpine con-tinental climate Largely undisturbed deciduous and coniferous forest and alpine meadows

40 Slovenia Škocjan Caves 1986 vii viii Located in the lsquoclassicalrsquo karst of Eu-rope The property comprises a sink-ing river at the end of blind valley the exposed course of the underground river flowing across the base of deep collapse depressions and a large river cave with a high canyon passage It is representative of the input of an allo-genic river into a karst system

Continental Mediterra-nean climate

42 South Africa

Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa

1999 (2005)

iii vi A cluster of karst sites in Proterozoic dolomite bedrock that contain remains of some of the earliest hominids as well as many other species The caves contain internationally outstanding ex-amples of cave sediments with fossils that were deposited over an interval of several million years into very ancient karst systems

Subtropical High Veldt savannah environment

45 Turkey Hierapo-lis-Pamukkale

1988 iii iv vii Extensive and 200 m high valleyside travertine terrace with rimstone pools formed by carbonate deposition from geothermal water emerging at 59oC Used as a spa since 2nd century BC Possibly the worldrsquos earliest karst tour-ist site still in use Significant human impact

Warm temperate Medi-terranean environment

46 UK Pitcairn Islands

Henderson Island

1988 vii x Raised coral atoll 30 km2 in area with rough karstified lsquomakatearsquo plateau sur-face at about 30 m above sea level with central depression that may have been former lagoon Island is bounded by 15 m high cliffs and fringing reef to 200 m wide Limestone considered late Ter-tiary in age An outstanding example of early phase of karstification with intact natural processes but scientifically unevaluated Some caves

Tropical humid maritime climate supporting thick cover of trees and dense undergrowth The only raised and forested atoll with its ecology intact

48 USA Mammoth Cave National Park

1981 vii viii x The longest cave in the world with 590 km of surveyed river passages often large in dimension and gently sloping The karst is developed in Lower Car-boniferous (Mississippian) limestone and cave evolution commenced fol-lowing uplift and exposure three to four million years ago Extensive sinkhole plain at the surface Large springs Rich troglobitic fauna The inflow margin of the karst is located beyond the Park boundary

Humid warm temperate continental climate De-ciduous forest cover



No State Party




49 USA Carlsbad Cav-erns National Park

1995 vii viii Huge caverns extensively decorated with speleothems are a major feature of the park The 81 known caves mainly occur in uplifted Permian reef lime-stones Outstanding karst extends into neighbouring Guadalupe National Park The regionrsquos caves provide the worldrsquos foremost example of evolution by sul-phuric acid dissolution which occurred progressively between 12 and four million years ago Surface topography on back-reef dolomites and limestones is dominated by dry valleys High bio-diversity including about 1 million bat population

Subtropical semi-arid continental climate

50 Venezu-ela

Canaima Na-tional Park

1994 vii viii ix x

The most outstanding example in the world of cave development in quartzite (Precambrian age) Caves occur to 108 km long and 383 m deep En-closed depressions and stream-sinks on plateau (tepuy) surface around 2650 m Springs emerge in tepuy walls A fluviokarst landscape

Humid tropical upland rainforest environment

51 Viet Nam Ha Long Bay 1994 (2000)

vii viii The worldrsquos most extensive and best- known example of tropical tower karst invaded by the sea The Park area includes about 775 islands some with caves Incorporates areas of fengcong and fenglin karst Significant human impact from surrounding development

Humid tropical mon-soonal environment

52 Viet Nam Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park

2003 (2015)

viii Extensive and complex karst develop-ment in dissected plateau environment to 1290 m above sea level that con-tinues across border into Laos Long history of karst landscape evolution possibly since early Mesozoic Major caves and underground rivers and ex-tensive enclosed depressions (polje)

Humid tropical mon-soonal environment with largely undisturbed ev-ergreen primary forest Rich biodiversity

53 Viet Nam Trang An Land-scape Complex

2014 v vii viii Tower karst in its end stages near sea level Numerous navigable foot-caves and extensive swamp notch and ma-rine notch development reflecting sea level changes

Humid tropical mon-soonal environment in coastal context


Geological W



IUCN




_Hlk33799916

_Hlk74820853

_Hlk74817630

_Hlk53404993

_Hlk53415621

_Hlk21714233

_Hlk21682039

_Hlk49603844

Blank Page

About IUCNIUCN is a membership Union uniquely composed of both government and civil society organisations It provides public private and non-governmental organisations with the knowledge and tools that enable human progress economic development and nature conservation to take place together

Created in 1948 IUCN is now the worldrsquos largest and most diverse environmental network harnessing the knowledge resources and reach of more than 1400 Member organisations and some 18000 experts It is a leading provider of conservation data assessments and analysis Its broad membership enables IUCN to fill the role of incubator and trusted repository of best practices tools and international standards

IUCN provides a neutral space in which diverse stakeholders including governments NGOs scientists businesses local communities indigenous peoples organisations and others can work together to forge and implement solutions to environmental challenges and achieve sustainable development

Working with many partners and supporters IUCN implements a large and diverse portfolio of conservation projects worldwide Combining the latest science with the traditional knowledge of local communities these projects work to reverse habitat loss restore ecosystems and improve peoplersquos well-being

wwwiucnorghttpstwittercomIUCN













ISBN 978-2-8317-2141-5 (PDF)





Contents


List of acronyms v

Acknowledgements vi

Introduction 1













Integrity 50


Boundaries 50


Conclusions 58

References 60






Executive summary










List of acronyms









Acknowledgements










Introduction





















Introduction












Introduction


















Introduction











Introduction




















1979



1979 (2010)





1990







2000


2001




















PHAN

ERO

ZOIC

PRO

TERO

ZOIC

ARC

HEA

NH

ADEA

N

Present

0541

25

40

46

Billi

ons

of y

ears

bef

ore

the

pres

ent

Eon

Mistaken Point



CEN

OZO

ICM

ESO

ZOIC

PALE

OZO

IC

EraNeogene

Paleogene

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Carboniferous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Period



Mill

ions

of y

ears

bef

ore

the

pres

ent

0

66

251





Monte San Giorgio



































1990




2010


2013



2003



2018















































1983



1989


2003























































2013



1979 (2010)


1979



1986


1987









2007





2019










































2003


2013



1989
















































2007
















































2001











Coastal System





Special deposit





















































1979 (1992 1994)






1983 (1990)


1984



1990




2000 (2006)




2005


2013


2019
















































2013















































































site












































































































needed












Min 18 months

WH or UGGp




Yes No

WH or UGGpWH

Yes No

NONEUGGp

Yes No

WH

Yes No

NONEUGGp

Long Less

UGGp

WH











Conclusions







Conclusions























References

























References


Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Aust

ralia

n Fo

ssil

Mam

mal

Site

s (R

iver

slei

gh

Nara

coor

te)

1Ri

vers

leig

h pr

ovid

es e

xcep

tiona

l an

d in

man

y ca

ses

uniq

ue m

amm

al a

ssem

blag

es fr

om th

e Ol

igoc

ene

to M

ioce

ne s

pann

ing

from

10-

30 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

The

se a

ssem

blag

es d

ocum

ent c

hang

es

in h

abita

t fro

m h

umid

low

land

rain

fore

st to

dry

eu

calyp

t for

ests

and

woo

dlan

ds a

nd p

rovid

e th

e fir

st fo

ssil

reco

rd fo

r man

y di

stin

ctive

gro

ups

of

livin

g m

amm

als

such

as

the

mar

supi

al m

oles

and

fe

athe

r-ta

iled

poss

ums

The

ass

embl

ages

reco

vere

d fro

m th

e ca

ves

at N

arac

oorte

Vic

toria

Fos

sil C

ave

pres

erve

an

outs

tand

ing

reco

rd o

f mor

e re

cent

te

rrest

rial v

erte

brat

e lif

e T

hese

ope

n a

win

dow

into

a

sign

ifica

nt p

erio

d of

Ear

thrsquos

his

tory

from

the

mid

-Pl

eist

ocen

e to

pre

sent

(530

000

yea

rs a

go to

toda

y)

a pe

riod

char

acte

rised

by

grea

t clim

atic

cha

nges

Them

e 1

Rive

rsle

igh

and

Nara

coor

te

are

a su

perb

illu

stra

tion

of k

ey s

tage

s in

the

Ceno

zoic

evo

lutio

n of

Aus

tralia

rsquos

uniq

ue fa

una

1994

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Barb

erto

n M

akho

njw

a M

ount

ains

12

4 1

1De

cisi

on 4

2 CO

M 8

B5

stat

es T

he p

rope

rty

cont

ains

the

best

mos

t dive

rse

and

outs

tand

ing

exam

ples

of r

ock

outc

rops

from

the

Arch

aean

sta

ge

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry I

ts ro

cks

have

reve

aled

the

earli

est

reco

rd o

f sin

gle-

celle

d lif

e fo

rms

as w

ell a

s th

e ea

rlies

t and

mos

t sig

nific

ant g

eom

orph

ic fe

atur

es

incl

udin

g de

taile

d ev

iden

ce o

f the

pro

cess

es

invo

lved

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e or

igin

ally

oxyg

en-f

ree

ocea

ns a

nd a

tmos

pher

e a

nd c

reat

ion

of th

e fir

st

cont

inen

tal l

andf

orm

sTh

e pr

oper

ty is

a tr

uly

uniq

ue re

mna

nt o

f the

an

cien

t Ear

thrsquos

cru

st c

onta

inin

g am

ong

the

olde

st

and

undo

ubte

dly

the

best

-pre

serv

ed s

eque

nce

of

volc

anic

and

sed

imen

tary

rock

s on

Ear

th T

hese

hi

ghly

acce

ssib

le a

ncie

nt e

xpos

ures

pre

sent

a

cont

inuo

us 3

40 m

illion

yea

r seq

uenc

e of

rock

s

star

ting

3600

milli

on y

ears

ago

The

ir ph

ysic

al a

nd

chem

ical

cha

ract

eris

tics

prov

ide

an u

npar

alle

led

sour

ce o

f sci

entifi

c in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he e

arly

Earth

The

out

stan

ding

val

ue o

f the

se ro

cks

lies

in

the

larg

e nu

mbe

r of s

ites

and

feat

ures

that

whe

n co

mbi

ned

pro

vide

a un

ique

and

as

yet o

nly

parti

ally

expl

ored

sci

entifi

c re

sour

ce

Them

e 1

One

of t

he w

orld

rsquos

olde

st g

eolo

gica

l stru

ctur

es d

atin

g ba

ck 3

6 to

32

5 bi

llion

year

s ag

o

pres

ervin

g th

e en

viron

men

t for

the

early

evo

lutio

n of

life

The

me

2 A

n Ar

chea

n gr

anite

-gre

enst

one

belt

that

re

cord

s co

ntin

ent-

build

ing

on th

e ea

rly E

arth

The

me

4 K

omat

iites

the

ho

ttest

lava

s th

at h

ave

ever

flow

ed

on o

ur p

lane

t w

ere

first

reco

gnize

d in

th

is s

ite T

hem

e 11

Sph

erul

e be

ds

of m

olte

n ro

ck d

ropl

ets

from

a p

erio

d of

inte

nse

met

eorit

e bo

mba

rdm

ent

whi

ch p

rovid

e ev

iden

ce o

f som

e of

the

earli

est l

arge

met

eorit

e im

pact

eve

nts

2018

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sout

h Af

rica

Afric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Cana

dian

Roc

ky

Mou

ntai

n Pa

rks

12

6Th

e Bu

rges

s Sh

ale

is o

ne o

f the

mos

t sig

nific

ant

foss

il ar

eas

in th

e w

orld

Exq

uisi

tely

pres

erve

d fo

ssils

reco

rd a

dive

rse

abu

ndan

t mar

ine

com

mun

ity d

omin

ated

by

soft-

bodi

ed o

rgan

ism

s

Orig

inat

ing

soon

afte

r the

rapi

d un

fold

ing

of a

nim

al

life

abou

t 540

milli

on y

ears

ago

the

Bur

gess

Sha

le

foss

ils p

rovid

e ke

y ev

iden

ce o

f the

his

tory

and

ear

ly ev

olut

ion

of m

ost a

nim

al g

roup

s kn

own

toda

y an

d yie

ld a

mor

e co

mpl

ete

view

of l

ife in

the

sea

than

an

y ot

her s

ite fo

r tha

t tim

e pe

riod

The

sev

en p

arks

of

the

Cana

dian

Roc

kies

are

a c

lass

ic re

pres

enta

tion

of s

igni

fican

t and

on-

goin

g gl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

long

th

e co

ntin

enta

l divi

de o

n hi

ghly

faul

ted

fold

ed a

nd

uplif

ted

sedi

men

tary

rock

s

Them

e 1

The

Bur

gess

Sha

le

insc

ribed

as

a UN

ESCO

Wor

ld H

erita

ge

Prop

erty

in 1

980

for i

ts w

orld

-ren

own

foss

ils o

f Cam

bria

n so

ft-bo

died

m

arin

e an

imal

s is

now

incl

uded

in

this

pro

perty

The

me

2 T

he

cont

iguo

us n

atio

nal p

arks

of B

anff

Ja

sper

Koo

tena

y an

d Yo

ho a

s w

ell a

s th

e M

ount

Rob

son

Mou

nt A

ssin

iboi

ne

and

Ham

ber p

rovin

cial

par

k fo

rms

a st

rikin

g m

ount

ain

land

scap

e T

hem

e 6

Incl

udes

larg

e ar

eas

of li

mes

tone

s an

d do

lom

ites

Out

stan

ding

exa

mpl

e of

gla

ciok

arst

terra

in M

any

karre

n

subt

erra

nean

stre

ams

spr

ings

and

ca

ves

Col

umbi

a Ic

efiel

d pa

rtly

over

lies

and

intru

des

Cast

legu

ard

Cave

1984

(199

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lCa

nada

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Cana

ima

Natio

nal

Park

32

5 6

No a

ppro

ved

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV

but t

he in

scrip

tion

refe

renc

es th

e fo

llow

ing

Earth

sc

ienc

e va

lues

Thr

ee d

iffer

ent e

rosi

on s

urfa

ces

are

to b

e fo

und

with

in th

e pa

rk T

he o

ldes

t roc

ks

are

Prec

ambr

ian

and

aro

und

170

0 m

illion

yea

rs

old

are

som

e of

the

olde

st o

n th

e pl

anet

Abo

ve

thes

e ar

e yo

unge

r for

mat

ions

whi

ch h

ave

been

w

eath

ered

into

mou

ntai

ns b

y 50

0 m

illion

yea

rs o

f er

osio

n T

he g

eolo

gy p

rovid

es e

viden

ce th

at S

outh

Am

eric

a an

d Af

rica

once

form

ed p

art o

f a s

ingl

e co

ntin

ent

The

prop

erty

dis

play

s a

dist

inct

ive a

nd

outs

tand

ing

tepu

i lan

dsca

pe w

hich

is s

till e

volvi

ng

in re

spon

se to

nat

ural

pro

cess

es a

t lar

ge s

cale

Th

e la

ndsc

ape

also

dem

onst

rate

s th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

th

e in

dige

nous

Pem

oacuten w

ith th

e en

viron

men

t bot

h be

caus

e of

the

grea

t use

the

Pem

oacuten m

ake

of th

e pa

rkrsquos

nat

ural

reso

urce

s an

d be

caus

e of

the

way

the

park

rsquos la

ndsc

ape

and

vege

tatio

n ha

s be

en s

hape

d by

the

Pem

oacuten

Them

e 3

Tab

ular

hills

and

hig

h es

carp

men

ts w

ith s

igni

fican

t kar

stic

er

osio

n of

qua

rtzite

s T

hem

e 2

Ro

ughl

y 65

o

f the

par

k is

cov

ered

by

tabl

e m

ount

ain

(tepu

i) fo

rmat

ions

Th

eme

5 A

ngel

Fal

ls in

Can

aim

a Na

tinal

Par

k is

the

high

est w

ater

falls

in

the

wor

ld T

hem

e 6

The

mos

t ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e in

the

wor

ld

of c

ave

deve

lopm

ent i

n qu

artz

ite

(Pre

cam

bria

n ag

e) C

aves

occ

ur

to 1

08

km lo

ng a

nd 3

83 m

dee

p

Encl

osed

dep

ress

ions

and

stre

am-

sink

s on

pla

teau

(tep

uy) s

urfa

ce

arou

nd 2

650

m S

prin

gs e

mer

ge in

te

puy

wal

ls A

fluv

ioka

rst l

ands

cape

1994

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lVe

nezu

-el

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Carls

bad

Cave

rns

Natio

nal P

ark

6Ca

rlsba

d Ca

vern

s Na

tiona

l Par

k is

one

of th

e fe

w p

lace

s in

the

wor

ld w

here

on-

goin

g ge

olog

ic

proc

esse

s ar

e m

ost a

ppar

ent a

nd ra

re s

pele

othe

ms

cont

inue

to fo

rm e

nabl

ing

scie

ntist

s to

stu

dy

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

in a

virt

ually

und

istur

bed

envir

onm

ent

Thes

e sp

eleo

them

s in

clud

e he

lictit

es

form

ing

unde

rwat

er c

alci

te a

nd g

ypsu

m s

pele

othe

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ens

repr

esen

ting

ever

y kn

own

grou

p of

Cre

tace

ous

dino

saur

s T

he d

ivers

ity

affo

rds

exce

llent

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r pal

eont

olog

y th

at is

bot

h co

mpa

rativ

e an

d ch

rono

logi

cal

Over

35

0 ar

ticul

ated

spe

cim

ens

from

the

Oldm

an a

nd

Dino

saur

Par

k fo

rmat

ions

incl

udin

g m

ore

than

15

0 co

mpl

ete

skel

eton

s no

w re

side

in m

ore

than

30

maj

or m

useu

ms

In a

dditi

on to

the

sign

ifica

nt

num

ber o

f hig

h qu

ality

spe

cim

ens

the

prop

erty

co

ntai

ns a

com

plet

e as

sem

blag

e of

non

-din

osau

rian

foss

il m

ater

ial o

fferin

g an

unp

aral

lele

d op

portu

nity

fo

r the

stu

dy o

f the

Lat

e Cr

etac

eous

pal

eo-

ecos

yste

m

Them

e 1

Din

osau

r Pro

vinci

al P

ark

cont

ains

som

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt

foss

il di

scov

erie

s ev

er m

ade

from

th

e Cr

etac

eous

in

parti

cula

r abo

ut

35 s

peci

es o

f din

osau

rs d

atin

g ba

ck

som

e 75

milli

on y

ears

1979

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Dors

et a

nd E

ast

Devo

n Co

ast

17

The

coas

tal e

xpos

ures

alo

ng th

e Do

rset

and

Ea

st D

evon

coa

st p

rovid

e an

alm

ost c

ontin

uous

se

quen

ce o

f Tria

ssic

Jur

assi

c an

d Cr

etac

eous

ro

ck fo

rmat

ions

spa

nnin

g th

e M

esoz

oic

Era

and

docu

men

t app

roxim

atel

y 18

5 m

illion

yea

rs o

f Ear

thrsquos

hi

stor

y Th

e pr

oper

ty in

clud

es a

rang

e of

glo

bally

si

gnifi

cant

foss

il lo

calit

ies

- bo

th v

erte

brat

e an

d in

verte

brat

e m

arin

e an

d te

rrest

rial -

whi

ch h

ave

prod

uced

wel

l pre

serv

ed a

nd d

ivers

e ev

iden

ce

of li

fe d

urin

g M

esoz

oic

times

It a

lso

cont

ains

te

xtbo

ok e

xem

plar

s of

coa

stal

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al

feat

ures

lan

dfor

ms

and

proc

esse

s R

enow

ned

for i

ts

cont

ribut

ion

to E

arth

sci

ence

inve

stig

atio

ns fo

r ove

r 30

0 ye

ars

the

Dors

et a

nd E

ast D

evon

coa

st h

as

help

ed fo

ster

maj

or c

ontri

butio

ns to

man

y as

pect

s of

geo

logy

pal

aeon

tolo

gy a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

y an

d ha

s co

ntin

uing

sig

nific

ance

as

a hi

gh q

ualit

y te

achi

ng t

rain

ing

and

rese

arch

reso

urce

for t

he

Earth

sci

ence

s

Them

e 1

Sup

erb

coas

tal e

xpos

ures

pr

ovid

e an

alm

ost c

ontin

uous

se

quen

ce o

f Tria

ssic

Jur

assi

c an

d Cr

etac

eous

rock

form

atio

ns s

pann

ing

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a an

d do

cum

ent

appr

oxim

atel

y 18

5 m

illion

yea

rs

of E

arth

his

tory

The

me

7 It

als

o co

ntai

ns te

xtbo

ok e

xem

plar

s of

co

asta

l geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

land

form

s an

d pr

oces

ses

2001

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

of G

reat

Br

itain

an

d No

rther

n Ire

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Durm

itor N

atio

nal

Park

3Du

rmito

r Nat

iona

l Par

k ha

rbou

rs a

wea

lth o

f ge

olog

ical

and

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es o

f maj

or

scie

ntifi

c in

tere

st w

hich

hav

e be

en s

hapi

ng th

e la

ndsc

ape

suc

h as

the

man

y re

mar

kabl

e Ka

rst

phen

omen

a T

he d

omin

ant g

eolo

gica

l fea

ture

s ar

e ve

ry th

ick

ofte

n sa

vage

ly co

ntor

ted

limes

tone

fo

rmat

ions

of t

he M

iddl

e an

d Up

per T

riass

ic U

pper

Ju

rass

ic a

nd U

pper

Cre

tace

ous

thou

gh m

ore

rece

nt ro

cks

are

also

pre

sent

One

par

ticul

arity

is

the

so-c

alle

d Du

rmito

r Flys

ch a

term

use

d fo

r te

cton

ic la

yers

incl

ined

at a

n an

gle

of 9

0 de

gree

s in

the

Durm

itor M

assi

f Th

e sh

eer w

alls

of t

he m

any

cany

ons

and

in p

artic

ular

tho

se o

f the

spe

ctac

ular

Ta

ra R

iver G

orge

of m

ore

than

60

km a

re n

ot o

nly

fund

amen

tal l

ands

cape

feat

ures

of t

he p

ark

but a

lso

expo

se m

agni

ficen

t roc

k fo

rmat

ions

Les

s kn

own

but n

o le

ss fa

scin

atin

g is

the

unde

rgro

und

wor

ld

of th

e pr

oper

ty It

incl

udes

Mon

tene

grorsquo

s de

epes

t ca

ve a

nd s

ubte

rrane

an ri

vers

dra

inin

g so

me

of th

e gl

acia

l lak

es I

n pa

rticu

lar

the

lsquoIce

Cave

rsquo is

a vis

ually

st

unni

ng a

nd a

rare

relic

t of p

ast g

laci

atio

n

Them

e 3

Thi

s br

eath

taki

ng n

atio

nal

park

was

form

ed b

y gl

acie

rs a

nd is

tra

vers

ed b

y riv

ers

and

unde

rgro

und

stre

ams

The

Tar

a Ri

ver c

anyo

n w

hich

ha

s th

e de

epes

t gor

ges

in E

urop

e

1980

(200

5)(v

ii)(v

iii)(x

)Na

tura

lM

onte

ne-

gro

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

El P

inac

ate

and

Gran

Des

iert

o de

Al

tar B

iosp

here

Re

serv

e

104

The

prop

erty

rsquos d

eser

t and

vol

cani

c la

ndfo

rms

prov

ide

an e

xcep

tiona

l com

bina

tion

of fe

atur

es o

f gr

eat s

cien

tific

inte

rest

The

vas

t sea

of s

and

dune

s th

at s

urro

unds

the

volc

anic

shi

eld

is c

onsi

dere

d th

e la

rges

t and

mos

t act

ive d

une

syst

em in

Nor

th

Amer

ica

It in

clud

es a

dive

rse

rang

e of

dun

es th

at

are

near

ly un

dist

urbe

d a

nd in

clud

e sp

ecta

cula

r an

d ve

ry la

rge

star

-sha

ped

dune

s th

at o

ccur

bo

th s

ingl

y an

d in

long

ridg

es u

p to

48k

m in

le

ngth

The

vol

cani

c ex

posu

res

prov

ide

impo

rtant

co

mpl

emen

tary

geo

logi

cal v

alue

s a

nd th

e de

sert

envir

onm

ent a

ssur

es a

dra

mat

ic d

ispl

ay o

f a s

erie

s of

impr

essi

ve la

rge

crat

ers

and

mor

e th

an 4

00

cind

er c

ones

lav

a flo

ws

and

lava

tube

s T

aken

to

geth

er th

e co

mbi

natio

n of

Ear

th s

cien

ce fe

atur

es

is a

n im

pres

sive

labo

rato

ry fo

r geo

logi

cal a

nd

geom

orph

olog

ical

stu

dies

Them

e 10

The

pro

perty

incl

udes

par

t of

the

Sono

ran

Dese

rt w

ith s

tar d

unes

an

d lin

ear d

unes

of c

onsi

dera

ble

heig

ht T

hem

e 4

The

714

566

ha

prop

erty

com

pris

es tw

o di

stin

ct p

arts

th

e do

rman

t vol

cani

c Pi

naca

te S

hiel

d of

bla

ck a

nd re

d la

va fl

ows

and

mor

e th

an 4

00 m

onog

enet

ic c

inde

r con

es

and

maa

rs o

f Hol

ocen

e ag

e

2013

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Mex

ico

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Ever

glad

es

Natio

nal P

ark

5 7

The

Ever

glad

es is

a v

ast

near

ly fla

t se

abed

that

was

su

bmer

ged

at th

e en

d of

the

last

Ice

Age

Its

limes

tone

su

bstra

te is

one

of t

he m

ost a

ctive

are

as o

f mod

ern

carb

onat

e se

dim

enta

tion

Them

e 5

7 A

rive

r of g

rass

flow

ing

impe

rcep

tibly

from

the

hint

erla

nd in

to

the

sea

1979

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Fras

er Is

land

7Th

e pr

oper

ty re

pres

ents

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of

signi

fican

t ong

oing

geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

incl

udin

g lo

ngsh

ore

drift

The

imm

ense

san

d du

nes

are

part

of th

e lo

nges

t and

mos

t com

plet

e ag

e se

quen

ce

of c

oast

al d

une

syst

ems

in th

e w

orld

and

are

stil

l ev

olvin

g T

he s

uper

impo

sitio

n of

act

ive p

arab

olic

du

nes

on re

mna

nts

of o

lder

dun

es d

epos

ited

durin

g pe

riods

of l

ow s

ea le

vel

whi

ch a

re s

tabi

lised

by

tow

erin

g ra

info

rest

s at

ele

vatio

ns o

f up

to 2

40 m

is

cons

ider

ed u

niqu

e F

rase

r Isla

nd a

lso h

as a

var

iety

of

fres

hwat

er d

une

lake

s w

hich

are

exc

eptio

nal i

n te

rms

of n

umbe

r di

vers

ity a

nd a

ge T

he d

ynam

ic

inte

rrela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

coas

tal d

une

sand

m

ass

aqu

ifer h

ydro

logy

and

the

fresh

wat

er d

une

lake

s pr

ovid

es a

seq

uenc

e of

lake

form

atio

n bo

th

spat

ially

and

tem

pora

lly

The

proc

ess

of s

oil f

orm

atio

n on

the

islan

d is

also

un

ique

sin

ce a

s a

resu

lt of

the

succ

essiv

e ov

erla

ying

of d

une

syst

ems

a c

hron

oseq

uenc

e of

pod

zol

deve

lopm

ent f

rom

the

youn

ger d

une

syst

ems

on th

e ea

st to

the

olde

st s

yste

ms

on th

e w

est c

hang

e fro

m

rudi

men

tary

pro

files

less

than

05

m th

ick

to g

iant

fo

rms

mor

e th

an 2

5 m

thic

k T

he la

tter f

ar e

xcee

ds

know

n de

pths

of p

odzo

ls an

ywhe

re e

lse in

the

wor

ld

and

has

a di

rect

influ

ence

on

plan

t suc

cess

ion

w

ith th

e ol

der d

une

syst

ems

caus

ing

retro

gres

sive

succ

essio

n w

hen

the

soil

horiz

on b

ecom

es to

o de

ep

to p

rovid

e nu

tritio

n fo

r tal

l for

est s

peci

es

Them

e 7

Fra

ser I

slan

d is

the

larg

est s

and

isla

nd in

the

wor

ld T

he

com

bina

tion

of s

hifti

ng s

and-

dune

s

tropi

cal r

ainf

ores

ts a

nd la

kes

mak

es it

an

exc

eptio

nal s

ite

1992

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Galaacute

pago

s Is

land

s2

47

8Th

e ar

chip

elag

oacutes

geol

ogy

begi

ns a

t the

sea

floo

r and

em

erge

s ab

ove

sea

leve

l whe

re b

iolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

cont

inue

Thr

ee m

ajor

tect

onic

plat

esmdash

Nazc

a C

ocos

an

d Pa

cificmdash

mee

t at t

he b

asis

of th

e oc

ean

whi

ch

is of

sig

nific

ant g

eolo

gica

l inte

rest

In

com

paris

on

with

mos

t oce

anic

arch

ipel

agos

the

Gal

aacutepag

os a

re

very

you

ng w

ith th

e la

rges

t and

you

nges

t isla

nds

Isa

bela

and

Fer

nand

ina

with

less

than

one

milli

on

year

s of

exis

tenc

e a

nd th

e ol

dest

isla

nds

Espa

ntildeola

an

d Sa

n Cr

istoacuteb

al s

omew

here

bet

wee

n th

ree

to fi

ve

milli

on y

ears

The

pro

perty

dem

onst

rate

s th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e yo

unge

r vol

cani

c ar

eas

in th

e w

est a

nd th

e ol

der i

sland

s in

the

east

On-

goin

g ge

olog

ical a

nd

geom

orph

olog

ical p

roce

sses

inc

ludi

ng re

cent

vol

cani

c er

uptio

ns s

mal

l sei

smic

mov

emen

ts a

nd e

rosio

n pr

ovid

e ke

y in

sight

s to

the

puzz

le o

f the

orig

in o

f the

Ga

laacutepa

gos

Islan

ds A

lmos

t no

othe

r site

in th

e w

orld

of

fers

pro

tect

ion

of s

uch

a co

mpl

ete

cont

inuu

m o

f ge

olog

ical a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical f

eatu

res

Them

e 2

4 S

ituat

ed in

the

Paci

fic

Ocea

n so

me

100

0 km

from

the

Sout

h Am

eric

an c

ontin

ent

thes

e 19

is

land

s an

d th

e su

rroun

ding

mar

ine

rese

rve

have

bee

n ca

lled

a un

ique

lsquoli

ving

mus

eum

and

sho

wca

se o

f ev

olut

ionrsquo

Ong

oing

sei

smic

and

vo

lcan

ic a

ctivi

ty re

flect

s th

e pr

oces

ses

that

form

ed th

e is

land

s T

hem

e 7

8

The

arc

hipe

lago

acutes g

eolo

gy b

egin

s at

the

sea

floor

and

em

erge

s ab

ove

sea

leve

l

1978

(200

1)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Ecua

dor

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Gian

trsquos C

ause

way

an

d Ca

usew

ay

Coas

t

4Th

e ge

olog

ical

act

ivity

of t

he C

enoz

oic

Era

is c

lear

ly illu

stra

ted

by th

e su

cces

sion

of t

he la

va fl

ows

and

inte

rbas

altic

bed

s w

hich

are

in e

viden

ce o

n th

e Ca

usew

ay C

oast

Int

erpr

etat

ion

of th

e su

cces

sion

ha

s al

low

ed a

det

aile

d an

alys

is o

f Ter

tiary

eve

nts

in

the

North

Atla

ntic

The

ext

rem

ely

regu

lar c

olum

nar

join

ting

of th

e Th

olei

itic

basa

lts is

a s

pect

acul

ar

feat

ure

whi

ch is

dis

play

ed in

exe

mpl

ary

fash

ion

at th

e Gi

antrsquos

Cau

sew

ay T

he C

ause

way

itse

lf is

a

uniq

ue fo

rmat

ion

and

a su

perla

tive

horiz

onta

l se

ctio

n th

roug

h co

lum

nar b

asal

t lav

as

Them

e 4

The

Gia

ntrsquos

Cau

sew

ay li

es

at th

e fo

ot o

f the

bas

alt c

liffs

alo

ng th

e se

a co

ast o

n th

e ed

ge o

f the

Ant

rim

plat

eau

in N

orth

ern

Irela

nd I

t is

mad

e up

of s

ome

400

00 m

assi

ve b

lack

ba

salt

colu

mns

stic

king

out

of t

he

sea

The

dra

mat

ic s

ight

has

insp

ired

lege

nds

of g

iant

s st

ridin

g ov

er th

e se

a to

Sco

tland

Geo

logi

cal s

tudi

es

of th

ese

form

atio

ns o

ver t

he la

st 3

00

year

s ha

ve g

reat

ly co

ntrib

uted

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he E

arth

sci

ence

s

and

show

that

this

stri

king

land

scap

e w

as c

ause

d by

vol

cani

c ac

tivity

dur

ing

the

Pale

ogen

e s

ome

50ndash6

0 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

of G

reat

Br

itain

an

d No

rther

n Ire

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gond

wan

a Ra

info

rest

s of

Au

stra

lia

21

3Th

e Go

ndw

ana

Rain

fore

sts

prov

ides

out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

es o

f sig

nific

ant o

ngoi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

Whe

n Au

stra

lia s

epar

ated

from

Ant

arct

ica fo

llow

ing

the

brea

kup

of G

ondw

ana

new

con

tinen

tal m

argi

ns

deve

lope

d T

he m

argi

n w

hich

form

ed a

long

Aus

tralia

rsquos ea

ster

n ed

ge is

cha

ract

erise

d by

an

asym

met

rical

m

argi

nal s

wel

l tha

t run

s pa

ralle

l to

the

coas

tline

the

eros

ion

of w

hich

has

resu

lted

in th

e Gr

eat D

ivide

and

th

e Gr

eat E

scar

pmen

t Th

is ea

ster

n co

ntin

enta

l mar

gin

expe

rienc

ed v

olca

nicit

y du

ring

the

Ceno

zoic

Era

as

the

Aust

ralia

n co

ntin

enta

l pla

te m

oved

ove

r one

of t

he

plan

etrsquos

hot s

pots

Vol

cano

es e

rupt

ed in

seq

uenc

e al

ong

the

east

coa

st re

sultin

g in

the

Twee

d F

ocal

Pea

k

Ebor

and

Bar

ringt

on v

olca

nic

shie

lds

This

sequ

ence

of

volca

nos

is sig

nific

ant a

s it

enab

les

the

datin

g of

the

geom

orph

ic ev

olut

ion

of e

aste

rn A

ustra

lia th

roug

h th

e st

udy

of th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

thes

e vo

lcani

c re

mna

nts

with

th

e ea

ster

n hi

ghla

nds

Them

e 2

1 3

The

Gon

dwan

a Ra

info

rest

s pr

ovid

es o

utst

andi

ng

exam

ples

of s

igni

fican

t ong

oing

ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es W

hen

Aust

ralia

se

para

ted

from

Ant

arct

ica

follo

win

g th

e br

eaku

p of

Gon

dwan

a n

ew

cont

inen

tal m

argi

ns d

evel

oped

The

m

argi

n w

hich

form

ed a

long

Aus

tralia

rsquos

east

ern

edge

is c

hara

cter

ised

by

an

asym

met

rical

mar

gina

l sw

ell t

hat r

uns

para

llel t

o th

e co

astli

ne t

he e

rosi

on o

f w

hich

has

resu

lted

in th

e Gr

eat D

ivide

an

d th

e Gr

eat E

scar

pmen

t

1986

(199

4)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Gran

d Ca

nyon

Na

tiona

l Par

k3

1W

ithin

par

k bo

unda

ries

the

geol

ogic

reco

rd s

pans

al

l fou

r era

s of

the

Earth

rsquos e

volu

tiona

ry h

isto

ry f

rom

th

e Pr

ecam

bria

n to

the

Ceno

zoic

The

Pre

cam

bria

n an

d Pa

leoz

oic

porti

ons

of th

is re

cord

are

par

ticul

arly

wel

l exp

osed

in c

anyo

n w

alls

and

incl

ude

a ric

h fo

ssil

asse

mbl

age

Num

erou

s ca

ves

shel

ter f

ossi

ls

and

anim

al re

mai

ns th

at e

xten

d th

e pa

leon

tolo

gica

l re

cord

into

the

Plei

stoc

ene

Them

e 3

Car

ved

out b

y th

e Co

lora

do

Rive

r th

e Gr

and

Cany

on (n

early

15

00

m d

eep)

was

form

ed d

urin

g 6

milli

on

year

s of

geo

logi

c ac

tivity

and

ero

sion

by

the

Colo

rado

Rive

r on

the

upra

ised

Ea

rthrsquos

cru

st T

hem

e 1

Its

horiz

onta

l st

rata

retra

ce th

e ge

olog

ical

his

tory

of

the

past

2 b

illion

yea

rs

1979

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Grea

t Bar

rier R

eef

87

The

GBR

ext

endi

ng 2

000

km

alo

ng Q

ueen

slan

drsquos

coas

t is

a g

loba

lly o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of a

n ec

osys

tem

that

has

evo

lved

over

mille

nnia

The

ar

ea h

as b

een

expo

sed

and

flood

ed b

y at

leas

t fou

r gl

acia

l and

inte

rgla

cial

cyc

les

and

ove

r the

pas

t 15

000

yea

rs re

efs

have

gro

wn

on th

e co

ntin

enta

l sh

elf

Durin

g gl

acia

l per

iods

sea

leve

ls d

ropp

ed e

xpos

ing

the

reef

s as

flat

-top

ped

hills

of e

rode

d lim

esto

ne

Larg

e riv

ers

mea

nder

ed b

etw

een

thes

e hi

lls a

nd th

e co

astli

ne e

xten

ded

furth

er e

ast

Durin

g in

terg

laci

al

perio

ds r

isin

g se

a le

vels

cau

sed

the

form

atio

n of

co

ntin

enta

l isl

ands

cor

al c

ays

and

new

pha

ses

of

cora

l gro

wth

Thi

s en

viron

men

tal h

isto

ry c

an b

e se

en

in c

ores

of o

ld m

assi

ve c

oral

s

Toda

y th

e GB

R fo

rms

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

oral

reef

ec

osys

tem

ran

ging

from

insh

ore

fring

ing

reef

s to

m

id-s

helf

reef

s a

nd e

xpos

ed o

uter

reef

s in

clud

ing

exam

ples

of a

ll st

ages

of r

eef d

evel

opm

ent

The

proc

esse

s of

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical

ev

olut

ion

are

wel

l rep

rese

nted

lin

king

con

tinen

tal

isla

nds

cor

al c

ays

and

reef

s T

he v

arie

d se

asca

pes

and

land

scap

es th

at o

ccur

toda

y ha

ve b

een

mou

lded

by

chan

ging

clim

ates

and

sea

leve

ls a

nd

the

eros

ive p

ower

of w

ind

and

wat

er o

ver l

ong

time

perio

ds

One-

third

of t

he G

BR li

es b

eyon

d th

e se

awar

d ed

ge o

f the

sha

llow

er re

efs

this

are

a co

mpr

ises

co

ntin

enta

l slo

pe a

nd d

eep

ocea

nic

wat

ers

and

abys

sal p

lain

s

Them

e 8

7 T

he G

BR fo

rms

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

oral

reef

eco

syst

em

rang

ing

from

insh

ore

fring

ing

reef

s to

m

id-s

helf

reef

s a

nd e

xpos

ed o

uter

re

efs

incl

udin

g ex

ampl

es o

f all

stag

es

of re

ef d

evel

opm

ent

The

proc

esse

s of

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical

ev

olut

ion

are

wel

l rep

rese

nted

lin

king

co

ntin

enta

l isl

ands

cor

al c

ays

and

reef

s T

he v

arie

d se

asca

pes

and

land

scap

es th

at o

ccur

toda

y ha

ve

been

mou

lded

by

chan

ging

clim

ates

an

d se

a le

vels

and

the

eros

ive

pow

er o

f win

d an

d w

ater

ove

r lon

g tim

e pe

riods

One

-thi

rd o

f the

GBR

lie

s be

yond

the

seaw

ard

edge

of t

he

shal

low

er re

efs

this

are

a co

mpr

ises

co

ntin

enta

l slo

pe a

nd d

eep

ocea

nic

wat

ers

and

abys

sal p

lain

s

1981

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Grea

t Sm

oky

Mou

ntai

ns

Natio

nal P

ark

13

Grea

t Sm

oky

Mou

ntai

ns N

atio

nal P

ark

is o

f wor

ld

impo

rtanc

e as

the

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e di

vers

e Ar

cto-

Terti

ary

geofl

ora

era

pro

vidin

g an

in

dica

tion

of w

hat t

he la

te P

leis

toce

ne fl

ora

look

ed

like

befo

re re

cent

hum

an im

pact

s

Them

e 1

Sta

ted

to b

e an

out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

e of

the

dive

rse

Arct

o-Te

rtiar

y ge

oflor

a er

a p

rovid

ing

an in

dica

tion

of

wha

t the

late

Ple

isto

cene

flor

a lo

oked

lik

e be

fore

Rec

ent h

uman

impa

cts

Th

eme

3 N

on-g

laci

al d

isse

cted

m

ount

aino

us te

rrain

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gros

Mor

ne

Natio

nal P

ark

29

The

rock

s of

Gro

s M

orne

Nat

iona

l Par

k co

llect

ively

pres

ent a

n in

tern

atio

nally

sig

nific

ant i

llust

ratio

n of

th

e pr

oces

s of

con

tinen

tal d

rift a

long

the

east

ern

coas

t of N

orth

Am

eric

a an

d co

ntrib

ute

grea

tly to

th

e bo

dy o

f kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

pla

te

tect

onic

s an

d th

e ge

olog

ical

evo

lutio

n of

anc

ient

m

ount

ain

belts

In

glac

ier-

scou

red

high

land

s an

d sp

ecta

cula

r fjo

rds

gla

ciat

ion

has

mad

e vis

ible

the

park

rsquos m

any

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

Them

e 2

Thi

s pa

rk s

ituat

ed o

n th

e w

est c

oast

of t

he is

land

of

New

foun

dlan

d pr

ovid

es a

rare

ex

ampl

e of

the

proc

ess

of c

ontin

enta

l dr

ift w

here

dee

p oc

ean

crus

t and

th

e ro

cks

of th

e Ea

rthrsquos

man

tle li

e ex

pose

d T

hem

e 9

Ple

isto

cene

gl

acia

l act

ion

has

resu

lted

in s

ome

spec

tacu

lar s

cene

ry w

ith c

oast

al

low

land

alp

ine

plat

eau

fjor

ds g

laci

al

valle

ys s

heer

clif

fs w

ater

falls

and

m

any

pris

tine

lake

s

1987

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Gulf

of P

orto

Ca

lanc

he o

f Pi

ana

Gul

f of

Giro

lata

Sc

ando

la R

eser

ve

7No

cur

rent

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV b

ut th

e in

scrip

tion

in 1

983

is b

ased

on

lsquodra

mat

ic g

eolo

gica

l la

ndfo

rmsrsquo

and

refe

rs to

Cyc

les

of e

rosi

on a

nd

reju

vena

tion

have

cre

ated

hig

h cl

iffs

of re

d po

rphy

ry

rhyo

liths

and

bas

altic

pilla

rs c

onsi

dera

bly

erod

ed b

y w

ave

actio

n T

hus

the

area

has

a v

arie

d an

d ru

gged

re

lief o

n m

arin

e an

d sh

ore

habi

tats

The

jagg

ed a

nd

shee

r clif

fs c

onta

in m

any

grot

tos

and

are

flank

ed b

y nu

mer

ous

stac

ks a

nd a

lmos

t ina

cces

sibl

e is

lets

and

co

ves

such

as

Tuar

a T

he c

ombi

natio

n of

the

red

cliff

s s

ome

900

m h

igh

san

d be

ache

s h

eadl

ands

su

ch a

s Ca

pe O

sani

and

the

Peni

nsul

a of

Elb

o a

nd

the

trans

pare

nt s

ea m

ake

the

area

exc

eptio

nally

be

autif

ul

Them

e 7

The

mar

ine

area

of t

he

prop

erty

par

ticul

arly

in th

e Sc

ando

la

natu

re re

serv

e is

rem

arka

ble

for i

ts

wea

lth o

f alg

ae T

he te

rraci

ng o

f livi

ng

form

s is

ver

y re

pres

enta

tive

of th

e M

edite

rrane

an c

oast

al e

nviro

nmen

t th

e lsquop

avem

entrsquo

of L

ithop

hyllu

m (a

lga)

le

ads

to a

bed

of P

osid

onia

whi

ch

can

be u

p to

35

m d

eep

Rem

arka

ble

cora

lligen

ous

stru

ctur

es fo

rm u

p to

th

e ed

ge o

f the

con

tinen

tal s

helf

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Fran

ceEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gunu

ng M

ulu

Natio

nal P

ark

6Th

e pa

rk is

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of m

ajor

ch

ange

s in

the

Earth

rsquos h

isto

ry T

hree

maj

or ro

ck

form

atio

ns a

re e

viden

t th

e M

ulu

Form

atio

n of

Pa

leoc

ene

and

Eoce

ne s

hale

rsquos a

nd s

ands

tone

ris

ing

to 2

376

m a

t the

sum

mit

of G

unun

g M

ulu

th

e 1

5 km

thic

k M

elin

au L

imes

tone

form

atio

n of

Up

per E

ocen

e O

ligoc

ene

and

Low

er M

ioce

ne r

isin

g to

16

82 m

at G

unun

g Ap

i an

d th

e M

ioce

ne S

etap

Sh

ale

form

atio

n ou

tcro

ppin

g as

a g

entle

line

of h

ills

to th

e w

est

Maj

or u

plift

that

occ

urre

d du

ring

the

late

Pl

ioce

ne to

Ple

isto

cene

is w

ell r

epre

sent

ed in

the

295

km o

f exp

lore

d ca

ves

as a

ser

ies

of m

ajor

cav

e le

vels

The

sur

face

and

und

ergr

ound

geo

mor

phol

ogy

and

hydr

olog

y re

veal

sig

nific

ant i

nfor

mat

ion

on

the

tect

onic

and

clim

atic

evo

lutio

n of

Bor

neo

The

se

quen

ce o

f ter

rest

rial a

lluvia

l dep

osits

pro

vides

an

impo

rtant

reco

rd o

f gla

cial

ndash in

terg

laci

al c

ycle

s w

ith th

e se

ries

of u

plift

ed c

aves

rang

ing

from

28

m

to o

ver 3

00 m

abo

ve s

ea le

vel a

re a

t lea

st 2

to 3

m

illion

yea

rs o

ld i

ndic

atin

g up

lift r

ates

of a

bout

19

cm p

er 1

000

yea

rs

Them

e 6

The

par

k ha

s a

sign

ifica

nt

area

of k

arst

in M

ioce

ne li

mes

tone

th

at c

onta

ins

larg

e un

derg

roun

d riv

ers

and

gt29

0 km

of e

xplo

red

cave

s

incl

udin

g Sa

raw

ak C

ham

ber (

700

m lo

ng 3

00-4

00 m

wid

e an

d up

to

100

m h

igh)

ndash th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t un

derg

roun

d ro

om C

aves

con

tain

m

ajor

spe

leot

hem

dep

osits

and

15

m

illion

yea

r sed

imen

t seq

uenc

es

Rich

cav

e bi

ota

esp

ecia

lly n

otab

le fo

r ba

ts a

nd s

wift

lets

Su

rface

feat

ures

in

clud

e gi

ant c

olla

pse

dolin

es a

nd

spec

tacu

lar r

azor

-sha

rp p

inna

cle

kars

t (c

a 50

m h

igh)

2000

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lM

alay

sia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Ha L

ong

Bay

67

As th

e m

ost e

xten

sive

and

best

kno

wn

exam

ple

of

mar

ine-

inva

ded

tow

er k

arst

in th

e w

orld

Ha

Long

Ba

y is

one

of th

e w

orld

rsquos m

ost i

mpo

rtant

are

as o

f Fe

ngco

ng (c

lust

ers

of c

onic

al p

eaks

) and

Fen

glin

(is

olat

ed to

wer

feat

ures

) kar

st A

bund

ant l

akes

oc

cupy

ing

drow

ned

dolin

es a

re o

ne o

f the

dist

inct

ive

feat

ures

of t

he F

enco

ng k

arst

with

som

e ap

pear

ing

to b

e tid

al P

osse

ssin

g a

trem

endo

us d

ivers

ity o

f ca

ves

and

othe

r lan

dfor

ms

deriv

ed fr

om th

e un

usua

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al p

roce

ss o

f mar

ine

inva

ded

tow

er

kars

t the

cav

es a

re o

f thr

ee m

ain

type

s re

mna

nts

of p

hrea

tic c

aves

old

kar

stic

foot

cav

es a

nd m

arin

e no

tch

cave

s T

he p

rope

rty a

lso d

ispla

ys th

e fu

ll ra

nge

of k

arst

form

atio

n pr

oces

ses

on a

ver

y la

rge

scal

e an

d ov

er a

ver

y lo

ng p

erio

d of

geo

logi

cal t

ime

pos

sess

ing

the

mos

t com

plet

e an

d ex

tens

ive e

xzam

ple

of it

s ty

pe

in th

e w

orld

and

pro

vidin

g a

uniq

ue a

nd e

xten

sive

rese

rvoi

r of d

ata

for t

he fu

ture

und

erst

andi

ng o

f ge

oclim

atic

hist

ory

and

the

natu

re o

f kar

st p

roce

sses

in

a c

ompl

ex e

nviro

nmen

t

Them

e 6

7 T

he w

orld

rsquos m

ost

exte

nsive

and

bes

t- k

now

n ex

ampl

e of

trop

ical

tow

er k

arst

inva

ded

by th

e se

a In

corp

orat

es a

reas

of f

engc

ong

and

feng

lin k

arst

1994

(200

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lVi

et N

amAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Haw

aii V

olca

noes

Na

tiona

l Par

k4

This

pro

perty

is a

uni

que

exam

ple

of s

igni

fican

t is

land

bui

ldin

g th

roug

h on

goin

g vo

lcan

ic p

roce

sses

It

repr

esen

ts th

e m

ost r

ecen

t act

ivity

in th

e co

ntin

uing

pro

cess

of t

he g

eolo

gic

orig

in a

nd

chan

ge o

f the

Haw

aiia

n Ar

chip

elag

o T

he p

ark

cont

ains

sig

nific

ant p

arts

of t

wo

of th

e w

orld

rsquos m

ost

activ

e an

d be

st u

nder

stoo

d vo

lcan

oes

Kila

uea

and

Mau

na L

oa T

he v

olca

no M

auna

Loa

mea

sure

d fro

m th

e oc

ean

floor

is

the

grea

test

vol

cani

c m

ass

on E

arth

Them

e 4

Thi

s pr

oper

ty c

onta

ins

two

of th

e m

ost a

ctive

vol

cano

es in

the

wor

ld M

auna

Loa

(41

70 m

hig

h) a

nd

Kila

uea

(12

50 m

hig

h) b

oth

of w

hich

to

wer

ove

r the

Pac

ific

Ocea

n V

olca

nic

erup

tions

hav

e cr

eate

d a

cons

tant

ly ch

angi

ng la

ndsc

ape

and

the

lava

flo

ws

reve

al s

urpr

isin

g ge

olog

ical

fo

rmat

ions

1987

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Hear

d an

d M

cDon

ald

Isla

nds

2 4

9Th

e is

land

s co

ntai

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

es o

f si

gnifi

cant

on-

goin

g ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es o

ccur

ring

in a

n es

sent

ially

und

istu

rbed

env

ironm

ent

parti

cula

rly p

hysi

cal p

roce

sses

whi

ch p

rovid

e an

un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e ro

le o

f cru

stal

pla

tes

in th

e fo

rmat

ion

of o

cean

bas

ins

and

cont

inen

ts a

nd o

f at

mos

pher

ic a

nd o

cean

ic w

arm

ing

The

isla

nds

are

dist

inct

ive a

mon

g oc

eani

c is

land

s in

bei

ng fo

unde

d up

on a

maj

or s

ubm

arin

e pl

atea

u w

hich

in th

is c

ase

defle

cts

Anta

rctic

circ

umpo

lar w

ater

s no

rthw

ards

w

ith s

triki

ng c

onse

quen

ces

for g

eom

orph

olog

ical

pr

oces

ses

The

y al

so o

ffer a

n ac

tive

exam

ple

of p

lum

e vo

lcan

ism

pro

vidin

g di

rect

geo

logi

cal

evid

ence

of t

he a

ctio

n of

the

long

est o

pera

tiona

l pl

ume

syst

em k

now

n in

the

wor

ld T

his

incl

udes

in

form

atio

n ab

out p

lum

e in

tera

ctio

n w

ith o

verly

ing

crus

tal p

late

s a

s w

ell a

s in

sigh

ts in

to m

antle

plu

me

com

posi

tion

due

to th

e w

ides

t ran

ge o

f iso

topi

c co

mpo

sitio

ns o

f stro

ntiu

m n

eody

miu

m l

ead

and

heliu

m k

now

n fro

m a

ny o

cean

ic is

land

vol

cano

sy

stem

Big

Ben

on

Hear

d Is

land

is th

e on

ly kn

own

cont

inuo

usly

activ

e vo

lcan

o on

a s

ub-A

ntar

ctic

is

land

whe

reas

the

volc

ano

on M

acDo

nald

Isla

nd

rece

ntly

beca

me

activ

e ag

ain

afte

r a 7

500

0 ye

ar

perio

d of

dor

man

cy i

ncre

asin

g si

gnifi

cant

ly in

size

si

nce

insc

riptio

n

Hear

d Is

land

rsquos re

lativ

ely

shal

low

and

fast

-flow

ing

glac

iers

resp

ond

quic

kly

to c

limat

e ch

ange

fa

ster

than

any

gla

cier

s el

sew

here

mak

ing

them

pa

rticu

larly

impo

rtant

in m

onito

ring

clim

ate

chan

ge

They

hav

e flu

ctua

ted

dram

atic

ally

in re

cent

dec

ades

an

d ha

ve re

treat

ed s

igni

fican

tly

Them

e 2

4 H

eard

Isla

nd a

nd

McD

onal

d Is

land

s ar

e th

e on

ly vo

lcan

ical

ly ac

tive

suba

ntar

ctic

is

land

s T

he is

land

s ar

e di

stin

ctive

am

ong

ocea

nic

isla

nds

in b

eing

fo

unde

d up

on a

maj

or s

ubm

arin

e pl

atea

u w

hich

in th

is c

ase

defle

cts

Anta

rctic

circ

umpo

lar w

ater

s no

rthw

ards

The

y al

so o

ffer a

n ac

tive

exam

ple

of p

lum

e vo

lcan

ism

pr

ovid

ing

dire

ct g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

of

the

actio

n of

the

long

est o

pera

tiona

l pl

ume

syst

em k

now

n in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 9

Hea

rd Is

land

rsquos re

lativ

ely

shal

low

and

fast

-flow

ing

glac

iers

re

spon

d qu

ickl

y to

clim

ate

chan

ge

fast

er th

an a

ny g

laci

ers

else

whe

re

mak

ing

them

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in

mon

itorin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

The

y ha

ve fl

uctu

ated

dra

mat

ical

ly in

re

cent

dec

ades

and

hav

e re

treat

ed

sign

ifica

ntly

1997

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

High

Coa

st

Kva

rken

Ar

chip

elag

o

9Th

e Hi

gh C

oast

Kva

rken

Arc

hipe

lago

is o

f ex

cept

iona

l geo

logi

cal v

alue

for t

wo

mai

n re

ason

s

Firs

t bo

th a

reas

hav

e so

me

of th

e hi

ghes

t rat

es

of is

osta

tic u

plift

in th

e w

orld

mea

ning

that

the

land

stil

l con

tinue

s to

rise

in e

leva

tion

follo

win

g th

e re

treat

of t

he la

st in

land

ice

shee

t w

ith a

roun

d 29

0 m

of l

and

uplif

t rec

orde

d ov

er th

e pa

st 1

050

0 ye

ars

The

upl

ift is

ong

oing

and

is a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

maj

or c

hang

es in

the

wat

er b

odie

s in

pos

t-gl

acia

l tim

es T

his

phen

omen

on w

as fi

rst r

ecog

nize

d an

d st

udie

d he

re m

akin

g th

e pr

oper

ty a

key

are

a fo

r un

ders

tand

ing

the

proc

esse

s of

cru

stal

resp

onse

to

the

mel

ting

of th

e co

ntin

enta

l ice

she

et S

econ

d

the

Kvar

ken

Arch

ipel

ago

with

its

560

0 is

land

s an

d su

rroun

ding

sea

pos

sess

es a

dis

tinct

ive a

rray

of

glac

ial d

epos

ition

al fo

rmat

ions

suc

h as

De

Geer

m

orai

nes

whi

ch a

dd to

the

varie

ty o

f gla

cial

land

- an

d se

asca

pe fe

atur

es in

the

regi

on I

t is

a gl

obal

ex

cept

iona

l and

dive

rse

area

for s

tudy

ing

mor

aine

ar

chip

elag

os T

he H

igh

Coas

t and

the

Kvar

ken

Arch

ipel

ago

repr

esen

t com

plem

enta

ry e

xam

ples

of

post

-gla

cial

upl

iftin

g la

ndsc

apes

Them

e 9

Bot

h ar

eas

have

som

e of

th

e hi

ghes

t rat

es o

f iso

stat

ic u

plift

in

the

wor

ld m

eani

ng th

at th

e la

nd

still

cont

inue

s to

rise

in e

leva

tion

follo

win

g th

e re

treat

of t

he la

st in

land

ic

e sh

eet

with

aro

und

290

m o

f lan

d up

lift r

ecor

ded

over

the

past

10

500

year

s T

he u

plift

is o

ngoi

ng a

nd is

as

soci

ated

with

maj

or c

hang

es in

the

wat

er b

odie

s in

pos

t-gl

acia

l tim

es

[] a

key

are

a fo

r und

erst

andi

ng th

e pr

oces

ses

of c

rust

al re

spon

se to

the

mel

ting

of th

e co

ntin

enta

l ice

she

et

[] t

he K

vark

en A

rchi

pela

go w

ith

its 5

600

isla

nds

and

surro

undi

ng

sea

pos

sess

es a

dis

tinct

ive a

rray

of g

laci

al d

epos

ition

al fo

rmat

ions

su

ch a

s De

Gee

r mor

aine

s w

hich

ad

d to

the

varie

ty o

f gla

cial

land

- an

d se

asca

pe fe

atur

es in

the

regi

on I

t is

a gl

obal

exc

eptio

nal a

nd d

ivers

e ar

ea

for s

tudy

ing

mor

aine

arc

hipe

lago

s

The

High

Coa

st a

nd th

e Kv

arke

n Ar

chip

elag

o re

pres

ent c

ompl

emen

tary

ex

ampl

es o

f pos

t-gl

acia

l upl

iftin

g la

ndsc

apes

2000

(200

6)(v

iii)Na

tura

lFi

nlan

d

Swed

enEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Huas

caraacute

n Na

tiona

l Par

k9

Huas

caraacute

n is

loca

ted

in th

e Hi

gh A

ndes

and

incl

udes

hi

gh p

late

aus

of P

una

gras

slan

ds w

here

60

00

m p

eaks

and

gla

cier

s fo

rm a

glo

bally

not

able

m

ount

aino

us re

gion

inc

ludi

ng o

ver 6

00 g

laci

ers

al

mos

t 300

lake

s an

d 41

trib

utar

ies

of th

ree

impo

rtant

rive

rs t

he S

anta

Pat

ivilc

a an

d M

aran

on

Unde

rlyin

g th

e ex

cept

iona

l lan

dsca

pe o

f Hua

scar

an

Natio

nal P

ark

is a

bro

ad s

pect

rum

of r

emar

kabl

e on

goin

g ge

olog

ical

feat

ures

and

pro

cess

es

shap

ing

the

impr

essi

ve g

eom

orph

olog

y Th

e ar

earsquos

ge

olog

ical

his

tory

and

stru

ctur

es a

re v

ery

com

plex

w

ith s

erra

ted

peak

s an

d th

e ru

gged

topo

grap

hy

orig

inat

e fro

m th

e up

liftin

g of

Mes

ozoi

c se

dim

ents

w

hich

wer

e se

vere

ly fo

lded

and

faul

ted

by c

ompl

ex

tect

onic

act

ivity

at t

he e

nd o

f the

Cre

tace

ous

Perio

d an

d su

bjec

t to

volc

anis

m in

the

Plio

cene

an

d Pl

eist

ocen

e ep

ochs

To

this

day

ther

e is

stro

ng

seis

mic

act

ivity

in th

e ar

ea m

ajor

ear

thqu

akes

su

ch a

s in

194

5 1

962

and

1970

ser

ving

as c

ruel

re

min

ders

Gla

ciat

ion

is a

maj

or e

lem

ent i

n th

e ge

omor

phol

ogy

and

hydr

olog

y of

the

prop

erty

It is

es

timat

ed th

at a

s m

uch

a qu

arte

r of t

he v

olum

e of

gl

acia

l ice

in th

e Co

rdille

ra m

ay h

ave

disa

ppea

red

sinc

e th

e la

te 1

960s

a p

roce

ss w

hich

is li

kely

to

furth

er c

hang

e th

e vis

ual f

ace

of H

uasc

araacuten

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk

Them

e 9

Loc

ated

in th

e Hi

gh A

ndes

an

d in

clud

es h

igh

plat

eaus

of P

una

gras

slan

ds w

here

60

00 m

pea

ks

and

glac

iers

form

a g

loba

lly n

otab

le

mou

ntai

nous

regi

on i

nclu

ding

ove

r 60

0 gl

acie

rs a

lmos

t 300

lake

s an

d 41

trib

utar

ies

of th

ree

impo

rtant

rive

rs

the

Sant

a P

ativi

lca

and

Mar

anon

1985

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Peru

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Ilulis

sat I

cefjo

rd9

The

Ilulis

sat I

cefjo

rd is

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of

a st

age

in th

e Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

the

last

ice

age

of

the

Quat

erna

ry P

erio

d T

he ic

e-st

ream

is o

ne o

f the

fa

stes

t (40

m p

er d

ay) a

nd m

ost a

ctive

in th

e w

orld

Its

ann

ual c

alvin

g of

ove

r 46

km3

of ic

e ac

coun

ts

for 1

0 o

f the

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll Gr

eenl

and

calf

ice

m

ore

than

any

oth

er g

laci

er o

utsi

de A

ntar

ctic

a T

he

glac

ier h

as b

een

the

obje

ct o

f sci

entifi

c at

tent

ion

for 2

50 y

ears

and

alo

ng w

ith it

s re

lativ

e ea

se

of a

cces

sibi

lity

has

sign

ifica

ntly

adde

d to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

ice-

cap

glac

iolo

gy c

limat

e ch

ange

an

d re

late

d ge

omor

phic

pro

cess

es

Them

e 9

The

Ilul

issa

t Ice

fjord

is

an o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of a

sta

ge

in th

e Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

the

last

ice

age

of th

e Qu

ater

nary

Per

iod

The

ic

e-st

ream

is o

ne o

f the

fast

est (

40

m p

er d

ay) a

nd m

ost a

ctive

in th

e w

orld

Its

ann

ual c

alvin

g of

ove

r 46

km3

of ic

e ac

coun

ts fo

r 10

of t

he

prod

uctio

n of

all

Gree

nlan

d ca

lf ic

e

mor

e th

an a

ny o

ther

gla

cier

out

side

An

tarc

tica

[]

has

sig

nific

antly

add

ed

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of ic

e-ca

p gl

acio

logy

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd re

late

d ge

omor

phic

pro

cess

es

2004

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Isch

igua

last

o T

alam

paya

Na

tura

l Par

ks

1Th

e pr

oper

ty o

f Isc

higu

alas

to-T

alam

paya

Nat

ural

Pa

rks

is o

f ext

raor

dina

ry s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e

prov

idin

g a

com

plet

e se

quen

ce o

f fos

silif

erou

s co

ntin

enta

l sed

imen

ts re

pres

entin

g th

e Tr

iass

ic

Perio

d of

geo

logi

cal h

isto

ry (c

250

-200

milli

on

year

s be

fore

pre

sent

) an

d re

veal

ing

the

evol

utio

n of

ve

rtebr

ate

life

and

the

natu

re o

f pal

aeoe

nviro

nmen

ts

in th

e Tr

iass

ic th

at u

sher

ed in

the

lsquoAge

of t

he

Dino

saur

srsquo

Exte

ndin

g ov

er th

e Is

chig

uala

sto-

Villa

Uni

oacuten

sedi

men

tary

bas

in t

he d

ram

atic

nat

ural

land

scap

e of

the

prop

erty

exp

oses

six

geol

ogic

al fo

rmat

ions

th

at c

lear

ly an

d ex

cept

iona

lly d

ocum

ent t

he m

ajor

st

age

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry fr

om th

e ev

olut

ion

from

the

mam

mal

anc

esto

rs in

the

Early

Tria

ssic

to th

e ris

e of

din

osau

r dom

inan

ce d

urin

g th

e Tr

iass

ic T

he ri

ch

dive

rsity

of f

ossi

ls in

clud

es s

ome

56 k

now

n ge

nera

an

d m

any

mor

e sp

ecie

s of

ver

tebr

ates

inc

ludi

ng

but n

ot li

mite

d to

fish

am

phib

ians

and

a g

reat

va

riety

of r

eptil

es a

nd d

irect

mam

mal

ian

ance

stor

s

incl

udin

g th

e ea

rly d

inos

aur

Eora

ptor

and

at l

east

10

0 sp

ecie

s of

pla

nts

toge

ther

with

abu

ndan

t em

phas

is o

f the

env

ironm

ents

of t

he ti

me

Tog

ethe

r th

ese

rem

ains

pro

vide

a un

ique

win

dow

on

life

in

the

Tria

ssic

Per

iod

with

man

y ne

w d

isco

verie

s st

ill to

be

mad

e

Them

e 1

Isch

igua

last

o T

alam

paya

Na

tura

l Par

ks c

onta

in th

e m

ost

com

plet

e co

ntin

enta

l fos

sil r

ecor

d kn

own

from

the

Tria

ssic

Per

iod

(c 2

50-2

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go)

Six

geol

ogic

al fo

rmat

ions

con

tain

fo

ssils

of a

wid

e ra

nge

of a

nces

tors

of

mam

mal

s d

inos

aurs

and

pla

nts

reve

alin

g th

e ev

olut

ion

of v

erte

brat

es

and

the

natu

re o

f pal

aeoe

nviro

nmen

ts

in th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d

2000

(viii)

Natu

ral

Arge

ntin

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Isol

e Eo

lie

(Aeo

lian

Isla

nds)

4Th

e is

land

srsquo v

olca

nic

land

form

s re

pres

ent c

lass

ic

feat

ures

in th

e co

ntin

uing

stu

dy o

f vol

cano

logy

w

orld

-wid

e W

ith th

eir s

cien

tific

stud

y fro

m a

t lea

st

the

18th

Cen

tury

the

isla

nds

have

pro

vided

two

of

the

type

s of

eru

ptio

ns (V

ulca

nian

and

Stro

mbo

lian)

to

vul

cano

logy

and

geo

logy

text

book

s an

d so

ha

ve fe

atur

ed p

rom

inen

tly in

the

educ

atio

n of

all

geos

cien

tists

for o

ver 2

00 y

ears

The

y co

ntin

ue

to p

rovid

e a

rich

field

for v

olca

nolo

gica

l stu

dies

of

on-g

oing

geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

land

form

s

Them

e 4

The

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

prov

ide

an o

utst

andi

ng re

cord

of v

olca

nic

isla

nd-b

uild

ing

and

dest

ruct

ion

and

on

goin

g vo

lcan

ic p

heno

men

a S

tudi

ed

sinc

e at

leas

t the

18t

h ce

ntur

y th

e is

land

s ha

ve p

rovid

ed th

e sc

ienc

e of

vul

cano

logy

with

exa

mpl

es o

f tw

o ty

pes

of e

rupt

ion

(Vul

cani

an a

nd

Stro

mbo

lian)

2000

(viii)

Natu

ral

Italy

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Jeju

Vol

cani

c Is

land

and

Lav

a Tu

bes

46

Jeju

has

a d

istin

ctive

val

ue a

s on

e of

the

few

la

rge

shie

ld v

olca

noes

in th

e w

orld

bui

lt ov

er a

ho

t spo

t on

a st

atio

nary

con

tinen

tal c

rust

pla

te I

t is

dis

tingu

ishe

d by

the

Geom

unor

eum

lava

tube

sy

stem

whi

ch is

the

mos

t im

pres

sive

and

sig

nific

ant

serie

s of

pro

tect

ed la

va tu

be c

aves

in th

e w

orld

and

in

clud

es a

spe

ctac

ular

arra

y of

sec

onda

ry c

arbo

nate

sp

eleo

them

s (s

tala

ctite

s an

d ot

her d

ecor

atio

ns)

with

an

abu

ndan

ce a

nd d

ivers

ity u

nkno

wn

else

whe

re

with

in a

lava

cav

e T

he S

eong

san

Ilchu

lbon

g tu

ff co

ne h

as e

xcep

tiona

l exp

osur

es o

f its

stru

ctur

al a

nd

sedi

men

tolo

gica

l cha

ract

eris

tics

mak

ing

it a

wor

ld-

clas

s lo

catio

n fo

r und

erst

andi

ng S

urts

eyan

-typ

e vo

lcan

ic e

rupt

ions

Them

e 4

Jej

u Vo

lcan

ic Is

land

and

La

va T

ubes

incl

udes

Geo

mun

oreu

m

rega

rded

as

the

fines

t lav

a tu

be

syst

em o

f cav

es a

nyw

here

with

its

mul

ticol

oure

d ca

rbon

ate

roof

s an

d flo

ors

and

dar

k-co

lour

ed la

va

wal

ls t

he fo

rtres

s-lik

e Se

ongs

an

Ilchu

lbon

g tu

ff co

ne r

isin

g ou

t of t

he

ocea

n a

dra

mat

ic la

ndsc

ape

and

M

ount

Hal

la t

he h

ighe

st in

Kor

ea

with

its

wat

erfa

lls m

ulti-

shap

ed

rock

form

atio

ns a

nd la

ke-fi

lled

crat

er T

hem

e 6

Out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

e of

vul

cano

kars

t a

spec

ial

style

of p

seud

okar

st T

his

incl

udes

Ge

omun

oreu

m la

va tu

bes

whi

ch a

re

nota

ble

for s

pect

acul

ar d

ecor

atio

n w

ith c

arbo

nate

spe

leot

hem

s th

e ca

rbon

ate

bein

g de

rived

from

ov

erlyi

ng c

alca

reou

s du

ne s

ands

bl

own

in fr

om th

e co

ast

2007

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Repu

blic

of

Kor

eaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Jogg

ins

Foss

il Cl

iffs

1Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

ic fe

atur

es

and

proc

esse

s T

he lsquog

rand

exp

osur

ersquo o

f roc

ks a

t Jo

ggin

s Fo

ssil

Cliff

s co

ntai

ns th

e be

st a

nd m

ost

com

plet

e kn

own

foss

il re

cord

of t

erre

stria

l life

in

the

icon

ic lsquoC

oal A

gersquo

the

Penn

sylva

nian

Sub

perio

d of

the

Carb

onife

rous

Per

iod

in E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry T

he

prop

erty

bea

rs w

itnes

s to

the

first

rept

iles

in E

arth

hi

stor

y w

hich

are

the

earli

est r

epre

sent

ative

s of

th

e am

niot

es a

gro

up o

f ani

mal

s th

at in

clud

es

rept

iles

din

osau

rs b

irds

and

mam

mal

s U

prig

ht

foss

il tre

es a

re p

rese

rved

at a

ser

ies

of le

vels

in th

e cl

iffs

toge

ther

with

ani

mal

pla

nt a

nd tr

ace

foss

ils

that

pro

vide

envir

onm

enta

l con

text

and

ena

ble

a co

mpl

ete

reco

nstru

ctio

n to

be

mad

e of

the

exte

nsive

fo

ssil

fore

sts

that

dom

inat

ed la

nd a

t thi

s tim

e a

nd

are

now

the

sour

ce o

f mos

t of t

he w

orld

rsquos c

oal

depo

sits

The

pro

perty

has

pla

yed

a vit

al ro

le in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f sem

inal

geo

logi

cal a

nd e

volu

tiona

ry

prin

cipl

es i

nclu

ding

thro

ugh

the

wor

k of

Sir

Char

les

Lyel

l and

Cha

rles

Darw

in f

or w

hich

the

site

has

be

en re

ferre

d to

as

the

lsquocoa

l age

Gal

aacutepag

osrsquo

Them

e 1

The

Jog

gins

Fos

sil C

liffs

ha

ve b

een

desc

ribed

as

the

lsquocoa

l age

Ga

laacutepa

gosrsquo

due

to th

eir w

ealth

of

foss

ils fr

om th

e Ca

rbon

ifero

us P

erio

d (c

360

to 3

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go) a

nd

repr

esen

t the

mos

t com

plet

e kn

own

foss

il re

cord

of t

erre

stria

l life

from

th

at ti

me

2008

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Klua

ne

Wra

ngel

l-St

Elia

s G

laci

er B

ay

Tats

hens

hini

-Al

sek

9Th

ese

tect

onic

ally

activ

e jo

int s

ites

feat

ure

cont

inuo

us m

ount

ain

build

ing

and

cont

ain

outs

tand

ing

exam

ples

of m

ajor

ong

oing

geo

logi

c an

d gl

acia

l pro

cess

es O

ver 2

00 g

laci

ers

in th

e ic

e-co

vere

d ce

ntra

l pla

teau

com

bine

to fo

rm s

ome

of th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t and

long

est g

laci

ers

sev

eral

of

whi

ch s

tretc

h to

the

sea

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

broa

d ra

nge

of g

laci

al p

roce

sses

inc

ludi

ng

wor

ld-c

lass

dep

ositi

onal

feat

ures

and

cla

ssic

ex

ampl

es o

f mor

aine

s h

angi

ng v

alle

ys a

nd o

ther

ge

omor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

Them

e 9

Ove

r 200

gla

cier

s in

the

ice-

cove

red

cent

ral p

late

au c

ombi

ne

to fo

rm s

ome

of th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t an

d lo

nges

t gla

cier

s s

ever

al o

f whi

ch

stre

tch

to th

e se

a T

he p

rope

rty

disp

lays

a b

road

rang

e of

gla

cial

pr

oces

ses

incl

udin

g w

orld

-cla

ss

depo

sitio

nal f

eatu

res

and

clas

sic

exam

ples

of m

orai

nes

han

ging

va

lleys

and

oth

er g

eom

orph

olog

ical

fe

atur

es

1979

(199

2

1994

)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Cana

da

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Lake

Bai

kal

25

No a

ppro

ved

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV B

asis

of

insc

riptio

n is

The

geo

logi

cal r

ift s

yste

m w

hich

ga

ve ri

se to

Lak

e Ba

ikal

was

form

ed in

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a L

ake

Baik

al is

thus

the

olde

st la

ke in

the

wor

ld

as w

ell a

s th

e de

epes

t Va

rious

tect

onic

forc

es a

re

still

on-g

oing

as

evid

ence

d in

rece

nt th

erm

al v

ents

in

the

dept

hs o

f the

lake

Them

e 2

The

geo

logi

cal r

ift s

yste

m

whi

ch g

ave

rise

to L

ake

Baik

al w

as

form

ed in

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a V

ario

us

tect

onic

forc

es a

re s

till o

n-go

ing

as

evid

ence

d in

rece

nt th

erm

al v

ents

in

the

dept

hs o

f the

lake

The

me

5 T

he

prop

erty

incl

udes

Lak

e Ba

ikal

itse

lf

the

deep

est i

n w

orld

and

con

tain

ing

20

of a

ll fre

sh ru

nnin

g w

ater

on

the

plan

et

1996

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lRu

ssia

n Fe

dera

-tio

n

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Lake

Tur

kana

Na

tiona

l Par

ks1

The

geol

ogy

and

foss

il re

cord

repr

esen

ts m

ajor

st

ages

of t

he E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry i

nclu

ding

reco

rds

of

life

repr

esen

ted

by h

omin

id d

isco

verie

s p

rese

nce

of re

cent

geo

logi

cal p

roce

ss re

pres

ente

d by

vo

lcan

ic e

rosi

onal

and

sed

imen

tary

land

form

s

This

pro

perty

rsquos m

ain

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es s

tem

from

th

e Pl

ioce

ne to

Hol

ocen

e ep

ochs

(c 4

milli

on to

10

000

yea

rs o

ld)

It ha

s be

en v

ery

valu

able

in th

e re

cons

truct

ion

of th

e pa

leo-

envir

onm

ent o

f the

en

tire

Lake

Tur

kana

Bas

in T

he K

obi F

ora

depo

sits

co

ntai

n pr

e-hu

man

mam

mal

ian

mol

lusc

an a

nd

othe

r fos

sil r

emai

ns a

nd h

ave

cont

ribut

ed m

ore

to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

hum

an a

nces

try a

nd p

aleo

-en

viron

men

t tha

n an

y ot

her s

ite in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 1

The

Koo

bi F

ora

depo

sits

ric

h in

mam

mal

ian

mol

lusc

an a

nd

othe

r fos

sil r

emai

ns h

ave

cont

ribut

ed

mor

e to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

pal

eo-

envir

onm

ents

than

any

oth

er s

ite o

n th

e co

ntin

ent

1997

(200

1)(v

iii)(x

)Na

tura

lKe

nya

Afric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Lapo

nian

Are

a9

The

Lapo

nian

Are

a co

ntai

ns a

ll th

e pr

oces

ses

asso

ciat

ed w

ith g

laci

al a

ctivi

ty s

uch

as U

-sha

ped

valle

ys m

orai

nes

talu

s sl

opes

dru

mlin

s p

rese

nce

of la

rge

erra

tics

and

rapi

dly

flow

ing

glac

ial s

tream

s

It ha

s ex

celle

nt e

xam

ples

of i

ce a

nd fr

ost a

ctio

n in

a

tund

ra s

ettin

g in

clud

ing

form

atio

n of

pol

ygon

s an

d an

are

a of

spe

ctac

ular

ly co

llaps

ing

and

grow

ing

pals

a m

ound

s G

laci

al ri

vers

orig

inat

ing

in th

e sn

owfie

lds

cont

inue

to c

ut th

roug

h be

droc

k L

arge

un

vege

tate

d ar

eas

illust

rate

the

phen

omen

on o

f w

eath

erin

g T

he p

rope

rty a

lso

cont

ains

a re

cord

of

hum

ans

bein

g pa

rt of

thes

e ec

osys

tem

s fo

r sev

en

thou

sand

yea

rs

Them

e 9

Con

tain

s al

l the

pro

cess

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith g

laci

al a

ctivi

ty s

uch

as U

-sha

ped

valle

ys m

orai

nes

talu

s sl

opes

dru

mlin

s p

rese

nce

of la

rge

erra

tics

and

rapi

dly

flow

ing

glac

ial

stre

ams

It h

as e

xcel

lent

exa

mpl

es o

f ic

e an

d fro

st a

ctio

n in

a tu

ndra

set

ting

incl

udin

g fo

rmat

ion

of p

olyg

ons

and

an a

rea

of s

pect

acul

arly

colla

psin

g an

d gr

owin

g pa

lsa

mou

nds

Gla

cial

riv

ers

orig

inat

ing

in th

e sn

owfie

lds

cont

inue

to c

ut th

roug

h be

droc

k

1996

(iii)(

v)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)M

ixed

Swed

enEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Lena

Pill

ars

Natu

re P

ark

36

The

Lena

Pilla

rs N

atur

e Pa

rk d

ispl

ays

two

feat

ures

of

sig

nific

ant i

nter

natio

nal i

nter

est i

n re

latio

n to

the

Earth

sci

ence

s T

he la

rge

cryo

geni

cally

m

odifi

ed p

illars

in th

e re

gion

are

the

mos

t not

able

pi

llar l

ands

cape

of t

heir

kind

kno

wn

whi

lst t

he

inte

rnat

iona

lly re

now

ned

and

impo

rtant

exp

osur

es

of C

ambr

ian

rock

s pr

ovid

e a

seco

nd a

nd im

porta

nt

supp

ortin

g se

t of v

alue

s

Them

e 3

Len

a Pi

llars

Nat

ure

Park

is

mar

ked

by s

pect

acul

ar ro

ck p

illars

up

to 1

00 m

hig

h th

at fo

rmed

due

to

diffe

rent

ial e

rosio

n al

ong

the

bank

s of

th

e Le

na R

iver

Them

e 6

Pilla

rs w

ere

isola

ted

by p

aleo

-diss

olut

ion

alon

g jo

ints

ben

eath

thick

gra

vel c

over

and

ar

e re

veal

ed a

long

val

ley

sides

by

frost

pr

oces

ses

and

fluvia

l und

ercu

tting

Kar

st

feat

ures

inclu

de g

roun

dwat

er c

ircul

atio

n an

d sm

all fl

utes

2012

(viii)

Natu

ral

Russ

ian

Fede

ra-

tion

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

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ncil-

lary

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ifica

tion

unde

r crit

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n (v

iii)

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tions

hip

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emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Lore

ntz

Natio

nal

Park

26

The

geol

ogy

and

land

form

s of

Lor

entz

Nat

iona

l Par

k di

spla

y gr

aphi

c ev

iden

ce o

f Ear

thrsquos

his

tory

Loc

ated

at

the

mee

ting

poin

t of t

wo

collid

ing

cont

inen

tal

plat

es t

he a

rea

has

a co

mpl

ex g

eolo

gy w

ith o

ngoi

ng

mou

ntai

n fo

rmat

ion

as w

ell a

s m

ajor

scu

lptin

g by

gl

acia

tion

and

shor

elin

e ac

cret

ion

The

dom

inat

ing

mou

ntai

n ra

nge

is a

dire

ct p

rodu

ct o

f the

col

lisio

n be

twee

n th

e Au

stra

lian

and

Paci

fic te

cton

ic p

late

s an

d th

e pr

oper

ty c

onta

ins

the

high

est p

oint

s of

th

e m

ount

ains

of P

apua

New

Gui

nea

and

the

only

rem

aini

ng g

laci

ers

on th

e is

land

The

re is

als

o cl

ear

evid

ence

of p

ost g

laci

al s

hore

lines

Gr

aphi

cally

illu

stra

ting

the

geom

orph

olog

ical

effe

ct

of th

e la

st g

laci

al a

nd p

ost-

glac

ial p

erio

ds t

he

mou

ntai

ns s

how

all

the

clas

sica

l gla

cial

land

form

s in

clud

ing

lake

s an

d m

orai

nes

Fur

ther

mor

e th

ere

are

five

smal

l rem

nant

gla

cier

s W

hile

all

five

glac

iers

are

retre

atin

g ra

pidl

y un

der p

rese

nt c

limat

ic

cond

ition

s n

o ot

her t

ropi

cal g

laci

er fi

elds

in th

e w

orld

exh

ibit

glac

ial e

volu

tion

as w

ell a

s th

ose

in L

oren

tz N

atio

nal P

ark

The

re is

als

o no

bet

ter

exam

ple

in th

e w

orld

of t

he c

ombi

ned

effe

ct o

f co

llisio

n of

tect

onic

pla

tes

and

the

seco

ndar

y m

ajor

sc

ulpt

ing

by g

laci

al a

nd p

ost-

glac

ial e

vent

s

Them

e 2

The

geo

logy

and

land

form

s of

Lor

entz

Nat

iona

l Par

k di

spla

y gr

aphi

c ev

iden

ce o

f Ear

thsrsquo

his

tory

Lo

cate

d at

the

mee

ting

poin

t of

two

collid

ing

cont

inen

tal p

late

s th

e ar

ea h

as a

com

plex

geo

logy

with

on

goin

g m

ount

ain

form

atio

n as

wel

l as

maj

or s

culp

ting

by g

laci

atio

n an

d sh

orel

ine

accr

etio

n T

he d

omin

atin

g m

ount

ain

rang

e is

a d

irect

pro

duct

of

the

collis

ion

betw

een

the

Aust

ralia

n an

d Pa

cific

tect

onic

pla

tes

Them

e 6

Wor

ldrsquos

bes

t exa

mpl

e of

trop

ical

al

pine

gla

ciat

ed k

arst

Ext

ensi

ve

hum

id tr

opic

al k

arst

occ

urs

at lo

wer

el

evat

ions

Hug

e si

nkin

g riv

ers

and

sprin

gs

1999

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lIn

done

sia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Los

Glac

iare

s Na

tiona

l Par

k9

Los

Glac

iare

s Na

tiona

l Par

k is

an e

xcel

lent

exa

mpl

e of

the

signi

fican

t pro

cess

of g

laci

atio

n a

s w

ell

as o

f geo

logi

cal

geom

orph

ic a

nd p

hysio

grap

hic

phen

omen

a ca

used

by

the

ongo

ing

adva

nce

and

retre

at o

f the

gla

ciat

ions

that

took

pla

ce d

urin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e Ep

och

of th

e Qu

ater

nary

Per

iod

and

the

neog

laci

atio

ns c

orre

spon

ding

to th

e cu

rrent

epo

ch

or H

oloc

ene

The

se e

vent

s ha

ve m

odel

led

ndash an

d co

ntin

ue to

mod

el th

e la

ndsc

ape

of th

e ar

ea a

nd

may

be

reco

gnise

d by

the

lacu

strin

e ba

sins

of

glac

ial o

rigin

the

mor

aine

sys

tem

s de

posit

ed o

n th

e pl

atea

ux o

r by

mor

e re

cent

sys

tem

s pe

rtain

ing

to th

e cu

rrent

val

leys

and

the

man

y la

rge

glac

ier t

ongu

es

fed

by th

e Ic

e Fi

elds

of t

he A

ndes

The

pro

perty

also

pr

ovid

es fe

rtile

gro

und

for s

cien

tific

rese

arch

on

clim

ate

chan

ge

Them

e 9

Sig

nific

ant p

roce

ss o

f gl

acia

tion

as

wel

l as

of g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phic

and

phy

siog

raph

ic

phen

omen

a ca

used

by

the

ongo

ing

adva

nce

and

retre

at o

f the

gla

ciat

ions

th

at to

ok p

lace

dur

ing

the

Plei

stoc

ene

Epoc

h of

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Quat

erna

ry P

erio

d a

nd

the

neog

laci

atio

ns c

orre

spon

ding

to

the

curre

nt e

poch

or H

oloc

ene

La

cust

rine

basi

ns o

f gla

cial

orig

in t

he

mor

aine

sys

tem

s de

posi

ted

on th

e pl

atea

ux o

r by

mor

e re

cent

sys

tem

s pe

rtain

ing

to th

e cu

rrent

val

leys

and

th

e m

any

larg

e gl

acie

r ton

gues

fed

by

the

Ice

Fiel

ds o

f the

And

es

1981

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Arge

ntin

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



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erty

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emes

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ain)

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emes

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ncil-

lary

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tions

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tego

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ate

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eser

t10

The

prop

erty

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cept

iona

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mpl

e of

on

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g ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

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late

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ero

sion

al

and

depo

sitio

nal f

eatu

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in a

hot

des

ert

The

yard

ang

kal

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ndfo

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wid

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cons

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term

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r blis

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rren

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dry-

land

land

form

s in

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tens

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amad

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avem

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eg) u

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es

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gullie

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dlan

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lluvia

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s (b

ajad

a)

Them

e 10

Cla

ssic

loca

lity

of

yard

angs

dev

elop

ed o

n a

mas

sive

sc

ale

as

wel

l as

grav

el p

lain

s an

d du

ne fi

elds

2016

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Iran

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

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emes

(m

ain)

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emes

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ncil-

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tions

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tego

rySt

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quar

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land

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land

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e ge

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th

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n 10

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ears

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plift

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o pl

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con

tinen

tal e

nviro

nmen

ts a

nd th

ose

loca

ted

with

in th

e oc

eani

c cr

ust

Them

e 2

The

pro

perty

is a

n ex

posu

re o

f the

oce

anic

pla

te

boun

dary

bet

wee

n th

e Pa

cific

and

Au

stra

lian

Ind

ian

plat

es e

xpos

ed

with

act

ive fa

ults

and

ong

oing

tect

onic

m

ovem

ents

The

me

4 M

acqu

arie

Is

land

pro

vides

a u

niqu

e ex

ampl

e of

exp

osur

e of

the

ocea

n cr

ust o

f vo

lcan

ic o

rigin

abo

ve th

e se

a le

vel a

nd

of g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

for s

ea-fl

oor

spre

adin

g

1997

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mam

mot

h Ca

ve

Natio

nal P

ark

6M

amm

oth

Cave

pre

sent

s ne

arly

ever

y ty

pe o

f cav

e fo

rmat

ion

know

n G

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es in

volve

d in

thei

r for

mat

ion

cont

inue

Tod

ay t

his

huge

and

co

mpl

ex n

etw

ork

of c

ave

pass

ages

pro

vides

a

clea

r co

mpl

ete

and

acce

ssib

le re

cord

of t

he w

orld

rsquos

geom

orph

ic a

nd c

limat

ic c

hang

es O

utsi

de th

e ca

ve

the

kars

t top

ogra

phy

is s

uper

b w

ith fa

scin

atin

g la

ndsc

apes

and

all

of th

e cl

assi

c fe

atur

es o

f a k

arst

dr

aina

ge s

yste

m v

ast r

echa

rge

area

com

plex

ne

twor

k of

und

ergr

ound

con

duits

sin

k ho

les

cra

cks

fis

sure

s a

nd u

nder

grou

nd ri

vers

and

spr

ings

Them

e 6

The

long

est c

ave

in th

e w

orld

with

590

km

of s

urve

yed

river

pa

ssag

es o

ften

larg

e in

dim

ensi

on

and

gent

ly sl

opin

g T

he k

arst

is

deve

lope

d in

Low

er C

arbo

nife

rous

(M

issi

ssip

pian

) lim

esto

ne a

nd c

ave

evol

utio

n co

mm

ence

d fo

llow

ing

uplif

t an

d ex

posu

re 3

to 4

milli

on y

ears

ag

o E

xten

sive

sin

khol

e pl

ain

at th

e su

rface

Lar

ge s

prin

gs R

ich

trogl

obiti

c fa

una

The

inflo

w m

argi

n of

the

kars

t is

loca

ted

beyo

nd th

e pa

rk b

ound

ary

1981

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Mes

sel P

it Fo

ssil

Site

1M

esse

l Pit

Foss

il Si

te is

con

side

red

to b

e th

e si

ngle

be

st s

ite w

hich

con

tribu

tes

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e Eo

cene

whe

n m

amm

als

beca

me

firm

ly es

tabl

ishe

d in

all

prin

cipa

l lan

d ec

osys

tem

s T

he

stat

e of

pre

serv

atio

n of

its

foss

ils is

exc

eptio

nal a

nd

allo

ws

for h

igh-

qual

ity s

cien

tific

wor

k

Them

e 1

Mes

sel P

it is

the

riche

st

site

in th

e w

orld

for u

nder

stan

ding

th

e liv

ing

envir

onm

ent o

f the

Eoc

ene

be

twee

n 57

milli

on a

nd 3

6 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

1995

(viii)

Natu

ral

Germ

any

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Mig

uash

a Na

tiona

l Par

k1

Mig

uash

a Na

tiona

l Par

k is

the

mos

t out

stan

ding

fo

ssil

site

in th

e w

orld

from

the

stan

dpoi

nt o

f its

re

pres

enta

tion

of v

erte

brat

e lif

e an

d its

illu

stra

tion

of th

e De

voni

an P

erio

d kn

own

as th

e Ag

e of

Fis

hes

Th

e si

te is

of p

aram

ount

impo

rtanc

e be

caus

e it

has

the

larg

est n

umbe

r and

the

best

-pre

serv

ed fo

ssil

spec

imen

s in

the

wor

ld o

f sar

copt

eryg

ian

fish

whi

ch

gave

rise

to th

e fir

st fo

ur-le

gged

air-

brea

thin

g te

rrest

rial v

erte

brat

es mdash

the

tetra

pods

Them

e 1

Mig

uash

a is

the

outs

tand

ing

foss

il si

te in

the

wor

ld

illust

ratin

g th

e De

voni

an a

s th

e lsquoA

ge

of F

ishe

srsquo a

nd d

ispl

ays

the

high

est

dive

rsity

in th

e w

orld

of t

he lo

be-

finne

d fis

hes

that

gav

e ris

e to

the

first

fo

ur-le

gged

air-

brea

thin

g te

rrest

rial

erte

brat

es mdash

the

tetra

pods

1999

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mis

take

n Po

int

1M

ista

ken

Poin

t fos

sils

con

stitu

te a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g re

cord

of a

crit

ical

mile

ston

e in

the

hist

ory

of li

fe

on E

arth

lsquow

hen

life

got b

igrsquo a

fter a

lmos

t thr

ee

billio

n ye

ars

of m

icro

be-d

omin

ated

evo

lutio

n T

he

foss

ils ra

nge

in a

ge fr

om 5

80 to

560

milli

on y

ears

th

e lo

nges

t con

tinuo

us re

cord

of E

diac

ara-

type

m

egaf

ossi

ls a

nyw

here

and

pre

date

by

mor

e th

an

40 m

illion

yea

rs th

e Ca

mbr

ian

expl

osio

n b

eing

the

olde

st fo

ssil

evid

ence

of a

nces

tors

of m

ost m

oder

n an

imal

gro

ups

Mis

take

n Po

int c

onta

ins

the

wor

ldrsquos

ol

dest

-kno

wn

exam

ples

of l

arge

arc

hite

ctur

ally

com

plex

org

anis

ms

incl

udin

g so

ft-bo

died

anc

estra

l an

imal

s E

colo

gica

lly M

ista

ken

Poin

t con

tain

s th

e ol

dest

and

mos

t dive

rse

exam

ples

of E

diac

aran

de

ep-s

ea c

omm

uniti

es in

the

wor

ld th

us p

rese

rvin

g ra

re in

sigh

ts in

to th

e ec

olog

y of

thes

e an

cest

ral

anim

als

and

the

early

col

oniza

tion

of th

e de

ep-s

ea

floor

Oth

er a

ttrib

utes

con

tribu

ting

to th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

Ou

tsta

ndin

g Un

ivers

al V

alue

incl

ude

the

wor

ldrsquos

fir

st e

xam

ples

of m

etaz

oan

loco

mot

ion

exc

eptio

nal

pote

ntia

l for

radi

omet

ric d

atin

g of

the

asse

mbl

ages

an

d ev

iden

ce fo

r the

role

of a

ncie

nt o

xyge

n le

vels

in

the

regi

onal

and

glo

bal a

ppea

ranc

e of

com

plex

m

ultic

ellu

lar l

ife

Them

e 1

The

se ru

gged

coa

stal

cl

iffs

of d

eep

mar

ine

orig

in d

ate

to

the

mid

dle

of th

e Ed

iaca

ran

Perio

d c

580

-560

milli

on y

ears

ago

The

y re

cord

lsquowhe

n lif

e go

t big

rsquo th

e fir

st

abun

dant

app

eara

nce

of la

rge

bi

olog

ical

ly co

mpl

ex o

rgan

ism

s af

ter

thre

e bi

llion

year

s of

mai

nly

mic

robi

al

evol

utio

n

2016

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Mon

te S

an

Gior

gio

1M

onte

San

Gio

rgio

is th

e sin

gle

best

kno

wn

reco

rd

of m

arin

e lif

e in

the

Tria

ssic

per

iod

and

reco

rds

impo

rtant

rem

ains

of l

ife o

n la

nd a

s w

ell T

he p

rope

rty

has

prod

uced

dive

rse

and

num

erou

s fo

ssils

man

y of

w

hich

sho

w e

xcep

tiona

l com

plet

enes

s an

d de

taile

d pr

eser

vatio

n T

he lo

ng h

istor

y of

stu

dy o

f the

pro

perty

an

d th

e di

scip

lined

man

agem

ent o

f the

reso

urce

hav

e cr

eate

d a

wel

l doc

umen

ted

and

cata

logu

ed b

ody

of

spec

imen

s of

exc

eptio

nal q

ualit

y an

d ar

e th

e ba

sis

for a

rich

ass

ocia

ted

geol

ogic

al li

tera

ture

As

a re

sult

M

onte

San

Gio

rgio

pro

vides

the

prin

cipa

l poi

nt o

f re

fere

nce

rele

vant

to fu

ture

disc

over

ies

of m

arin

e Tr

iass

ic re

mai

ns th

roug

hout

the

wor

ld

Them

e 1

Mon

te S

an G

iorg

io is

re

gard

ed a

s th

e be

st fo

ssil

reco

rd o

f m

arin

e lif

e fro

m th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d (c

25

0ndash20

0 m

illion

yea

rs a

go)

2003

(201

0)(v

iii)Na

tura

lIta

ly

Switz

er-

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mor

ne T

rois

Pi

tons

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk

4Th

e pr

oper

ty e

ncom

pass

es e

xtra

ordi

nary

and

inta

ct

exam

ples

and

arra

ys o

f geo

mor

phol

ogic

feat

ures

as

a re

sult

of a

ser

ies

of v

olca

nic

erup

tions

The

dist

inct

ive

geol

ogy

and

land

form

s of

Mor

ne Tr

ois

Pito

ns

Natio

nal P

ark

are

com

prise

d of

thre

e m

ajor

type

s of

ge

olog

ical

form

atio

ns v

olca

nic

pile

s g

laci

s slo

pes

and

souf

riere

s T

he p

rope

rty d

ispla

ys a

mag

nific

ent

spec

trum

of v

olca

nic

activ

ity in

the

form

of s

tream

s of

var

ious

col

ors

inte

rspe

rsed

with

fum

arol

es m

ud

pond

s an

d ho

t spr

ings

inc

ludi

ng th

e m

assiv

e Bo

iling

Lake

Ong

oing

geo

-mor

phol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

of

redu

ctio

n ar

e ta

king

pla

ce in

a la

rgel

y un

dist

urbe

d se

tting

of s

tunn

ing

scen

ic v

alue

and

maj

or s

cien

tific

inte

rest

Them

e 4

Sce

nic

volc

anic

feat

ures

of

grea

t sci

entifi

c in

tere

st in

this

nat

iona

l pa

rk a

re c

ente

red

on th

e 1

342

m

high

vol

cano

kno

wn

as M

orne

Tro

is

Pito

ns M

ore

than

50

fum

arol

es

hot s

prin

gs t

hree

fres

hwat

er la

kes

a

lsquoboi

ling

lake

rsquo and

five

vol

cano

es

loca

ted

on th

e pa

rkrsquos

nea

rly 7

000

ha

to

geth

er w

ith th

e ric

hest

bio

dive

rsity

in

the

Less

er A

ntille

s

1997

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Dom

inic

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Mos

i-oa-

Tuny

a

Vict

oria

Fal

ls5

3Th

e M

osi-o

a-Tu

nya

Vic

toria

Fal

ls a

nd a

ssoc

iate

d ei

ght s

teep

sid

ed g

orge

s ha

ve b

een

form

ed th

roug

h th

e ch

angi

ng w

ater

fall

posi

tions

ove

r a g

eolo

gica

l tim

e sc

ale

The

gor

ges

are

an o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of ri

ver c

aptu

re a

nd th

e er

osive

forc

es o

f the

wat

er

still

cont

inue

to s

culp

ture

the

hard

bas

alts

The

se

gorg

es ta

ke a

zig

zag

cour

se o

f a d

ista

nce

of a

bout

15

0 km

alo

ng th

e Za

mbe

zi Ri

ver b

elow

the

falls

Se

ven

prev

ious

wat

erfa

lls o

ccup

ied

the

seve

n go

rges

bel

ow th

e pr

esen

t fal

ls a

nd th

e De

vilrsquos

Ca

tara

ct in

Zim

babw

e is

the

star

ting

poin

t for

cut

ting

back

to a

new

wat

erfa

ll In

add

ition

an

aeria

l vie

w

of th

e fa

lls s

how

s po

ssib

le fu

ture

wat

erfa

ll po

sitio

ns

Upst

ream

are

a s

pect

acul

ar s

erie

s of

rive

rine

isla

nds

form

ed d

urin

g th

e on

goin

g ge

olog

ical

an

d ge

omor

phol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

The

pro

perty

is

cha

ract

erize

d by

ban

ded

basa

lt of

anc

ient

lava

flo

w K

alah

ari s

ands

tone

s an

d ch

alce

dony

out

of

whi

ch s

tone

arte

fact

s of

Hom

o ha

bilis

dat

ing

thre

e m

illion

yea

rs s

tone

tool

s of

the

mid

dle

Ston

e Ag

e an

d w

eapo

ns a

dorn

men

ts a

nd d

iggi

ng to

ols

of th

e la

te S

tone

Age

that

indi

cate

occ

upat

ion

by h

unte

r-ga

ther

ers

Them

e 5

3 T

hese

are

am

ong

the

mos

t spe

ctac

ular

wat

erfa

lls in

the

wor

ld T

he Z

ambe

zi Ri

ver

whi

ch is

m

ore

than

2 k

m w

ide

at th

is p

oint

pl

unge

s no

isily

dow

n a

serie

s of

bas

alt

gorg

es a

nd ra

ises

an

iride

scen

t mis

t th

at c

an b

e se

en m

ore

than

20

km

away

The

Mos

i-oa-

Tuny

a V

icto

ria

Falls

is th

e w

orld

rsquos g

reat

est s

heet

of

fallin

g w

ater

and

sig

nific

ant w

orld

wid

e fo

r its

exc

eptio

nal g

eolo

gica

l and

ge

omor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

1989

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Zam

bia

Zi

mba

-bw

e

Afric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mou

nt E

tna

4M

ount

Etn

a is

one

of t

he w

orld

rsquos m

ost a

ctive

and

ic

onic

vol

cano

es a

nd a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

ong

oing

geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

and

vol

cani

c la

ndfo

rms

The

stra

tovo

lcan

o is

cha

ract

erize

d by

al

mos

t con

tinuo

us e

rupt

ive a

ctivi

ty fr

om it

s su

mm

it cr

ater

s an

d fa

irly

frequ

ent l

ava

flow

eru

ptio

ns fr

om

crat

ers

and

fissu

res

on it

s fla

nks

Thi

s ex

cept

iona

l vo

lcan

ic a

ctivi

ty h

as b

een

docu

men

ted

by h

uman

s fo

r at l

east

27

00 y

ears

ndash m

akin

g it

one

of th

e w

orld

rsquos lo

nges

t doc

umen

ted

reco

rds

of h

isto

rical

vo

lcan

ism

The

dive

rse

and

acce

ssib

le a

ssem

blag

e of

vol

cani

c fe

atur

es s

uch

as s

umm

it cr

ater

s

cind

er c

ones

lav

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inat

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atio

n

2013

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Natu

ral

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Euro

pe

and

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Am

eric

a

Naha

nni N

atio

nal

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53

6In

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anni

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iona

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k th

ere

is e

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geol

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h ab

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e 6

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ldrsquos

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e of

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ral

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Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Plitv

ice

Lake

s Na

tiona

l Par

k5

6Th

e ke

y ex

traor

dina

ry p

roce

ss w

hich

has

bee

n sh

apin

g an

d co

ntin

ues

to s

hape

the

Plitv

ice

lake

sy

stem

is th

e tu

fa c

reat

ion

whi

ch fo

rms

barri

ers

acro

ss th

e w

ater

cour

se D

ue to

the

char

acte

ristic

s of

kar

st b

ase

the

wat

ers

of P

litvic

e La

kes

are

natu

rally

sup

ersa

tura

ted

with

cal

cium

car

bona

te

Unde

r cer

tain

phy

sico

-che

mic

al a

nd b

iolo

gica

l co

nditi

ons

the

diss

olve

d ca

lciu

m c

arbo

nate

is

depo

site

d on

the

botto

ms

and

mar

gins

of t

he la

kes

as

wel

l as

on o

bsta

cles

in th

e w

ater

cou

rses

Ove

r tim

e th

is p

roce

ss le

ads

to th

e fo

rmat

ion

of p

orou

s

sim

ulta

neou

sly

hard

and

frag

ile li

mes

tone

bar

riers

w

hich

reta

in th

e w

ater

of c

reek

s an

d riv

ers

The

la

ke s

yste

m is

a s

ubje

ct to

con

stan

t cha

nges

larg

ely

due

to th

e dy

nam

ics

of g

row

th a

nd e

rosi

on o

f tuf

a ba

rrier

s A

clo

ser l

ook

at th

e ba

rrier

s re

veal

s th

e ub

iqui

tous

rem

ains

of m

osse

s an

d ot

her t

erre

stria

l an

d aq

uatic

org

anis

ms

inha

bitin

g th

e hi

ghly

spec

ializ

ed h

abita

t Th

e sc

ale

and

inta

ctne

ss o

f th

e tu

fa fo

rmat

ion

phen

omen

a at

Plit

vice

Lake

s am

ount

to a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

a la

rgel

y un

dist

urbe

d on

-goi

ng p

roce

ss E

xten

sive

rese

arch

on

the

form

atio

n a

ge a

nd s

truct

ure

and

ecol

ogic

al

char

acte

ristic

s illu

stra

te th

e m

ajor

sci

entifi

c im

porta

nce

of th

e pr

oper

ty

Them

e 5

6 I

nter

natio

nal t

ype-

site

fo

r tuf

a-da

mm

ed la

kes

Car

bona

te

biol

ith b

arrie

rs c

onfin

e 16

lake

s up

to

08

km

2 in

are

a an

d up

to 4

6 m

de

ep M

ixed

limes

tone

and

dol

omiti

c lim

esto

ne c

atch

men

t are

a

1979

(200

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lCr

oatia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Purn

ulul

u Na

tiona

l Par

k3

6Th

e Bu

ngle

Bun

gles

are

by

far

the

mos

t ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

con

e ka

rst i

n sa

ndst

ones

an

ywhe

re in

the

wor

ld a

nd o

we

thei

r exis

tenc

e an

d un

ique

ness

to s

ever

al in

tera

ctin

g ge

olog

ical

bi

olog

ical

ero

sion

al a

nd c

limat

ic p

heno

men

a

The

sand

ston

e ka

rst o

f Pur

nulu

lu N

atio

nal P

ark

is o

f gre

at s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e in

dem

onst

ratin

g so

cle

arly

the

proc

ess

of c

one

kars

t for

mat

ion

on s

ands

tone

- a

phe

nom

enon

reco

gnis

ed b

y ge

omor

phol

ogis

ts o

nly

rece

ntly

and

still

not

com

plet

ely

unde

rsto

od T

he B

ungl

e Bu

ngle

Ran

ges

of th

e pa

rk a

lso

disp

lay

to a

n ex

cept

iona

l deg

ree

evid

ence

of g

eom

orph

ic p

roce

sses

of d

isso

lutio

n

wea

ther

ing

and

eros

ion

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of la

ndfo

rms

unde

r a s

avan

nah

clim

atic

regi

me

with

in a

n an

cien

t st

able

sed

imen

tary

land

scap

e

Them

e 3

6 D

isse

cted

san

dsto

ne

plat

form

that

repr

esen

ts a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

qua

rtz

sand

ston

e flu

vioka

rst w

ith b

eehi

ve-

shap

ed h

ills s

epar

ated

by

narro

w

sinu

ous

gorg

es

2003

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Pyreacute

neacutees

- M

ont

Perd

u9

6Th

e ca

lcar

eous

mas

sif o

f Mon

t Per

du p

rese

nts

a se

ries

of c

lass

ic g

eolo

gica

l lan

dfor

ms

such

as

the

deep

ly-in

cise

d ca

nyon

s an

d sp

ecta

cula

r cirq

ues

Th

e re

gion

is d

istin

guis

hed

by it

s lo

catio

n at

the

tect

onic

col

lisio

n po

int b

etw

een

the

Iber

ian

and

wes

t Eur

opea

n pl

ates

The

pro

perty

pre

sent

s an

ex

cept

iona

l geo

logi

cal u

nity

form

ing

a ca

lcar

eous

m

assi

f with

Mon

t Per

du a

t its

cen

tre T

he re

sulti

ng

land

scap

e is

con

side

rabl

y di

ffere

nt o

n th

e no

rther

n sl

opes

(Fra

nce)

and

the

sout

hern

slo

pes

(Spa

in)

Them

e 9

Com

pose

d of

cla

ssic

al

geol

ogic

al la

ndfo

rms

not

ably

deep

ly-in

cise

d ca

nyon

s on

the

sout

hern

Sp

anis

h si

de a

nd s

pect

acul

ar c

irque

w

alls

on

the

north

ern

slop

es w

ithin

Fr

ance

Cen

tred

arou

nd th

e pe

ak o

f M

ont P

erdu

that

rise

s to

33

48 m

Th

eme

6 O

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of

alpi

ne g

laci

ated

kar

st to

33

52 m

with

ex

tens

ive k

arre

nfel

d d

eep

cany

ons

de

ep c

aves

and

sub

terra

nean

rive

r sy

stem

s In

corp

orat

es c

ompl

ete

kars

t sy

stem

s

1997

(199

9)(ii

i)(iv)

(v)

(vii)

(viii)

Mixe

dFr

ance

Sp

ain

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Riacuteo

Plaacutet

ano

Bios

pher

e Re

serv

e

5Th

e pr

oper

ty c

ompr

ises

two

mai

n ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

area

s T

hese

are

the

stee

p m

ount

ain

rang

e ha

rbou

ring

the

head

wat

ers

of R

iacuteo P

laacuteta

no a

nd

the

flat t

o un

dula

ting

coas

tal p

lain

s T

he la

tter i

s co

mpo

sed

of te

rrace

s of

rece

nt m

arin

e se

dim

ents

an

d pa

rtly

unde

rlain

by

a be

lt of

infe

rtile

dee

ply

wea

ther

ed P

leis

toce

ne q

uartz

san

dy g

rave

ls T

he

Riacuteo

Plaacutet

ano

mea

nder

s fo

r som

e 45

km

thro

ugh

the

low

land

s fo

rmin

g ox

-bow

lake

s b

ackw

ater

sw

amps

an

d na

tura

l lev

ees

At a

bout

100

ma

sl

inla

nd

the

foot

hills

beg

in a

brup

tly T

he ru

gged

gra

nite

m

ount

ains

whi

ch ri

se to

Pun

ta P

iedr

a at

14

18

ma

sl

hav

e m

any

stee

p rid

ges

rem

arka

ble

rock

fo

rmat

ions

suc

h as

Pic

o Da

ma

a 1

50 m

pin

nacl

e

and

man

y w

ater

falls

one

reac

hing

150

m in

hei

ght

Two

third

s of

the

Plaacutet

ano

Rive

r run

thro

ugh

a ru

gged

par

t of t

he m

ount

ains

with

long

stre

tche

s of

whi

te w

ater

In

one

cata

ract

in a

dee

p fo

rest

ed

gorg

e th

e riv

er d

isap

pear

s un

der m

assi

ve b

ould

ers

Th

e m

ount

ains

are

par

t of t

he C

ordi

llera

Cen

tral

whi

ch c

orre

spon

ds to

wha

t was

the

Hond

uras

In

terc

ontin

enta

l Dep

ress

ion

dur

ing

the

Cret

aceo

us

Perio

d

Them

e 5

The

pro

perty

con

tain

s ne

arly

the

full

leng

th o

f the

Riacuteo

Pl

aacutetan

o fr

om it

s m

ount

aino

us

head

wat

ers

to it

s m

eand

ers

thro

ugh

flat t

o un

dula

ting

coas

tal p

lain

s

1982

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lHo

ndur

asLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Sang

ay N

atio

nal

Park

4Sa

ngay

(a p

erfe

ct c

one-

shap

ed v

olca

no) i

s no

tabl

e gl

obal

ly fo

r its

long

per

iod

of c

ontin

uous

act

ivity

Th

e ar

ea e

xhib

its a

rugg

ed to

pogr

aphy

with

dee

p

stee

p-si

ded

valle

ys a

bund

ant c

liffs

and

man

y ro

cky

jagg

ed p

eaks

A n

umbe

r of l

arge

rive

rs d

rain

ing

east

war

ds in

to th

e Am

azon

Bas

in a

re c

hara

cter

ized

by fa

st a

nd d

ram

atic

var

iatio

ns in

wat

er le

vel

Run-

off i

s ex

trem

ely

rapi

d du

e to

hig

h ra

infa

ll an

d st

eep

slop

es E

rosi

on is

a c

onst

ant d

ange

r al

thou

gh

cont

rolle

d by

thic

k fo

rest

veg

etat

ion

Num

erou

s w

ater

falls

occ

ur e

spec

ially

in th

e ha

ngin

g va

lleys

of

the

glac

ial z

one

alon

g th

e ea

ster

n ed

ge o

f the

Co

rdille

ra

Them

e 4

With

its

outs

tand

ing

natu

ral

beau

ty a

nd tw

o ac

tive

volc

anoe

s th

e pa

rk il

lust

rate

s th

e en

tire

spec

trum

of

eco

syst

ems

rang

ing

from

trop

ical

ra

info

rest

s to

gla

cier

s w

ith s

triki

ng

cont

rast

s be

twee

n th

e sn

owca

pped

pe

aks

and

the

fore

sts

of th

e pl

ains

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lEc

uado

rLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Shar

k Ba

y W

este

rn A

ustr

alia

17

Shar

k Ba

y co

ntai

ns i

n th

e hy

pers

alin

e Ha

mel

in

Pool

the

mos

t dive

rse

and

abun

dant

exa

mpl

es

of s

trom

atol

ites

(har

d d

ome-

shap

ed s

truct

ures

fo

rmed

by

mic

robi

al m

ats)

in th

e w

orld

Ana

logo

us

stru

ctur

es d

omin

ated

mar

ine

ecos

yste

ms

on E

arth

fo

r mor

e th

an 3

000

milli

on y

ears

Th

e st

rom

atol

ites

of H

amel

in P

ool w

ere

the

first

m

oder

n li

ving

exam

ples

to b

e re

cogn

ised

that

ha

ve a

mor

phol

ogic

al d

ivers

ity a

nd a

bund

ance

co

mpa

rabl

e to

thos

e th

at in

habi

ted

Prot

eroz

oic

seas

As

suc

h th

ey a

re o

ne o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

bes

t exa

mpl

es

of a

livin

g an

alog

ue fo

r the

stu

dy o

f the

nat

ure

and

evol

utio

n of

the

Earth

rsquos b

iosp

here

up

until

the

early

Ca

mbr

ian

Th

e W

oora

mel

Sea

gras

s Ba

nk is

als

o of

gre

at

geol

ogic

al in

tere

st d

ue to

the

exte

nsive

dep

osit

of

limes

tone

san

ds a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e ba

nk f

orm

ed

by th

e pr

ecip

itatio

n of

cal

cium

car

bona

te fr

om

hype

rsal

ine

wat

ers

Them

e 1

Abu

ndan

t stro

mat

olite

s (c

olon

ies

of m

icro

bes

that

form

har

d

dom

e-sh

aped

dep

osits

) tha

t are

m

oder

n re

pres

enta

tives

of s

ome

of th

e ol

dest

form

s of

life

on

Earth

The

me

7 T

he W

oora

mel

Sea

gras

s Ba

nk is

of

gre

at g

eolo

gica

l int

eres

t due

to th

e ex

tens

ive d

epos

it of

lim

esto

ne s

ands

as

soci

ated

with

the

bank

for

med

by

the

prec

ipita

tion

of c

alci

um c

arbo

nate

fro

m h

yper

salin

e w

ater

s

1991

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Škoc

jan

Cave

s6

The

Škoc

jan

Cave

s an

d th

eir s

urro

undi

ngs

are

the

maj

or lo

calit

ies

for k

arst

topo

grap

hy a

nd a

re th

e pl

ace

whe

re fu

ndam

enta

l ter

ms

such

as

lsquokar

strsquo

and

lsquodol

inersquo

hav

e th

eir o

rigin

Thi

s is

not

onl

y a

stro

ng in

dica

tion

of th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

impo

rtanc

e fo

r sc

ienc

e b

ut m

ore

spec

ifica

lly o

f its

impo

rtanc

e fo

r th

e hi

stor

y of

Ear

th s

cien

ces

An

impr

essi

ve a

rray

of e

xcep

tiona

l kar

st m

anife

stat

ions

the

resu

lt of

pa

st a

nd p

rese

nt g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

spel

eolo

gica

l and

hyd

rolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

re c

lear

ly at

dis

play

for s

cien

tists

and

vis

itors

alik

e w

ithin

a

rela

tivel

y sm

all a

rea

The

hea

rt of

the

prop

erty

the

mai

n ca

ve s

yste

m w

ith th

e un

derg

roun

d st

retc

hes

of th

e Re

ka R

iver

has

been

form

ed in

a th

ick

laye

r of

cre

tace

ous

limes

tone

The

con

stan

tly d

ynam

ic

syst

em is

an

outs

tand

ing

text

book

exa

mpl

e of

co

ntac

t Kar

st w

ith w

ell-d

evel

oped

feat

ures

suc

h as

a

blin

d va

lley

colla

psed

dol

ines

ope

ning

s c

hasm

s an

d ca

ves

Rem

arka

bly

this

geo

logi

cal d

ivers

ity

supp

orts

an

equa

lly fa

scin

atin

g bi

olog

ical

dive

rsity

w

hich

has

impo

rtant

impl

icat

ions

for l

and

and

wat

er

man

agem

ent

Them

e 6

Loc

ated

in th

e lsquoc

lass

ical

rsquo ka

rst o

f Eur

ope

The

pro

perty

co

mpr

ises

a s

inki

ng ri

ver a

t the

end

of

blin

d va

lley

the

expo

sed

cour

se o

f the

un

derg

roun

d riv

er fl

owin

g ac

ross

the

base

of d

eep

colla

pse

depr

essi

ons

an

d a

larg

e riv

er c

ave

with

a h

igh

cany

on p

assa

ge I

t is

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

inpu

t of a

n al

loge

nic

river

into

a

kars

t sys

tem

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Slov

enia

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Am

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erty

2021

th

emes

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ain)

2021

th

emes

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ncil-

lary

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Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Sout

h Ch

ina

Kars

t6

The

Sout

h Ch

ina

Kars

t Wor

ld H

erita

ge P

rope

rty

reve

als

the

com

plex

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lutio

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hist

ory

of o

ne o

f the

w

orld

rsquos m

ost o

utst

andi

ng la

ndsc

apes

Shi

lin a

nd L

ibo

are

glob

al re

fere

nce

area

s fo

r the

kar

st fe

atur

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nd

land

scap

es th

at th

ey e

xhib

it T

he s

tone

fore

sts

of S

hilin

de

velo

ped

over

270

milli

on y

ears

dur

ing

four

maj

or

geol

ogica

l tim

e pe

riods

from

the

Perm

ian

to p

rese

nt

illust

ratin

g th

e ep

isodi

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ture

of t

he e

volu

tion

of th

ese

kars

t fea

ture

s Li

bo c

onta

ins

carb

onat

e ou

tcro

ps o

f di

ffere

nt a

ges

shap

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ver m

illion

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yea

rs b

y er

osive

pr

oces

ses

into

impr

essiv

e Fe

ngco

ng a

nd F

engl

in

kars

ts L

ibo

also

con

tain

s a

com

bina

tion

of n

umer

ous

tall k

arst

pea

ks d

eep

dolin

es s

inkin

g st

ream

s an

d lo

ng ri

ver c

aves

Wul

ong

repr

esen

ts h

igh

inla

nd k

arst

pl

atea

us th

at h

ave

expe

rienc

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onsid

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plift

with

gi

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olin

es a

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ridge

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ulon

grsquos

land

scap

es c

onta

in

evid

ence

for t

he h

istor

y of

one

of t

he w

orld

rsquos gr

eat

river

sys

tem

s th

e Ya

ngtze

and

its

tribu

tarie

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anjia

ng

Kars

t is

an e

xten

sion

of th

e Li

bo K

arst

com

pone

nt

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ther

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two

sites

pro

vide

an o

utst

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xam

ple

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arst

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pre

serv

e an

d di

spla

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rich

dive

rsity

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urfa

ce a

nd u

nder

grou

nd k

arst

fe

atur

es G

uilin

Kar

st is

con

sider

ed th

e be

st k

now

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ampl

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tinen

tal f

engl

in a

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rovid

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per

fect

ge

omor

phic

expr

essio

n of

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end

stag

e of

kar

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evol

utio

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Sou

th C

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lin is

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asin

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tivel

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w a

ltitud

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ceive

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unda

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ater

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roun

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hills

lea

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fluv

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com

pone

nt th

at a

ids

feng

lin d

evel

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ent

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lting

in

feng

lin a

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ngco

ng k

arst

sid

e-by

-sid

e ov

er a

larg

e ar

ea S

cient

ific

stud

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kar

st d

evel

opm

ent i

n th

e re

gion

ha

s re

sulte

d in

the

gene

ratio

n of

the

lsquoGui

lin m

odel

rsquo of

feng

cong

and

feng

lin k

arst

evo

lutio

n S

hibi

ng K

arst

pr

ovid

es a

spe

ctac

ular

feng

cong

land

scap

e w

hich

is

also

exc

eptio

nal b

ecau

se it

dev

elop

ed in

rela

tivel

y in

solu

ble

dolo

mite

rock

s Sh

ibin

g al

so c

onta

ins

a ra

nge

of m

inor

kar

st fe

atur

es in

cludi

ng k

arre

n tu

fa d

epos

its

and

cave

s Jin

fosh

an K

arst

is a

uni

que

kars

t tab

le

mou

ntai

n su

rroun

ded

by m

assiv

e to

wer

ing

cliffs

It

repr

esen

ts a

pie

ce o

f diss

ecte

d pl

atea

u ka

rst i

sola

ted

from

the

Yunn

an-G

uizh

ou-C

honq

ing

plat

eau

by d

eep

fluvia

l incis

ion

An

ancie

nt p

lana

tion

surfa

ce re

mai

ns o

n th

e su

mm

it w

ith a

n an

cient

wea

ther

ing

crus

t Be

neat

h th

e pl

atea

u su

rface

are

dism

embe

red

horiz

onta

l cav

e sy

stem

s th

at a

ppea

r at h

igh

altit

ude

on c

liff fa

ces

Jin

fosh

an re

cord

s th

e pr

oces

s of

diss

ectio

n of

the

high

el

evat

ion

kars

t pla

teau

and

con

tain

s ev

iden

ce o

f the

re

gion

rsquos in

term

itten

t upl

ift a

nd k

arst

ifica

tion

since

the

Ceno

zoic

It is

a s

uper

lativ

e ty

pe-s

ite o

f a k

arst

tabl

e m

ount

ain

Them

e 6

Sev

en s

ites

of a

ser

ial

prop

erty

that

repr

esen

t kar

st e

volu

tion

in s

outh

ern

Chin

a S

hilin

com

pris

es

ston

e fo

rest

s on

a ro

lling

plat

eau

in

Yunn

an J

info

shan

is a

n is

olat

ed h

igh

plat

eau

with

hug

e ho

rizon

tal c

aves

su

spen

ded

abov

e de

ep s

urro

undi

ng

valle

ys W

ulon

g is

pla

teau

kar

st

with

spe

ctac

ular

tian

keng

nat

ural

br

idge

s de

ep c

aves

and

gor

ges

Sh

ibin

g illu

stra

tes

unus

ual c

one

kars

t de

velo

pmen

t in

dolo

mite

bed

rock

Li

bo h

as e

xten

sive

fore

sted

con

e ka

rst

(feng

cong

and

feng

lin)

polje

s g

orge

s an

d ca

ves

with

Hua

njia

ng b

eing

an

exte

nsio

n of

the

prot

ecte

d ar

ea G

uilin

sh

ows

the

culm

inat

ion

of s

ubtro

pica

l ka

rst d

evel

opm

ent w

ith s

pect

acul

ar

cone

s an

d to

wer

s be

side

the

Rive

r Li

The

se a

reas

pro

vide

type

-site

s fo

r th

eir p

rinci

pal k

arst

feat

ures

2007

(201

4)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lCh

ina

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Škoc

jan

Cave

s6

The

Škoc

jan

Cave

s an

d th

eir s

urro

undi

ngs

are

the

maj

or lo

calit

ies

for k

arst

topo

grap

hy a

nd a

re th

e pl

ace

whe

re fu

ndam

enta

l ter

ms

such

as

lsquokar

strsquo

and

lsquodol

inersquo

hav

e th

eir o

rigin

Thi

s is

not

onl

y a

stro

ng in

dica

tion

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e pr

oper

tyrsquos

impo

rtanc

e fo

r sc

ienc

e b

ut m

ore

spec

ifica

lly o

f its

impo

rtanc

e fo

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e hi

stor

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Ear

th s

cien

ces

An

impr

essi

ve a

rray

of e

xcep

tiona

l kar

st m

anife

stat

ions

the

resu

lt of

pa

st a

nd p

rese

nt g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

spel

eolo

gica

l and

hyd

rolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

re c

lear

ly at

dis

play

for s

cien

tists

and

vis

itors

alik

e w

ithin

a

rela

tivel

y sm

all a

rea

The

hea

rt of

the

prop

erty

the

mai

n ca

ve s

yste

m w

ith th

e un

derg

roun

d st

retc

hes

of th

e Re

ka R

iver

has

been

form

ed in

a th

ick

laye

r of

cre

tace

ous

limes

tone

The

con

stan

tly d

ynam

ic

syst

em is

an

outs

tand

ing

text

book

exa

mpl

e of

co

ntac

t Kar

st w

ith w

ell-d

evel

oped

feat

ures

suc

h as

a

blin

d va

lley

colla

psed

dol

ines

ope

ning

s c

hasm

s an

d ca

ves

Rem

arka

bly

this

geo

logi

cal d

ivers

ity

supp

orts

an

equa

lly fa

scin

atin

g bi

olog

ical

dive

rsity

w

hich

has

impo

rtant

impl

icat

ions

for l

and

and

wat

er

man

agem

ent

Them

e 6

Loc

ated

in th

e lsquoc

lass

ical

rsquo ka

rst o

f Eur

ope

The

pro

perty

co

mpr

ises

a s

inki

ng ri

ver a

t the

end

of

blin

d va

lley

the

expo

sed

cour

se o

f the

un

derg

roun

d riv

er fl

owin

g ac

ross

the

base

of d

eep

colla

pse

depr

essi

ons

an

d a

larg

e riv

er c

ave

with

a h

igh

cany

on p

assa

ge I

t is

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

inpu

t of a

n al

loge

nic

river

into

a

kars

t sys

tem

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Slov

enia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Stev

ns K

lint

111

Stev

ns K

lint i

s a

glob

ally

exce

ptio

nal t

estim

ony

to th

e im

pact

of m

eteo

rite

impa

ct o

n th

e hi

stor

y of

life

on

Earth

The

pro

perty

pro

vides

a g

loba

lly

exce

ptio

nal r

epre

sent

atio

n of

the

evid

ence

of t

he

Chixu

lub

met

eorit

e im

pact

that

took

pla

ce a

t the

end

of

the

Cret

aceo

us P

erio

d c

67

milli

on y

ears

ago

Th

is im

pact

is w

idel

y be

lieve

d by

mod

ern

scie

ntis

ts

to h

ave

caus

ed th

e en

d of

the

Age

of th

e Di

nosa

urs

an

d le

d to

the

extin

ctio

n of

mor

e th

an 5

0 o

f life

on

Ear

th T

his

is th

e m

ost r

ecen

t of t

he m

ajor

mas

s ex

tinct

ions

in E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry C

ompa

rativ

e an

alys

is

indi

cate

s th

is is

the

mos

t sig

nific

ant a

nd re

adily

ac

cess

ible

site

of h

undr

eds

avai

labl

e to

see

the

sedi

men

tary

reco

rd o

f the

ash

clo

ud fo

rmed

by

the

met

eorit

e im

pact

the

act

ual s

ite o

f the

impa

ct b

eing

de

ep u

nder

wat

er o

ffsho

re th

e Yu

cata

n pe

nins

ula

In

add

ition

the

pro

perty

has

icon

ic s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e as

the

mos

t sig

nific

ant a

nd a

cces

sibl

e of

the

thre

e lo

calit

ies

whe

re th

e ra

dica

l the

ory

for

aste

roid

driv

en e

xtin

ctio

n w

as d

evel

oped

thro

ugh

the

sem

inal

wor

k of

Wal

ter a

nd L

uis

W A

lvare

z w

ith

thei

r co-

wor

kers

Ste

vns

Klin

t is

high

ly si

gnifi

cant

in

term

s of

its

past

pre

sent

and

futu

re c

ontri

butio

n to

sci

ence

esp

ecia

lly p

erta

inin

g to

the

defin

ition

of

and

expl

anat

ion

of th

e Cr

etac

eous

Pal

eoge

ne (K

Pg

) bou

ndar

y Th

e ou

tsta

ndin

g fo

ssil

reco

rd a

t Ste

vns

Klin

t pr

ovid

es a

suc

cess

ion

of th

ree

biot

ic a

ssem

blag

es

incl

udin

g th

e m

ost d

ivers

e en

d-Cr

etac

eous

mar

ine

ecos

yste

m k

now

n T

he m

illion

yea

rs re

cord

ed in

the

rock

at S

tevn

s Kl

int p

rovid

es e

viden

ce o

f a c

limax

pr

e-im

pact

com

mun

ity f

auna

that

sur

vived

a m

ass

extin

ctio

n ev

ent

and

the

subs

eque

nt fa

unal

reco

very

an

d in

crea

sed

biod

ivers

ity fo

llow

ing

this

eve

nt T

he

foss

il re

cord

sho

ws

whi

ch ta

xa b

ecam

e ex

tinct

an

d w

hich

sur

vived

and

reve

als

the

tem

po a

nd

mod

e of

evo

lutio

n of

the

succ

eedi

ng p

ost i

mpa

ct

faun

a th

at d

ivers

ified

to th

e m

arin

e fa

una

of to

day

thus

pro

vidin

g im

porta

nt c

onte

xt fo

r the

mai

n K

Pg

boun

dary

laye

r exp

osed

at S

tevn

s Kl

int

Them

e 11

Bea

rs e

viden

ce o

f the

as

tero

id im

pact

bel

ieve

d to

hav

e ca

used

the

mas

s ex

tinct

ion

that

led

to

the

end

of th

e Ag

e of

the

Dino

saur

s

Icon

ic s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e du

e to

its

asso

ciat

ion

with

the

radi

cal t

heor

y fo

r as

tero

id d

riven

ext

inct

ion

The

me

1

An e

xcep

tiona

l fos

sil r

ecor

d is

vis

ible

at

the

prop

erty

sho

win

g th

e co

mpl

ete

succ

essi

on o

f fau

na a

nd m

icro

-fau

na

char

ting

the

reco

very

afte

r the

mas

s ex

tinct

ion

2014

(viii)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Swis

s Al

ps

Jung

frau

-Ale

tsch

92

The

prop

erty

pro

vides

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e fo

rmat

ion

of th

e Hi

gh A

lps

resu

lting

from

upl

ift a

nd

com

pres

sion

whi

ch b

egan

20-

40 m

illion

yea

rs a

go

With

in a

n al

titud

e ra

nge

from

809

m to

42

74 m

th

e re

gion

dis

play

s 40

0 m

illion

-yea

r-ol

d cr

ysta

lline

rock

s th

rust

ove

r you

nger

car

bona

te ro

cks

due

to

the

north

war

d dr

ift o

f the

Afri

can

tect

onic

pla

te

Adde

d to

the

dram

atic

reco

rd o

f the

pro

cess

es

of m

ount

ain

build

ing

is a

gre

at a

bund

ance

and

di

vers

ity o

f geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es s

uch

as

U-sh

aped

gla

cial

val

leys

cirq

ues

hor

n pe

aks

val

ley

glac

iers

and

mor

aine

s T

his

mos

t gla

ciat

ed p

art o

f th

e Al

ps c

onta

ins

the

Alet

sch

glac

ier

the

larg

est a

nd

long

est i

n Eu

rope

whi

ch is

of s

igni

fican

t sci

entifi

c in

tere

st in

the

cont

ext o

f gla

cial

his

tory

and

ong

oing

pr

oces

ses

par

ticul

arly

rela

ted

to c

limat

e ch

ange

Them

e 9

Gla

cial

feat

ures

incl

ude

U-sh

aped

gla

cial

val

leys

cirq

ues

hor

n pe

aks

val

ley

glac

iers

and

mor

aine

s

This

mos

t gla

ciat

ed p

art o

f the

Alp

s co

ntai

ns th

e Al

etsc

h gl

acie

r th

e la

rges

t and

long

est i

n Eu

rope

whi

ch

is o

f sig

nific

ant s

cien

tific

inte

rest

in

the

cont

ext o

f gla

cial

his

tory

and

on

goin

g pr

oces

ses

par

ticul

arly

rela

ted

to c

limat

e ch

ange

The

me

2 T

he

prop

erty

pro

vides

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e fo

rmat

ion

of th

e Hi

gh A

lps

resu

lting

from

upl

ift a

nd

com

pres

sion

whi

ch b

egan

20-

40

milli

on y

ears

ago

With

in a

n al

titud

e ra

nge

from

809

m to

42

74 m

the

re

gion

dis

play

s 40

0 m

illion

-yea

r-ol

d cr

ysta

lline

rock

s th

rust

ove

r you

nger

ca

rbon

ate

rock

s du

e to

the

north

war

d dr

ift o

f the

Afri

can

tect

onic

pla

te

2001

(200

7)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lSw

itzer

-la

ndEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Swis

s Te

cton

ic

Aren

a Sa

rdon

a2

Earth

rsquos h

isto

ry g

eolo

gica

l and

geo

mor

phic

feat

ures

an

d pr

oces

ses

The

Sw

iss

Tect

onic

Are

na S

ardo

na

prov

ides

an

exce

ptio

nal d

ispl

ay o

f mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

and

has

been

reco

gnis

ed a

s a

key

site

fo

r geo

logi

cal s

cien

ces

sinc

e th

e 18

th c

entu

ry T

he

clea

r exp

osur

e of

the

Glar

us O

verth

rust

is a

key

but

no

t the

onl

y si

gnifi

cant

fea

ture

The

exp

osur

es o

f th

e ro

cks

belo

w a

nd a

bove

this

feat

ure

are

visib

le

in th

ree

dim

ensi

ons

and

take

n to

geth

er h

ave

mad

e su

bsta

ntia

l con

tribu

tions

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of

mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

Its

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

can

be re

adily

app

reci

ated

by

all v

isito

rs T

he

prop

erty

can

be

diffe

rent

iate

d fro

m o

ther

sim

ilar

site

s by

the

com

bina

tion

of th

e cl

ear e

xpos

ure

of

the

phen

omen

on in

a m

ount

ain

setti

ng i

ts h

isto

ry

of s

tudy

and

its

ongo

ing

cont

ribut

ion

to g

eolo

gica

l sc

ienc

es

Them

e 2

The

Sw

iss

Tect

onic

Are

na

Sard

ona

prov

ides

an

exce

ptio

nal

disp

lay

of m

ount

ain

build

ing

tect

onic

s an

d ha

s be

en re

cogn

ised

as

a ke

y si

te fo

r geo

logi

cal s

cien

ces

sinc

e th

e 18

th c

entu

ry T

he c

lear

exp

osur

e of

th

e Gl

arus

Ove

rthru

st is

a k

ey b

ut

not t

he o

nly

sign

ifica

nt f

eatu

re T

he

expo

sure

s of

the

rock

s be

low

and

ab

ove

this

feat

ure

are

visib

le in

thre

e di

men

sion

s an

d ta

ken

toge

ther

hav

e m

ade

subs

tant

ial c

ontri

butio

ns to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

2008

(viii)

Natu

ral

Switz

er-

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Tajik

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk (M

ount

ains

of

the

Pam

irs)

92

5Th

e Pa

mir

Mou

ntai

ns a

re a

maj

or c

entre

of

glac

iatio

n on

the

Eura

sian

con

tinen

t and

Taj

ik

Natio

nal P

ark

illust

rate

s w

ithin

one

pro

tect

ed

area

an

outs

tand

ing

juxt

apos

ition

of m

any

high

m

ount

ains

val

ley

glac

iers

and

dee

p riv

er g

orge

s al

ongs

ide

the

cold

con

tinen

tal d

eser

t env

ironm

ent

of th

e hi

gh P

amir

Plat

eau

land

form

s A

n ou

tsta

ndin

g la

ndfo

rm fe

atur

e of

the

prop

erty

rsquos g

eolo

gica

lly

dyna

mic

terra

in is

Lak

e Sa

rez

It w

as c

reat

ed b

y an

ea

rthqu

ake-

gene

rate

d la

ndsl

ide

of a

n es

timat

ed

six

billio

n to

nnes

of m

ater

ial a

nd is

pos

sibl

y th

e yo

unge

st d

eep

wat

er a

lpin

e la

ke in

the

wor

ld I

t is

of in

tern

atio

nal s

cien

tific

and

geom

orph

olog

ical

ha

zard

sig

nific

ance

bec

ause

of t

he o

n-go

ing

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

influ

enci

ng it

s st

abilit

y an

d th

e so

rt of

lacu

strin

e ec

osys

tem

whi

ch w

ill de

velo

p ov

er ti

me

Taj

ik N

atio

nal P

ark

furth

erm

ore

offe

rs a

un

ique

opp

ortu

nity

for t

he s

tudy

of p

late

tect

onic

s an

d co

ntin

enta

l sub

duct

ion

phen

omen

a th

ereb

y co

ntrib

utin

g to

our

fund

amen

tal u

nder

stan

ding

of

Earth

bui

ldin

g pr

oces

ses

Them

e 9

The

Pam

ir M

ount

ains

are

a

maj

or c

entre

of g

laci

atio

n on

the

Eura

sian

con

tinen

t and

Taj

ik N

atio

nal

Park

illu

stra

tes

with

in o

ne p

rote

cted

ar

ea a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ju

xtap

ositi

on o

f m

any

high

mou

ntai

ns v

alle

y gl

acie

rs

and

deep

rive

r gor

ges

alon

gsid

e th

e co

ld c

ontin

enta

l des

ert e

nviro

nmen

t of

the

high

Pam

ir Pl

atea

u la

ndfo

rms

Th

eme

2 T

ajik

Nat

iona

l Par

k of

fers

a

uniq

ue o

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r the

stu

dy

of p

late

tect

onic

s an

d co

ntin

enta

l su

bduc

tion

phen

omen

a th

ereb

y co

ntrib

utin

g to

our

fund

amen

tal

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

Ear

th b

uild

ing

proc

esse

s T

hem

e 5

An

outs

tand

ing

land

form

feat

ure

of th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

ge

olog

ical

ly dy

nam

ic te

rrain

is

Lake

Sar

ez I

t was

cre

ated

by

an

earth

quak

e-ge

nera

ted

land

slid

e of

an

est

imat

ed s

ix bi

llion

tonn

es o

f m

ater

ial a

nd is

pos

sibl

y th

e yo

unge

st

deep

wat

er a

lpin

e la

ke in

the

wor

ld

It is

of i

nter

natio

nal s

cien

tific

and

geom

orph

olog

ical

haz

ard

sign

ifica

nce

beca

use

of th

e on

-goi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pr

oces

ses

influ

enci

ng it

s st

abilit

y an

d th

e so

rt of

lacu

strin

e ec

osys

tem

whi

ch

will

deve

lop

over

tim

e

2013

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Tajik

ista

nAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Tala

man

ca

Rang

e-La

Am

ista

d Re

serv

es

La

Amis

tad

Natio

nal P

ark

9Th

e Ta

lam

anca

Ran

ge is

a v

ery

parti

cula

r sam

ple

of th

e re

cent

geo

logi

cal h

isto

ry o

f the

Cen

tral

Amer

ican

Isth

mus

the

rela

tivel

y na

rrow

stri

p of

land

co

nnec

ting

North

and

Sou

th A

mer

ica

and

sepa

ratin

g th

e Pa

cific

and

Atla

ntic

Oce

ans

The

pro

perty

sho

ws

impr

essi

ve m

arks

of Q

uate

rnar

y gl

acia

l act

ivity

w

hich

has

sha

ped

glac

ial c

irque

s g

laci

al la

kes

and

deep

U-s

hape

d va

lleys

whi

ch c

anno

t be

foun

d an

ywhe

re e

lse

in C

entra

l Am

eric

a

Them

e 9

Qua

tern

ary

glac

ial a

ctivi

ty

has

shap

ed g

laci

al c

irque

s g

laci

al

lake

s an

d de

ep U

-sha

ped

valle

ys

that

can

not b

e fo

und

anyw

here

els

e in

Ce

ntra

l Am

eric

a

1983

(199

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Cost

a Ri

ca

Pana

ma

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Tasm

ania

n W

ilder

ness

91

No c

urre

nt re

trosp

ectiv

e st

atem

ent o

f OUV

The

co

ntem

pora

ry in

scrip

tion

is b

ased

on

the

follo

win

g Ea

rth s

cien

ce v

alue

s R

ock

form

atio

ns g

laci

al

depo

sits

ext

ragl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

nd g

laci

o-ka

rst

land

form

s of

his

pro

perty

pro

vide

a re

cord

of m

ajor

st

ages

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry a

nd to

geth

er w

ith th

e as

soci

ated

eco

logy

pro

vide

livin

g ev

iden

ce o

f the

pr

evio

us e

xiste

nce

of th

e so

uthe

rn s

uper

cont

inen

t of

Gon

dwan

a an

d its

sub

sequ

ent f

ragm

enta

tion

The

as

soci

ated

pro

cess

es a

re o

ccur

ring

at la

rge

scal

e in

a v

arie

ty o

f und

istu

rbed

env

ironm

ents

pro

vidin

g a

benc

hmar

k ag

ains

t whi

ch th

e ef

fect

s of

hum

an

activ

ities

can

be

mea

sure

d

Them

e 9

1 R

ock

form

atio

ns g

laci

al

depo

sits

ext

ragl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

nd

glac

io-k

arst

land

form

s of

his

pro

perty

pr

ovid

e a

reco

rd o

f maj

or s

tage

s of

Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

and

toge

ther

with

the

asso

ciat

ed e

colo

gy p

rovid

e liv

ing

evid

ence

of t

he p

revio

us e

xiste

nce

of th

e so

uthe

rn s

uper

cont

inen

t of

Gon

dwan

a an

d its

sub

sequ

ent

fragm

enta

tion

1982

(199

0)(ii

i)(iv)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Tass

ili n

rsquoAjje

r3

The

geol

ogica

l con

form

atio

n of

Tass

ili nrsquo

Ajje

r inc

lude

s Pr

ecam

bria

n cr

ysta

lline

elem

ents

and

sed

imen

tary

sa

ndst

one

succ

essio

ns o

f gre

at p

aleo

-geo

grap

hica

l an

d pa

leo-

ecol

ogica

l inte

rest

Them

e 3

San

dsto

ne p

late

aus

and

esca

rpm

ents

that

are

hig

hly

diss

ecte

d w

ith a

rang

e of

ero

sion

al fe

atur

es

1982

(i)(ii

i)(vii

)(v

iii)M

ixed

Alge

riaAr

ab

Stat

es



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Te W

ahip

ouna

mu

ndash So

uth

Wes

t Ne

w Z

eala

nd

91

2Te

Waumlh

ipou

nam

u - S

outh

Wes

t New

Zea

land

is

cons

ider

ed to

be

the

best

mod

ern

exam

ple

of th

e pr

imitiv

e ta

xa o

f Gon

dwan

alan

d se

en in

mod

ern

ecos

yste

ms

ndash an

d as

suc

h th

e pr

oper

ty is

of g

loba

l sig

nific

ance

The

pro

gres

sive

brea

k-up

of t

he s

outh

ern

supe

r-con

tinen

t of G

ondw

anal

and

is co

nsid

ered

on

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt e

vent

s in

the

Earth

rsquos ev

olut

iona

ry h

istor

y Ne

w Z

eala

ndrsquos

sepa

ratio

n be

fore

th

e ap

pear

ance

of m

arsu

pial

s an

d ot

her m

amm

als

and

its lo

ng is

olat

ion

since

wer

e ke

y fa

ctor

s en

ablin

g th

e su

rviva

l of t

he a

ncie

nt G

ondw

anan

bio

ta o

n th

e isl

ands

of

New

Zea

land

to a

gre

ater

deg

ree

than

else

whe

re

The

livin

g re

pres

enta

tives

of t

his

ancie

nt b

iota

inclu

de

fligh

tless

kiw

is c

arni

voro

us la

nd s

nails

14

spec

ies

of

podo

carp

and

gen

era

or b

eech

Th

e So

uth

Wes

t is

also

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e im

pact

of t

he P

leist

ocen

e ep

och

of E

arth

hist

ory

Ice-

carv

ed la

ndfo

rms

crea

ted

by th

ese

lsquoIce

Agersquo

gla

ciers

do

min

ate

the

mou

ntai

n la

nds

and

are

espe

cially

w

ell-p

rese

rved

in th

e ha

rder

plu

toni

c ig

neou

s ro

cks

of F

iord

land

Gla

cier-c

ut fi

ords

lak

es d

eep

U-sh

aped

va

lleys

han

ging

val

leys

cirq

ues

and

ice-s

horn

spu

rs

are

grap

hic

illust

ratio

ns o

f the

pow

erfu

l influ

ence

of

thes

e gl

acie

rs o

n th

e la

ndsc

ape

Dep

ositio

nal

land

form

s of

Ple

istoc

ene

glac

ial o

rigin

are

also

im

porta

nt e

spec

ially

in W

estla

nd w

est o

f the

Alp

ine

Faul

t Ch

rono

logi

cal s

eque

nces

of o

utw

ash

grav

els

and

mor

aine

ridg

es in

ele

gant

cur

ves

and

loop

s ou

tline

the

shap

es o

f bot

h fo

rmer

pie

dmon

t gla

ciers

and

Hol

ocen

e ldquop

ost-g

lacia

lrdquo va

lley

glac

iers

Them

e 9

Sou

th-w

est N

ew Z

eala

nd

is a

lso

an o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of th

e im

pact

of t

he P

leis

toce

ne e

poch

of

Earth

his

tory

Ice

-car

ved

land

form

s cr

eate

d by

thes

e lsquoIc

e Ag

ersquo g

laci

ers

dom

inat

e th

e m

ount

ain

land

s a

nd

are

espe

cial

ly w

ell-p

rese

rved

in th

e ha

rder

plu

toni

c ig

neou

s ro

cks

of

Fior

dlan

d G

laci

er-c

ut fi

ords

lak

es

deep

U-s

hape

d va

lleys

han

ging

va

lleys

cirq

ues

and

ice-

shor

n sp

urs

are

grap

hic

illust

ratio

ns o

f the

po

wer

ful i

nflue

nce

of th

ese

glac

iers

on

the

land

scap

e D

epos

ition

al la

ndfo

rms

of P

leis

toce

ne g

laci

al o

rigin

are

als

o im

porta

nt e

spec

ially

in W

estla

nd

wes

t of t

he A

lpin

e Fa

ult

Chro

nolo

gica

l se

quen

ces

of o

utw

ash

grav

els

and

m

orai

ne ri

dges

in e

lega

nt c

urve

s an

d lo

ops

out

line

the

shap

es o

f bo

th fo

rmer

pie

dmon

t gla

cier

s an

d Ho

loce

ne lsquop

ost-

glac

ialrsquo

valle

y gl

acie

rs

Them

e 1

2 T

he p

rogr

essi

ve b

reak

-up

of t

he s

outh

ern

supe

r-co

ntin

ent o

f Go

ndw

ana

is c

onsi

dere

d on

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt e

vent

s in

the

Earth

rsquos

evol

utio

nary

his

tory

New

Zea

land

rsquos

sepa

ratio

n be

fore

the

appe

aran

ce

of m

arsu

pial

s an

d ot

her m

amm

als

an

d its

long

isol

atio

n si

nce

wer

e ke

y fa

ctor

s en

ablin

g th

e su

rviva

l of

the

anci

ent G

ondw

anan

bio

ta o

n th

e is

land

s of

New

Zea

land

to a

gre

ater

de

gree

than

els

ewhe

re

1990

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lNe

w

Zeal

and

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

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emes

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ain)

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th

emes

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lary

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Just

ifica

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erio

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iii)

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tions

hip

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entifi

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emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

Teid

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rk4

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k is

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exce

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xam

ple

of a

rela

tivel

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d s

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mov

ing

geo

logi

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mpl

ex a

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atur

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lcan

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m I

t is

of g

loba

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porta

nce

in p

rovid

ing

dive

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evid

ence

of t

he

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

that

und

erpi

n th

e ev

olut

ion

of o

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land

s a

nd th

ese

valu

es c

ompl

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t th

ose

of e

xistin

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lcan

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rope

rties

on

the

Wor

ld

Herit

age

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suc

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aii V

olca

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ssib

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age

of v

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feat

ures

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land

scap

es in

a

rela

tivel

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area

The

are

a is

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tre

for i

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natio

nal r

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rch

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fluen

ce o

n ge

olog

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omor

phol

ogy

espe

cial

ly th

roug

h th

e w

ork

of v

on H

umbo

ldt

von

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ell

whi

ch h

as m

ade

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nt T

eide

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igni

fican

t site

in

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hist

ory

of v

olca

nolo

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Them

e 4

Tei

de N

atio

nal P

ark

feat

ures

th

e Te

ide-

Pico

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jo s

trato

volc

ano

that

at

37

18 m

is

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high

est p

eak

on

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ish

soil

Ris

ing

750

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abo

ve

the

ocea

n flo

or i

t is

rega

rded

as

the

wor

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third

-tal

lest

vol

cani

c st

ruct

ure

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stan

ds in

the

Las

Cana

das

cald

era

Tei

de is

of g

loba

l im

porta

nce

in p

rovid

ing

evid

ence

of t

he g

eolo

gica

l pr

oces

ses

that

und

erpi

n th

e ev

olut

ion

of o

cean

ic is

land

s

2007

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Spai

nEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

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mite

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e Do

lom

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atio

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fican

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for g

eom

orph

olog

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the

clas

sic

site

for t

he

deve

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ent o

f mou

ntai

ns in

dol

omiti

c lim

esto

ne

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area

pre

sent

s a

wid

e ra

nge

of la

ndfo

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rela

ted

to e

rosi

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ecto

nism

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gla

ciat

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qu

antit

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d co

ncen

tratio

n of

ext

rem

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varie

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esto

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rmat

ions

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xtra

ordi

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in a

glo

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ext

incl

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aks

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pin

nacl

es a

nd

som

e of

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high

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ertic

al ro

ck w

alls

in th

e w

orld

Th

e ge

olog

ical

val

ues

are

also

of i

nter

natio

nal

sign

ifica

nce

not

ably

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evid

ence

of M

esoz

oic

carb

onat

e pl

atfo

rms

or lsquo

foss

ilized

ato

llsrsquo

parti

cula

rly

in te

rms

of th

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iden

ce th

ey p

rovid

e of

the

evol

utio

n of

the

bio-

cons

truct

ors

afte

r the

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mia

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iass

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ound

ary

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pres

erva

tion

of th

e re

latio

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ps b

etw

een

the

reef

s th

ey c

onst

ruct

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r sur

roun

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ins

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omite

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so

incl

ude

seve

ral i

nter

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nally

impo

rtant

type

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ctio

ns fo

r the

stra

tigra

phy

of th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d

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scie

ntifi

c va

lues

of t

he p

rope

rty a

re a

lso

supp

orte

d by

the

evid

ence

of a

long

his

tory

of s

tudy

an

d re

cogn

ition

at t

he in

tern

atio

nal l

evel

Tak

en

toge

ther

the

com

bina

tion

of g

eom

orph

olog

ical

an

d ge

olog

ical

val

ues

crea

tes

a pr

oper

ty o

f glo

bal

sign

ifica

nce

Them

e 3

Roc

k-co

ntro

lled

cliff

s an

d pl

atea

us w

ith a

dditi

onal

role

of

glac

iatio

n T

hem

e 1

The

Dol

omite

s co

ntai

n an

out

stan

ding

reco

rd o

f Tr

iass

ic re

ef s

yste

ms

and

thei

r bio

tas

2009

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Italy

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



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erty

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emes

(m

ain)

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tion

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tions

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scrib

ed

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ensi

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

Thre

e Pa

ralle

l Ri

vers

of Y

unna

n Pr

otec

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Area

s

23

5Th

e pr

oper

ty is

of o

utst

andi

ng v

alue

for d

ispl

ayin

g th

e ge

olog

ical

his

tory

of t

he la

st 5

0 m

illion

yea

rs

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e co

llisio

n of

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an P

late

with

th

e Eu

rasi

an P

late

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clo

sure

of t

he a

ncie

nt T

ethy

s Se

a a

nd th

e up

liftin

g of

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Him

alay

a Ra

nge

and

the

Tibe

tan

Plat

eau

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se w

ere

maj

or g

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ents

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e la

nd s

urfa

ce o

f Asi

a an

d th

ey a

re o

n-go

ing

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dive

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rock

type

s w

ithin

th

e pr

oper

ty re

cord

this

his

tory

and

in

addi

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th

e ra

nge

of k

arst

gra

nite

mon

olith

and

Dan

xia

sand

ston

e la

ndfo

rms

in th

e al

pine

zon

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clud

e so

me

of th

e be

st o

f the

ir ty

pe in

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mou

ntai

ns o

f th

e w

orld

Them

e 2

The

pro

perty

is o

f ou

tsta

ndin

g va

lue

for d

ispl

ayin

g th

e ge

olog

ical

his

tory

of t

he la

st 5

0 m

illion

ye

ars

asso

ciat

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e co

llisio

n of

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Indi

an P

late

with

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Eura

sian

Pl

ate

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clos

ure

of th

e an

cien

t Tet

hys

Sea

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uplif

ting

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e Hi

mal

aya

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e an

d th

e Ti

beta

n Pl

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u

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es 3

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eepl

y ca

rved

val

leys

of

maj

or ri

vers

that

pas

s th

roug

h st

eep

gorg

es w

hich

in

plac

es a

re 3

000

m

deep

and

are

bor

dere

d by

gla

ciat

ed

peak

s m

ore

than

60

00 m

hig

h

2003

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

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tura

lCh

ina

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

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tiona

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k4

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ppro

ved

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e E

arth

rsquos E

volu

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isto

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The

pa

rk li

es a

t the

sou

th-w

este

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rmin

us o

f a P

acifi

c ch

ain

of v

olca

noes

alig

ned

alon

g a

maj

or te

cton

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plat

e bo

unda

ry O

ngoi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es -

Th

e pa

rkrsquos

vol

cano

es c

onta

in a

com

plet

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nge

of

volc

anic

feat

ures

Them

e 4

Ton

garir

o Na

tiona

l Par

k in

clud

es th

ree

activ

e vo

lcan

oes

w

hich

hav

e cu

ltura

l and

relig

ious

si

gnifi

canc

e fo

r the

Mao

ri pe

ople

and

sy

mbo

lize

the

spiri

tual

link

s be

twee

n th

is c

omm

unity

and

its

envir

onm

ent

1990

(199

3)(v

i)(vii

)(v

iii)M

ixed

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alan

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ia a

nd

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fic



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erty

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ain)

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emes

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erio

n (v

iii)

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tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

Tran

g An

La

ndsc

ape

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plex

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ang

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a s

uper

b ge

olog

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pro

perty

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spla

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n a

glob

ally

exce

ptio

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ay t

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nal

stag

es o

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hu

mid

trop

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ironm

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Deep

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sect

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plift

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mes

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sif o

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per

iod

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ve

milli

on y

ears

has

pro

duce

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serie

s of

cla

ssic

al

kars

t lan

dfor

ms

incl

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ockp

its)

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val

leys

(p

olje

s) f

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bter

rane

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pass

ages

de

cora

ted

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spe

leot

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s T

he p

rese

nce

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trans

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rms

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een

lsquofeng

cong

rsquo kar

st w

ith

ridge

s co

nnec

ting

tow

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lsquofen

glin

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st w

here

to

wer

s st

and

isol

ated

on

allu

vial p

lain

s is

an

extre

mel

y si

gnifi

cant

feat

ure

of th

e pr

oper

ty T

rang

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is a

n un

usua

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ogen

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arst

sys

tem

bei

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-fed

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ogic

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ated

from

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in th

e su

rroun

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terra

in F

orm

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unda

tion

by

the

sea

trans

form

ed th

e m

assi

f int

o an

arc

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lago

fo

r som

e pe

riods

tho

ugh

it is

fully

em

erge

nt o

n la

nd to

day

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tuat

ions

of s

ea le

vel a

re e

viden

ced

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n al

titud

inal

ser

ies

of e

rosi

on n

otch

es in

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fs

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ocia

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ave-

cut p

latfo

rms

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ch

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sits

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ine

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l lay

ers

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e 6

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er k

arst

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s en

d st

ages

nea

r sea

leve

l Nu

mer

ous

navig

able

foot

-cav

es a

nd e

xten

sive

sw

amp

notc

h an

d m

arin

e no

tch

deve

lopm

ent r

eflec

ting

sea

leve

l ch

ange

s

2014

(v)(v

ii)(v

iii)M

ixed

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Nam

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

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emes

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ain)

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th

emes

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Just

ifica

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unde

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Rela

tions

hip

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entifi

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emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Ulu ṟ

u-Ka

ta T

juṯa

Na

tiona

l Par

k

3No

cur

rent

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV b

ut

the

follo

win

g te

xt re

late

d to

crit

erio

n (v

iii) h

as b

een

deve

lope

d pr

evio

usly

as a

dra

ft th

at w

ill lik

ely

be

cons

ider

ed in

the

futu

re b

ased

on

the

date

of

insc

riptio

n T

he in

selb

ergs

(ste

ep-s

ided

isol

ated

hi

lls ri

sing

abr

uptly

from

the

Earth

) of U

luṟu

and

Kata

Tju

ṯa ar

e ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

es o

f tec

toni

c

geoc

hem

ical

and

geo

mor

phic

pro

cess

es U

luṟu

and

Kata

Tju

ṯa ar

e st

rikin

g ex

ampl

es o

f geo

logi

cal a

nd

eros

iona

l pro

cess

es o

ver t

ime

and

they

refle

ct th

e ag

e a

nd re

lativ

ely

stab

le n

atur

e o

f the

Aus

tralia

n co

ntin

ent

Such

sta

bilit

y at

the

cont

inen

tal l

evel

is

glo

bally

rare

The

geo

logy

of U

luṟu

and

Kata

Tj

u ṯa d

emon

stra

te o

ngoi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

of re

mar

kabl

e in

tere

st T

he s

ides

of U

luṟu

are

mar

ked

by a

num

ber o

f unu

sual

feat

ures

whi

ch

can

be a

scrib

ed to

diff

erin

g pr

oces

ses

of e

rosi

on

For e

xam

ple

the

feat

ure

know

n as

nga

ltaw

ata

a

cere

mon

ial p

ole

asso

ciat

ed w

ith M

ala

Tjuk

urpa

is

asc

ribed

to s

heet

ing

of m

assi

ve ro

ck p

aral

lel t

o th

e ex

istin

g su

rface

Dur

ing

rain

per

iods

the

runo

ff fro

m U

luṟu

casc

ades

dow

n th

e fis

sure

s fo

rmin

g w

ater

falls

som

e up

to 1

00 m

etre

s hi

gh C

aves

at

the

base

of U

luṟu

are

form

ed b

y a

wid

espr

ead

arid

zo

ne p

roce

ss o

f gra

nula

r dis

inte

grat

ion

know

n as

ca

vern

ous

wea

ther

ing

Them

e 3

Thi

s pa

rk fe

atur

es

inse

lber

gs o

f san

dsto

ne (U

luṟu)

and

co

nglo

mer

ate

(Kat

a Tj

u ṯa) t

hat r

ise

spec

tact

acul

arly

abov

e th

e va

st re

d sa

ndy

plai

n of

cen

tral A

ustra

lia

1987

(199

4)(v

)(vi)(

vii)

(viii)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Valleacute

e de

Mai

Na

ture

Res

erve

1Sh

aped

by

geol

ogic

al a

nd b

iolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

that

took

pla

ce m

illion

s of

yea

rs a

go t

he p

rope

rty

is a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

an

earli

er a

nd m

ajor

st

age

in th

e ev

olut

iona

ry h

isto

ry o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

flo

ra I

ts e

colo

gy is

dom

inat

ed b

y en

dem

ic p

alm

s

and

espe

cial

ly by

the

coco

-de-

mer

fam

ous

for i

ts

dist

inct

ively

larg

e do

uble

nut

con

tain

ing

the

larg

est

seed

in th

e pl

ant k

ingd

om T

he V

alleacute

e de

Mai

co

nstit

utes

a li

ving

labo

rato

ry i

llust

ratin

g of

wha

t ot

her t

ropi

cal a

reas

wou

ld h

ave

been

bef

ore

the

adve

nt o

f mor

e ad

vanc

ed p

lant

fam

ilies

Them

e 1

Sta

ted

to c

onst

itute

a li

ving

labo

rato

ry i

llust

ratin

g of

wha

t oth

er

tropi

cal a

reas

wou

ld h

ave

been

bef

ore

the

adve

nt o

f mor

e ad

vanc

ed p

lant

fa

milie

s

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lSe

y-ch

elle

sAf

rica



Prop

erty

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emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

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ncil-

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ifica

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erio

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Rela

tions

hip

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entifi

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emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

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ajoumlk

ull

Natio

nal P

ark

- Dy

nam

ic N

atur

e of

Fire

and

Ice

4 9

The

coex

isten

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nd o

ngoi

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tera

ctio

n of

an

activ

e oc

eani

c rif

t on

land

a m

antle

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me

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atm

osph

ere

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e ca

p w

hich

has

var

ied

in s

ize a

nd e

xten

t ov

er th

e pa

st 2

8 m

illion

yea

rs m

ake

the

prop

erty

un

ique

in a

glo

bal c

onte

xt E

arth

sys

tem

inte

ract

ions

ar

e co

nsta

ntly

build

ing

and

resh

apin

g th

e pr

oper

ty

crea

ting

rem

arka

bly

dive

rse

land

scap

es a

nd a

w

ide

varie

ty o

f tec

toni

c v

olca

nic

and

glac

iovo

lcan

ic

feat

ures

Esp

ecia

lly in

tere

stin

g an

d un

ique

in th

is re

gard

are

the

basa

ltic

lava

shi

elds

(Ice

land

shi

elds

) vo

lcan

ic fi

ssur

es a

nd c

one

row

s v

ast fl

ood

lava

s

and

feat

ures

of i

ce d

omin

ant g

laci

o-vo

lcan

ism s

uch

as tu

yas

and

tinda

r In

tere

stin

gly

the

wel

l exp

osed

vo

lcan

ic fe

atur

es o

f the

pro

perty

hav

e be

en u

sed

as a

nalo

gues

for s

imila

r fea

ture

s on

the

plan

et

Mar

s G

eoth

erm

al h

eat a

nd s

ubgl

acia

l eru

ptio

ns

prod

uce

mel

twat

er a

nd jouml

kulh

laup

s th

at m

aint

ain

glob

ally

uniq

ue s

andu

r pla

ins

to th

e no

rth a

nd

sout

h of

the

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull i

ce c

ap a

s w

ell a

s ra

pidl

y ev

olvin

g ca

nyon

s In

add

ition

the

pro

perty

con

tain

s a

dyna

mic

arra

y of

gla

cial

- and

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al

feat

ures

cre

ated

by

expa

ndin

g or

retre

atin

g gl

acie

rs

resp

ondi

ng to

cha

nges

in c

limat

e T

hese

feat

ures

ca

n be

eas

ily a

cces

sed

and

expl

ored

at t

he s

nout

s of

Va

tnaj

oumlkul

lrsquos m

any

outle

t gla

cier

s an

d th

eir f

orel

ands

es

peci

ally

in th

e so

uthe

rn lo

wla

nds

mak

ing

the

prop

erty

a fl

agsh

ip g

laci

al re

sear

ch lo

catio

n

Them

e 4

9 T

his

is a

n ic

onic

vo

lcan

ic re

gion

that

als

o fe

atur

es th

e co

ntin

enta

l drif

ting

curre

ntly

activ

e in

this

par

t of A

tlant

ic O

cean

with

te

n ce

ntra

l vol

cano

es e

ight

of w

hich

ar

e su

bgla

cial

Tw

o of

thes

e ar

e am

ong

the

mos

t act

ive in

Icel

and

The

in

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n vo

lcan

oes

and

the

rifts

that

und

erlie

the

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull

ice

cap

take

s m

any

form

s th

e m

ost

spec

tacu

lar o

f whi

ch is

the

joumlku

lhla

up

ndash a

sudd

en fl

ood

caus

ed b

y th

e br

each

of t

he m

argi

n of

a g

laci

er

durin

g an

eru

ptio

n

2019

(viii)

Natu

ral

Icel

and

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Viru

nga

Natio

nal

Park

4Vi

rung

a Na

tiona

l Par

k is

loca

ted

in th

e ce

ntre

of t

he

Albe

rtine

Rift

of t

he G

reat

Rift

Val

ley

In th

e so

uthe

rn

part

of th

e pa

rk t

ecto

nic

activ

ity d

ue to

the

exte

nsio

n of

the

Earth

rsquos cr

ust i

n th

is re

gion

has

cau

sed

the

emer

genc

e of

the

Viru

nga

mas

sif c

ompr

ising

eig

ht

volc

anoe

s s

even

of w

hich

are

loca

ted

tota

lly o

r pa

rtial

ly in

the

park

Am

ong

them

are

the

two

mos

t ac

tive

volc

anoe

s of

Afri

ca ndash

Nya

mur

agira

and

nea

rby

Nyira

gong

o ndash

whi

ch b

etw

een

them

are

resp

onsib

le

for t

wo-

fifth

s of

the

hist

oric

vol

cani

c er

uptio

ns o

n th

e Af

rican

con

tinen

t and

whi

ch a

re c

hara

cter

ized

by th

e ex

trem

e flu

idity

of t

he a

lkal

ine

lava

The

act

ivity

of

Nyira

gong

o is

of w

orld

impo

rtanc

e as

a w

itnes

s to

vo

lcan

ism o

f a la

va la

ke t

he b

otto

m o

f its

cra

ter i

s in

fact

fille

d by

a la

ke o

f qua

si pe

rman

ent l

ava

that

em

ptie

s pe

riodi

cally

with

cat

astro

phic

con

sequ

ence

s fo

r the

loca

l com

mun

ities

The

nor

ther

n se

ctor

of

the

park

incl

udes

abo

ut 2

0 o

f the

mas

sif o

f Mon

ts

Rwen

zori

ndash th

e la

rges

t gla

cial

regi

on o

f Afri

ca a

nd

the

only

true

alpi

ne m

ount

ain

chai

n of

the

cont

inen

t It

bord

ers

the

Rwen

zori

Mou

ntai

ns N

atio

nal P

ark

of

Ugan

da i

nscr

ibed

as

Wor

ld H

erita

ge w

ith w

hich

it

shar

es th

e lsquoP

ic M

argu

erite

rsquo th

ird h

ighe

st s

umm

it of

Af

rica

(51

09 m

)

Them

e 4

The

Viru

nga

mas

sif

com

pris

es e

ight

vol

cano

es s

even

of

whi

ch a

re lo

cate

d to

tally

or

parti

ally

in th

e pa

rk A

mon

g th

em

are

the

two

mos

t act

ive v

olca

noes

of

Afri

ca ndash

Nya

mur

agira

and

nea

rby

Nyira

gong

o ndash

whi

ch b

etw

een

them

ar

e re

spon

sibl

e fo

r tw

o-fif

ths

of th

e hi

stor

ic v

olca

nic

erup

tions

on

the

Afric

an c

ontin

ent a

nd w

hich

are

ch

arac

teriz

ed b

y th

e ex

trem

e flu

idity

of

the

alka

line

lava

The

act

ivity

of

Nyira

gong

o is

of w

orld

impo

rtanc

e as

a w

itnes

s to

vol

cani

sm o

f a la

va

lake

the

bot

tom

of i

ts c

rate

r is

in fa

ct

fille

d by

a la

ke o

f qua

si p

erm

anen

t la

va th

at e

mpt

ies

perio

dica

lly w

ith

cata

stro

phic

con

sequ

ence

s fo

r the

lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es

1979

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Dem

-oc

ratic

Re

publ

ic

of th

e Co

ngo

Afric

a

Volc

anoe

s of

Ka

mch

atka

4Th

e ad

ditio

n of

Klu

chev

skoy

Nat

ure

Park

as

the

sixt

h co

mpo

nent

of t

he p

rope

rty fu

rther

add

s to

the

over

all c

over

age

of th

e ra

nge

of K

amch

atka

rsquos n

atur

al

feat

ures

The

add

ition

to th

e si

te c

lear

ly m

eets

cr

iterio

n (v

iii) in

its

own

right

as

an o

utst

andi

ng

exam

ple

of g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

nd la

ndfo

rms

and

ther

efor

e co

ntrib

utes

in a

ver

y si

gnifi

cant

way

to th

e ex

pand

ed p

rope

rty a

s a

who

le m

eetin

g cr

iterio

n (v

iii)

Them

e 4

One

of t

he m

ost

outs

tand

ing

volc

anic

regi

ons

in th

e w

orld

with

a h

igh

dens

ity o

f act

ive

volc

anoe

s a

var

iety

of t

ypes

and

a

wid

e ra

nge

of re

late

d fe

atur

es T

he s

ix si

tes

incl

uded

in th

e se

rial p

rope

rty

grou

p to

geth

er th

e m

ajor

ity o

f vol

cani

c fe

atur

es o

f the

Kam

chat

ka p

enin

sula

Th

e in

terp

lay

of a

ctive

vol

cano

es a

nd

glac

iers

form

s a

dyna

mic

land

scap

e of

gr

eat b

eaut

y

1996

(200

1)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Russ

ian

Fede

ra-

tion

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Vred

efor

t Dom

e11

Vred

efor

t Dom

e is

the

olde

st l

arge

st a

nd m

ost

deep

ly er

oded

com

plex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e in

th

e w

orld

It i

s th

e si

te o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

gre

ates

t sin

gle

kn

own

ener

gy re

leas

e ev

ent

It co

ntai

ns h

igh

qual

ity

and

acce

ssib

le g

eolo

gica

l (ou

tcro

p) s

ites

whi

ch

dem

onst

rate

a ra

nge

of g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

s of

a

com

plex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e T

he ru

ral a

nd

natu

ral l

ands

cape

s of

the

seria

l pro

perty

hel

p po

rtray

th

e m

agni

tude

of t

he ri

ng s

truct

ures

resu

lting

from

th

e im

pact

The

ser

ial p

rope

rty is

con

side

red

to b

e a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e of

a c

ompl

ex m

eteo

rite

impa

ct s

truct

ure

A c

ompr

ehen

sive

com

para

tive

anal

ysis

with

oth

er c

ompl

ex m

eteo

rite

impa

ct

stru

ctur

es d

emon

stra

ted

that

it is

the

only

exam

ple

on E

arth

pro

vidin

g a

full

geol

ogic

al p

rofil

e of

an

astro

blem

e be

low

the

crat

er fl

oor

ther

eby

enab

ling

rese

arch

into

the

gene

sis

and

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

astro

blem

e im

med

iate

ly po

st im

pact

Them

e 11

The

old

est

larg

est

and

mos

t dee

ply

erod

ed c

ompl

ex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e in

the

wor

ld T

he s

ite o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

gre

ates

t si

ngle

kno

wn

ener

gy re

leas

e ev

ent

2005

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sout

h Af

rica

Afric

a

Wad

den

Sea

7Th

e W

adde

n Se

a is

a d

epos

ition

al c

oast

line

of

unpa

ralle

led

scal

e an

d di

vers

ity I

t is

dist

inct

ive in

be

ing

alm

ost e

ntire

ly a

tidal

flat

and

bar

rier s

yste

m

with

onl

y m

inor

rive

r infl

uenc

es a

nd a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

the

larg

e-sc

ale

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

intri

cate

and

com

plex

tem

pera

te-c

limat

e sa

ndy

barri

er c

oast

und

er c

ondi

tions

of r

isin

g se

a-le

vel

High

ly dy

nam

ic n

atur

al p

roce

sses

are

uni

nter

rupt

ed

acro

ss th

e va

st m

ajor

ity o

f the

pro

perty

cre

atin

g a

varie

ty o

f diff

eren

t bar

rier i

slan

ds c

hann

els

fla

ts g

ullie

s s

altm

arsh

es a

nd o

ther

coa

stal

and

se

dim

enta

ry fe

atur

es

Them

e 7

The

larg

est u

nbro

ken

syst

em o

f int

ertid

al s

and

and

mud

fla

ts in

the

wor

ld

2009

(201

4)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Ge

rman

y Ne

ther

-la

nds

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Wad

i Al-H

itan

(Wha

le V

alle

y)1

Wad

i Al-H

itan

is th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

site

in th

e w

orld

to

dem

onst

rate

one

of t

he ic

onic

cha

nges

that

mak

e up

the

reco

rd o

f life

on

Earth

the

evo

lutio

n of

the

wha

les

It p

ortra

ys v

ividl

y th

eir f

orm

and

mod

e of

life

du

ring

thei

r tra

nsiti

on fr

om la

nd a

nim

als

to a

mar

ine

exis

tenc

e It

exc

eeds

the

valu

es o

f oth

er c

ompa

rabl

e si

tes

in te

rms

of th

e nu

mbe

r co

ncen

tratio

n an

d qu

ality

of i

ts fo

ssils

and

thei

r acc

essi

bilit

y an

d se

tting

in a

n at

tract

ive a

nd p

rote

cted

land

scap

e

Them

e 1

Wad

i Al-H

itan

is th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

site

in th

e w

orld

to

dem

onst

rate

one

of t

he ic

onic

ch

ange

s th

at m

ake

up th

e re

cord

of

life

on

Earth

the

evo

lutio

n of

the

wha

les

durin

g th

eir t

rans

ition

from

la

nd a

nim

als

to a

mar

ine

exis

tenc

e

2005

(viii)

Natu

ral

Egyp

tAr

ab

Stat

es



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Wes

t Nor

weg

ian

Fjor

ds ndash

Ge

irang

erfjo

rd

and

Naeligroslash

yfjo

rd

9Th

e W

est N

orw

egia

n Fj

ords

are

cla

ssic

sup

erbl

y de

velo

ped

fjord

s c

onsi

dere

d as

the

type

loca

lity

for

fjord

land

scap

es in

the

wor

ld T

hey

are

com

para

ble

in s

cale

and

qua

lity

to o

ther

exis

ting

fjord

s on

the

Wor

ld H

erita

ge L

ist a

nd a

re d

istin

guis

hed

by th

e cl

imat

e an

d ge

olog

ical

set

ting

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

full

rang

e of

the

inne

r seg

men

ts o

f tw

o of

the

wor

ldrsquos

long

est a

nd d

eepe

st fj

ords

and

pro

vides

w

ell-d

evel

oped

exa

mpl

es o

f you

ng a

ctive

gla

ciat

ion

durin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e ic

e ag

e T

he ic

e- a

nd w

ave-

polis

hed

surfa

ces

of th

e st

eep

fjord

sid

es p

rovid

e su

perb

ly ex

pose

d an

d co

ntin

uous

thre

e-di

men

sion

al

sect

ions

thro

ugh

the

bedr

ock

The

reco

rd o

f the

po

stgl

acia

l iso

stat

ic re

boun

d of

the

crus

t and

its

geom

orph

ic e

xpre

ssio

n in

the

fjord

land

scap

e ar

e si

gnifi

cant

and

repr

esen

t key

are

as fo

r the

sc

ient

ific

stud

y of

slo

pe in

stab

ility

and

the

resu

lting

ge

ohaz

ards

Them

e 9

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

full

rang

e of

the

inne

r seg

men

ts o

f tw

o of

the

wor

ldrsquos

long

est a

nd d

eepe

st

fjord

s a

nd p

rovid

es w

ell-d

evel

oped

ex

ampl

es o

f you

ng a

ctive

gla

ciat

ion

durin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e ic

e ag

e T

he

ice-

and

wav

e-po

lishe

d su

rface

s of

th

e st

eep

fjord

sid

es p

rovid

e su

perb

ly ex

pose

d an

d co

ntin

uous

thre

e-di

men

sion

al s

ectio

ns th

roug

h th

e be

droc

k T

he re

cord

of t

he p

ostg

laci

al

isos

tatic

rebo

und

of th

e cr

ust a

nd

its g

eom

orph

ic e

xpre

ssio

n in

the

fjord

land

scap

e ar

e si

gnifi

cant

and

re

pres

ent k

ey a

reas

for t

he s

cien

tific

stud

y of

slo

pe in

stab

ility

and

the

resu

lting

geo

haza

rds

2005

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Norw

ayEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Wet

Tro

pics

of

Quee

nsla

nd1

The

Wet

Tro

pics

con

tain

s on

e of

the

mos

t com

plet

e an

d di

vers

e liv

ing

reco

rds

of th

e m

ajor

sta

ges

in

the

evol

utio

n of

land

pla

nts

from

the

very

firs

t pt

erid

ophy

tes

mor

e th

an 2

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go to

th

e ev

olut

ion

of s

eed-

prod

ucin

g pl

ants

incl

udin

g th

e co

ne-b

earin

g cy

cads

and

sou

ther

n co

nife

rs

(gym

nosp

erm

s) f

ollo

wed

by

the

flow

erin

g pl

ants

(a

ngio

sper

ms)

As

the

Wet

Tro

pics

is th

e la

rges

t par

t of

the

entir

e Au

stra

lasi

an re

gion

whe

re ra

info

rest

s ha

ve p

ersi

sted

con

tinuo

usly

sinc

e Go

ndw

anan

tim

es i

ts li

ving

flora

with

the

high

est c

once

ntra

tion

of p

rimiti

ve a

rcha

ic a

nd re

lict t

axa

know

n is

the

clos

est m

oder

n-da

y co

unte

rpar

t for

Gon

dwan

an

fore

sts

In a

dditi

on a

ll of

Aus

tralia

rsquos u

niqu

e m

arsu

pial

s an

d m

ost o

f its

oth

er a

nim

als

orig

inat

ed

in ra

info

rest

eco

syst

ems

and

the

Wet

Tro

pics

stil

l co

ntai

ns m

any

of th

eir c

lose

st s

urviv

ing

mem

bers

Th

is m

akes

it o

ne o

f the

mos

t im

porta

nt li

ving

reco

rds

of th

e hi

stor

y of

mar

supi

als

as

wel

l as

of

song

bird

s

Them

e 1

The

livin

g pl

ants

in th

is

prop

erty

are

sta

ted

to re

pres

ent

lsquomaj

or s

tage

s in

the

evol

utio

n of

land

pl

ants

fro

m th

e ve

ry fi

rst l

and

plan

ts

to h

ighe

r pla

nts

(Gym

nosp

erm

s an

d An

gios

perm

s)rsquo

1988

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Will

andr

a La

kes

Regi

on5

1Th

e Au

stra

lian

geol

ogica

l env

ironm

ent

with

its

low

to

pogr

aphi

c re

lief a

nd lo

w e

nerg

y sy

stem

s is

uniq

ue

in th

e lo

ngev

ity o

f the

land

scap

es it

pre

serv

es a

nd

the

Willa

ndra

Lak

es p

rovid

es a

n ex

cept

iona

l win

dow

in

to c

limat

ic an

d re

late

d en

viron

men

tal c

hang

es o

ver

the

last

100

000

yea

rs T

he W

illand

ra L

akes

lar

gely

unm

odifi

ed s

ince

they

drie

d ou

t som

e 18

500

yea

rs

BP p

rovid

e ex

celle

nt c

ondi

tions

for r

ecor

ding

the

even

ts o

f the

Ple

istoc

ene

Epoc

h a

nd d

emon

stra

te h

ow

non-

glac

iate

d zo

nes

resp

onde

d to

the

maj

or g

lacia

l-in

terg

lacia

l fluc

tuat

ions

Th

e de

mon

stra

tion

at th

is pr

oper

ty o

f the

clo

se

inte

rcon

nect

ion

betw

een

land

form

s an

d pe

doge

nesis

pa

laeo

chem

istry

clim

atol

ogy

arch

aeol

ogy

arch

aeom

agne

tism

rad

ioca

rbon

dat

ing

pal

aeoe

colo

gy

and

faun

al e

xtin

ctio

n re

pres

ents

a c

lass

ic la

ndm

ark

in

Plei

stoc

ene

rese

arch

in th

e Au

stra

lasia

n ar

ea W

illand

ra

Lake

s Re

gion

is a

lso o

f exc

eptio

nal im

porta

nce

for

inve

stig

atin

g th

e pe

riod

whe

n hu

man

s be

cam

e do

min

ant i

n Au

stra

lia a

nd th

e la

rge

spec

ies

of w

ildlife

be

cam

e ex

tinct

and

rese

arch

con

tinue

s to

elu

cidat

e w

hat r

ole

hum

ans

play

ed in

thes

e ev

ents

Them

e 5

1 W

illand

ra L

akes

pro

vides

an

exc

eptio

nal w

indo

w in

to c

limat

ic

and

rela

ted

envir

onm

enta

l cha

nges

ov

er th

e la

st 1

000

00 y

ears

a p

erio

d of

maj

or c

limat

ic c

hang

es w

hen

hum

ans

beca

me

dom

inan

t in

Aust

ralia

an

d la

rge

spec

ies

of w

ildlif

e be

cam

e ex

tinct

1981

(iii)(

viii)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Yello

wst

one

Natio

nal P

ark

4Ye

llow

ston

e is

one

of t

he w

orld

rsquos fo

rem

ost s

ites

for t

he s

tudy

and

app

reci

atio

n of

the

evol

utio

nary

hi

stor

y of

the

Earth

The

par

k ha

s a

glob

ally

unpa

ralle

led

asse

mbl

age

of s

urfic

ial g

eoth

erm

al

activ

ity t

hous

ands

of h

ot s

prin

gs m

udpo

ts a

nd

fum

arol

es a

nd m

ore

than

hal

f of t

he w

orld

rsquos a

ctive

ge

yser

s N

early

150

spe

cies

of f

ossi

l pla

nts

rang

ing

from

sm

all f

erns

and

rush

es u

p to

larg

e Se

quoi

a an

d m

any

othe

r tre

e sp

ecie

s h

ave

been

iden

tified

in th

e pa

rkrsquos

abu

ndan

t fos

sil d

epos

its T

he w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t re

cogn

ized

cald

era

(45

km b

y 75

km

ndash 2

7 m

iles

by

45 m

iles)

is c

onta

ined

with

in th

e pa

rk

Them

e 4

Yel

low

ston

e Na

tiona

l Pa

rk is

the

wor

ldrsquos

firs

t nat

iona

l pa

rk s

et a

side

to p

rese

rve

a w

ide

varie

ty o

f you

ng v

olca

nic

and

rela

ted

hydr

othe

rmal

feat

ures

Yel

low

ston

e co

ntai

ns h

alf o

f all

the

wor

ldrsquos

kno

wn

geot

herm

al fe

atur

es w

ith m

ore

than

10

000

exam

ples

It a

lso

has

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

once

ntra

tion

of

geys

ers

(mor

e th

an 3

00 g

eyse

rs o

r tw

o th

irds

of a

ll th

ose

on th

e pl

anet

)

1978

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Yose

mite

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk9

Glac

ial a

ctio

n co

mbi

ned

with

the

gran

itic

bedr

ock

has

prod

uced

uni

que

and

pron

ounc

ed la

ndfo

rm

feat

ures

incl

udin

g di

stin

ctive

pol

ishe

d do

me

stru

ctur

es a

s w

ell a

s ha

ngin

g va

lleys

tar

ns

mor

aine

s an

d U-

shap

ed v

alle

ys G

rani

tic la

ndfo

rms

such

as

Half

Dom

e an

d th

e ve

rtica

l wal

ls o

f El

Capi

tan

are

clas

sic

dist

inct

ive re

flect

ions

of g

eolo

gic

hist

ory

No o

ther

are

a po

rtray

s th

e ef

fect

s of

gl

acia

tion

on u

nder

lying

gra

nitic

dom

es a

s w

ell a

s Yo

sem

ite d

oes

Them

e 9

Gla

cial

act

ion

com

bine

d w

ith th

e gr

aniti

c be

droc

k ha

s pr

oduc

ed u

niqu

e an

d pr

onou

nced

la

ndfo

rm fe

atur

es in

clud

ing

dist

inct

ive

polis

hed

dom

e st

ruct

ures

as

wel

l as

hang

ing

valle

ys t

arns

mor

aine

s an

d U-

shap

ed v

alle

ys

1984

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a





















EXAMPLE



Co

nt

en

ts

Prep

arin

g W

orld

Her

itag

e N

omin

atio

ns bull

Sec

ond

edit

ion

201

1

42


copy U

NES

CO

V

eacuteron

ique

Dau

ge












Source Wells (1996)



No State Party










1984 (1990)










No State Party








2007 (2014)




1979 (2000)



22 France Spain


1997 (1999)

iii iv v vii viii





24 Hungary Slovakia


1995 (2000)





No State Party










30 Mada-gascar








2012 iii v vii ix x



35 Philip-pines










No State Party





Western Cau-casus





42 South Africa


1999 (2005)







Henderson Island








No State Party







50 Venezu-ela


1994 vii viii ix x







2003 (2015)







Geological W



IUCN




_Hlk33799916

_Hlk74820853

_Hlk74817630

_Hlk53404993

_Hlk53415621

_Hlk21714233

_Hlk21682039

_Hlk49603844

Blank Page













ISBN 978-2-8317-2141-5 (PDF)





Contents


List of acronyms v

Acknowledgements vi

Introduction 1













Integrity 50


Boundaries 50


Conclusions 58

References 60






Executive summary










List of acronyms









Acknowledgements










Introduction





















Introduction












Introduction


















Introduction











Introduction




















1979



1979 (2010)





1990







2000


2001




















PHAN

ERO

ZOIC

PRO

TERO

ZOIC

ARC

HEA

NH

ADEA

N

Present

0541

25

40

46

Billi

ons

of y

ears

bef

ore

the

pres

ent

Eon

Mistaken Point



CEN

OZO

ICM

ESO

ZOIC

PALE

OZO

IC

EraNeogene

Paleogene

Cretaceous

Jurassic

Triassic

Permian

Carboniferous

Devonian

Silurian

Ordovician

Cambrian

Period



Mill

ions

of y

ears

bef

ore

the

pres

ent

0

66

251





Monte San Giorgio



































1990




2010


2013



2003



2018















































1983



1989


2003























































2013



1979 (2010)


1979



1986


1987









2007





2019










































2003


2013



1989
















































2007
















































2001











Coastal System





Special deposit





















































1979 (1992 1994)






1983 (1990)


1984



1990




2000 (2006)




2005


2013


2019
















































2013















































































site












































































































needed












Min 18 months

WH or UGGp




Yes No

WH or UGGpWH

Yes No

NONEUGGp

Yes No

WH

Yes No

NONEUGGp

Long Less

UGGp

WH











Conclusions







Conclusions























References

























References


Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Aust

ralia

n Fo

ssil

Mam

mal

Site

s (R

iver

slei

gh

Nara

coor

te)

1Ri

vers

leig

h pr

ovid

es e

xcep

tiona

l an

d in

man

y ca

ses

uniq

ue m

amm

al a

ssem

blag

es fr

om th

e Ol

igoc

ene

to M

ioce

ne s

pann

ing

from

10-

30 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

The

se a

ssem

blag

es d

ocum

ent c

hang

es

in h

abita

t fro

m h

umid

low

land

rain

fore

st to

dry

eu

calyp

t for

ests

and

woo

dlan

ds a

nd p

rovid

e th

e fir

st fo

ssil

reco

rd fo

r man

y di

stin

ctive

gro

ups

of

livin

g m

amm

als

such

as

the

mar

supi

al m

oles

and

fe

athe

r-ta

iled

poss

ums

The

ass

embl

ages

reco

vere

d fro

m th

e ca

ves

at N

arac

oorte

Vic

toria

Fos

sil C

ave

pres

erve

an

outs

tand

ing

reco

rd o

f mor

e re

cent

te

rrest

rial v

erte

brat

e lif

e T

hese

ope

n a

win

dow

into

a

sign

ifica

nt p

erio

d of

Ear

thrsquos

his

tory

from

the

mid

-Pl

eist

ocen

e to

pre

sent

(530

000

yea

rs a

go to

toda

y)

a pe

riod

char

acte

rised

by

grea

t clim

atic

cha

nges

Them

e 1

Rive

rsle

igh

and

Nara

coor

te

are

a su

perb

illu

stra

tion

of k

ey s

tage

s in

the

Ceno

zoic

evo

lutio

n of

Aus

tralia

rsquos

uniq

ue fa

una

1994

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Barb

erto

n M

akho

njw

a M

ount

ains

12

4 1

1De

cisi

on 4

2 CO

M 8

B5

stat

es T

he p

rope

rty

cont

ains

the

best

mos

t dive

rse

and

outs

tand

ing

exam

ples

of r

ock

outc

rops

from

the

Arch

aean

sta

ge

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry I

ts ro

cks

have

reve

aled

the

earli

est

reco

rd o

f sin

gle-

celle

d lif

e fo

rms

as w

ell a

s th

e ea

rlies

t and

mos

t sig

nific

ant g

eom

orph

ic fe

atur

es

incl

udin

g de

taile

d ev

iden

ce o

f the

pro

cess

es

invo

lved

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e or

igin

ally

oxyg

en-f

ree

ocea

ns a

nd a

tmos

pher

e a

nd c

reat

ion

of th

e fir

st

cont

inen

tal l

andf

orm

sTh

e pr

oper

ty is

a tr

uly

uniq

ue re

mna

nt o

f the

an

cien

t Ear

thrsquos

cru

st c

onta

inin

g am

ong

the

olde

st

and

undo

ubte

dly

the

best

-pre

serv

ed s

eque

nce

of

volc

anic

and

sed

imen

tary

rock

s on

Ear

th T

hese

hi

ghly

acce

ssib

le a

ncie

nt e

xpos

ures

pre

sent

a

cont

inuo

us 3

40 m

illion

yea

r seq

uenc

e of

rock

s

star

ting

3600

milli

on y

ears

ago

The

ir ph

ysic

al a

nd

chem

ical

cha

ract

eris

tics

prov

ide

an u

npar

alle

led

sour

ce o

f sci

entifi

c in

form

atio

n ab

out t

he e

arly

Earth

The

out

stan

ding

val

ue o

f the

se ro

cks

lies

in

the

larg

e nu

mbe

r of s

ites

and

feat

ures

that

whe

n co

mbi

ned

pro

vide

a un

ique

and

as

yet o

nly

parti

ally

expl

ored

sci

entifi

c re

sour

ce

Them

e 1

One

of t

he w

orld

rsquos

olde

st g

eolo

gica

l stru

ctur

es d

atin

g ba

ck 3

6 to

32

5 bi

llion

year

s ag

o

pres

ervin

g th

e en

viron

men

t for

the

early

evo

lutio

n of

life

The

me

2 A

n Ar

chea

n gr

anite

-gre

enst

one

belt

that

re

cord

s co

ntin

ent-

build

ing

on th

e ea

rly E

arth

The

me

4 K

omat

iites

the

ho

ttest

lava

s th

at h

ave

ever

flow

ed

on o

ur p

lane

t w

ere

first

reco

gnize

d in

th

is s

ite T

hem

e 11

Sph

erul

e be

ds

of m

olte

n ro

ck d

ropl

ets

from

a p

erio

d of

inte

nse

met

eorit

e bo

mba

rdm

ent

whi

ch p

rovid

e ev

iden

ce o

f som

e of

the

earli

est l

arge

met

eorit

e im

pact

eve

nts

2018

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sout

h Af

rica

Afric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Cana

dian

Roc

ky

Mou

ntai

n Pa

rks

12

6Th

e Bu

rges

s Sh

ale

is o

ne o

f the

mos

t sig

nific

ant

foss

il ar

eas

in th

e w

orld

Exq

uisi

tely

pres

erve

d fo

ssils

reco

rd a

dive

rse

abu

ndan

t mar

ine

com

mun

ity d

omin

ated

by

soft-

bodi

ed o

rgan

ism

s

Orig

inat

ing

soon

afte

r the

rapi

d un

fold

ing

of a

nim

al

life

abou

t 540

milli

on y

ears

ago

the

Bur

gess

Sha

le

foss

ils p

rovid

e ke

y ev

iden

ce o

f the

his

tory

and

ear

ly ev

olut

ion

of m

ost a

nim

al g

roup

s kn

own

toda

y an

d yie

ld a

mor

e co

mpl

ete

view

of l

ife in

the

sea

than

an

y ot

her s

ite fo

r tha

t tim

e pe

riod

The

sev

en p

arks

of

the

Cana

dian

Roc

kies

are

a c

lass

ic re

pres

enta

tion

of s

igni

fican

t and

on-

goin

g gl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

long

th

e co

ntin

enta

l divi

de o

n hi

ghly

faul

ted

fold

ed a

nd

uplif

ted

sedi

men

tary

rock

s

Them

e 1

The

Bur

gess

Sha

le

insc

ribed

as

a UN

ESCO

Wor

ld H

erita

ge

Prop

erty

in 1

980

for i

ts w

orld

-ren

own

foss

ils o

f Cam

bria

n so

ft-bo

died

m

arin

e an

imal

s is

now

incl

uded

in

this

pro

perty

The

me

2 T

he

cont

iguo

us n

atio

nal p

arks

of B

anff

Ja

sper

Koo

tena

y an

d Yo

ho a

s w

ell a

s th

e M

ount

Rob

son

Mou

nt A

ssin

iboi

ne

and

Ham

ber p

rovin

cial

par

k fo

rms

a st

rikin

g m

ount

ain

land

scap

e T

hem

e 6

Incl

udes

larg

e ar

eas

of li

mes

tone

s an

d do

lom

ites

Out

stan

ding

exa

mpl

e of

gla

ciok

arst

terra

in M

any

karre

n

subt

erra

nean

stre

ams

spr

ings

and

ca

ves

Col

umbi

a Ic

efiel

d pa

rtly

over

lies

and

intru

des

Cast

legu

ard

Cave

1984

(199

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lCa

nada

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Cana

ima

Natio

nal

Park

32

5 6

No a

ppro

ved

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV

but t

he in

scrip

tion

refe

renc

es th

e fo

llow

ing

Earth

sc

ienc

e va

lues

Thr

ee d

iffer

ent e

rosi

on s

urfa

ces

are

to b

e fo

und

with

in th

e pa

rk T

he o

ldes

t roc

ks

are

Prec

ambr

ian

and

aro

und

170

0 m

illion

yea

rs

old

are

som

e of

the

olde

st o

n th

e pl

anet

Abo

ve

thes

e ar

e yo

unge

r for

mat

ions

whi

ch h

ave

been

w

eath

ered

into

mou

ntai

ns b

y 50

0 m

illion

yea

rs o

f er

osio

n T

he g

eolo

gy p

rovid

es e

viden

ce th

at S

outh

Am

eric

a an

d Af

rica

once

form

ed p

art o

f a s

ingl

e co

ntin

ent

The

prop

erty

dis

play

s a

dist

inct

ive a

nd

outs

tand

ing

tepu

i lan

dsca

pe w

hich

is s

till e

volvi

ng

in re

spon

se to

nat

ural

pro

cess

es a

t lar

ge s

cale

Th

e la

ndsc

ape

also

dem

onst

rate

s th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

th

e in

dige

nous

Pem

oacuten w

ith th

e en

viron

men

t bot

h be

caus

e of

the

grea

t use

the

Pem

oacuten m

ake

of th

e pa

rkrsquos

nat

ural

reso

urce

s an

d be

caus

e of

the

way

the

park

rsquos la

ndsc

ape

and

vege

tatio

n ha

s be

en s

hape

d by

the

Pem

oacuten

Them

e 3

Tab

ular

hills

and

hig

h es

carp

men

ts w

ith s

igni

fican

t kar

stic

er

osio

n of

qua

rtzite

s T

hem

e 2

Ro

ughl

y 65

o

f the

par

k is

cov

ered

by

tabl

e m

ount

ain

(tepu

i) fo

rmat

ions

Th

eme

5 A

ngel

Fal

ls in

Can

aim

a Na

tinal

Par

k is

the

high

est w

ater

falls

in

the

wor

ld T

hem

e 6

The

mos

t ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e in

the

wor

ld

of c

ave

deve

lopm

ent i

n qu

artz

ite

(Pre

cam

bria

n ag

e) C

aves

occ

ur

to 1

08

km lo

ng a

nd 3

83 m

dee

p

Encl

osed

dep

ress

ions

and

stre

am-

sink

s on

pla

teau

(tep

uy) s

urfa

ce

arou

nd 2

650

m S

prin

gs e

mer

ge in

te

puy

wal

ls A

fluv

ioka

rst l

ands

cape

1994

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lVe

nezu

-el

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Carls

bad

Cave

rns

Natio

nal P

ark

6Ca

rlsba

d Ca

vern

s Na

tiona

l Par

k is

one

of th

e fe

w p

lace

s in

the

wor

ld w

here

on-

goin

g ge

olog

ic

proc

esse

s ar

e m

ost a

ppar

ent a

nd ra

re s

pele

othe

ms

cont

inue

to fo

rm e

nabl

ing

scie

ntist

s to

stu

dy

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

in a

virt

ually

und

istur

bed

envir

onm

ent

Thes

e sp

eleo

them

s in

clud

e he

lictit

es

form

ing

unde

rwat

er c

alci

te a

nd g

ypsu

m s

pele

othe

ms

an

d an

ast

onish

ing

colle

ctio

n of

lsquobio

them

srsquo c

ave

form

atio

ns a

ssist

ed in

thei

r for

mat

ion

by b

acte

ria

Rese

arch

ers

can

stud

y bo

th th

e Ca

pita

n re

efrsquos

insid

e th

roug

h ca

ve p

assa

ges

that

pen

etra

te in

and

thro

ugh

it as

wel

l as

erod

ed c

anyo

n-ex

pose

d cr

oss

sect

ions

ou

tsid

e

Them

e 6

Hug

e ca

vern

s ex

tens

ively

deco

rate

d w

ith s

pele

othe

ms

are

a m

ajor

fe

atur

e of

the

park

The

81

know

n ca

ves

mai

nly

occu

r in

uplift

ed P

erm

ian

reef

lim

esto

nes

Outs

tand

ing

kars

t ext

ends

in

to n

eigh

bour

ing

Guad

alup

e Na

tiona

l Pa

rk T

he re

gion

rsquos ca

ves

prov

ide

the

wor

ldrsquos

fore

mos

t exa

mpl

e of

evo

lutio

n by

sul

phur

ic ac

id d

issol

utio

n w

hich

oc

curre

d pr

ogre

ssive

ly be

twee

n 12

and

4

milli

on y

ears

ago

Sur

face

topo

grap

hy

on b

ackr

eef d

olom

ites

and

limes

tone

s is

dom

inat

ed b

y dr

y va

lleys

Hig

h bi

odive

rsity

inc

ludi

ng a

bout

1 m

illion

bat

po

pula

tion

1995

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Cave

s of

Agg

tele

k Ka

rst a

nd S

lova

k Ka

rst

6Th

e pr

oper

ty C

aves

of A

ggte

lek

Kars

t and

Slo

vak

Kars

t w

hile

typi

cal o

f man

y ka

rst l

ocal

ities

in

Euro

pe i

s di

stin

ctive

in it

s gr

eat n

umbe

r (w

ith 7

12

reco

rded

at t

ime

of in

scrip

tion)

of d

iffer

ent t

ypes

of

cav

es fo

und

in a

con

cent

rate

d ar

ea G

eolo

gica

l pr

oces

ses

caus

ing

kars

t fea

ture

s to

be

burie

d by

se

dim

ent a

nd th

en la

ter r

eact

ivate

d or

exh

umed

pr

ovid

e ev

iden

ce p

erta

inin

g to

the

geol

ogic

his

tory

of

the

last

tens

of m

illion

s of

yea

rs R

elic

ts o

f pr

e-Pl

eist

ocen

e ka

rst (

ie m

ore

than

abo

ut 2

m

illion

yea

rs o

ld) a

re v

ery

dist

inct

in th

e ar

ea a

nd

man

y of

them

sho

w e

viden

ce fo

r sub

-tro

pica

l and

tro

pica

l clim

ate

form

s T

hese

incl

ude

roun

ded

hills

th

at a

re re

licts

of t

ropi

cal k

arst

late

r mod

ified

by

Plei

stoc

ene

perig

laci

al w

eath

erin

g T

his

suite

of

pale

okar

st fe

atur

es s

how

ing

a co

mbi

natio

n of

bot

h tro

pica

l and

gla

cial

clim

ates

is

very

unu

sual

and

is

prob

ably

bette

r doc

umen

ted

in th

e Sl

ovak

Kar

st th

an

anyw

here

els

e in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 6

Are

a co

ntai

ns 7

12 c

aves

Va

riety

of c

ave

type

s in

clud

ing

Dobš

insk

aacute Ic

e Ca

ve a

nd s

pele

othe

m

form

s w

ith s

tala

gmite

s to

32

7 m

hig

h S

urfa

ce la

ndsc

ape

is a

te

mpe

rate

dol

ine

kars

t with

som

e ev

iden

ce o

f a p

rior h

umid

trop

ical

or

sub

tropi

cal i

nflue

nce

whi

ch h

as

evol

ved

inte

rmitt

ently

sin

ce th

e Cr

etac

eous

1995

(200

0)(v

iii)Na

tura

lHu

ngar

y Sl

ovak

iaEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Chaicirc

ne d

es P

uys

- Li

mag

ne fa

ult

tect

onic

are

na

2Co

ntin

enta

l drif

t m

anife

sted

thro

ugh

plat

e te

cton

ics

is

an

esse

ntia

l par

adig

m fo

r the

his

tory

of t

he E

arth

as

it e

xpla

ins

the

curre

nt m

ake-

up o

f oce

ans

and

cont

inen

ts a

nd th

eir p

ast a

nd fu

ture

mov

emen

ts

The

prop

erty

is a

n ex

cept

iona

l illu

stra

tion

of th

e ph

enom

enon

of c

ontin

enta

l bre

ak-u

p o

r rift

ing

w

hich

is o

ne o

f the

five

maj

or s

tage

s of

pla

te

tect

onic

s T

he C

haicircn

e de

s Pu

ys -

Lim

agne

faul

t te

cton

ic a

rena

pre

sent

s a

coin

cide

nt v

iew

of a

ll th

e re

pres

enta

tive

proc

esse

s of

con

tinen

tal b

reak

-up

and

reve

als

thei

r int

rinsi

c lin

ks T

he g

eolo

gica

l fo

rmat

ions

of t

he p

rope

rty a

nd th

eir s

peci

fic la

yout

illu

stra

te w

ith c

larit

y th

is p

lane

t-w

ide

proc

ess

and

its

effe

cts

on a

larg

e an

d sm

all s

cale

on

the

land

scap

e

This

con

cent

ratio

n ha

s a

dem

onst

rate

d gl

obal

si

gnifi

canc

e in

term

s of

its

com

plet

enes

s d

ensi

ty

and

expr

essi

on a

nd h

as c

ontri

bute

d to

the

site

rsquos

prom

inen

ce s

ince

the

18th

cen

tury

for t

he s

tudy

of

clas

sica

l geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

Them

e 2

Situ

ated

in th

e ce

ntre

of

Fran

ce t

he p

rope

rty c

ompr

ises

the

long

Lim

agne

faul

t th

e al

ignm

ents

of

the

Chaicirc

ne d

es P

uys

volc

anoe

s an

d th

e in

verte

d re

lief o

f the

Mon

tagn

e de

la

Ser

re I

t is

an e

mbl

emat

ic s

egm

ent

of th

e W

est E

urop

ean

Rift

cre

ated

in

the

afte

rmat

h of

the

form

atio

n of

th

e Al

ps 3

5 m

illion

yea

rs a

go T

he

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es o

f the

pro

perty

de

mon

stra

te h

ow th

e co

ntin

enta

l cru

st

crac

ks t

hen

colla

pses

allo

win

g de

ep

mag

ma

to ri

se a

nd c

ause

upl

iftin

g at

the

surfa

ce T

he p

rope

rty is

an

exce

ptio

nal i

llust

ratio

n of

con

tinen

tal

brea

k-up

ndash o

r rift

ing

ndash w

hich

is o

ne

of th

e fiv

e m

ajor

sta

ges

of p

late

te

cton

ics

2018

(viii)

Natu

ral

Fran

ceEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Chen

gjia

ng F

ossi

l Si

te1

The

Chen

gjia

ng F

ossil

Site

pre

sent

s an

exc

eptio

nal

reco

rd o

f the

rapi

d di

vers

ifica

tion

of lif

e on

Ear

th d

urin

g th

e ea

rly C

ambr

ian

Perio

d 5

30 m

illion

yea

rs b

efor

e pr

esen

t In

this

geol

ogica

lly s

hort

inte

rval

alm

ost a

ll m

ajor

gro

ups

of a

nim

als

had

thei

r orig

ins

The

prop

erty

is

a gl

obal

ly ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

a m

ajor

sta

ge

in th

e hi

stor

y of

life

repr

esen

ting

a pa

laeo

biol

ogica

l w

indo

w o

f gre

at s

igni

fican

ce

The

exce

ptio

nal p

alae

onto

logi

cal e

viden

ce o

f the

Ch

engj

iang

Fos

sil S

ite is

unr

ivalle

d fo

r its

rich

spe

cies

dive

rsity

To

date

at l

east

16

phyla

plu

s a

varie

ty o

f en

igm

atic

grou

ps a

nd a

bout

196

spe

cies

have

bee

n do

cum

ente

d Ta

xa re

cove

red

rang

e fro

m a

lgae

thr

ough

sp

onge

s an

d cn

idar

ians

to n

umer

ous

bila

teria

n ph

yla

inclu

ding

the

earli

est k

now

n ch

orda

tes

The

earli

est

know

n sp

ecim

ens

of s

ever

al p

hyla

suc

h as

cni

daria

ns

cten

opho

res

pria

pulid

s an

d ve

rtebr

ates

occ

ur h

ere

M

any

of th

e ta

xa re

pres

ent t

he s

tem

gro

ups

to e

xtan

t ph

yla a

nd th

row

light

on

char

acte

ristic

s th

at d

istin

guish

m

ajor

taxo

nom

ic gr

oups

Th

e pr

oper

ty d

ispla

ys e

xcel

lent

qua

lity o

f fos

sil

pres

erva

tion

inclu

ding

the

soft

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hard

tiss

ues

of

anim

als

with

har

d sk

elet

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alon

g w

ith a

wid

e ar

ray

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nism

s th

at w

ere

entir

ely

soft-

bodi

ed a

nd th

eref

ore

rela

tivel

y un

repr

esen

ted

in th

e fo

ssil r

ecor

d A

lmos

t all

of th

e so

ft-bo

died

spe

cies

are

unkn

own

else

whe

re

Fine

-sca

le d

etai

led

pres

erva

tion

inclu

des

feat

ures

as

the

alim

enta

ry s

yste

ms

of a

nim

als

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xam

ple

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e ar

thro

pod

Nara

oia

and

the

delic

ate

gills

of t

he

enig

mat

ic Yu

nnan

ozoo

n T

he s

edim

ents

of C

heng

jiang

pr

ovid

e w

hat a

re c

urre

ntly

the

olde

st k

now

n fo

ssil

chor

date

s th

e ph

ylum

to w

hich

all v

erte

brat

es b

elon

g

The

foss

ils a

nd ro

cks

of th

e Ch

engj

iang

Fos

sil S

ite

toge

ther

pre

sent

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ompl

ete

reco

rd o

f an

early

Ca

mbr

ian

mar

ine

com

mun

ity I

t is

one

of th

e ea

rlies

t re

cord

s of

a c

ompl

ex m

arin

e ec

osys

tem

with

food

w

ebs

capp

ed b

y so

phist

icate

d pr

edat

ors

Mor

eove

r it

dem

onst

rate

s th

at c

ompl

ex c

omm

unity

stru

ctur

es h

ad

deve

lope

d ve

ry e

arly

in th

e Ca

mbr

ian

dive

rsifi

catio

n of

an

imal

life

and

pro

vides

evid

ence

of a

wid

e ra

nge

of

ecol

ogica

l nich

es T

he p

rope

rty th

us p

rovid

es a

uni

que

win

dow

of u

nder

stan

ding

into

the

stru

ctur

e of

ear

ly Ca

mbr

ian

com

mun

ities

Them

e 1

Che

ngjia

ngrsquos

foss

ils p

rese

nt

the

mos

t com

plet

e re

cord

of a

n ea

rly

Cam

bria

n m

arin

e co

mm

unity

with

ex

cept

iona

lly p

rese

rved

sof

t-bo

died

an

d sh

elly

foss

ils c

ompr

isin

g m

ore

than

200

spe

cies

repr

esen

ting

at le

ast

sixt

een

phyla

of e

arly

anim

als

2012

(viii)

Natu

ral

Chin

aAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Chin

a Da

nxia

3Ch

ina

Danx

ia c

onta

ins

a w

ide

varie

ty o

f wel

l-de

velo

ped

red-

beds

land

form

s su

ch a

s pe

aks

to

wer

s m

esas

cue

stas

clif

fs v

alle

ys c

aves

and

ar

ches

Bei

ng s

hape

d by

bot

h en

doge

nous

forc

es

(incl

udin

g up

lift)

and

exog

enou

s fo

rces

(inc

ludi

ng

wea

ther

ing

and

eros

ion)

Chi

na D

anxia

pro

vides

a

rang

e of

diff

eren

t asp

ects

of t

he p

heno

men

on

of p

hysi

cal l

ands

cape

dev

elop

ed fr

om c

ontin

enta

l (te

rrest

rial)

redd

ish

cong

lom

erat

e an

d sa

ndst

one

in

a w

arm

hum

id m

onso

on c

limat

e il

lust

ratin

g bo

th

the

rang

e of

land

form

s in

rela

tion

to th

e fo

rces

and

pr

oces

ses

that

form

ed th

em T

he c

ompo

nent

par

ts

repr

esen

t the

bes

t exa

mpl

es o

f lsquole

ast e

rode

drsquo to

lsquom

ost e

rode

drsquo D

anxia

land

form

s d

ispl

ayin

g a

clea

r la

ndfo

rm s

eque

nce

from

lsquoyou

ngrsquo t

hrou

gh lsquom

atur

ersquo to

lsquoo

ld a

gersquo

and

with

eac

h co

mpo

nent

par

t dis

play

ing

char

acte

ristic

geo

mor

phol

ogic

feat

ures

of a

give

n st

age

Them

e 3

Dive

rse

eros

iona

l to

pogr

aphi

es o

n co

ntin

enta

l red

be

ds p

redo

min

antly

san

dsto

ne a

nd

cong

lom

erat

e

2010

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Chin

aAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Dese

mba

rco

del

Gran

ma

Natio

nal

Park

67

The

uplif

ted

mar

ine

terra

ces

of D

esem

barc

o de

l Gr

anm

a Na

tiona

l Par

k (D

GNP)

and

the

cont

inui

ng

deve

lopm

ent o

f kar

st to

pogr

aphy

and

feat

ures

are

a

glob

ally

sign

ifica

nt il

lust

ratio

n of

geo

mor

phol

ogic

an

d ph

ysio

grap

hic

feat

ures

and

ong

oing

geo

logi

cal

proc

esse

s D

GNP

disp

lays

a ra

re re

lief f

orm

ed b

y th

e co

mbi

natio

n of

tect

onic

mov

emen

ts in

the

still

activ

e co

ntac

t zon

e be

twee

n tw

o te

cton

ic p

late

s an

d th

e ef

fect

s of

pas

t sea

leve

l cha

nge

in re

spon

se

to c

limat

e flu

ctua

tions

The

kar

st fo

rms

incl

ude

esca

rpm

ents

clif

fs c

ave

syst

ems

rive

r can

yons

and

la

rge

sink

hole

s kn

own

as d

olin

es in

mos

t dive

rse

size

s an

d sh

apes

Them

e 6

7 S

pect

acul

ar s

tairc

ase

of u

plift

ed c

oral

terra

ces

arou

nd

Cabo

Cru

z th

at s

uppo

rt on

goin

g de

velo

pmen

t of k

arst

land

form

s

Terra

ces

exte

nd fr

om -

180

m

offs

hore

to 4

60 m

inla

nd a

nd re

flect

a

com

bina

tion

of te

cton

ic a

nd

glac

io-e

usta

tic p

roce

sses

Exc

elle

nt

exam

ples

of l

ittor

al k

arst

Rel

ative

ly re

cent

upl

ift h

as p

erm

itted

the

com

men

cem

ent o

f kar

stifi

catio

n

1999

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cuba

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Dino

saur

Pr

ovin

cial

Par

k1

The

prop

erty

is o

utst

andi

ng in

the

num

ber a

nd

varie

ty o

f hig

h qu

ality

spe

cim

ens

repr

esen

ting

ever

y kn

own

grou

p of

Cre

tace

ous

dino

saur

s T

he d

ivers

ity

affo

rds

exce

llent

opp

ortu

nitie

s fo

r pal

eont

olog

y th

at is

bot

h co

mpa

rativ

e an

d ch

rono

logi

cal

Over

35

0 ar

ticul

ated

spe

cim

ens

from

the

Oldm

an a

nd

Dino

saur

Par

k fo

rmat

ions

incl

udin

g m

ore

than

15

0 co

mpl

ete

skel

eton

s no

w re

side

in m

ore

than

30

maj

or m

useu

ms

In a

dditi

on to

the

sign

ifica

nt

num

ber o

f hig

h qu

ality

spe

cim

ens

the

prop

erty

co

ntai

ns a

com

plet

e as

sem

blag

e of

non

-din

osau

rian

foss

il m

ater

ial o

fferin

g an

unp

aral

lele

d op

portu

nity

fo

r the

stu

dy o

f the

Lat

e Cr

etac

eous

pal

eo-

ecos

yste

m

Them

e 1

Din

osau

r Pro

vinci

al P

ark

cont

ains

som

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt

foss

il di

scov

erie

s ev

er m

ade

from

th

e Cr

etac

eous

in

parti

cula

r abo

ut

35 s

peci

es o

f din

osau

rs d

atin

g ba

ck

som

e 75

milli

on y

ears

1979

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Dors

et a

nd E

ast

Devo

n Co

ast

17

The

coas

tal e

xpos

ures

alo

ng th

e Do

rset

and

Ea

st D

evon

coa

st p

rovid

e an

alm

ost c

ontin

uous

se

quen

ce o

f Tria

ssic

Jur

assi

c an

d Cr

etac

eous

ro

ck fo

rmat

ions

spa

nnin

g th

e M

esoz

oic

Era

and

docu

men

t app

roxim

atel

y 18

5 m

illion

yea

rs o

f Ear

thrsquos

hi

stor

y Th

e pr

oper

ty in

clud

es a

rang

e of

glo

bally

si

gnifi

cant

foss

il lo

calit

ies

- bo

th v

erte

brat

e an

d in

verte

brat

e m

arin

e an

d te

rrest

rial -

whi

ch h

ave

prod

uced

wel

l pre

serv

ed a

nd d

ivers

e ev

iden

ce

of li

fe d

urin

g M

esoz

oic

times

It a

lso

cont

ains

te

xtbo

ok e

xem

plar

s of

coa

stal

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al

feat

ures

lan

dfor

ms

and

proc

esse

s R

enow

ned

for i

ts

cont

ribut

ion

to E

arth

sci

ence

inve

stig

atio

ns fo

r ove

r 30

0 ye

ars

the

Dors

et a

nd E

ast D

evon

coa

st h

as

help

ed fo

ster

maj

or c

ontri

butio

ns to

man

y as

pect

s of

geo

logy

pal

aeon

tolo

gy a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

y an

d ha

s co

ntin

uing

sig

nific

ance

as

a hi

gh q

ualit

y te

achi

ng t

rain

ing

and

rese

arch

reso

urce

for t

he

Earth

sci

ence

s

Them

e 1

Sup

erb

coas

tal e

xpos

ures

pr

ovid

e an

alm

ost c

ontin

uous

se

quen

ce o

f Tria

ssic

Jur

assi

c an

d Cr

etac

eous

rock

form

atio

ns s

pann

ing

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a an

d do

cum

ent

appr

oxim

atel

y 18

5 m

illion

yea

rs

of E

arth

his

tory

The

me

7 It

als

o co

ntai

ns te

xtbo

ok e

xem

plar

s of

co

asta

l geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

land

form

s an

d pr

oces

ses

2001

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

of G

reat

Br

itain

an

d No

rther

n Ire

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Durm

itor N

atio

nal

Park

3Du

rmito

r Nat

iona

l Par

k ha

rbou

rs a

wea

lth o

f ge

olog

ical

and

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es o

f maj

or

scie

ntifi

c in

tere

st w

hich

hav

e be

en s

hapi

ng th

e la

ndsc

ape

suc

h as

the

man

y re

mar

kabl

e Ka

rst

phen

omen

a T

he d

omin

ant g

eolo

gica

l fea

ture

s ar

e ve

ry th

ick

ofte

n sa

vage

ly co

ntor

ted

limes

tone

fo

rmat

ions

of t

he M

iddl

e an

d Up

per T

riass

ic U

pper

Ju

rass

ic a

nd U

pper

Cre

tace

ous

thou

gh m

ore

rece

nt ro

cks

are

also

pre

sent

One

par

ticul

arity

is

the

so-c

alle

d Du

rmito

r Flys

ch a

term

use

d fo

r te

cton

ic la

yers

incl

ined

at a

n an

gle

of 9

0 de

gree

s in

the

Durm

itor M

assi

f Th

e sh

eer w

alls

of t

he m

any

cany

ons

and

in p

artic

ular

tho

se o

f the

spe

ctac

ular

Ta

ra R

iver G

orge

of m

ore

than

60

km a

re n

ot o

nly

fund

amen

tal l

ands

cape

feat

ures

of t

he p

ark

but a

lso

expo

se m

agni

ficen

t roc

k fo

rmat

ions

Les

s kn

own

but n

o le

ss fa

scin

atin

g is

the

unde

rgro

und

wor

ld

of th

e pr

oper

ty It

incl

udes

Mon

tene

grorsquo

s de

epes

t ca

ve a

nd s

ubte

rrane

an ri

vers

dra

inin

g so

me

of th

e gl

acia

l lak

es I

n pa

rticu

lar

the

lsquoIce

Cave

rsquo is

a vis

ually

st

unni

ng a

nd a

rare

relic

t of p

ast g

laci

atio

n

Them

e 3

Thi

s br

eath

taki

ng n

atio

nal

park

was

form

ed b

y gl

acie

rs a

nd is

tra

vers

ed b

y riv

ers

and

unde

rgro

und

stre

ams

The

Tar

a Ri

ver c

anyo

n w

hich

ha

s th

e de

epes

t gor

ges

in E

urop

e

1980

(200

5)(v

ii)(v

iii)(x

)Na

tura

lM

onte

ne-

gro

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

El P

inac

ate

and

Gran

Des

iert

o de

Al

tar B

iosp

here

Re

serv

e

104

The

prop

erty

rsquos d

eser

t and

vol

cani

c la

ndfo

rms

prov

ide

an e

xcep

tiona

l com

bina

tion

of fe

atur

es o

f gr

eat s

cien

tific

inte

rest

The

vas

t sea

of s

and

dune

s th

at s

urro

unds

the

volc

anic

shi

eld

is c

onsi

dere

d th

e la

rges

t and

mos

t act

ive d

une

syst

em in

Nor

th

Amer

ica

It in

clud

es a

dive

rse

rang

e of

dun

es th

at

are

near

ly un

dist

urbe

d a

nd in

clud

e sp

ecta

cula

r an

d ve

ry la

rge

star

-sha

ped

dune

s th

at o

ccur

bo

th s

ingl

y an

d in

long

ridg

es u

p to

48k

m in

le

ngth

The

vol

cani

c ex

posu

res

prov

ide

impo

rtant

co

mpl

emen

tary

geo

logi

cal v

alue

s a

nd th

e de

sert

envir

onm

ent a

ssur

es a

dra

mat

ic d

ispl

ay o

f a s

erie

s of

impr

essi

ve la

rge

crat

ers

and

mor

e th

an 4

00

cind

er c

ones

lav

a flo

ws

and

lava

tube

s T

aken

to

geth

er th

e co

mbi

natio

n of

Ear

th s

cien

ce fe

atur

es

is a

n im

pres

sive

labo

rato

ry fo

r geo

logi

cal a

nd

geom

orph

olog

ical

stu

dies

Them

e 10

The

pro

perty

incl

udes

par

t of

the

Sono

ran

Dese

rt w

ith s

tar d

unes

an

d lin

ear d

unes

of c

onsi

dera

ble

heig

ht T

hem

e 4

The

714

566

ha

prop

erty

com

pris

es tw

o di

stin

ct p

arts

th

e do

rman

t vol

cani

c Pi

naca

te S

hiel

d of

bla

ck a

nd re

d la

va fl

ows

and

mor

e th

an 4

00 m

onog

enet

ic c

inde

r con

es

and

maa

rs o

f Hol

ocen

e ag

e

2013

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Mex

ico

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Ever

glad

es

Natio

nal P

ark

5 7

The

Ever

glad

es is

a v

ast

near

ly fla

t se

abed

that

was

su

bmer

ged

at th

e en

d of

the

last

Ice

Age

Its

limes

tone

su

bstra

te is

one

of t

he m

ost a

ctive

are

as o

f mod

ern

carb

onat

e se

dim

enta

tion

Them

e 5

7 A

rive

r of g

rass

flow

ing

impe

rcep

tibly

from

the

hint

erla

nd in

to

the

sea

1979

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

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th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Fras

er Is

land

7Th

e pr

oper

ty re

pres

ents

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of

signi

fican

t ong

oing

geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

incl

udin

g lo

ngsh

ore

drift

The

imm

ense

san

d du

nes

are

part

of th

e lo

nges

t and

mos

t com

plet

e ag

e se

quen

ce

of c

oast

al d

une

syst

ems

in th

e w

orld

and

are

stil

l ev

olvin

g T

he s

uper

impo

sitio

n of

act

ive p

arab

olic

du

nes

on re

mna

nts

of o

lder

dun

es d

epos

ited

durin

g pe

riods

of l

ow s

ea le

vel

whi

ch a

re s

tabi

lised

by

tow

erin

g ra

info

rest

s at

ele

vatio

ns o

f up

to 2

40 m

is

cons

ider

ed u

niqu

e F

rase

r Isla

nd a

lso h

as a

var

iety

of

fres

hwat

er d

une

lake

s w

hich

are

exc

eptio

nal i

n te

rms

of n

umbe

r di

vers

ity a

nd a

ge T

he d

ynam

ic

inte

rrela

tions

hip

betw

een

the

coas

tal d

une

sand

m

ass

aqu

ifer h

ydro

logy

and

the

fresh

wat

er d

une

lake

s pr

ovid

es a

seq

uenc

e of

lake

form

atio

n bo

th

spat

ially

and

tem

pora

lly

The

proc

ess

of s

oil f

orm

atio

n on

the

islan

d is

also

un

ique

sin

ce a

s a

resu

lt of

the

succ

essiv

e ov

erla

ying

of d

une

syst

ems

a c

hron

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uenc

e of

pod

zol

deve

lopm

ent f

rom

the

youn

ger d

une

syst

ems

on th

e ea

st to

the

olde

st s

yste

ms

on th

e w

est c

hang

e fro

m

rudi

men

tary

pro

files

less

than

05

m th

ick

to g

iant

fo

rms

mor

e th

an 2

5 m

thic

k T

he la

tter f

ar e

xcee

ds

know

n de

pths

of p

odzo

ls an

ywhe

re e

lse in

the

wor

ld

and

has

a di

rect

influ

ence

on

plan

t suc

cess

ion

w

ith th

e ol

der d

une

syst

ems

caus

ing

retro

gres

sive

succ

essio

n w

hen

the

soil

horiz

on b

ecom

es to

o de

ep

to p

rovid

e nu

tritio

n fo

r tal

l for

est s

peci

es

Them

e 7

Fra

ser I

slan

d is

the

larg

est s

and

isla

nd in

the

wor

ld T

he

com

bina

tion

of s

hifti

ng s

and-

dune

s

tropi

cal r

ainf

ores

ts a

nd la

kes

mak

es it

an

exc

eptio

nal s

ite

1992

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Galaacute

pago

s Is

land

s2

47

8Th

e ar

chip

elag

oacutes

geol

ogy

begi

ns a

t the

sea

floo

r and

em

erge

s ab

ove

sea

leve

l whe

re b

iolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

cont

inue

Thr

ee m

ajor

tect

onic

plat

esmdash

Nazc

a C

ocos

an

d Pa

cificmdash

mee

t at t

he b

asis

of th

e oc

ean

whi

ch

is of

sig

nific

ant g

eolo

gica

l inte

rest

In

com

paris

on

with

mos

t oce

anic

arch

ipel

agos

the

Gal

aacutepag

os a

re

very

you

ng w

ith th

e la

rges

t and

you

nges

t isla

nds

Isa

bela

and

Fer

nand

ina

with

less

than

one

milli

on

year

s of

exis

tenc

e a

nd th

e ol

dest

isla

nds

Espa

ntildeola

an

d Sa

n Cr

istoacuteb

al s

omew

here

bet

wee

n th

ree

to fi

ve

milli

on y

ears

The

pro

perty

dem

onst

rate

s th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e yo

unge

r vol

cani

c ar

eas

in th

e w

est a

nd th

e ol

der i

sland

s in

the

east

On-

goin

g ge

olog

ical a

nd

geom

orph

olog

ical p

roce

sses

inc

ludi

ng re

cent

vol

cani

c er

uptio

ns s

mal

l sei

smic

mov

emen

ts a

nd e

rosio

n pr

ovid

e ke

y in

sight

s to

the

puzz

le o

f the

orig

in o

f the

Ga

laacutepa

gos

Islan

ds A

lmos

t no

othe

r site

in th

e w

orld

of

fers

pro

tect

ion

of s

uch

a co

mpl

ete

cont

inuu

m o

f ge

olog

ical a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical f

eatu

res

Them

e 2

4 S

ituat

ed in

the

Paci

fic

Ocea

n so

me

100

0 km

from

the

Sout

h Am

eric

an c

ontin

ent

thes

e 19

is

land

s an

d th

e su

rroun

ding

mar

ine

rese

rve

have

bee

n ca

lled

a un

ique

lsquoli

ving

mus

eum

and

sho

wca

se o

f ev

olut

ionrsquo

Ong

oing

sei

smic

and

vo

lcan

ic a

ctivi

ty re

flect

s th

e pr

oces

ses

that

form

ed th

e is

land

s T

hem

e 7

8

The

arc

hipe

lago

acutes g

eolo

gy b

egin

s at

the

sea

floor

and

em

erge

s ab

ove

sea

leve

l

1978

(200

1)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Ecua

dor

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Gian

trsquos C

ause

way

an

d Ca

usew

ay

Coas

t

4Th

e ge

olog

ical

act

ivity

of t

he C

enoz

oic

Era

is c

lear

ly illu

stra

ted

by th

e su

cces

sion

of t

he la

va fl

ows

and

inte

rbas

altic

bed

s w

hich

are

in e

viden

ce o

n th

e Ca

usew

ay C

oast

Int

erpr

etat

ion

of th

e su

cces

sion

ha

s al

low

ed a

det

aile

d an

alys

is o

f Ter

tiary

eve

nts

in

the

North

Atla

ntic

The

ext

rem

ely

regu

lar c

olum

nar

join

ting

of th

e Th

olei

itic

basa

lts is

a s

pect

acul

ar

feat

ure

whi

ch is

dis

play

ed in

exe

mpl

ary

fash

ion

at th

e Gi

antrsquos

Cau

sew

ay T

he C

ause

way

itse

lf is

a

uniq

ue fo

rmat

ion

and

a su

perla

tive

horiz

onta

l se

ctio

n th

roug

h co

lum

nar b

asal

t lav

as

Them

e 4

The

Gia

ntrsquos

Cau

sew

ay li

es

at th

e fo

ot o

f the

bas

alt c

liffs

alo

ng th

e se

a co

ast o

n th

e ed

ge o

f the

Ant

rim

plat

eau

in N

orth

ern

Irela

nd I

t is

mad

e up

of s

ome

400

00 m

assi

ve b

lack

ba

salt

colu

mns

stic

king

out

of t

he

sea

The

dra

mat

ic s

ight

has

insp

ired

lege

nds

of g

iant

s st

ridin

g ov

er th

e se

a to

Sco

tland

Geo

logi

cal s

tudi

es

of th

ese

form

atio

ns o

ver t

he la

st 3

00

year

s ha

ve g

reat

ly co

ntrib

uted

to th

e de

velo

pmen

t of t

he E

arth

sci

ence

s

and

show

that

this

stri

king

land

scap

e w

as c

ause

d by

vol

cani

c ac

tivity

dur

ing

the

Pale

ogen

e s

ome

50ndash6

0 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

m

of G

reat

Br

itain

an

d No

rther

n Ire

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gond

wan

a Ra

info

rest

s of

Au

stra

lia

21

3Th

e Go

ndw

ana

Rain

fore

sts

prov

ides

out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

es o

f sig

nific

ant o

ngoi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

Whe

n Au

stra

lia s

epar

ated

from

Ant

arct

ica fo

llow

ing

the

brea

kup

of G

ondw

ana

new

con

tinen

tal m

argi

ns

deve

lope

d T

he m

argi

n w

hich

form

ed a

long

Aus

tralia

rsquos ea

ster

n ed

ge is

cha

ract

erise

d by

an

asym

met

rical

m

argi

nal s

wel

l tha

t run

s pa

ralle

l to

the

coas

tline

the

eros

ion

of w

hich

has

resu

lted

in th

e Gr

eat D

ivide

and

th

e Gr

eat E

scar

pmen

t Th

is ea

ster

n co

ntin

enta

l mar

gin

expe

rienc

ed v

olca

nicit

y du

ring

the

Ceno

zoic

Era

as

the

Aust

ralia

n co

ntin

enta

l pla

te m

oved

ove

r one

of t

he

plan

etrsquos

hot s

pots

Vol

cano

es e

rupt

ed in

seq

uenc

e al

ong

the

east

coa

st re

sultin

g in

the

Twee

d F

ocal

Pea

k

Ebor

and

Bar

ringt

on v

olca

nic

shie

lds

This

sequ

ence

of

volca

nos

is sig

nific

ant a

s it

enab

les

the

datin

g of

the

geom

orph

ic ev

olut

ion

of e

aste

rn A

ustra

lia th

roug

h th

e st

udy

of th

e in

tera

ctio

n of

thes

e vo

lcani

c re

mna

nts

with

th

e ea

ster

n hi

ghla

nds

Them

e 2

1 3

The

Gon

dwan

a Ra

info

rest

s pr

ovid

es o

utst

andi

ng

exam

ples

of s

igni

fican

t ong

oing

ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es W

hen

Aust

ralia

se

para

ted

from

Ant

arct

ica

follo

win

g th

e br

eaku

p of

Gon

dwan

a n

ew

cont

inen

tal m

argi

ns d

evel

oped

The

m

argi

n w

hich

form

ed a

long

Aus

tralia

rsquos

east

ern

edge

is c

hara

cter

ised

by

an

asym

met

rical

mar

gina

l sw

ell t

hat r

uns

para

llel t

o th

e co

astli

ne t

he e

rosi

on o

f w

hich

has

resu

lted

in th

e Gr

eat D

ivide

an

d th

e Gr

eat E

scar

pmen

t

1986

(199

4)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Gran

d Ca

nyon

Na

tiona

l Par

k3

1W

ithin

par

k bo

unda

ries

the

geol

ogic

reco

rd s

pans

al

l fou

r era

s of

the

Earth

rsquos e

volu

tiona

ry h

isto

ry f

rom

th

e Pr

ecam

bria

n to

the

Ceno

zoic

The

Pre

cam

bria

n an

d Pa

leoz

oic

porti

ons

of th

is re

cord

are

par

ticul

arly

wel

l exp

osed

in c

anyo

n w

alls

and

incl

ude

a ric

h fo

ssil

asse

mbl

age

Num

erou

s ca

ves

shel

ter f

ossi

ls

and

anim

al re

mai

ns th

at e

xten

d th

e pa

leon

tolo

gica

l re

cord

into

the

Plei

stoc

ene

Them

e 3

Car

ved

out b

y th

e Co

lora

do

Rive

r th

e Gr

and

Cany

on (n

early

15

00

m d

eep)

was

form

ed d

urin

g 6

milli

on

year

s of

geo

logi

c ac

tivity

and

ero

sion

by

the

Colo

rado

Rive

r on

the

upra

ised

Ea

rthrsquos

cru

st T

hem

e 1

Its

horiz

onta

l st

rata

retra

ce th

e ge

olog

ical

his

tory

of

the

past

2 b

illion

yea

rs

1979

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Grea

t Bar

rier R

eef

87

The

GBR

ext

endi

ng 2

000

km

alo

ng Q

ueen

slan

drsquos

coas

t is

a g

loba

lly o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of a

n ec

osys

tem

that

has

evo

lved

over

mille

nnia

The

ar

ea h

as b

een

expo

sed

and

flood

ed b

y at

leas

t fou

r gl

acia

l and

inte

rgla

cial

cyc

les

and

ove

r the

pas

t 15

000

yea

rs re

efs

have

gro

wn

on th

e co

ntin

enta

l sh

elf

Durin

g gl

acia

l per

iods

sea

leve

ls d

ropp

ed e

xpos

ing

the

reef

s as

flat

-top

ped

hills

of e

rode

d lim

esto

ne

Larg

e riv

ers

mea

nder

ed b

etw

een

thes

e hi

lls a

nd th

e co

astli

ne e

xten

ded

furth

er e

ast

Durin

g in

terg

laci

al

perio

ds r

isin

g se

a le

vels

cau

sed

the

form

atio

n of

co

ntin

enta

l isl

ands

cor

al c

ays

and

new

pha

ses

of

cora

l gro

wth

Thi

s en

viron

men

tal h

isto

ry c

an b

e se

en

in c

ores

of o

ld m

assi

ve c

oral

s

Toda

y th

e GB

R fo

rms

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

oral

reef

ec

osys

tem

ran

ging

from

insh

ore

fring

ing

reef

s to

m

id-s

helf

reef

s a

nd e

xpos

ed o

uter

reef

s in

clud

ing

exam

ples

of a

ll st

ages

of r

eef d

evel

opm

ent

The

proc

esse

s of

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical

ev

olut

ion

are

wel

l rep

rese

nted

lin

king

con

tinen

tal

isla

nds

cor

al c

ays

and

reef

s T

he v

arie

d se

asca

pes

and

land

scap

es th

at o

ccur

toda

y ha

ve b

een

mou

lded

by

chan

ging

clim

ates

and

sea

leve

ls a

nd

the

eros

ive p

ower

of w

ind

and

wat

er o

ver l

ong

time

perio

ds

One-

third

of t

he G

BR li

es b

eyon

d th

e se

awar

d ed

ge o

f the

sha

llow

er re

efs

this

are

a co

mpr

ises

co

ntin

enta

l slo

pe a

nd d

eep

ocea

nic

wat

ers

and

abys

sal p

lain

s

Them

e 8

7 T

he G

BR fo

rms

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

oral

reef

eco

syst

em

rang

ing

from

insh

ore

fring

ing

reef

s to

m

id-s

helf

reef

s a

nd e

xpos

ed o

uter

re

efs

incl

udin

g ex

ampl

es o

f all

stag

es

of re

ef d

evel

opm

ent

The

proc

esse

s of

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

olog

ical

ev

olut

ion

are

wel

l rep

rese

nted

lin

king

co

ntin

enta

l isl

ands

cor

al c

ays

and

reef

s T

he v

arie

d se

asca

pes

and

land

scap

es th

at o

ccur

toda

y ha

ve

been

mou

lded

by

chan

ging

clim

ates

an

d se

a le

vels

and

the

eros

ive

pow

er o

f win

d an

d w

ater

ove

r lon

g tim

e pe

riods

One

-thi

rd o

f the

GBR

lie

s be

yond

the

seaw

ard

edge

of t

he

shal

low

er re

efs

this

are

a co

mpr

ises

co

ntin

enta

l slo

pe a

nd d

eep

ocea

nic

wat

ers

and

abys

sal p

lain

s

1981

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Grea

t Sm

oky

Mou

ntai

ns

Natio

nal P

ark

13

Grea

t Sm

oky

Mou

ntai

ns N

atio

nal P

ark

is o

f wor

ld

impo

rtanc

e as

the

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e di

vers

e Ar

cto-

Terti

ary

geofl

ora

era

pro

vidin

g an

in

dica

tion

of w

hat t

he la

te P

leis

toce

ne fl

ora

look

ed

like

befo

re re

cent

hum

an im

pact

s

Them

e 1

Sta

ted

to b

e an

out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

e of

the

dive

rse

Arct

o-Te

rtiar

y ge

oflor

a er

a p

rovid

ing

an in

dica

tion

of

wha

t the

late

Ple

isto

cene

flor

a lo

oked

lik

e be

fore

Rec

ent h

uman

impa

cts

Th

eme

3 N

on-g

laci

al d

isse

cted

m

ount

aino

us te

rrain

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gros

Mor

ne

Natio

nal P

ark

29

The

rock

s of

Gro

s M

orne

Nat

iona

l Par

k co

llect

ively

pres

ent a

n in

tern

atio

nally

sig

nific

ant i

llust

ratio

n of

th

e pr

oces

s of

con

tinen

tal d

rift a

long

the

east

ern

coas

t of N

orth

Am

eric

a an

d co

ntrib

ute

grea

tly to

th

e bo

dy o

f kno

wle

dge

and

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

pla

te

tect

onic

s an

d th

e ge

olog

ical

evo

lutio

n of

anc

ient

m

ount

ain

belts

In

glac

ier-

scou

red

high

land

s an

d sp

ecta

cula

r fjo

rds

gla

ciat

ion

has

mad

e vis

ible

the

park

rsquos m

any

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

Them

e 2

Thi

s pa

rk s

ituat

ed o

n th

e w

est c

oast

of t

he is

land

of

New

foun

dlan

d pr

ovid

es a

rare

ex

ampl

e of

the

proc

ess

of c

ontin

enta

l dr

ift w

here

dee

p oc

ean

crus

t and

th

e ro

cks

of th

e Ea

rthrsquos

man

tle li

e ex

pose

d T

hem

e 9

Ple

isto

cene

gl

acia

l act

ion

has

resu

lted

in s

ome

spec

tacu

lar s

cene

ry w

ith c

oast

al

low

land

alp

ine

plat

eau

fjor

ds g

laci

al

valle

ys s

heer

clif

fs w

ater

falls

and

m

any

pris

tine

lake

s

1987

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Gulf

of P

orto

Ca

lanc

he o

f Pi

ana

Gul

f of

Giro

lata

Sc

ando

la R

eser

ve

7No

cur

rent

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV b

ut th

e in

scrip

tion

in 1

983

is b

ased

on

lsquodra

mat

ic g

eolo

gica

l la

ndfo

rmsrsquo

and

refe

rs to

Cyc

les

of e

rosi

on a

nd

reju

vena

tion

have

cre

ated

hig

h cl

iffs

of re

d po

rphy

ry

rhyo

liths

and

bas

altic

pilla

rs c

onsi

dera

bly

erod

ed b

y w

ave

actio

n T

hus

the

area

has

a v

arie

d an

d ru

gged

re

lief o

n m

arin

e an

d sh

ore

habi

tats

The

jagg

ed a

nd

shee

r clif

fs c

onta

in m

any

grot

tos

and

are

flank

ed b

y nu

mer

ous

stac

ks a

nd a

lmos

t ina

cces

sibl

e is

lets

and

co

ves

such

as

Tuar

a T

he c

ombi

natio

n of

the

red

cliff

s s

ome

900

m h

igh

san

d be

ache

s h

eadl

ands

su

ch a

s Ca

pe O

sani

and

the

Peni

nsul

a of

Elb

o a

nd

the

trans

pare

nt s

ea m

ake

the

area

exc

eptio

nally

be

autif

ul

Them

e 7

The

mar

ine

area

of t

he

prop

erty

par

ticul

arly

in th

e Sc

ando

la

natu

re re

serv

e is

rem

arka

ble

for i

ts

wea

lth o

f alg

ae T

he te

rraci

ng o

f livi

ng

form

s is

ver

y re

pres

enta

tive

of th

e M

edite

rrane

an c

oast

al e

nviro

nmen

t th

e lsquop

avem

entrsquo

of L

ithop

hyllu

m (a

lga)

le

ads

to a

bed

of P

osid

onia

whi

ch

can

be u

p to

35

m d

eep

Rem

arka

ble

cora

lligen

ous

stru

ctur

es fo

rm u

p to

th

e ed

ge o

f the

con

tinen

tal s

helf

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Fran

ceEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Gunu

ng M

ulu

Natio

nal P

ark

6Th

e pa

rk is

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of m

ajor

ch

ange

s in

the

Earth

rsquos h

isto

ry T

hree

maj

or ro

ck

form

atio

ns a

re e

viden

t th

e M

ulu

Form

atio

n of

Pa

leoc

ene

and

Eoce

ne s

hale

rsquos a

nd s

ands

tone

ris

ing

to 2

376

m a

t the

sum

mit

of G

unun

g M

ulu

th

e 1

5 km

thic

k M

elin

au L

imes

tone

form

atio

n of

Up

per E

ocen

e O

ligoc

ene

and

Low

er M

ioce

ne r

isin

g to

16

82 m

at G

unun

g Ap

i an

d th

e M

ioce

ne S

etap

Sh

ale

form

atio

n ou

tcro

ppin

g as

a g

entle

line

of h

ills

to th

e w

est

Maj

or u

plift

that

occ

urre

d du

ring

the

late

Pl

ioce

ne to

Ple

isto

cene

is w

ell r

epre

sent

ed in

the

295

km o

f exp

lore

d ca

ves

as a

ser

ies

of m

ajor

cav

e le

vels

The

sur

face

and

und

ergr

ound

geo

mor

phol

ogy

and

hydr

olog

y re

veal

sig

nific

ant i

nfor

mat

ion

on

the

tect

onic

and

clim

atic

evo

lutio

n of

Bor

neo

The

se

quen

ce o

f ter

rest

rial a

lluvia

l dep

osits

pro

vides

an

impo

rtant

reco

rd o

f gla

cial

ndash in

terg

laci

al c

ycle

s w

ith th

e se

ries

of u

plift

ed c

aves

rang

ing

from

28

m

to o

ver 3

00 m

abo

ve s

ea le

vel a

re a

t lea

st 2

to 3

m

illion

yea

rs o

ld i

ndic

atin

g up

lift r

ates

of a

bout

19

cm p

er 1

000

yea

rs

Them

e 6

The

par

k ha

s a

sign

ifica

nt

area

of k

arst

in M

ioce

ne li

mes

tone

th

at c

onta

ins

larg

e un

derg

roun

d riv

ers

and

gt29

0 km

of e

xplo

red

cave

s

incl

udin

g Sa

raw

ak C

ham

ber (

700

m lo

ng 3

00-4

00 m

wid

e an

d up

to

100

m h

igh)

ndash th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t un

derg

roun

d ro

om C

aves

con

tain

m

ajor

spe

leot

hem

dep

osits

and

15

m

illion

yea

r sed

imen

t seq

uenc

es

Rich

cav

e bi

ota

esp

ecia

lly n

otab

le fo

r ba

ts a

nd s

wift

lets

Su

rface

feat

ures

in

clud

e gi

ant c

olla

pse

dolin

es a

nd

spec

tacu

lar r

azor

-sha

rp p

inna

cle

kars

t (c

a 50

m h

igh)

2000

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lM

alay

sia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Ha L

ong

Bay

67

As th

e m

ost e

xten

sive

and

best

kno

wn

exam

ple

of

mar

ine-

inva

ded

tow

er k

arst

in th

e w

orld

Ha

Long

Ba

y is

one

of th

e w

orld

rsquos m

ost i

mpo

rtant

are

as o

f Fe

ngco

ng (c

lust

ers

of c

onic

al p

eaks

) and

Fen

glin

(is

olat

ed to

wer

feat

ures

) kar

st A

bund

ant l

akes

oc

cupy

ing

drow

ned

dolin

es a

re o

ne o

f the

dist

inct

ive

feat

ures

of t

he F

enco

ng k

arst

with

som

e ap

pear

ing

to b

e tid

al P

osse

ssin

g a

trem

endo

us d

ivers

ity o

f ca

ves

and

othe

r lan

dfor

ms

deriv

ed fr

om th

e un

usua

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al p

roce

ss o

f mar

ine

inva

ded

tow

er

kars

t the

cav

es a

re o

f thr

ee m

ain

type

s re

mna

nts

of p

hrea

tic c

aves

old

kar

stic

foot

cav

es a

nd m

arin

e no

tch

cave

s T

he p

rope

rty a

lso d

ispla

ys th

e fu

ll ra

nge

of k

arst

form

atio

n pr

oces

ses

on a

ver

y la

rge

scal

e an

d ov

er a

ver

y lo

ng p

erio

d of

geo

logi

cal t

ime

pos

sess

ing

the

mos

t com

plet

e an

d ex

tens

ive e

xzam

ple

of it

s ty

pe

in th

e w

orld

and

pro

vidin

g a

uniq

ue a

nd e

xten

sive

rese

rvoi

r of d

ata

for t

he fu

ture

und

erst

andi

ng o

f ge

oclim

atic

hist

ory

and

the

natu

re o

f kar

st p

roce

sses

in

a c

ompl

ex e

nviro

nmen

t

Them

e 6

7 T

he w

orld

rsquos m

ost

exte

nsive

and

bes

t- k

now

n ex

ampl

e of

trop

ical

tow

er k

arst

inva

ded

by th

e se

a In

corp

orat

es a

reas

of f

engc

ong

and

feng

lin k

arst

1994

(200

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

lVi

et N

amAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Haw

aii V

olca

noes

Na

tiona

l Par

k4

This

pro

perty

is a

uni

que

exam

ple

of s

igni

fican

t is

land

bui

ldin

g th

roug

h on

goin

g vo

lcan

ic p

roce

sses

It

repr

esen

ts th

e m

ost r

ecen

t act

ivity

in th

e co

ntin

uing

pro

cess

of t

he g

eolo

gic

orig

in a

nd

chan

ge o

f the

Haw

aiia

n Ar

chip

elag

o T

he p

ark

cont

ains

sig

nific

ant p

arts

of t

wo

of th

e w

orld

rsquos m

ost

activ

e an

d be

st u

nder

stoo

d vo

lcan

oes

Kila

uea

and

Mau

na L

oa T

he v

olca

no M

auna

Loa

mea

sure

d fro

m th

e oc

ean

floor

is

the

grea

test

vol

cani

c m

ass

on E

arth

Them

e 4

Thi

s pr

oper

ty c

onta

ins

two

of th

e m

ost a

ctive

vol

cano

es in

the

wor

ld M

auna

Loa

(41

70 m

hig

h) a

nd

Kila

uea

(12

50 m

hig

h) b

oth

of w

hich

to

wer

ove

r the

Pac

ific

Ocea

n V

olca

nic

erup

tions

hav

e cr

eate

d a

cons

tant

ly ch

angi

ng la

ndsc

ape

and

the

lava

flo

ws

reve

al s

urpr

isin

g ge

olog

ical

fo

rmat

ions

1987

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Hear

d an

d M

cDon

ald

Isla

nds

2 4

9Th

e is

land

s co

ntai

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

es o

f si

gnifi

cant

on-

goin

g ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es o

ccur

ring

in a

n es

sent

ially

und

istu

rbed

env

ironm

ent

parti

cula

rly p

hysi

cal p

roce

sses

whi

ch p

rovid

e an

un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e ro

le o

f cru

stal

pla

tes

in th

e fo

rmat

ion

of o

cean

bas

ins

and

cont

inen

ts a

nd o

f at

mos

pher

ic a

nd o

cean

ic w

arm

ing

The

isla

nds

are

dist

inct

ive a

mon

g oc

eani

c is

land

s in

bei

ng fo

unde

d up

on a

maj

or s

ubm

arin

e pl

atea

u w

hich

in th

is c

ase

defle

cts

Anta

rctic

circ

umpo

lar w

ater

s no

rthw

ards

w

ith s

triki

ng c

onse

quen

ces

for g

eom

orph

olog

ical

pr

oces

ses

The

y al

so o

ffer a

n ac

tive

exam

ple

of p

lum

e vo

lcan

ism

pro

vidin

g di

rect

geo

logi

cal

evid

ence

of t

he a

ctio

n of

the

long

est o

pera

tiona

l pl

ume

syst

em k

now

n in

the

wor

ld T

his

incl

udes

in

form

atio

n ab

out p

lum

e in

tera

ctio

n w

ith o

verly

ing

crus

tal p

late

s a

s w

ell a

s in

sigh

ts in

to m

antle

plu

me

com

posi

tion

due

to th

e w

ides

t ran

ge o

f iso

topi

c co

mpo

sitio

ns o

f stro

ntiu

m n

eody

miu

m l

ead

and

heliu

m k

now

n fro

m a

ny o

cean

ic is

land

vol

cano

sy

stem

Big

Ben

on

Hear

d Is

land

is th

e on

ly kn

own

cont

inuo

usly

activ

e vo

lcan

o on

a s

ub-A

ntar

ctic

is

land

whe

reas

the

volc

ano

on M

acDo

nald

Isla

nd

rece

ntly

beca

me

activ

e ag

ain

afte

r a 7

500

0 ye

ar

perio

d of

dor

man

cy i

ncre

asin

g si

gnifi

cant

ly in

size

si

nce

insc

riptio

n

Hear

d Is

land

rsquos re

lativ

ely

shal

low

and

fast

-flow

ing

glac

iers

resp

ond

quic

kly

to c

limat

e ch

ange

fa

ster

than

any

gla

cier

s el

sew

here

mak

ing

them

pa

rticu

larly

impo

rtant

in m

onito

ring

clim

ate

chan

ge

They

hav

e flu

ctua

ted

dram

atic

ally

in re

cent

dec

ades

an

d ha

ve re

treat

ed s

igni

fican

tly

Them

e 2

4 H

eard

Isla

nd a

nd

McD

onal

d Is

land

s ar

e th

e on

ly vo

lcan

ical

ly ac

tive

suba

ntar

ctic

is

land

s T

he is

land

s ar

e di

stin

ctive

am

ong

ocea

nic

isla

nds

in b

eing

fo

unde

d up

on a

maj

or s

ubm

arin

e pl

atea

u w

hich

in th

is c

ase

defle

cts

Anta

rctic

circ

umpo

lar w

ater

s no

rthw

ards

The

y al

so o

ffer a

n ac

tive

exam

ple

of p

lum

e vo

lcan

ism

pr

ovid

ing

dire

ct g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

of

the

actio

n of

the

long

est o

pera

tiona

l pl

ume

syst

em k

now

n in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 9

Hea

rd Is

land

rsquos re

lativ

ely

shal

low

and

fast

-flow

ing

glac

iers

re

spon

d qu

ickl

y to

clim

ate

chan

ge

fast

er th

an a

ny g

laci

ers

else

whe

re

mak

ing

them

par

ticul

arly

impo

rtant

in

mon

itorin

g cl

imat

e ch

ange

The

y ha

ve fl

uctu

ated

dra

mat

ical

ly in

re

cent

dec

ades

and

hav

e re

treat

ed

sign

ifica

ntly

1997

(viii)

(ix)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

High

Coa

st

Kva

rken

Ar

chip

elag

o

9Th

e Hi

gh C

oast

Kva

rken

Arc

hipe

lago

is o

f ex

cept

iona

l geo

logi

cal v

alue

for t

wo

mai

n re

ason

s

Firs

t bo

th a

reas

hav

e so

me

of th

e hi

ghes

t rat

es

of is

osta

tic u

plift

in th

e w

orld

mea

ning

that

the

land

stil

l con

tinue

s to

rise

in e

leva

tion

follo

win

g th

e re

treat

of t

he la

st in

land

ice

shee

t w

ith a

roun

d 29

0 m

of l

and

uplif

t rec

orde

d ov

er th

e pa

st 1

050

0 ye

ars

The

upl

ift is

ong

oing

and

is a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

maj

or c

hang

es in

the

wat

er b

odie

s in

pos

t-gl

acia

l tim

es T

his

phen

omen

on w

as fi

rst r

ecog

nize

d an

d st

udie

d he

re m

akin

g th

e pr

oper

ty a

key

are

a fo

r un

ders

tand

ing

the

proc

esse

s of

cru

stal

resp

onse

to

the

mel

ting

of th

e co

ntin

enta

l ice

she

et S

econ

d

the

Kvar

ken

Arch

ipel

ago

with

its

560

0 is

land

s an

d su

rroun

ding

sea

pos

sess

es a

dis

tinct

ive a

rray

of

glac

ial d

epos

ition

al fo

rmat

ions

suc

h as

De

Geer

m

orai

nes

whi

ch a

dd to

the

varie

ty o

f gla

cial

land

- an

d se

asca

pe fe

atur

es in

the

regi

on I

t is

a gl

obal

ex

cept

iona

l and

dive

rse

area

for s

tudy

ing

mor

aine

ar

chip

elag

os T

he H

igh

Coas

t and

the

Kvar

ken

Arch

ipel

ago

repr

esen

t com

plem

enta

ry e

xam

ples

of

post

-gla

cial

upl

iftin

g la

ndsc

apes

Them

e 9

Bot

h ar

eas

have

som

e of

th

e hi

ghes

t rat

es o

f iso

stat

ic u

plift

in

the

wor

ld m

eani

ng th

at th

e la

nd

still

cont

inue

s to

rise

in e

leva

tion

follo

win

g th

e re

treat

of t

he la

st in

land

ic

e sh

eet

with

aro

und

290

m o

f lan

d up

lift r

ecor

ded

over

the

past

10

500

year

s T

he u

plift

is o

ngoi

ng a

nd is

as

soci

ated

with

maj

or c

hang

es in

the

wat

er b

odie

s in

pos

t-gl

acia

l tim

es

[] a

key

are

a fo

r und

erst

andi

ng th

e pr

oces

ses

of c

rust

al re

spon

se to

the

mel

ting

of th

e co

ntin

enta

l ice

she

et

[] t

he K

vark

en A

rchi

pela

go w

ith

its 5

600

isla

nds

and

surro

undi

ng

sea

pos

sess

es a

dis

tinct

ive a

rray

of g

laci

al d

epos

ition

al fo

rmat

ions

su

ch a

s De

Gee

r mor

aine

s w

hich

ad

d to

the

varie

ty o

f gla

cial

land

- an

d se

asca

pe fe

atur

es in

the

regi

on I

t is

a gl

obal

exc

eptio

nal a

nd d

ivers

e ar

ea

for s

tudy

ing

mor

aine

arc

hipe

lago

s

The

High

Coa

st a

nd th

e Kv

arke

n Ar

chip

elag

o re

pres

ent c

ompl

emen

tary

ex

ampl

es o

f pos

t-gl

acia

l upl

iftin

g la

ndsc

apes

2000

(200

6)(v

iii)Na

tura

lFi

nlan

d

Swed

enEu

rope

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emes

(m

ain)

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th

emes

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ncil-

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Just

ifica

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unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Huas

caraacute

n Na

tiona

l Par

k9

Huas

caraacute

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loca

ted

in th

e Hi

gh A

ndes

and

incl

udes

hi

gh p

late

aus

of P

una

gras

slan

ds w

here

60

00

m p

eaks

and

gla

cier

s fo

rm a

glo

bally

not

able

m

ount

aino

us re

gion

inc

ludi

ng o

ver 6

00 g

laci

ers

al

mos

t 300

lake

s an

d 41

trib

utar

ies

of th

ree

impo

rtant

rive

rs t

he S

anta

Pat

ivilc

a an

d M

aran

on

Unde

rlyin

g th

e ex

cept

iona

l lan

dsca

pe o

f Hua

scar

an

Natio

nal P

ark

is a

bro

ad s

pect

rum

of r

emar

kabl

e on

goin

g ge

olog

ical

feat

ures

and

pro

cess

es

shap

ing

the

impr

essi

ve g

eom

orph

olog

y Th

e ar

earsquos

ge

olog

ical

his

tory

and

stru

ctur

es a

re v

ery

com

plex

w

ith s

erra

ted

peak

s an

d th

e ru

gged

topo

grap

hy

orig

inat

e fro

m th

e up

liftin

g of

Mes

ozoi

c se

dim

ents

w

hich

wer

e se

vere

ly fo

lded

and

faul

ted

by c

ompl

ex

tect

onic

act

ivity

at t

he e

nd o

f the

Cre

tace

ous

Perio

d an

d su

bjec

t to

volc

anis

m in

the

Plio

cene

an

d Pl

eist

ocen

e ep

ochs

To

this

day

ther

e is

stro

ng

seis

mic

act

ivity

in th

e ar

ea m

ajor

ear

thqu

akes

su

ch a

s in

194

5 1

962

and

1970

ser

ving

as c

ruel

re

min

ders

Gla

ciat

ion

is a

maj

or e

lem

ent i

n th

e ge

omor

phol

ogy

and

hydr

olog

y of

the

prop

erty

It is

es

timat

ed th

at a

s m

uch

a qu

arte

r of t

he v

olum

e of

gl

acia

l ice

in th

e Co

rdille

ra m

ay h

ave

disa

ppea

red

sinc

e th

e la

te 1

960s

a p

roce

ss w

hich

is li

kely

to

furth

er c

hang

e th

e vis

ual f

ace

of H

uasc

araacuten

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk

Them

e 9

Loc

ated

in th

e Hi

gh A

ndes

an

d in

clud

es h

igh

plat

eaus

of P

una

gras

slan

ds w

here

60

00 m

pea

ks

and

glac

iers

form

a g

loba

lly n

otab

le

mou

ntai

nous

regi

on i

nclu

ding

ove

r 60

0 gl

acie

rs a

lmos

t 300

lake

s an

d 41

trib

utar

ies

of th

ree

impo

rtant

rive

rs

the

Sant

a P

ativi

lca

and

Mar

anon

1985

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Peru

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an

Ilulis

sat I

cefjo

rd9

The

Ilulis

sat I

cefjo

rd is

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of

a st

age

in th

e Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

the

last

ice

age

of

the

Quat

erna

ry P

erio

d T

he ic

e-st

ream

is o

ne o

f the

fa

stes

t (40

m p

er d

ay) a

nd m

ost a

ctive

in th

e w

orld

Its

ann

ual c

alvin

g of

ove

r 46

km3

of ic

e ac

coun

ts

for 1

0 o

f the

pro

duct

ion

of a

ll Gr

eenl

and

calf

ice

m

ore

than

any

oth

er g

laci

er o

utsi

de A

ntar

ctic

a T

he

glac

ier h

as b

een

the

obje

ct o

f sci

entifi

c at

tent

ion

for 2

50 y

ears

and

alo

ng w

ith it

s re

lativ

e ea

se

of a

cces

sibi

lity

has

sign

ifica

ntly

adde

d to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

ice-

cap

glac

iolo

gy c

limat

e ch

ange

an

d re

late

d ge

omor

phic

pro

cess

es

Them

e 9

The

Ilul

issa

t Ice

fjord

is

an o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of a

sta

ge

in th

e Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

the

last

ice

age

of th

e Qu

ater

nary

Per

iod

The

ic

e-st

ream

is o

ne o

f the

fast

est (

40

m p

er d

ay) a

nd m

ost a

ctive

in th

e w

orld

Its

ann

ual c

alvin

g of

ove

r 46

km3

of ic

e ac

coun

ts fo

r 10

of t

he

prod

uctio

n of

all

Gree

nlan

d ca

lf ic

e

mor

e th

an a

ny o

ther

gla

cier

out

side

An

tarc

tica

[]

has

sig

nific

antly

add

ed

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of ic

e-ca

p gl

acio

logy

clim

ate

chan

ge a

nd re

late

d ge

omor

phic

pro

cess

es

2004

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Isch

igua

last

o T

alam

paya

Na

tura

l Par

ks

1Th

e pr

oper

ty o

f Isc

higu

alas

to-T

alam

paya

Nat

ural

Pa

rks

is o

f ext

raor

dina

ry s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e

prov

idin

g a

com

plet

e se

quen

ce o

f fos

silif

erou

s co

ntin

enta

l sed

imen

ts re

pres

entin

g th

e Tr

iass

ic

Perio

d of

geo

logi

cal h

isto

ry (c

250

-200

milli

on

year

s be

fore

pre

sent

) an

d re

veal

ing

the

evol

utio

n of

ve

rtebr

ate

life

and

the

natu

re o

f pal

aeoe

nviro

nmen

ts

in th

e Tr

iass

ic th

at u

sher

ed in

the

lsquoAge

of t

he

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ndin

g ov

er th

e Is

chig

uala

sto-

Villa

Uni

oacuten

sedi

men

tary

bas

in t

he d

ram

atic

nat

ural

land

scap

e of

the

prop

erty

exp

oses

six

geol

ogic

al fo

rmat

ions

th

at c

lear

ly an

d ex

cept

iona

lly d

ocum

ent t

he m

ajor

st

age

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry fr

om th

e ev

olut

ion

from

the

mam

mal

anc

esto

rs in

the

Early

Tria

ssic

to th

e ris

e of

din

osau

r dom

inan

ce d

urin

g th

e Tr

iass

ic T

he ri

ch

dive

rsity

of f

ossi

ls in

clud

es s

ome

56 k

now

n ge

nera

an

d m

any

mor

e sp

ecie

s of

ver

tebr

ates

inc

ludi

ng

but n

ot li

mite

d to

fish

am

phib

ians

and

a g

reat

va

riety

of r

eptil

es a

nd d

irect

mam

mal

ian

ance

stor

s

incl

udin

g th

e ea

rly d

inos

aur

Eora

ptor

and

at l

east

10

0 sp

ecie

s of

pla

nts

toge

ther

with

abu

ndan

t em

phas

is o

f the

env

ironm

ents

of t

he ti

me

Tog

ethe

r th

ese

rem

ains

pro

vide

a un

ique

win

dow

on

life

in

the

Tria

ssic

Per

iod

with

man

y ne

w d

isco

verie

s st

ill to

be

mad

e

Them

e 1

Isch

igua

last

o T

alam

paya

Na

tura

l Par

ks c

onta

in th

e m

ost

com

plet

e co

ntin

enta

l fos

sil r

ecor

d kn

own

from

the

Tria

ssic

Per

iod

(c 2

50-2

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go)

Six

geol

ogic

al fo

rmat

ions

con

tain

fo

ssils

of a

wid

e ra

nge

of a

nces

tors

of

mam

mal

s d

inos

aurs

and

pla

nts

reve

alin

g th

e ev

olut

ion

of v

erte

brat

es

and

the

natu

re o

f pal

aeoe

nviro

nmen

ts

in th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d

2000

(viii)

Natu

ral

Arge

ntin

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Isol

e Eo

lie

(Aeo

lian

Isla

nds)

4Th

e is

land

srsquo v

olca

nic

land

form

s re

pres

ent c

lass

ic

feat

ures

in th

e co

ntin

uing

stu

dy o

f vol

cano

logy

w

orld

-wid

e W

ith th

eir s

cien

tific

stud

y fro

m a

t lea

st

the

18th

Cen

tury

the

isla

nds

have

pro

vided

two

of

the

type

s of

eru

ptio

ns (V

ulca

nian

and

Stro

mbo

lian)

to

vul

cano

logy

and

geo

logy

text

book

s an

d so

ha

ve fe

atur

ed p

rom

inen

tly in

the

educ

atio

n of

all

geos

cien

tists

for o

ver 2

00 y

ears

The

y co

ntin

ue

to p

rovid

e a

rich

field

for v

olca

nolo

gica

l stu

dies

of

on-g

oing

geo

logi

cal p

roce

sses

in th

e de

velo

pmen

t of

land

form

s

Them

e 4

The

Aeo

lian

Isla

nds

prov

ide

an o

utst

andi

ng re

cord

of v

olca

nic

isla

nd-b

uild

ing

and

dest

ruct

ion

and

on

goin

g vo

lcan

ic p

heno

men

a S

tudi

ed

sinc

e at

leas

t the

18t

h ce

ntur

y th

e is

land

s ha

ve p

rovid

ed th

e sc

ienc

e of

vul

cano

logy

with

exa

mpl

es o

f tw

o ty

pes

of e

rupt

ion

(Vul

cani

an a

nd

Stro

mbo

lian)

2000

(viii)

Natu

ral

Italy

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

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erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Jeju

Vol

cani

c Is

land

and

Lav

a Tu

bes

46

Jeju

has

a d

istin

ctive

val

ue a

s on

e of

the

few

la

rge

shie

ld v

olca

noes

in th

e w

orld

bui

lt ov

er a

ho

t spo

t on

a st

atio

nary

con

tinen

tal c

rust

pla

te I

t is

dis

tingu

ishe

d by

the

Geom

unor

eum

lava

tube

sy

stem

whi

ch is

the

mos

t im

pres

sive

and

sig

nific

ant

serie

s of

pro

tect

ed la

va tu

be c

aves

in th

e w

orld

and

in

clud

es a

spe

ctac

ular

arra

y of

sec

onda

ry c

arbo

nate

sp

eleo

them

s (s

tala

ctite

s an

d ot

her d

ecor

atio

ns)

with

an

abu

ndan

ce a

nd d

ivers

ity u

nkno

wn

else

whe

re

with

in a

lava

cav

e T

he S

eong

san

Ilchu

lbon

g tu

ff co

ne h

as e

xcep

tiona

l exp

osur

es o

f its

stru

ctur

al a

nd

sedi

men

tolo

gica

l cha

ract

eris

tics

mak

ing

it a

wor

ld-

clas

s lo

catio

n fo

r und

erst

andi

ng S

urts

eyan

-typ

e vo

lcan

ic e

rupt

ions

Them

e 4

Jej

u Vo

lcan

ic Is

land

and

La

va T

ubes

incl

udes

Geo

mun

oreu

m

rega

rded

as

the

fines

t lav

a tu

be

syst

em o

f cav

es a

nyw

here

with

its

mul

ticol

oure

d ca

rbon

ate

roof

s an

d flo

ors

and

dar

k-co

lour

ed la

va

wal

ls t

he fo

rtres

s-lik

e Se

ongs

an

Ilchu

lbon

g tu

ff co

ne r

isin

g ou

t of t

he

ocea

n a

dra

mat

ic la

ndsc

ape

and

M

ount

Hal

la t

he h

ighe

st in

Kor

ea

with

its

wat

erfa

lls m

ulti-

shap

ed

rock

form

atio

ns a

nd la

ke-fi

lled

crat

er T

hem

e 6

Out

stan

ding

ex

ampl

e of

vul

cano

kars

t a

spec

ial

style

of p

seud

okar

st T

his

incl

udes

Ge

omun

oreu

m la

va tu

bes

whi

ch a

re

nota

ble

for s

pect

acul

ar d

ecor

atio

n w

ith c

arbo

nate

spe

leot

hem

s th

e ca

rbon

ate

bein

g de

rived

from

ov

erlyi

ng c

alca

reou

s du

ne s

ands

bl

own

in fr

om th

e co

ast

2007

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Repu

blic

of

Kor

eaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Jogg

ins

Foss

il Cl

iffs

1Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

geo

logi

cal a

nd g

eom

orph

ic fe

atur

es

and

proc

esse

s T

he lsquog

rand

exp

osur

ersquo o

f roc

ks a

t Jo

ggin

s Fo

ssil

Cliff

s co

ntai

ns th

e be

st a

nd m

ost

com

plet

e kn

own

foss

il re

cord

of t

erre

stria

l life

in

the

icon

ic lsquoC

oal A

gersquo

the

Penn

sylva

nian

Sub

perio

d of

the

Carb

onife

rous

Per

iod

in E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry T

he

prop

erty

bea

rs w

itnes

s to

the

first

rept

iles

in E

arth

hi

stor

y w

hich

are

the

earli

est r

epre

sent

ative

s of

th

e am

niot

es a

gro

up o

f ani

mal

s th

at in

clud

es

rept

iles

din

osau

rs b

irds

and

mam

mal

s U

prig

ht

foss

il tre

es a

re p

rese

rved

at a

ser

ies

of le

vels

in th

e cl

iffs

toge

ther

with

ani

mal

pla

nt a

nd tr

ace

foss

ils

that

pro

vide

envir

onm

enta

l con

text

and

ena

ble

a co

mpl

ete

reco

nstru

ctio

n to

be

mad

e of

the

exte

nsive

fo

ssil

fore

sts

that

dom

inat

ed la

nd a

t thi

s tim

e a

nd

are

now

the

sour

ce o

f mos

t of t

he w

orld

rsquos c

oal

depo

sits

The

pro

perty

has

pla

yed

a vit

al ro

le in

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f sem

inal

geo

logi

cal a

nd e

volu

tiona

ry

prin

cipl

es i

nclu

ding

thro

ugh

the

wor

k of

Sir

Char

les

Lyel

l and

Cha

rles

Darw

in f

or w

hich

the

site

has

be

en re

ferre

d to

as

the

lsquocoa

l age

Gal

aacutepag

osrsquo

Them

e 1

The

Jog

gins

Fos

sil C

liffs

ha

ve b

een

desc

ribed

as

the

lsquocoa

l age

Ga

laacutepa

gosrsquo

due

to th

eir w

ealth

of

foss

ils fr

om th

e Ca

rbon

ifero

us P

erio

d (c

360

to 3

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go) a

nd

repr

esen

t the

mos

t com

plet

e kn

own

foss

il re

cord

of t

erre

stria

l life

from

th

at ti

me

2008

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Klua

ne

Wra

ngel

l-St

Elia

s G

laci

er B

ay

Tats

hens

hini

-Al

sek

9Th

ese

tect

onic

ally

activ

e jo

int s

ites

feat

ure

cont

inuo

us m

ount

ain

build

ing

and

cont

ain

outs

tand

ing

exam

ples

of m

ajor

ong

oing

geo

logi

c an

d gl

acia

l pro

cess

es O

ver 2

00 g

laci

ers

in th

e ic

e-co

vere

d ce

ntra

l pla

teau

com

bine

to fo

rm s

ome

of th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t and

long

est g

laci

ers

sev

eral

of

whi

ch s

tretc

h to

the

sea

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

broa

d ra

nge

of g

laci

al p

roce

sses

inc

ludi

ng

wor

ld-c

lass

dep

ositi

onal

feat

ures

and

cla

ssic

ex

ampl

es o

f mor

aine

s h

angi

ng v

alle

ys a

nd o

ther

ge

omor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

Them

e 9

Ove

r 200

gla

cier

s in

the

ice-

cove

red

cent

ral p

late

au c

ombi

ne

to fo

rm s

ome

of th

e w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t an

d lo

nges

t gla

cier

s s

ever

al o

f whi

ch

stre

tch

to th

e se

a T

he p

rope

rty

disp

lays

a b

road

rang

e of

gla

cial

pr

oces

ses

incl

udin

g w

orld

-cla

ss

depo

sitio

nal f

eatu

res

and

clas

sic

exam

ples

of m

orai

nes

han

ging

va

lleys

and

oth

er g

eom

orph

olog

ical

fe

atur

es

1979

(199

2

1994

)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Cana

da

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Lake

Bai

kal

25

No a

ppro

ved

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV B

asis

of

insc

riptio

n is

The

geo

logi

cal r

ift s

yste

m w

hich

ga

ve ri

se to

Lak

e Ba

ikal

was

form

ed in

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a L

ake

Baik

al is

thus

the

olde

st la

ke in

the

wor

ld

as w

ell a

s th

e de

epes

t Va

rious

tect

onic

forc

es a

re

still

on-g

oing

as

evid

ence

d in

rece

nt th

erm

al v

ents

in

the

dept

hs o

f the

lake

Them

e 2

The

geo

logi

cal r

ift s

yste

m

whi

ch g

ave

rise

to L

ake

Baik

al w

as

form

ed in

the

Mes

ozoi

c Er

a V

ario

us

tect

onic

forc

es a

re s

till o

n-go

ing

as

evid

ence

d in

rece

nt th

erm

al v

ents

in

the

dept

hs o

f the

lake

The

me

5 T

he

prop

erty

incl

udes

Lak

e Ba

ikal

itse

lf

the

deep

est i

n w

orld

and

con

tain

ing

20

of a

ll fre

sh ru

nnin

g w

ater

on

the

plan

et

1996

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lRu

ssia

n Fe

dera

-tio

n

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Lake

Tur

kana

Na

tiona

l Par

ks1

The

geol

ogy

and

foss

il re

cord

repr

esen

ts m

ajor

st

ages

of t

he E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry i

nclu

ding

reco

rds

of

life

repr

esen

ted

by h

omin

id d

isco

verie

s p

rese

nce

of re

cent

geo

logi

cal p

roce

ss re

pres

ente

d by

vo

lcan

ic e

rosi

onal

and

sed

imen

tary

land

form

s

This

pro

perty

rsquos m

ain

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es s

tem

from

th

e Pl

ioce

ne to

Hol

ocen

e ep

ochs

(c 4

milli

on to

10

000

yea

rs o

ld)

It ha

s be

en v

ery

valu

able

in th

e re

cons

truct

ion

of th

e pa

leo-

envir

onm

ent o

f the

en

tire

Lake

Tur

kana

Bas

in T

he K

obi F

ora

depo

sits

co

ntai

n pr

e-hu

man

mam

mal

ian

mol

lusc

an a

nd

othe

r fos

sil r

emai

ns a

nd h

ave

cont

ribut

ed m

ore

to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

hum

an a

nces

try a

nd p

aleo

-en

viron

men

t tha

n an

y ot

her s

ite in

the

wor

ld

Them

e 1

The

Koo

bi F

ora

depo

sits

ric

h in

mam

mal

ian

mol

lusc

an a

nd

othe

r fos

sil r

emai

ns h

ave

cont

ribut

ed

mor

e to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

pal

eo-

envir

onm

ents

than

any

oth

er s

ite o

n th

e co

ntin

ent

1997

(200

1)(v

iii)(x

)Na

tura

lKe

nya

Afric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Lapo

nian

Are

a9

The

Lapo

nian

Are

a co

ntai

ns a

ll th

e pr

oces

ses

asso

ciat

ed w

ith g

laci

al a

ctivi

ty s

uch

as U

-sha

ped

valle

ys m

orai

nes

talu

s sl

opes

dru

mlin

s p

rese

nce

of la

rge

erra

tics

and

rapi

dly

flow

ing

glac

ial s

tream

s

It ha

s ex

celle

nt e

xam

ples

of i

ce a

nd fr

ost a

ctio

n in

a

tund

ra s

ettin

g in

clud

ing

form

atio

n of

pol

ygon

s an

d an

are

a of

spe

ctac

ular

ly co

llaps

ing

and

grow

ing

pals

a m

ound

s G

laci

al ri

vers

orig

inat

ing

in th

e sn

owfie

lds

cont

inue

to c

ut th

roug

h be

droc

k L

arge

un

vege

tate

d ar

eas

illust

rate

the

phen

omen

on o

f w

eath

erin

g T

he p

rope

rty a

lso

cont

ains

a re

cord

of

hum

ans

bein

g pa

rt of

thes

e ec

osys

tem

s fo

r sev

en

thou

sand

yea

rs

Them

e 9

Con

tain

s al

l the

pro

cess

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith g

laci

al a

ctivi

ty s

uch

as U

-sha

ped

valle

ys m

orai

nes

talu

s sl

opes

dru

mlin

s p

rese

nce

of la

rge

erra

tics

and

rapi

dly

flow

ing

glac

ial

stre

ams

It h

as e

xcel

lent

exa

mpl

es o

f ic

e an

d fro

st a

ctio

n in

a tu

ndra

set

ting

incl

udin

g fo

rmat

ion

of p

olyg

ons

and

an a

rea

of s

pect

acul

arly

colla

psin

g an

d gr

owin

g pa

lsa

mou

nds

Gla

cial

riv

ers

orig

inat

ing

in th

e sn

owfie

lds

cont

inue

to c

ut th

roug

h be

droc

k

1996

(iii)(

v)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)M

ixed

Swed

enEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Lena

Pill

ars

Natu

re P

ark

36

The

Lena

Pilla

rs N

atur

e Pa

rk d

ispl

ays

two

feat

ures

of

sig

nific

ant i

nter

natio

nal i

nter

est i

n re

latio

n to

the

Earth

sci

ence

s T

he la

rge

cryo

geni

cally

m

odifi

ed p

illars

in th

e re

gion

are

the

mos

t not

able

pi

llar l

ands

cape

of t

heir

kind

kno

wn

whi

lst t

he

inte

rnat

iona

lly re

now

ned

and

impo

rtant

exp

osur

es

of C

ambr

ian

rock

s pr

ovid

e a

seco

nd a

nd im

porta

nt

supp

ortin

g se

t of v

alue

s

Them

e 3

Len

a Pi

llars

Nat

ure

Park

is

mar

ked

by s

pect

acul

ar ro

ck p

illars

up

to 1

00 m

hig

h th

at fo

rmed

due

to

diffe

rent

ial e

rosio

n al

ong

the

bank

s of

th

e Le

na R

iver

Them

e 6

Pilla

rs w

ere

isola

ted

by p

aleo

-diss

olut

ion

alon

g jo

ints

ben

eath

thick

gra

vel c

over

and

ar

e re

veal

ed a

long

val

ley

sides

by

frost

pr

oces

ses

and

fluvia

l und

ercu

tting

Kar

st

feat

ures

inclu

de g

roun

dwat

er c

ircul

atio

n an

d sm

all fl

utes

2012

(viii)

Natu

ral

Russ

ian

Fede

ra-

tion

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Lore

ntz

Natio

nal

Park

26

The

geol

ogy

and

land

form

s of

Lor

entz

Nat

iona

l Par

k di

spla

y gr

aphi

c ev

iden

ce o

f Ear

thrsquos

his

tory

Loc

ated

at

the

mee

ting

poin

t of t

wo

collid

ing

cont

inen

tal

plat

es t

he a

rea

has

a co

mpl

ex g

eolo

gy w

ith o

ngoi

ng

mou

ntai

n fo

rmat

ion

as w

ell a

s m

ajor

scu

lptin

g by

gl

acia

tion

and

shor

elin

e ac

cret

ion

The

dom

inat

ing

mou

ntai

n ra

nge

is a

dire

ct p

rodu

ct o

f the

col

lisio

n be

twee

n th

e Au

stra

lian

and

Paci

fic te

cton

ic p

late

s an

d th

e pr

oper

ty c

onta

ins

the

high

est p

oint

s of

th

e m

ount

ains

of P

apua

New

Gui

nea

and

the

only

rem

aini

ng g

laci

ers

on th

e is

land

The

re is

als

o cl

ear

evid

ence

of p

ost g

laci

al s

hore

lines

Gr

aphi

cally

illu

stra

ting

the

geom

orph

olog

ical

effe

ct

of th

e la

st g

laci

al a

nd p

ost-

glac

ial p

erio

ds t

he

mou

ntai

ns s

how

all

the

clas

sica

l gla

cial

land

form

s in

clud

ing

lake

s an

d m

orai

nes

Fur

ther

mor

e th

ere

are

five

smal

l rem

nant

gla

cier

s W

hile

all

five

glac

iers

are

retre

atin

g ra

pidl

y un

der p

rese

nt c

limat

ic

cond

ition

s n

o ot

her t

ropi

cal g

laci

er fi

elds

in th

e w

orld

exh

ibit

glac

ial e

volu

tion

as w

ell a

s th

ose

in L

oren

tz N

atio

nal P

ark

The

re is

als

o no

bet

ter

exam

ple

in th

e w

orld

of t

he c

ombi

ned

effe

ct o

f co

llisio

n of

tect

onic

pla

tes

and

the

seco

ndar

y m

ajor

sc

ulpt

ing

by g

laci

al a

nd p

ost-

glac

ial e

vent

s

Them

e 2

The

geo

logy

and

land

form

s of

Lor

entz

Nat

iona

l Par

k di

spla

y gr

aphi

c ev

iden

ce o

f Ear

thsrsquo

his

tory

Lo

cate

d at

the

mee

ting

poin

t of

two

collid

ing

cont

inen

tal p

late

s th

e ar

ea h

as a

com

plex

geo

logy

with

on

goin

g m

ount

ain

form

atio

n as

wel

l as

maj

or s

culp

ting

by g

laci

atio

n an

d sh

orel

ine

accr

etio

n T

he d

omin

atin

g m

ount

ain

rang

e is

a d

irect

pro

duct

of

the

collis

ion

betw

een

the

Aust

ralia

n an

d Pa

cific

tect

onic

pla

tes

Them

e 6

Wor

ldrsquos

bes

t exa

mpl

e of

trop

ical

al

pine

gla

ciat

ed k

arst

Ext

ensi

ve

hum

id tr

opic

al k

arst

occ

urs

at lo

wer

el

evat

ions

Hug

e si

nkin

g riv

ers

and

sprin

gs

1999

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lIn

done

sia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Los

Glac

iare

s Na

tiona

l Par

k9

Los

Glac

iare

s Na

tiona

l Par

k is

an e

xcel

lent

exa

mpl

e of

the

signi

fican

t pro

cess

of g

laci

atio

n a

s w

ell

as o

f geo

logi

cal

geom

orph

ic a

nd p

hysio

grap

hic

phen

omen

a ca

used

by

the

ongo

ing

adva

nce

and

retre

at o

f the

gla

ciat

ions

that

took

pla

ce d

urin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e Ep

och

of th

e Qu

ater

nary

Per

iod

and

the

neog

laci

atio

ns c

orre

spon

ding

to th

e cu

rrent

epo

ch

or H

oloc

ene

The

se e

vent

s ha

ve m

odel

led

ndash an

d co

ntin

ue to

mod

el th

e la

ndsc

ape

of th

e ar

ea a

nd

may

be

reco

gnise

d by

the

lacu

strin

e ba

sins

of

glac

ial o

rigin

the

mor

aine

sys

tem

s de

posit

ed o

n th

e pl

atea

ux o

r by

mor

e re

cent

sys

tem

s pe

rtain

ing

to th

e cu

rrent

val

leys

and

the

man

y la

rge

glac

ier t

ongu

es

fed

by th

e Ic

e Fi

elds

of t

he A

ndes

The

pro

perty

also

pr

ovid

es fe

rtile

gro

und

for s

cien

tific

rese

arch

on

clim

ate

chan

ge

Them

e 9

Sig

nific

ant p

roce

ss o

f gl

acia

tion

as

wel

l as

of g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phic

and

phy

siog

raph

ic

phen

omen

a ca

used

by

the

ongo

ing

adva

nce

and

retre

at o

f the

gla

ciat

ions

th

at to

ok p

lace

dur

ing

the

Plei

stoc

ene

Epoc

h of

the

Quat

erna

ry P

erio

d a

nd

the

neog

laci

atio

ns c

orre

spon

ding

to

the

curre

nt e

poch

or H

oloc

ene

La

cust

rine

basi

ns o

f gla

cial

orig

in t

he

mor

aine

sys

tem

s de

posi

ted

on th

e pl

atea

ux o

r by

mor

e re

cent

sys

tem

s pe

rtain

ing

to th

e cu

rrent

val

leys

and

th

e m

any

larg

e gl

acie

r ton

gues

fed

by

the

Ice

Fiel

ds o

f the

And

es

1981

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Arge

ntin

aLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Lut D

eser

t10

The

prop

erty

repr

esen

ts a

n ex

cept

iona

l exa

mpl

e of

on

goin

g ge

olog

ical

pro

cess

es re

late

d to

ero

sion

al

and

depo

sitio

nal f

eatu

res

in a

hot

des

ert

The

yard

ang

kal

ut la

ndfo

rms

are

wid

ely

cons

ider

ed

the

best

-exp

ress

ed in

the

wor

ld in

term

s of

ext

ent

unbr

oken

con

tinui

ty a

nd h

eigh

t Th

e Lu

t san

d-se

as

are

amon

gst t

he b

est d

evel

oped

act

ive d

une

field

s in

the

wor

ld d

ispl

ayin

g a

wid

e va

riety

of d

une

type

s (c

resc

entic

ridg

es s

tar d

unes

com

plex

line

ar

dune

s fu

nnel

-sha

ped

dune

s) w

ith d

unes

am

ongs

t th

e hi

ghes

t obs

erve

d an

ywhe

re o

n ou

r pla

net

Nebk

ha d

une

field

s (d

unes

form

ed a

roun

d pl

ants

) ar

e w

ides

prea

d w

ith th

ose

at L

ut a

s hi

gh a

s an

y m

easu

red

else

whe

re E

vapo

rite

(sal

t) la

ndfo

rms

are

disp

laye

d in

wid

e va

riety

incl

udin

g w

hite

sa

lt-cr

uste

d cr

ysta

lline

river

beds

sal

t pan

s (p

laya

) w

ith p

olyg

onal

ly fra

ctur

ed c

rust

s p

ress

ure-

indu

ced

tepe

e-fra

ctur

ed s

alt c

rust

s g

ypsu

m d

omes

sm

all

salt

ping

os (o

r blis

ters

) an

d sa

lt ka

rren

Oth

er

dry-

land

land

form

s in

clud

e ex

tens

ive h

amad

a (s

tony

des

ert p

avem

ents

or r

eg) u

sual

ly lo

cate

d on

ped

imen

t sur

face

s w

ith w

ind

face

ted

ston

es

(ven

tifac

ts)

gullie

d ba

dlan

ds a

nd a

lluvia

l fan

s (b

ajad

a)

Them

e 10

Cla

ssic

loca

lity

of

yard

angs

dev

elop

ed o

n a

mas

sive

sc

ale

as

wel

l as

grav

el p

lain

s an

d du

ne fi

elds

2016

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Iran

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mac

quar

ie Is

land

2 4

Mac

quar

ie Is

land

and

its

outly

ing

islet

s ar

e ge

olog

ical

ly un

ique

in b

eing

the

only

plac

e on

Ear

th

whe

re ro

cks

from

the

Earth

rsquos m

antle

are

bei

ng

activ

ely

expo

sed

abov

e se

a le

vel T

he is

land

is th

e ex

pose

d cr

est o

f the

und

erse

a M

acqu

arie

Rid

ge

raise

d to

its

pres

ent p

ositi

on w

here

the

Indo

-Au

stra

lian

tect

onic

pla

te m

eets

the

Paci

fic p

late

Th

ese

uniq

ue e

xpos

ures

pro

vide

an e

xcep

tiona

lly

com

plet

e se

ctio

n of

the

stru

ctur

e an

d co

mpo

sitio

n of

bot

h th

e oc

eani

c cr

ust a

nd th

e up

per m

antle

and

pr

ovid

e ev

iden

ce o

f lsquose

a-flo

or s

prea

ding

rsquo and

tect

onic

pr

oces

ses

that

hav

e op

erat

ed fo

r hun

dred

s of

milli

ons

of y

ears

The

geo

logi

cal e

volu

tion

of M

acqu

arie

Isla

nd

bega

n 10

milli

on y

ears

ago

and

con

tinue

s to

day

with

th

e isl

and

expe

rienc

ing

earth

quak

es a

nd a

rapi

d ra

te

of u

plift

all

of w

hich

are

rela

ted

to a

ctive

geo

logi

cal

proc

esse

s al

ong

the

boun

dary

bet

wee

n th

e tw

o pl

ates

Se

quen

ces

from

all

crus

tal l

evel

s d

own

to 6

km

be

low

the

ocea

n flo

or a

re e

xpos

ed a

s a

resu

lt of

til

ting

and

diffe

rent

ial u

plift

on

Mac

quar

ie Is

land

Th

is pr

ovid

es ra

re e

viden

ce fo

r seq

uenc

es th

at a

re

com

mon

from

the

botto

m o

f the

oce

ans

to th

e up

per

man

tle b

ut n

ot s

een

else

whe

re in

sur

face

out

crop

s

The

lack

of d

efor

mat

ion

of th

is ex

pose

d cr

ust i

s hi

ghly

signi

fican

t as

it ex

hibi

ts k

ey in

terre

late

d an

d in

terd

epen

dent

oce

anic

cru

stal

ele

men

ts in

thei

r na

tura

l rel

atio

nshi

p

Mac

quar

ie Is

land

is th

e on

ly op

hiol

ite (a

wel

l-de

velo

ped

and

stud

ied

geol

ogic

al c

ompl

ex)

reco

gnise

d to

hav

e be

en fo

rmed

with

in a

maj

or

ocea

n ba

sin T

he g

eolo

gy o

f the

isla

nd is

ther

efor

e co

nsid

ered

to b

e th

e co

nnec

ting

link

betw

een

the

ophi

olite

s of

con

tinen

tal e

nviro

nmen

ts a

nd th

ose

loca

ted

with

in th

e oc

eani

c cr

ust

Them

e 2

The

pro

perty

is a

n ex

posu

re o

f the

oce

anic

pla

te

boun

dary

bet

wee

n th

e Pa

cific

and

Au

stra

lian

Ind

ian

plat

es e

xpos

ed

with

act

ive fa

ults

and

ong

oing

tect

onic

m

ovem

ents

The

me

4 M

acqu

arie

Is

land

pro

vides

a u

niqu

e ex

ampl

e of

exp

osur

e of

the

ocea

n cr

ust o

f vo

lcan

ic o

rigin

abo

ve th

e se

a le

vel a

nd

of g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

for s

ea-fl

oor

spre

adin

g

1997

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mam

mot

h Ca

ve

Natio

nal P

ark

6M

amm

oth

Cave

pre

sent

s ne

arly

ever

y ty

pe o

f cav

e fo

rmat

ion

know

n G

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es in

volve

d in

thei

r for

mat

ion

cont

inue

Tod

ay t

his

huge

and

co

mpl

ex n

etw

ork

of c

ave

pass

ages

pro

vides

a

clea

r co

mpl

ete

and

acce

ssib

le re

cord

of t

he w

orld

rsquos

geom

orph

ic a

nd c

limat

ic c

hang

es O

utsi

de th

e ca

ve

the

kars

t top

ogra

phy

is s

uper

b w

ith fa

scin

atin

g la

ndsc

apes

and

all

of th

e cl

assi

c fe

atur

es o

f a k

arst

dr

aina

ge s

yste

m v

ast r

echa

rge

area

com

plex

ne

twor

k of

und

ergr

ound

con

duits

sin

k ho

les

cra

cks

fis

sure

s a

nd u

nder

grou

nd ri

vers

and

spr

ings

Them

e 6

The

long

est c

ave

in th

e w

orld

with

590

km

of s

urve

yed

river

pa

ssag

es o

ften

larg

e in

dim

ensi

on

and

gent

ly sl

opin

g T

he k

arst

is

deve

lope

d in

Low

er C

arbo

nife

rous

(M

issi

ssip

pian

) lim

esto

ne a

nd c

ave

evol

utio

n co

mm

ence

d fo

llow

ing

uplif

t an

d ex

posu

re 3

to 4

milli

on y

ears

ag

o E

xten

sive

sin

khol

e pl

ain

at th

e su

rface

Lar

ge s

prin

gs R

ich

trogl

obiti

c fa

una

The

inflo

w m

argi

n of

the

kars

t is

loca

ted

beyo

nd th

e pa

rk b

ound

ary

1981

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Mes

sel P

it Fo

ssil

Site

1M

esse

l Pit

Foss

il Si

te is

con

side

red

to b

e th

e si

ngle

be

st s

ite w

hich

con

tribu

tes

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of th

e Eo

cene

whe

n m

amm

als

beca

me

firm

ly es

tabl

ishe

d in

all

prin

cipa

l lan

d ec

osys

tem

s T

he

stat

e of

pre

serv

atio

n of

its

foss

ils is

exc

eptio

nal a

nd

allo

ws

for h

igh-

qual

ity s

cien

tific

wor

k

Them

e 1

Mes

sel P

it is

the

riche

st

site

in th

e w

orld

for u

nder

stan

ding

th

e liv

ing

envir

onm

ent o

f the

Eoc

ene

be

twee

n 57

milli

on a

nd 3

6 m

illion

ye

ars

ago

1995

(viii)

Natu

ral

Germ

any

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Mig

uash

a Na

tiona

l Par

k1

Mig

uash

a Na

tiona

l Par

k is

the

mos

t out

stan

ding

fo

ssil

site

in th

e w

orld

from

the

stan

dpoi

nt o

f its

re

pres

enta

tion

of v

erte

brat

e lif

e an

d its

illu

stra

tion

of th

e De

voni

an P

erio

d kn

own

as th

e Ag

e of

Fis

hes

Th

e si

te is

of p

aram

ount

impo

rtanc

e be

caus

e it

has

the

larg

est n

umbe

r and

the

best

-pre

serv

ed fo

ssil

spec

imen

s in

the

wor

ld o

f sar

copt

eryg

ian

fish

whi

ch

gave

rise

to th

e fir

st fo

ur-le

gged

air-

brea

thin

g te

rrest

rial v

erte

brat

es mdash

the

tetra

pods

Them

e 1

Mig

uash

a is

the

outs

tand

ing

foss

il si

te in

the

wor

ld

illust

ratin

g th

e De

voni

an a

s th

e lsquoA

ge

of F

ishe

srsquo a

nd d

ispl

ays

the

high

est

dive

rsity

in th

e w

orld

of t

he lo

be-

finne

d fis

hes

that

gav

e ris

e to

the

first

fo

ur-le

gged

air-

brea

thin

g te

rrest

rial

erte

brat

es mdash

the

tetra

pods

1999

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mis

take

n Po

int

1M

ista

ken

Poin

t fos

sils

con

stitu

te a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g re

cord

of a

crit

ical

mile

ston

e in

the

hist

ory

of li

fe

on E

arth

lsquow

hen

life

got b

igrsquo a

fter a

lmos

t thr

ee

billio

n ye

ars

of m

icro

be-d

omin

ated

evo

lutio

n T

he

foss

ils ra

nge

in a

ge fr

om 5

80 to

560

milli

on y

ears

th

e lo

nges

t con

tinuo

us re

cord

of E

diac

ara-

type

m

egaf

ossi

ls a

nyw

here

and

pre

date

by

mor

e th

an

40 m

illion

yea

rs th

e Ca

mbr

ian

expl

osio

n b

eing

the

olde

st fo

ssil

evid

ence

of a

nces

tors

of m

ost m

oder

n an

imal

gro

ups

Mis

take

n Po

int c

onta

ins

the

wor

ldrsquos

ol

dest

-kno

wn

exam

ples

of l

arge

arc

hite

ctur

ally

com

plex

org

anis

ms

incl

udin

g so

ft-bo

died

anc

estra

l an

imal

s E

colo

gica

lly M

ista

ken

Poin

t con

tain

s th

e ol

dest

and

mos

t dive

rse

exam

ples

of E

diac

aran

de

ep-s

ea c

omm

uniti

es in

the

wor

ld th

us p

rese

rvin

g ra

re in

sigh

ts in

to th

e ec

olog

y of

thes

e an

cest

ral

anim

als

and

the

early

col

oniza

tion

of th

e de

ep-s

ea

floor

Oth

er a

ttrib

utes

con

tribu

ting

to th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

Ou

tsta

ndin

g Un

ivers

al V

alue

incl

ude

the

wor

ldrsquos

fir

st e

xam

ples

of m

etaz

oan

loco

mot

ion

exc

eptio

nal

pote

ntia

l for

radi

omet

ric d

atin

g of

the

asse

mbl

ages

an

d ev

iden

ce fo

r the

role

of a

ncie

nt o

xyge

n le

vels

in

the

regi

onal

and

glo

bal a

ppea

ranc

e of

com

plex

m

ultic

ellu

lar l

ife

Them

e 1

The

se ru

gged

coa

stal

cl

iffs

of d

eep

mar

ine

orig

in d

ate

to

the

mid

dle

of th

e Ed

iaca

ran

Perio

d c

580

-560

milli

on y

ears

ago

The

y re

cord

lsquowhe

n lif

e go

t big

rsquo th

e fir

st

abun

dant

app

eara

nce

of la

rge

bi

olog

ical

ly co

mpl

ex o

rgan

ism

s af

ter

thre

e bi

llion

year

s of

mai

nly

mic

robi

al

evol

utio

n

2016

(viii)

Natu

ral

Cana

daEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Mon

te S

an

Gior

gio

1M

onte

San

Gio

rgio

is th

e sin

gle

best

kno

wn

reco

rd

of m

arin

e lif

e in

the

Tria

ssic

per

iod

and

reco

rds

impo

rtant

rem

ains

of l

ife o

n la

nd a

s w

ell T

he p

rope

rty

has

prod

uced

dive

rse

and

num

erou

s fo

ssils

man

y of

w

hich

sho

w e

xcep

tiona

l com

plet

enes

s an

d de

taile

d pr

eser

vatio

n T

he lo

ng h

istor

y of

stu

dy o

f the

pro

perty

an

d th

e di

scip

lined

man

agem

ent o

f the

reso

urce

hav

e cr

eate

d a

wel

l doc

umen

ted

and

cata

logu

ed b

ody

of

spec

imen

s of

exc

eptio

nal q

ualit

y an

d ar

e th

e ba

sis

for a

rich

ass

ocia

ted

geol

ogic

al li

tera

ture

As

a re

sult

M

onte

San

Gio

rgio

pro

vides

the

prin

cipa

l poi

nt o

f re

fere

nce

rele

vant

to fu

ture

disc

over

ies

of m

arin

e Tr

iass

ic re

mai

ns th

roug

hout

the

wor

ld

Them

e 1

Mon

te S

an G

iorg

io is

re

gard

ed a

s th

e be

st fo

ssil

reco

rd o

f m

arin

e lif

e fro

m th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d (c

25

0ndash20

0 m

illion

yea

rs a

go)

2003

(201

0)(v

iii)Na

tura

lIta

ly

Switz

er-

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Mor

ne T

rois

Pi

tons

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk

4Th

e pr

oper

ty e

ncom

pass

es e

xtra

ordi

nary

and

inta

ct

exam

ples

and

arra

ys o

f geo

mor

phol

ogic

feat

ures

as

a re

sult

of a

ser

ies

of v

olca

nic

erup

tions

The

dist

inct

ive

geol

ogy

and

land

form

s of

Mor

ne Tr

ois

Pito

ns

Natio

nal P

ark

are

com

prise

d of

thre

e m

ajor

type

s of

ge

olog

ical

form

atio

ns v

olca

nic

pile

s g

laci

s slo

pes

and

souf

riere

s T

he p

rope

rty d

ispla

ys a

mag

nific

ent

spec

trum

of v

olca

nic

activ

ity in

the

form

of s

tream

s of

var

ious

col

ors

inte

rspe

rsed

with

fum

arol

es m

ud

pond

s an

d ho

t spr

ings

inc

ludi

ng th

e m

assiv

e Bo

iling

Lake

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nic

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tere

st in

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nat

iona

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rk a

re c

ente

red

on th

e 1

342

m

high

vol

cano

kno

wn

as M

orne

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is

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ns M

ore

than

50

fum

arol

es

hot s

prin

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hree

fres

hwat

er la

kes

a

lsquoboi

ling

lake

rsquo and

five

vol

cano

es

loca

ted

on th

e pa

rkrsquos

nea

rly 7

000

ha

to

geth

er w

ith th

e ric

hest

bio

dive

rsity

in

the

Less

er A

ntille

s

1997

(viii)

(x)

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ral

Dom

inic

aLa

tin

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i-oa-

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ls5

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e M

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an o

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ng e

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ple

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ver c

aptu

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es o

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wat

er

still

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inue

to s

culp

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hard

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alts

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se

gorg

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ke a

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zag

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ista

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of a

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0 km

alo

ng th

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mbe

zi Ri

ver b

elow

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falls

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ven

prev

ious

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seve

n go

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bel

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e pr

esen

t fal

ls a

nd th

e De

vilrsquos

Ca

tara

ct in

Zim

babw

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star

ting

poin

t for

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ll In

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ition

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w

of th

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lls s

how

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ssib

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ture

wat

erfa

ll po

sitio

ns

Upst

ream

are

a s

pect

acul

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erie

s of

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rine

isla

nds

form

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urin

g th

e on

goin

g ge

olog

ical

an

d ge

omor

phol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

The

pro

perty

is

cha

ract

erize

d by

ban

ded

basa

lt of

anc

ient

lava

flo

w K

alah

ari s

ands

tone

s an

d ch

alce

dony

out

of

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ch s

tone

arte

fact

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o ha

bilis

dat

ing

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e m

illion

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mid

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e an

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tone

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indi

cate

occ

upat

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by h

unte

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ther

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are

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ong

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ctac

ular

wat

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lls in

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wor

ld T

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ambe

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ver

whi

ch is

m

ore

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ide

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oint

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unge

s no

isily

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n a

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alt

gorg

es a

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ises

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iride

scen

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at c

an b

e se

en m

ore

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km

away

The

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i-oa-

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a V

icto

ria

Falls

is th

e w

orld

rsquos g

reat

est s

heet

of

fallin

g w

ater

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sig

nific

ant w

orld

wid

e fo

r its

exc

eptio

nal g

eolo

gica

l and

ge

omor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

1989

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

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bia

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mba

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ain)

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tions

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on)

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tego

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ate

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on

Mou

nt E

tna

4M

ount

Etn

a is

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ctive

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cani

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res

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iona

l vo

lcan

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ty h

as b

een

docu

men

ted

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uman

s fo

r at l

east

27

00 y

ears

ndash m

akin

g it

one

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e w

orld

rsquos lo

nges

t doc

umen

ted

reco

rds

of h

isto

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vo

lcan

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dive

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vol

cani

c fe

atur

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uch

as s

umm

it cr

ater

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cind

er c

ones

lav

a flo

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lava

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lle

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ove

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essi

on h

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mad

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ount

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prim

e de

stin

atio

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r res

earc

h an

d ed

ucat

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day

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nt E

tna

is o

ne o

f the

bes

t-st

udie

d an

d m

onito

red

volc

anoe

s in

the

wor

ld a

nd c

ontin

ues

to

influ

ence

vol

cano

logy

geo

phys

ics

and

othe

r Ear

th

scie

nce

disc

iplin

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ount

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arsquos

noto

riety

sci

entifi

c im

porta

nce

and

cul

tura

l and

edu

catio

nal v

alue

are

of

glo

bal s

igni

fican

ce

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e 4

Mou

nt E

tna

is th

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ghes

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edite

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land

mou

ntai

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d on

e of

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ano

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the

wor

ld T

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rupt

ive h

isto

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f the

vo

lcan

o ca

n be

trac

ed b

ack

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000

year

s an

d at

leas

t 27

00 y

ears

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ity h

as b

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men

ted

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mos

t con

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rupt

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ty

of M

ount

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cess

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e of

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cani

c fe

atur

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umm

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ater

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e de

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e m

ade

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site

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rime

dest

inat

ion

for r

esea

rch

and

educ

atio

n

2013

(viii)

Natu

ral

Italy

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Naha

nni N

atio

nal

Park

53

6In

Nah

anni

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iona

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k th

ere

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xcep

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n-go

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the

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mpl

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mos

t eve

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ateg

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ver

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now

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eolo

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atur

es in

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e m

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ncie

nt ri

vers

now

ra

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hig

h ab

ove

pres

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iver l

evel

s

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e 6

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ldrsquos

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mos

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mpl

e of

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st d

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ld c

limat

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nditi

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tain

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lar

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pe i

nclu

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jes

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ves

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gor

ges

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spr

ing

with

larg

e tu

fa m

ound

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dsca

pe is

su

bjec

t to

activ

e fro

st p

roce

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1978

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ral

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daEu

rope

an

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rth

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tions

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riaCa

tego

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ate

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on

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ib S

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ter r

e-so

lutio

n of

gia

nt s

pele

othe

ms

and

unus

ual f

eatu

res

such

as

sub

-aer

ial s

trom

atol

ites

On

the

surfa

ce t

here

is

a s

triki

ng s

erie

s of

nat

ural

land

scap

es r

angi

ng

from

dee

ply

diss

ecte

d ra

nges

and

pla

teau

x to

an

imm

ense

pol

je T

here

is e

viden

ce o

f at l

east

one

pe

riod

of h

ydro

ther

mal

act

ivity

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of

this

anc

ient

mat

ure

kars

t sys

tem

The

Son

Doo

ng

Cave

firs

t exp

lore

d in

200

9 c

ould

con

tain

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

ave

pass

age

in te

rms

of d

iam

eter

an

d co

ntin

uity

The

pla

teau

is o

ne o

f the

fine

st

and

mos

t dis

tinct

ive e

xam

ples

of a

com

plex

kar

st

land

form

in S

outh

east

Asi

a an

d th

e pr

oper

ty is

of

grea

t im

porta

nce

for e

nhan

cing

our

und

erst

andi

ng

of th

e ge

olog

ic g

eom

orph

ic a

nd g

eo-c

hron

olog

ical

hi

stor

y of

the

regi

on

Them

e 6

Ext

ensi

ve a

nd c

ompl

ex

kars

t dev

elop

men

t in

diss

ecte

d pl

atea

u en

viron

men

t to

129

0 m

ab

ove

sea

leve

l tha

t con

tinue

s ac

ross

bo

rder

into

Lao

s L

ong

hist

ory

of

kars

t lan

dsca

pe e

volu

tion

pos

sibl

y si

nce

early

Mes

ozoi

c M

ajor

cav

es

and

unde

rgro

und

river

s an

d ex

tens

ive

encl

osed

dep

ress

ions

(pol

je)

2003

(201

5)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Viet

Nam

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Pirin

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk9

The

prin

cipa

l Ear

th s

cien

ce v

alue

s of

the

prop

erty

re

late

to it

s gl

acia

l geo

mor

phol

ogy

dem

onst

rate

d th

roug

h a

rang

e of

feat

ures

incl

udin

g ci

rque

s d

eep

valle

ys a

nd o

ver 7

0 gl

acia

l lak

es T

he m

ount

ains

of

the

prop

erty

sho

w a

var

iety

of f

orm

s an

d ha

ve

been

dev

elop

ed in

sev

eral

diff

eren

t roc

k ty

pes

Fu

nctio

ning

nat

ural

pro

cess

es a

llow

for s

tudy

of t

he

cont

inue

d ev

olut

ion

of th

e la

ndfo

rms

of th

e pr

oper

ty

and

help

to u

nder

stan

d ot

her u

plan

d ar

eas

in th

e re

gion

Them

e 9

The

prin

cipa

l Ear

th s

cien

ce

valu

es o

f the

pro

perty

rela

te to

its

glac

ial g

eom

orph

olog

y de

mon

stra

ted

thro

ugh

a ra

nge

of fe

atur

es in

clud

ing

cirq

ues

dee

p va

lleys

and

ove

r 70

glac

ial l

akes

1983

(201

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lBu

lgar

iaEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Pito

ns

Man

agem

ent

Area

4Th

e Pi

tons

Man

agem

ent A

rea

cont

ains

the

grea

ter

part

of a

col

laps

ed s

trato

volc

ano

cont

aine

d w

ithin

th

e vo

lcan

ic s

yste

m k

now

n to

geo

logi

sts

as th

e So

ufrie

re V

olca

nic

Cent

re P

rom

inen

t with

in th

e vo

lcan

ic la

ndsc

ape

are

two

rem

nant

vol

cani

c pe

aks

Gr

os P

iton

and

Petit

Pito

n T

he P

itons

occ

ur w

ith a

va

riety

of o

ther

vol

cani

c fe

atur

es in

clud

ing

cum

ulo

dom

es e

xplo

sion

cra

ters

pyr

ocla

stic

dep

osits

(p

umic

e an

d as

h) a

nd la

va fl

ows

Col

lect

ively

thes

e fu

lly il

lust

rate

the

volc

anic

his

tory

of a

n an

desi

tic

com

posi

te v

olca

no a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith c

rust

al p

late

su

bduc

tion

Them

e 4

The

Pito

ns M

anag

emen

t Ar

ea c

onta

ins

a co

llaps

ed

stra

tovo

lcan

o kn

own

as th

e So

ufrie

re

Volc

anic

Cen

tre P

rom

inen

t with

in th

e vo

lcan

ic la

ndsc

ape

are

two

erod

ed

rem

nant

s of

lava

dom

es G

ros

Pito

n an

d Pe

tit P

iton

with

a v

arie

ty o

f oth

er

volc

anic

feat

ures

incl

udin

g cu

mul

o-do

mes

exp

losi

on c

rate

rs p

yroc

last

ic

depo

sits

(pum

ice

and

ash)

and

lava

flo

ws

2004

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sain

t Lu

cia

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Plitv

ice

Lake

s Na

tiona

l Par

k5

6Th

e ke

y ex

traor

dina

ry p

roce

ss w

hich

has

bee

n sh

apin

g an

d co

ntin

ues

to s

hape

the

Plitv

ice

lake

sy

stem

is th

e tu

fa c

reat

ion

whi

ch fo

rms

barri

ers

acro

ss th

e w

ater

cour

se D

ue to

the

char

acte

ristic

s of

kar

st b

ase

the

wat

ers

of P

litvic

e La

kes

are

natu

rally

sup

ersa

tura

ted

with

cal

cium

car

bona

te

Unde

r cer

tain

phy

sico

-che

mic

al a

nd b

iolo

gica

l co

nditi

ons

the

diss

olve

d ca

lciu

m c

arbo

nate

is

depo

site

d on

the

botto

ms

and

mar

gins

of t

he la

kes

as

wel

l as

on o

bsta

cles

in th

e w

ater

cou

rses

Ove

r tim

e th

is p

roce

ss le

ads

to th

e fo

rmat

ion

of p

orou

s

sim

ulta

neou

sly

hard

and

frag

ile li

mes

tone

bar

riers

w

hich

reta

in th

e w

ater

of c

reek

s an

d riv

ers

The

la

ke s

yste

m is

a s

ubje

ct to

con

stan

t cha

nges

larg

ely

due

to th

e dy

nam

ics

of g

row

th a

nd e

rosi

on o

f tuf

a ba

rrier

s A

clo

ser l

ook

at th

e ba

rrier

s re

veal

s th

e ub

iqui

tous

rem

ains

of m

osse

s an

d ot

her t

erre

stria

l an

d aq

uatic

org

anis

ms

inha

bitin

g th

e hi

ghly

spec

ializ

ed h

abita

t Th

e sc

ale

and

inta

ctne

ss o

f th

e tu

fa fo

rmat

ion

phen

omen

a at

Plit

vice

Lake

s am

ount

to a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

a la

rgel

y un

dist

urbe

d on

-goi

ng p

roce

ss E

xten

sive

rese

arch

on

the

form

atio

n a

ge a

nd s

truct

ure

and

ecol

ogic

al

char

acte

ristic

s illu

stra

te th

e m

ajor

sci

entifi

c im

porta

nce

of th

e pr

oper

ty

Them

e 5

6 I

nter

natio

nal t

ype-

site

fo

r tuf

a-da

mm

ed la

kes

Car

bona

te

biol

ith b

arrie

rs c

onfin

e 16

lake

s up

to

08

km

2 in

are

a an

d up

to 4

6 m

de

ep M

ixed

limes

tone

and

dol

omiti

c lim

esto

ne c

atch

men

t are

a

1979

(200

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lCr

oatia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Purn

ulul

u Na

tiona

l Par

k3

6Th

e Bu

ngle

Bun

gles

are

by

far

the

mos

t ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

con

e ka

rst i

n sa

ndst

ones

an

ywhe

re in

the

wor

ld a

nd o

we

thei

r exis

tenc

e an

d un

ique

ness

to s

ever

al in

tera

ctin

g ge

olog

ical

bi

olog

ical

ero

sion

al a

nd c

limat

ic p

heno

men

a

The

sand

ston

e ka

rst o

f Pur

nulu

lu N

atio

nal P

ark

is o

f gre

at s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e in

dem

onst

ratin

g so

cle

arly

the

proc

ess

of c

one

kars

t for

mat

ion

on s

ands

tone

- a

phe

nom

enon

reco

gnis

ed b

y ge

omor

phol

ogis

ts o

nly

rece

ntly

and

still

not

com

plet

ely

unde

rsto

od T

he B

ungl

e Bu

ngle

Ran

ges

of th

e pa

rk a

lso

disp

lay

to a

n ex

cept

iona

l deg

ree

evid

ence

of g

eom

orph

ic p

roce

sses

of d

isso

lutio

n

wea

ther

ing

and

eros

ion

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of la

ndfo

rms

unde

r a s

avan

nah

clim

atic

regi

me

with

in a

n an

cien

t st

able

sed

imen

tary

land

scap

e

Them

e 3

6 D

isse

cted

san

dsto

ne

plat

form

that

repr

esen

ts a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

qua

rtz

sand

ston

e flu

vioka

rst w

ith b

eehi

ve-

shap

ed h

ills s

epar

ated

by

narro

w

sinu

ous

gorg

es

2003

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Aust

ralia

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Pyreacute

neacutees

- M

ont

Perd

u9

6Th

e ca

lcar

eous

mas

sif o

f Mon

t Per

du p

rese

nts

a se

ries

of c

lass

ic g

eolo

gica

l lan

dfor

ms

such

as

the

deep

ly-in

cise

d ca

nyon

s an

d sp

ecta

cula

r cirq

ues

Th

e re

gion

is d

istin

guis

hed

by it

s lo

catio

n at

the

tect

onic

col

lisio

n po

int b

etw

een

the

Iber

ian

and

wes

t Eur

opea

n pl

ates

The

pro

perty

pre

sent

s an

ex

cept

iona

l geo

logi

cal u

nity

form

ing

a ca

lcar

eous

m

assi

f with

Mon

t Per

du a

t its

cen

tre T

he re

sulti

ng

land

scap

e is

con

side

rabl

y di

ffere

nt o

n th

e no

rther

n sl

opes

(Fra

nce)

and

the

sout

hern

slo

pes

(Spa

in)

Them

e 9

Com

pose

d of

cla

ssic

al

geol

ogic

al la

ndfo

rms

not

ably

deep

ly-in

cise

d ca

nyon

s on

the

sout

hern

Sp

anis

h si

de a

nd s

pect

acul

ar c

irque

w

alls

on

the

north

ern

slop

es w

ithin

Fr

ance

Cen

tred

arou

nd th

e pe

ak o

f M

ont P

erdu

that

rise

s to

33

48 m

Th

eme

6 O

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of

alpi

ne g

laci

ated

kar

st to

33

52 m

with

ex

tens

ive k

arre

nfel

d d

eep

cany

ons

de

ep c

aves

and

sub

terra

nean

rive

r sy

stem

s In

corp

orat

es c

ompl

ete

kars

t sy

stem

s

1997

(199

9)(ii

i)(iv)

(v)

(vii)

(viii)

Mixe

dFr

ance

Sp

ain

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Riacuteo

Plaacutet

ano

Bios

pher

e Re

serv

e

5Th

e pr

oper

ty c

ompr

ises

two

mai

n ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

area

s T

hese

are

the

stee

p m

ount

ain

rang

e ha

rbou

ring

the

head

wat

ers

of R

iacuteo P

laacuteta

no a

nd

the

flat t

o un

dula

ting

coas

tal p

lain

s T

he la

tter i

s co

mpo

sed

of te

rrace

s of

rece

nt m

arin

e se

dim

ents

an

d pa

rtly

unde

rlain

by

a be

lt of

infe

rtile

dee

ply

wea

ther

ed P

leis

toce

ne q

uartz

san

dy g

rave

ls T

he

Riacuteo

Plaacutet

ano

mea

nder

s fo

r som

e 45

km

thro

ugh

the

low

land

s fo

rmin

g ox

-bow

lake

s b

ackw

ater

sw

amps

an

d na

tura

l lev

ees

At a

bout

100

ma

sl

inla

nd

the

foot

hills

beg

in a

brup

tly T

he ru

gged

gra

nite

m

ount

ains

whi

ch ri

se to

Pun

ta P

iedr

a at

14

18

ma

sl

hav

e m

any

stee

p rid

ges

rem

arka

ble

rock

fo

rmat

ions

suc

h as

Pic

o Da

ma

a 1

50 m

pin

nacl

e

and

man

y w

ater

falls

one

reac

hing

150

m in

hei

ght

Two

third

s of

the

Plaacutet

ano

Rive

r run

thro

ugh

a ru

gged

par

t of t

he m

ount

ains

with

long

stre

tche

s of

whi

te w

ater

In

one

cata

ract

in a

dee

p fo

rest

ed

gorg

e th

e riv

er d

isap

pear

s un

der m

assi

ve b

ould

ers

Th

e m

ount

ains

are

par

t of t

he C

ordi

llera

Cen

tral

whi

ch c

orre

spon

ds to

wha

t was

the

Hond

uras

In

terc

ontin

enta

l Dep

ress

ion

dur

ing

the

Cret

aceo

us

Perio

d

Them

e 5

The

pro

perty

con

tain

s ne

arly

the

full

leng

th o

f the

Riacuteo

Pl

aacutetan

o fr

om it

s m

ount

aino

us

head

wat

ers

to it

s m

eand

ers

thro

ugh

flat t

o un

dula

ting

coas

tal p

lain

s

1982

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lHo

ndur

asLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Sang

ay N

atio

nal

Park

4Sa

ngay

(a p

erfe

ct c

one-

shap

ed v

olca

no) i

s no

tabl

e gl

obal

ly fo

r its

long

per

iod

of c

ontin

uous

act

ivity

Th

e ar

ea e

xhib

its a

rugg

ed to

pogr

aphy

with

dee

p

stee

p-si

ded

valle

ys a

bund

ant c

liffs

and

man

y ro

cky

jagg

ed p

eaks

A n

umbe

r of l

arge

rive

rs d

rain

ing

east

war

ds in

to th

e Am

azon

Bas

in a

re c

hara

cter

ized

by fa

st a

nd d

ram

atic

var

iatio

ns in

wat

er le

vel

Run-

off i

s ex

trem

ely

rapi

d du

e to

hig

h ra

infa

ll an

d st

eep

slop

es E

rosi

on is

a c

onst

ant d

ange

r al

thou

gh

cont

rolle

d by

thic

k fo

rest

veg

etat

ion

Num

erou

s w

ater

falls

occ

ur e

spec

ially

in th

e ha

ngin

g va

lleys

of

the

glac

ial z

one

alon

g th

e ea

ster

n ed

ge o

f the

Co

rdille

ra

Them

e 4

With

its

outs

tand

ing

natu

ral

beau

ty a

nd tw

o ac

tive

volc

anoe

s th

e pa

rk il

lust

rate

s th

e en

tire

spec

trum

of

eco

syst

ems

rang

ing

from

trop

ical

ra

info

rest

s to

gla

cier

s w

ith s

triki

ng

cont

rast

s be

twee

n th

e sn

owca

pped

pe

aks

and

the

fore

sts

of th

e pl

ains

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

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rLa

tin

Amer

ica

and

the

Carib

bean

Shar

k Ba

y W

este

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ustr

alia

17

Shar

k Ba

y co

ntai

ns i

n th

e hy

pers

alin

e Ha

mel

in

Pool

the

mos

t dive

rse

and

abun

dant

exa

mpl

es

of s

trom

atol

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(har

d d

ome-

shap

ed s

truct

ures

fo

rmed

by

mic

robi

al m

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in th

e w

orld

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logo

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ated

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ms

on E

arth

fo

r mor

e th

an 3

000

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on y

ears

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e st

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atol

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of H

amel

in P

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ere

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exam

ples

to b

e re

cogn

ised

that

ha

ve a

mor

phol

ogic

al d

ivers

ity a

nd a

bund

ance

co

mpa

rabl

e to

thos

e th

at in

habi

ted

Prot

eroz

oic

seas

As

suc

h th

ey a

re o

ne o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

bes

t exa

mpl

es

of a

livin

g an

alog

ue fo

r the

stu

dy o

f the

nat

ure

and

evol

utio

n of

the

Earth

rsquos b

iosp

here

up

until

the

early

Ca

mbr

ian

Th

e W

oora

mel

Sea

gras

s Ba

nk is

als

o of

gre

at

geol

ogic

al in

tere

st d

ue to

the

exte

nsive

dep

osit

of

limes

tone

san

ds a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith th

e ba

nk f

orm

ed

by th

e pr

ecip

itatio

n of

cal

cium

car

bona

te fr

om

hype

rsal

ine

wat

ers

Them

e 1

Abu

ndan

t stro

mat

olite

s (c

olon

ies

of m

icro

bes

that

form

har

d

dom

e-sh

aped

dep

osits

) tha

t are

m

oder

n re

pres

enta

tives

of s

ome

of th

e ol

dest

form

s of

life

on

Earth

The

me

7 T

he W

oora

mel

Sea

gras

s Ba

nk is

of

gre

at g

eolo

gica

l int

eres

t due

to th

e ex

tens

ive d

epos

it of

lim

esto

ne s

ands

as

soci

ated

with

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bank

for

med

by

the

prec

ipita

tion

of c

alci

um c

arbo

nate

fro

m h

yper

salin

e w

ater

s

1991

(vii)

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(ix)(x

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tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

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fic



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st a

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re c

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cien

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alik

e w

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rela

tivel

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hea

rt of

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ynam

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text

book

exa

mpl

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co

ntac

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st w

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ell-d

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dive

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w

hich

has

impo

rtant

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icat

ions

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and

and

wat

er

man

agem

ent

Them

e 6

Loc

ated

in th

e lsquoc

lass

ical

rsquo ka

rst o

f Eur

ope

The

pro

perty

co

mpr

ises

a s

inki

ng ri

ver a

t the

end

of

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d va

lley

the

expo

sed

cour

se o

f the

un

derg

roun

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er fl

owin

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ross

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eep

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pse

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essi

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larg

e riv

er c

ave

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igh

cany

on p

assa

ge I

t is

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

inpu

t of a

n al

loge

nic

river

into

a

kars

t sys

tem

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Slov

enia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

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(m

ain)

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lary

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ifica

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tions

hip

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emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Sout

h Ch

ina

Kars

t6

The

Sout

h Ch

ina

Kars

t Wor

ld H

erita

ge P

rope

rty

reve

als

the

com

plex

evo

lutio

nary

hist

ory

of o

ne o

f the

w

orld

rsquos m

ost o

utst

andi

ng la

ndsc

apes

Shi

lin a

nd L

ibo

are

glob

al re

fere

nce

area

s fo

r the

kar

st fe

atur

es a

nd

land

scap

es th

at th

ey e

xhib

it T

he s

tone

fore

sts

of S

hilin

de

velo

ped

over

270

milli

on y

ears

dur

ing

four

maj

or

geol

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e pe

riods

from

the

Perm

ian

to p

rese

nt

illust

ratin

g th

e ep

isodi

c na

ture

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he e

volu

tion

of th

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kars

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ture

s Li

bo c

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ins

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onat

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tcro

ps o

f di

ffere

nt a

ges

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y er

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ses

into

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ngco

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ts L

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tain

s a

com

bina

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of n

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tall k

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pea

ks d

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inkin

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s an

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ong

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plift

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ridge

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onta

in

evid

ence

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y of

one

of t

he w

orld

rsquos gr

eat

river

sys

tem

s th

e Ya

ngtze

and

its

tribu

tarie

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anjia

ng

Kars

t is

an e

xten

sion

of th

e Li

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arst

com

pone

nt

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ther

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two

sites

pro

vide

an o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of fe

ngco

ng k

arst

and

also

pre

serv

e an

d di

spla

y a

rich

dive

rsity

of s

urfa

ce a

nd u

nder

grou

nd k

arst

fe

atur

es G

uilin

Kar

st is

con

sider

ed th

e be

st k

now

n ex

ampl

e of

con

tinen

tal f

engl

in a

nd p

rovid

es a

per

fect

ge

omor

phic

expr

essio

n of

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end

stag

e of

kar

st

evol

utio

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Sou

th C

hina

Gui

lin is

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asin

at a

rela

tivel

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w a

ltitud

e an

d re

ceive

s ab

unda

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lloge

nic

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fed)

w

ater

from

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roun

ding

hills

lea

ding

to a

fluv

ial

com

pone

nt th

at a

ids

feng

lin d

evel

opm

ent

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lting

in

feng

lin a

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ngco

ng k

arst

sid

e-by

-sid

e ov

er a

larg

e ar

ea S

cient

ific

stud

y of

kar

st d

evel

opm

ent i

n th

e re

gion

ha

s re

sulte

d in

the

gene

ratio

n of

the

lsquoGui

lin m

odel

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feng

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feng

lin k

arst

evo

lutio

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hibi

ng K

arst

pr

ovid

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spe

ctac

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feng

cong

land

scap

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hich

is

also

exc

eptio

nal b

ecau

se it

dev

elop

ed in

rela

tivel

y in

solu

ble

dolo

mite

rock

s Sh

ibin

g al

so c

onta

ins

a ra

nge

of m

inor

kar

st fe

atur

es in

cludi

ng k

arre

n tu

fa d

epos

its

and

cave

s Jin

fosh

an K

arst

is a

uni

que

kars

t tab

le

mou

ntai

n su

rroun

ded

by m

assiv

e to

wer

ing

cliffs

It

repr

esen

ts a

pie

ce o

f diss

ecte

d pl

atea

u ka

rst i

sola

ted

from

the

Yunn

an-G

uizh

ou-C

honq

ing

plat

eau

by d

eep

fluvia

l incis

ion

An

ancie

nt p

lana

tion

surfa

ce re

mai

ns o

n th

e su

mm

it w

ith a

n an

cient

wea

ther

ing

crus

t Be

neat

h th

e pl

atea

u su

rface

are

dism

embe

red

horiz

onta

l cav

e sy

stem

s th

at a

ppea

r at h

igh

altit

ude

on c

liff fa

ces

Jin

fosh

an re

cord

s th

e pr

oces

s of

diss

ectio

n of

the

high

el

evat

ion

kars

t pla

teau

and

con

tain

s ev

iden

ce o

f the

re

gion

rsquos in

term

itten

t upl

ift a

nd k

arst

ifica

tion

since

the

Ceno

zoic

It is

a s

uper

lativ

e ty

pe-s

ite o

f a k

arst

tabl

e m

ount

ain

Them

e 6

Sev

en s

ites

of a

ser

ial

prop

erty

that

repr

esen

t kar

st e

volu

tion

in s

outh

ern

Chin

a S

hilin

com

pris

es

ston

e fo

rest

s on

a ro

lling

plat

eau

in

Yunn

an J

info

shan

is a

n is

olat

ed h

igh

plat

eau

with

hug

e ho

rizon

tal c

aves

su

spen

ded

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urro

undi

ng

valle

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ulon

g is

pla

teau

kar

st

with

spe

ctac

ular

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keng

nat

ural

br

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aves

and

gor

ges

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ibin

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stra

tes

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ual c

one

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velo

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t in

dolo

mite

bed

rock

Li

bo h

as e

xten

sive

fore

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cong

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polje

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orge

s an

d ca

ves

with

Hua

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eing

an

exte

nsio

n of

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prot

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ea G

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sh

ows

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culm

inat

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of s

ubtro

pica

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rst d

evel

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ent w

ith s

pect

acul

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cone

s an

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s be

side

the

Rive

r Li

The

se a

reas

pro

vide

type

-site

s fo

r th

eir p

rinci

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arst

feat

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2007

(201

4)(v

ii)(v

iii)Na

tura

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ina

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and

th

e Pa

cific

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2021

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tions

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Date

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tego

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ate

Regi

on

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jan

Cave

s6

The

Škoc

jan

Cave

s an

d th

eir s

urro

undi

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are

the

maj

or lo

calit

ies

for k

arst

topo

grap

hy a

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re th

e pl

ace

whe

re fu

ndam

enta

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ms

such

as

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e th

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Thi

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stro

ng in

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e pr

oper

tyrsquos

impo

rtanc

e fo

r sc

ienc

e b

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ore

spec

ifica

lly o

f its

impo

rtanc

e fo

r th

e hi

stor

y of

Ear

th s

cien

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impr

essi

ve a

rray

of e

xcep

tiona

l kar

st m

anife

stat

ions

the

resu

lt of

pa

st a

nd p

rese

nt g

eolo

gica

l ge

omor

phol

ogic

al

spel

eolo

gica

l and

hyd

rolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

re c

lear

ly at

dis

play

for s

cien

tists

and

vis

itors

alik

e w

ithin

a

rela

tivel

y sm

all a

rea

The

hea

rt of

the

prop

erty

the

mai

n ca

ve s

yste

m w

ith th

e un

derg

roun

d st

retc

hes

of th

e Re

ka R

iver

has

been

form

ed in

a th

ick

laye

r of

cre

tace

ous

limes

tone

The

con

stan

tly d

ynam

ic

syst

em is

an

outs

tand

ing

text

book

exa

mpl

e of

co

ntac

t Kar

st w

ith w

ell-d

evel

oped

feat

ures

suc

h as

a

blin

d va

lley

colla

psed

dol

ines

ope

ning

s c

hasm

s an

d ca

ves

Rem

arka

bly

this

geo

logi

cal d

ivers

ity

supp

orts

an

equa

lly fa

scin

atin

g bi

olog

ical

dive

rsity

w

hich

has

impo

rtant

impl

icat

ions

for l

and

and

wat

er

man

agem

ent

Them

e 6

Loc

ated

in th

e lsquoc

lass

ical

rsquo ka

rst o

f Eur

ope

The

pro

perty

co

mpr

ises

a s

inki

ng ri

ver a

t the

end

of

blin

d va

lley

the

expo

sed

cour

se o

f the

un

derg

roun

d riv

er fl

owin

g ac

ross

the

base

of d

eep

colla

pse

depr

essi

ons

an

d a

larg

e riv

er c

ave

with

a h

igh

cany

on p

assa

ge I

t is

repr

esen

tativ

e of

the

inpu

t of a

n al

loge

nic

river

into

a

kars

t sys

tem

1986

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Slov

enia

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

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Date

in

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ed

(ext

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Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Stev

ns K

lint

111

Stev

ns K

lint i

s a

glob

ally

exce

ptio

nal t

estim

ony

to th

e im

pact

of m

eteo

rite

impa

ct o

n th

e hi

stor

y of

life

on

Earth

The

pro

perty

pro

vides

a g

loba

lly

exce

ptio

nal r

epre

sent

atio

n of

the

evid

ence

of t

he

Chixu

lub

met

eorit

e im

pact

that

took

pla

ce a

t the

end

of

the

Cret

aceo

us P

erio

d c

67

milli

on y

ears

ago

Th

is im

pact

is w

idel

y be

lieve

d by

mod

ern

scie

ntis

ts

to h

ave

caus

ed th

e en

d of

the

Age

of th

e Di

nosa

urs

an

d le

d to

the

extin

ctio

n of

mor

e th

an 5

0 o

f life

on

Ear

th T

his

is th

e m

ost r

ecen

t of t

he m

ajor

mas

s ex

tinct

ions

in E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry C

ompa

rativ

e an

alys

is

indi

cate

s th

is is

the

mos

t sig

nific

ant a

nd re

adily

ac

cess

ible

site

of h

undr

eds

avai

labl

e to

see

the

sedi

men

tary

reco

rd o

f the

ash

clo

ud fo

rmed

by

the

met

eorit

e im

pact

the

act

ual s

ite o

f the

impa

ct b

eing

de

ep u

nder

wat

er o

ffsho

re th

e Yu

cata

n pe

nins

ula

In

add

ition

the

pro

perty

has

icon

ic s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e as

the

mos

t sig

nific

ant a

nd a

cces

sibl

e of

the

thre

e lo

calit

ies

whe

re th

e ra

dica

l the

ory

for

aste

roid

driv

en e

xtin

ctio

n w

as d

evel

oped

thro

ugh

the

sem

inal

wor

k of

Wal

ter a

nd L

uis

W A

lvare

z w

ith

thei

r co-

wor

kers

Ste

vns

Klin

t is

high

ly si

gnifi

cant

in

term

s of

its

past

pre

sent

and

futu

re c

ontri

butio

n to

sci

ence

esp

ecia

lly p

erta

inin

g to

the

defin

ition

of

and

expl

anat

ion

of th

e Cr

etac

eous

Pal

eoge

ne (K

Pg

) bou

ndar

y Th

e ou

tsta

ndin

g fo

ssil

reco

rd a

t Ste

vns

Klin

t pr

ovid

es a

suc

cess

ion

of th

ree

biot

ic a

ssem

blag

es

incl

udin

g th

e m

ost d

ivers

e en

d-Cr

etac

eous

mar

ine

ecos

yste

m k

now

n T

he m

illion

yea

rs re

cord

ed in

the

rock

at S

tevn

s Kl

int p

rovid

es e

viden

ce o

f a c

limax

pr

e-im

pact

com

mun

ity f

auna

that

sur

vived

a m

ass

extin

ctio

n ev

ent

and

the

subs

eque

nt fa

unal

reco

very

an

d in

crea

sed

biod

ivers

ity fo

llow

ing

this

eve

nt T

he

foss

il re

cord

sho

ws

whi

ch ta

xa b

ecam

e ex

tinct

an

d w

hich

sur

vived

and

reve

als

the

tem

po a

nd

mod

e of

evo

lutio

n of

the

succ

eedi

ng p

ost i

mpa

ct

faun

a th

at d

ivers

ified

to th

e m

arin

e fa

una

of to

day

thus

pro

vidin

g im

porta

nt c

onte

xt fo

r the

mai

n K

Pg

boun

dary

laye

r exp

osed

at S

tevn

s Kl

int

Them

e 11

Bea

rs e

viden

ce o

f the

as

tero

id im

pact

bel

ieve

d to

hav

e ca

used

the

mas

s ex

tinct

ion

that

led

to

the

end

of th

e Ag

e of

the

Dino

saur

s

Icon

ic s

cien

tific

impo

rtanc

e du

e to

its

asso

ciat

ion

with

the

radi

cal t

heor

y fo

r as

tero

id d

riven

ext

inct

ion

The

me

1

An e

xcep

tiona

l fos

sil r

ecor

d is

vis

ible

at

the

prop

erty

sho

win

g th

e co

mpl

ete

succ

essi

on o

f fau

na a

nd m

icro

-fau

na

char

ting

the

reco

very

afte

r the

mas

s ex

tinct

ion

2014

(viii)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Swis

s Al

ps

Jung

frau

-Ale

tsch

92

The

prop

erty

pro

vides

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e fo

rmat

ion

of th

e Hi

gh A

lps

resu

lting

from

upl

ift a

nd

com

pres

sion

whi

ch b

egan

20-

40 m

illion

yea

rs a

go

With

in a

n al

titud

e ra

nge

from

809

m to

42

74 m

th

e re

gion

dis

play

s 40

0 m

illion

-yea

r-ol

d cr

ysta

lline

rock

s th

rust

ove

r you

nger

car

bona

te ro

cks

due

to

the

north

war

d dr

ift o

f the

Afri

can

tect

onic

pla

te

Adde

d to

the

dram

atic

reco

rd o

f the

pro

cess

es

of m

ount

ain

build

ing

is a

gre

at a

bund

ance

and

di

vers

ity o

f geo

mor

phol

ogic

al fe

atur

es s

uch

as

U-sh

aped

gla

cial

val

leys

cirq

ues

hor

n pe

aks

val

ley

glac

iers

and

mor

aine

s T

his

mos

t gla

ciat

ed p

art o

f th

e Al

ps c

onta

ins

the

Alet

sch

glac

ier

the

larg

est a

nd

long

est i

n Eu

rope

whi

ch is

of s

igni

fican

t sci

entifi

c in

tere

st in

the

cont

ext o

f gla

cial

his

tory

and

ong

oing

pr

oces

ses

par

ticul

arly

rela

ted

to c

limat

e ch

ange

Them

e 9

Gla

cial

feat

ures

incl

ude

U-sh

aped

gla

cial

val

leys

cirq

ues

hor

n pe

aks

val

ley

glac

iers

and

mor

aine

s

This

mos

t gla

ciat

ed p

art o

f the

Alp

s co

ntai

ns th

e Al

etsc

h gl

acie

r th

e la

rges

t and

long

est i

n Eu

rope

whi

ch

is o

f sig

nific

ant s

cien

tific

inte

rest

in

the

cont

ext o

f gla

cial

his

tory

and

on

goin

g pr

oces

ses

par

ticul

arly

rela

ted

to c

limat

e ch

ange

The

me

2 T

he

prop

erty

pro

vides

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e fo

rmat

ion

of th

e Hi

gh A

lps

resu

lting

from

upl

ift a

nd

com

pres

sion

whi

ch b

egan

20-

40

milli

on y

ears

ago

With

in a

n al

titud

e ra

nge

from

809

m to

42

74 m

the

re

gion

dis

play

s 40

0 m

illion

-yea

r-ol

d cr

ysta

lline

rock

s th

rust

ove

r you

nger

ca

rbon

ate

rock

s du

e to

the

north

war

d dr

ift o

f the

Afri

can

tect

onic

pla

te

2001

(200

7)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)Na

tura

lSw

itzer

-la

ndEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Swis

s Te

cton

ic

Aren

a Sa

rdon

a2

Earth

rsquos h

isto

ry g

eolo

gica

l and

geo

mor

phic

feat

ures

an

d pr

oces

ses

The

Sw

iss

Tect

onic

Are

na S

ardo

na

prov

ides

an

exce

ptio

nal d

ispl

ay o

f mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

and

has

been

reco

gnis

ed a

s a

key

site

fo

r geo

logi

cal s

cien

ces

sinc

e th

e 18

th c

entu

ry T

he

clea

r exp

osur

e of

the

Glar

us O

verth

rust

is a

key

but

no

t the

onl

y si

gnifi

cant

fea

ture

The

exp

osur

es o

f th

e ro

cks

belo

w a

nd a

bove

this

feat

ure

are

visib

le

in th

ree

dim

ensi

ons

and

take

n to

geth

er h

ave

mad

e su

bsta

ntia

l con

tribu

tions

to th

e un

ders

tand

ing

of

mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

Its

geol

ogic

al fe

atur

es

can

be re

adily

app

reci

ated

by

all v

isito

rs T

he

prop

erty

can

be

diffe

rent

iate

d fro

m o

ther

sim

ilar

site

s by

the

com

bina

tion

of th

e cl

ear e

xpos

ure

of

the

phen

omen

on in

a m

ount

ain

setti

ng i

ts h

isto

ry

of s

tudy

and

its

ongo

ing

cont

ribut

ion

to g

eolo

gica

l sc

ienc

es

Them

e 2

The

Sw

iss

Tect

onic

Are

na

Sard

ona

prov

ides

an

exce

ptio

nal

disp

lay

of m

ount

ain

build

ing

tect

onic

s an

d ha

s be

en re

cogn

ised

as

a ke

y si

te fo

r geo

logi

cal s

cien

ces

sinc

e th

e 18

th c

entu

ry T

he c

lear

exp

osur

e of

th

e Gl

arus

Ove

rthru

st is

a k

ey b

ut

not t

he o

nly

sign

ifica

nt f

eatu

re T

he

expo

sure

s of

the

rock

s be

low

and

ab

ove

this

feat

ure

are

visib

le in

thre

e di

men

sion

s an

d ta

ken

toge

ther

hav

e m

ade

subs

tant

ial c

ontri

butio

ns to

the

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

mou

ntai

n bu

ildin

g te

cton

ics

2008

(viii)

Natu

ral

Switz

er-

land

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Tajik

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk (M

ount

ains

of

the

Pam

irs)

92

5Th

e Pa

mir

Mou

ntai

ns a

re a

maj

or c

entre

of

glac

iatio

n on

the

Eura

sian

con

tinen

t and

Taj

ik

Natio

nal P

ark

illust

rate

s w

ithin

one

pro

tect

ed

area

an

outs

tand

ing

juxt

apos

ition

of m

any

high

m

ount

ains

val

ley

glac

iers

and

dee

p riv

er g

orge

s al

ongs

ide

the

cold

con

tinen

tal d

eser

t env

ironm

ent

of th

e hi

gh P

amir

Plat

eau

land

form

s A

n ou

tsta

ndin

g la

ndfo

rm fe

atur

e of

the

prop

erty

rsquos g

eolo

gica

lly

dyna

mic

terra

in is

Lak

e Sa

rez

It w

as c

reat

ed b

y an

ea

rthqu

ake-

gene

rate

d la

ndsl

ide

of a

n es

timat

ed

six

billio

n to

nnes

of m

ater

ial a

nd is

pos

sibl

y th

e yo

unge

st d

eep

wat

er a

lpin

e la

ke in

the

wor

ld I

t is

of in

tern

atio

nal s

cien

tific

and

geom

orph

olog

ical

ha

zard

sig

nific

ance

bec

ause

of t

he o

n-go

ing

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

influ

enci

ng it

s st

abilit

y an

d th

e so

rt of

lacu

strin

e ec

osys

tem

whi

ch w

ill de

velo

p ov

er ti

me

Taj

ik N

atio

nal P

ark

furth

erm

ore

offe

rs a

un

ique

opp

ortu

nity

for t

he s

tudy

of p

late

tect

onic

s an

d co

ntin

enta

l sub

duct

ion

phen

omen

a th

ereb

y co

ntrib

utin

g to

our

fund

amen

tal u

nder

stan

ding

of

Earth

bui

ldin

g pr

oces

ses

Them

e 9

The

Pam

ir M

ount

ains

are

a

maj

or c

entre

of g

laci

atio

n on

the

Eura

sian

con

tinen

t and

Taj

ik N

atio

nal

Park

illu

stra

tes

with

in o

ne p

rote

cted

ar

ea a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ju

xtap

ositi

on o

f m

any

high

mou

ntai

ns v

alle

y gl

acie

rs

and

deep

rive

r gor

ges

alon

gsid

e th

e co

ld c

ontin

enta

l des

ert e

nviro

nmen

t of

the

high

Pam

ir Pl

atea

u la

ndfo

rms

Th

eme

2 T

ajik

Nat

iona

l Par

k of

fers

a

uniq

ue o

ppor

tuni

ty fo

r the

stu

dy

of p

late

tect

onic

s an

d co

ntin

enta

l su

bduc

tion

phen

omen

a th

ereb

y co

ntrib

utin

g to

our

fund

amen

tal

unde

rsta

ndin

g of

Ear

th b

uild

ing

proc

esse

s T

hem

e 5

An

outs

tand

ing

land

form

feat

ure

of th

e pr

oper

tyrsquos

ge

olog

ical

ly dy

nam

ic te

rrain

is

Lake

Sar

ez I

t was

cre

ated

by

an

earth

quak

e-ge

nera

ted

land

slid

e of

an

est

imat

ed s

ix bi

llion

tonn

es o

f m

ater

ial a

nd is

pos

sibl

y th

e yo

unge

st

deep

wat

er a

lpin

e la

ke in

the

wor

ld

It is

of i

nter

natio

nal s

cien

tific

and

geom

orph

olog

ical

haz

ard

sign

ifica

nce

beca

use

of th

e on

-goi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pr

oces

ses

influ

enci

ng it

s st

abilit

y an

d th

e so

rt of

lacu

strin

e ec

osys

tem

whi

ch

will

deve

lop

over

tim

e

2013

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Tajik

ista

nAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Tala

man

ca

Rang

e-La

Am

ista

d Re

serv

es

La

Amis

tad

Natio

nal P

ark

9Th

e Ta

lam

anca

Ran

ge is

a v

ery

parti

cula

r sam

ple

of th

e re

cent

geo

logi

cal h

isto

ry o

f the

Cen

tral

Amer

ican

Isth

mus

the

rela

tivel

y na

rrow

stri

p of

land

co

nnec

ting

North

and

Sou

th A

mer

ica

and

sepa

ratin

g th

e Pa

cific

and

Atla

ntic

Oce

ans

The

pro

perty

sho

ws

impr

essi

ve m

arks

of Q

uate

rnar

y gl

acia

l act

ivity

w

hich

has

sha

ped

glac

ial c

irque

s g

laci

al la

kes

and

deep

U-s

hape

d va

lleys

whi

ch c

anno

t be

foun

d an

ywhe

re e

lse

in C

entra

l Am

eric

a

Them

e 9

Qua

tern

ary

glac

ial a

ctivi

ty

has

shap

ed g

laci

al c

irque

s g

laci

al

lake

s an

d de

ep U

-sha

ped

valle

ys

that

can

not b

e fo

und

anyw

here

els

e in

Ce

ntra

l Am

eric

a

1983

(199

0)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Cost

a Ri

ca

Pana

ma

Latin

Am

eric

a an

d th

e Ca

ribbe

an



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Tasm

ania

n W

ilder

ness

91

No c

urre

nt re

trosp

ectiv

e st

atem

ent o

f OUV

The

co

ntem

pora

ry in

scrip

tion

is b

ased

on

the

follo

win

g Ea

rth s

cien

ce v

alue

s R

ock

form

atio

ns g

laci

al

depo

sits

ext

ragl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

nd g

laci

o-ka

rst

land

form

s of

his

pro

perty

pro

vide

a re

cord

of m

ajor

st

ages

of E

arth

rsquos h

isto

ry a

nd to

geth

er w

ith th

e as

soci

ated

eco

logy

pro

vide

livin

g ev

iden

ce o

f the

pr

evio

us e

xiste

nce

of th

e so

uthe

rn s

uper

cont

inen

t of

Gon

dwan

a an

d its

sub

sequ

ent f

ragm

enta

tion

The

as

soci

ated

pro

cess

es a

re o

ccur

ring

at la

rge

scal

e in

a v

arie

ty o

f und

istu

rbed

env

ironm

ents

pro

vidin

g a

benc

hmar

k ag

ains

t whi

ch th

e ef

fect

s of

hum

an

activ

ities

can

be

mea

sure

d

Them

e 9

1 R

ock

form

atio

ns g

laci

al

depo

sits

ext

ragl

acia

l pro

cess

es a

nd

glac

io-k

arst

land

form

s of

his

pro

perty

pr

ovid

e a

reco

rd o

f maj

or s

tage

s of

Ea

rthrsquos

his

tory

and

toge

ther

with

the

asso

ciat

ed e

colo

gy p

rovid

e liv

ing

evid

ence

of t

he p

revio

us e

xiste

nce

of th

e so

uthe

rn s

uper

cont

inen

t of

Gon

dwan

a an

d its

sub

sequ

ent

fragm

enta

tion

1982

(199

0)(ii

i)(iv)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Tass

ili n

rsquoAjje

r3

The

geol

ogica

l con

form

atio

n of

Tass

ili nrsquo

Ajje

r inc

lude

s Pr

ecam

bria

n cr

ysta

lline

elem

ents

and

sed

imen

tary

sa

ndst

one

succ

essio

ns o

f gre

at p

aleo

-geo

grap

hica

l an

d pa

leo-

ecol

ogica

l inte

rest

Them

e 3

San

dsto

ne p

late

aus

and

esca

rpm

ents

that

are

hig

hly

diss

ecte

d w

ith a

rang

e of

ero

sion

al fe

atur

es

1982

(i)(ii

i)(vii

)(v

iii)M

ixed

Alge

riaAr

ab

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es



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erty

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th

emes

(m

ain)

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emes

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ncil-

lary

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ifica

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erio

n (v

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Rela

tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

emes

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in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Te W

ahip

ouna

mu

ndash So

uth

Wes

t Ne

w Z

eala

nd

91

2Te

Waumlh

ipou

nam

u - S

outh

Wes

t New

Zea

land

is

cons

ider

ed to

be

the

best

mod

ern

exam

ple

of th

e pr

imitiv

e ta

xa o

f Gon

dwan

alan

d se

en in

mod

ern

ecos

yste

ms

ndash an

d as

suc

h th

e pr

oper

ty is

of g

loba

l sig

nific

ance

The

pro

gres

sive

brea

k-up

of t

he s

outh

ern

supe

r-con

tinen

t of G

ondw

anal

and

is co

nsid

ered

on

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt e

vent

s in

the

Earth

rsquos ev

olut

iona

ry h

istor

y Ne

w Z

eala

ndrsquos

sepa

ratio

n be

fore

th

e ap

pear

ance

of m

arsu

pial

s an

d ot

her m

amm

als

and

its lo

ng is

olat

ion

since

wer

e ke

y fa

ctor

s en

ablin

g th

e su

rviva

l of t

he a

ncie

nt G

ondw

anan

bio

ta o

n th

e isl

ands

of

New

Zea

land

to a

gre

ater

deg

ree

than

else

whe

re

The

livin

g re

pres

enta

tives

of t

his

ancie

nt b

iota

inclu

de

fligh

tless

kiw

is c

arni

voro

us la

nd s

nails

14

spec

ies

of

podo

carp

and

gen

era

or b

eech

Th

e So

uth

Wes

t is

also

an

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of th

e im

pact

of t

he P

leist

ocen

e ep

och

of E

arth

hist

ory

Ice-

carv

ed la

ndfo

rms

crea

ted

by th

ese

lsquoIce

Agersquo

gla

ciers

do

min

ate

the

mou

ntai

n la

nds

and

are

espe

cially

w

ell-p

rese

rved

in th

e ha

rder

plu

toni

c ig

neou

s ro

cks

of F

iord

land

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cier-c

ut fi

ords

lak

es d

eep

U-sh

aped

va

lleys

han

ging

val

leys

cirq

ues

and

ice-s

horn

spu

rs

are

grap

hic

illust

ratio

ns o

f the

pow

erfu

l influ

ence

of

thes

e gl

acie

rs o

n th

e la

ndsc

ape

Dep

ositio

nal

land

form

s of

Ple

istoc

ene

glac

ial o

rigin

are

also

im

porta

nt e

spec

ially

in W

estla

nd w

est o

f the

Alp

ine

Faul

t Ch

rono

logi

cal s

eque

nces

of o

utw

ash

grav

els

and

mor

aine

ridg

es in

ele

gant

cur

ves

and

loop

s ou

tline

the

shap

es o

f bot

h fo

rmer

pie

dmon

t gla

ciers

and

Hol

ocen

e ldquop

ost-g

lacia

lrdquo va

lley

glac

iers

Them

e 9

Sou

th-w

est N

ew Z

eala

nd

is a

lso

an o

utst

andi

ng e

xam

ple

of th

e im

pact

of t

he P

leis

toce

ne e

poch

of

Earth

his

tory

Ice

-car

ved

land

form

s cr

eate

d by

thes

e lsquoIc

e Ag

ersquo g

laci

ers

dom

inat

e th

e m

ount

ain

land

s a

nd

are

espe

cial

ly w

ell-p

rese

rved

in th

e ha

rder

plu

toni

c ig

neou

s ro

cks

of

Fior

dlan

d G

laci

er-c

ut fi

ords

lak

es

deep

U-s

hape

d va

lleys

han

ging

va

lleys

cirq

ues

and

ice-

shor

n sp

urs

are

grap

hic

illust

ratio

ns o

f the

po

wer

ful i

nflue

nce

of th

ese

glac

iers

on

the

land

scap

e D

epos

ition

al la

ndfo

rms

of P

leis

toce

ne g

laci

al o

rigin

are

als

o im

porta

nt e

spec

ially

in W

estla

nd

wes

t of t

he A

lpin

e Fa

ult

Chro

nolo

gica

l se

quen

ces

of o

utw

ash

grav

els

and

m

orai

ne ri

dges

in e

lega

nt c

urve

s an

d lo

ops

out

line

the

shap

es o

f bo

th fo

rmer

pie

dmon

t gla

cier

s an

d Ho

loce

ne lsquop

ost-

glac

ialrsquo

valle

y gl

acie

rs

Them

e 1

2 T

he p

rogr

essi

ve b

reak

-up

of t

he s

outh

ern

supe

r-co

ntin

ent o

f Go

ndw

ana

is c

onsi

dere

d on

e of

the

mos

t im

porta

nt e

vent

s in

the

Earth

rsquos

evol

utio

nary

his

tory

New

Zea

land

rsquos

sepa

ratio

n be

fore

the

appe

aran

ce

of m

arsu

pial

s an

d ot

her m

amm

als

an

d its

long

isol

atio

n si

nce

wer

e ke

y fa

ctor

s en

ablin

g th

e su

rviva

l of

the

anci

ent G

ondw

anan

bio

ta o

n th

e is

land

s of

New

Zea

land

to a

gre

ater

de

gree

than

els

ewhe

re

1990

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lNe

w

Zeal

and

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



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erty

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ain)

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erio

n (v

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tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

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in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

Teid

e Na

tiona

l Pa

rk4

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e Na

tiona

l Par

k is

an

exce

ptio

nal e

xam

ple

of a

rela

tivel

y ol

d s

low

mov

ing

geo

logi

cally

co

mpl

ex a

nd m

atur

e vo

lcan

ic s

yste

m I

t is

of g

loba

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porta

nce

in p

rovid

ing

dive

rse

evid

ence

of t

he

geol

ogic

al p

roce

sses

that

und

erpi

n th

e ev

olut

ion

of o

cean

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land

s a

nd th

ese

valu

es c

ompl

emen

t th

ose

of e

xistin

g vo

lcan

ic p

rope

rties

on

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Wor

ld

Herit

age

List

suc

h as

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aii V

olca

noes

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tiona

l Par

k It

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rs a

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rse

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ssib

le

asse

mbl

age

of v

olca

nic

feat

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land

scap

es in

a

rela

tivel

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ited

area

The

are

a is

a m

ajor

cen

tre

for i

nter

natio

nal r

esea

rch

with

a lo

ng h

isto

ry o

f in

fluen

ce o

n ge

olog

y an

d ge

omor

phol

ogy

espe

cial

ly th

roug

h th

e w

ork

of v

on H

umbo

ldt

von

Buch

and

Ly

ell

whi

ch h

as m

ade

Mou

nt T

eide

a s

igni

fican

t site

in

the

hist

ory

of v

olca

nolo

gy

Them

e 4

Tei

de N

atio

nal P

ark

feat

ures

th

e Te

ide-

Pico

Vie

jo s

trato

volc

ano

that

at

37

18 m

is

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high

est p

eak

on

Span

ish

soil

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ing

750

0 m

abo

ve

the

ocea

n flo

or i

t is

rega

rded

as

the

wor

ldrsquos

third

-tal

lest

vol

cani

c st

ruct

ure

and

stan

ds in

the

Las

Cana

das

cald

era

Tei

de is

of g

loba

l im

porta

nce

in p

rovid

ing

evid

ence

of t

he g

eolo

gica

l pr

oces

ses

that

und

erpi

n th

e ev

olut

ion

of o

cean

ic is

land

s

2007

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Spai

nEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

The

Dolo

mite

s3

1Th

e Do

lom

ites

are

of in

tern

atio

nal s

igni

fican

ce

for g

eom

orph

olog

y as

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clas

sic

site

for t

he

deve

lopm

ent o

f mou

ntai

ns in

dol

omiti

c lim

esto

ne

The

area

pre

sent

s a

wid

e ra

nge

of la

ndfo

rms

rela

ted

to e

rosi

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ecto

nism

and

gla

ciat

ion

The

qu

antit

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d co

ncen

tratio

n of

ext

rem

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varie

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esto

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rmat

ions

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xtra

ordi

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in a

glo

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cont

ext

incl

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g pe

aks

tow

ers

pin

nacl

es a

nd

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e of

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high

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ertic

al ro

ck w

alls

in th

e w

orld

Th

e ge

olog

ical

val

ues

are

also

of i

nter

natio

nal

sign

ifica

nce

not

ably

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evid

ence

of M

esoz

oic

carb

onat

e pl

atfo

rms

or lsquo

foss

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ato

llsrsquo

parti

cula

rly

in te

rms

of th

e ev

iden

ce th

ey p

rovid

e of

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evol

utio

n of

the

bio-

cons

truct

ors

afte

r the

Per

mia

nTr

iass

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ound

ary

and

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pres

erva

tion

of th

e re

latio

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ps b

etw

een

the

reef

s th

ey c

onst

ruct

ed

and

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r sur

roun

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ins

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omite

s al

so

incl

ude

seve

ral i

nter

natio

nally

impo

rtant

type

se

ctio

ns fo

r the

stra

tigra

phy

of th

e Tr

iass

ic P

erio

d

The

scie

ntifi

c va

lues

of t

he p

rope

rty a

re a

lso

supp

orte

d by

the

evid

ence

of a

long

his

tory

of s

tudy

an

d re

cogn

ition

at t

he in

tern

atio

nal l

evel

Tak

en

toge

ther

the

com

bina

tion

of g

eom

orph

olog

ical

an

d ge

olog

ical

val

ues

crea

tes

a pr

oper

ty o

f glo

bal

sign

ifica

nce

Them

e 3

Roc

k-co

ntro

lled

cliff

s an

d pl

atea

us w

ith a

dditi

onal

role

of

glac

iatio

n T

hem

e 1

The

Dol

omite

s co

ntai

n an

out

stan

ding

reco

rd o

f Tr

iass

ic re

ef s

yste

ms

and

thei

r bio

tas

2009

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Italy

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

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emes

(m

ain)

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emes

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lary

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ifica

tion

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r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

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tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

emes

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in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

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riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

Thre

e Pa

ralle

l Ri

vers

of Y

unna

n Pr

otec

ted

Area

s

23

5Th

e pr

oper

ty is

of o

utst

andi

ng v

alue

for d

ispl

ayin

g th

e ge

olog

ical

his

tory

of t

he la

st 5

0 m

illion

yea

rs

asso

ciat

ed w

ith th

e co

llisio

n of

the

Indi

an P

late

with

th

e Eu

rasi

an P

late

the

clo

sure

of t

he a

ncie

nt T

ethy

s Se

a a

nd th

e up

liftin

g of

the

Him

alay

a Ra

nge

and

the

Tibe

tan

Plat

eau

The

se w

ere

maj

or g

eolo

gica

l ev

ents

in th

e ev

olut

ion

of th

e la

nd s

urfa

ce o

f Asi

a an

d th

ey a

re o

n-go

ing

The

dive

rse

rock

type

s w

ithin

th

e pr

oper

ty re

cord

this

his

tory

and

in

addi

tion

th

e ra

nge

of k

arst

gra

nite

mon

olith

and

Dan

xia

sand

ston

e la

ndfo

rms

in th

e al

pine

zon

e in

clud

e so

me

of th

e be

st o

f the

ir ty

pe in

the

mou

ntai

ns o

f th

e w

orld

Them

e 2

The

pro

perty

is o

f ou

tsta

ndin

g va

lue

for d

ispl

ayin

g th

e ge

olog

ical

his

tory

of t

he la

st 5

0 m

illion

ye

ars

asso

ciat

ed w

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e co

llisio

n of

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Indi

an P

late

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Eura

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Pl

ate

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clos

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cien

t Tet

hys

Sea

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uplif

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mal

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e an

d th

e Ti

beta

n Pl

atea

u

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es 3

5 D

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rved

val

leys

of

maj

or ri

vers

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pas

s th

roug

h st

eep

gorg

es w

hich

in

plac

es a

re 3

000

m

deep

and

are

bor

dere

d by

gla

ciat

ed

peak

s m

ore

than

60

00 m

hig

h

2003

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lCh

ina

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific

Tong

ariro

Na

tiona

l Par

k4

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ppro

ved

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV B

asis

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insc

riptio

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e E

arth

rsquos E

volu

tiona

ry H

isto

ry -

The

pa

rk li

es a

t the

sou

th-w

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rn te

rmin

us o

f a P

acifi

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ain

of v

olca

noes

alig

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alon

g a

maj

or te

cton

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plat

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unda

ry O

ngoi

ng g

eolo

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cess

es -

Th

e pa

rkrsquos

vol

cano

es c

onta

in a

com

plet

e ra

nge

of

volc

anic

feat

ures

Them

e 4

Ton

garir

o Na

tiona

l Par

k in

clud

es th

ree

activ

e vo

lcan

oes

w

hich

hav

e cu

ltura

l and

relig

ious

si

gnifi

canc

e fo

r the

Mao

ri pe

ople

and

sy

mbo

lize

the

spiri

tual

link

s be

twee

n th

is c

omm

unity

and

its

envir

onm

ent

1990

(199

3)(v

i)(vii

)(v

iii)M

ixed

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Ze

alan

dAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

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emes

(m

ain)

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emes

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ncil-

lary

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Just

ifica

tion

unde

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erio

n (v

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tions

hip

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entifi

ed th

emes

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in

scrib

ed

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ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

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on

Tran

g An

La

ndsc

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plex

6Tr

ang

An is

a s

uper

b ge

olog

ical

pro

perty

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spla

ys i

n a

glob

ally

exce

ptio

nal w

ay t

he fi

nal

stag

es o

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arst

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e ev

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hu

mid

trop

ical

env

ironm

ent

Deep

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sect

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an u

plift

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mes

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per

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ve

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ears

has

pro

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ssic

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kars

t lan

dfor

ms

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nes

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ers

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lose

d de

pres

sion

s (c

ockp

its)

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rior-

drai

ning

val

leys

(p

olje

s) f

oot-

cave

s an

d su

bter

rane

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ave

pass

ages

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cora

ted

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spe

leot

hem

s T

he p

rese

nce

of

trans

ition

al fo

rms

betw

een

lsquofeng

cong

rsquo kar

st w

ith

ridge

s co

nnec

ting

tow

ers

and

lsquofen

glin

rsquo kar

st w

here

to

wer

s st

and

isol

ated

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allu

vial p

lain

s is

an

extre

mel

y si

gnifi

cant

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ure

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e pr

oper

ty T

rang

An

is a

n un

usua

l aut

ogen

ic k

arst

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tem

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ng

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-fed

onl

y an

d hy

drol

ogic

ally

isol

ated

from

rive

rs

in th

e su

rroun

ding

terra

in F

orm

er in

unda

tion

by

the

sea

trans

form

ed th

e m

assi

f int

o an

arc

hipe

lago

fo

r som

e pe

riods

tho

ugh

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fully

em

erge

nt o

n la

nd to

day

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tuat

ions

of s

ea le

vel a

re e

viden

ced

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n al

titud

inal

ser

ies

of e

rosi

on n

otch

es in

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fs

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ocia

ted

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s w

ave-

cut p

latfo

rms

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ch

depo

sits

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mar

ine

shel

l lay

ers

Them

e 6

Tow

er k

arst

in it

s en

d st

ages

nea

r sea

leve

l Nu

mer

ous

navig

able

foot

-cav

es a

nd e

xten

sive

sw

amp

notc

h an

d m

arin

e no

tch

deve

lopm

ent r

eflec

ting

sea

leve

l ch

ange

s

2014

(v)(v

ii)(v

iii)M

ixed

Viet

Nam

Asia

and

th

e Pa

cific



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Ulu ṟ

u-Ka

ta T

juṯa

Na

tiona

l Par

k

3No

cur

rent

retro

spec

tive

Stat

emen

t of O

UV b

ut

the

follo

win

g te

xt re

late

d to

crit

erio

n (v

iii) h

as b

een

deve

lope

d pr

evio

usly

as a

dra

ft th

at w

ill lik

ely

be

cons

ider

ed in

the

futu

re b

ased

on

the

date

of

insc

riptio

n T

he in

selb

ergs

(ste

ep-s

ided

isol

ated

hi

lls ri

sing

abr

uptly

from

the

Earth

) of U

luṟu

and

Kata

Tju

ṯa ar

e ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

es o

f tec

toni

c

geoc

hem

ical

and

geo

mor

phic

pro

cess

es U

luṟu

and

Kata

Tju

ṯa ar

e st

rikin

g ex

ampl

es o

f geo

logi

cal a

nd

eros

iona

l pro

cess

es o

ver t

ime

and

they

refle

ct th

e ag

e a

nd re

lativ

ely

stab

le n

atur

e o

f the

Aus

tralia

n co

ntin

ent

Such

sta

bilit

y at

the

cont

inen

tal l

evel

is

glo

bally

rare

The

geo

logy

of U

luṟu

and

Kata

Tj

u ṯa d

emon

stra

te o

ngoi

ng g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

of re

mar

kabl

e in

tere

st T

he s

ides

of U

luṟu

are

mar

ked

by a

num

ber o

f unu

sual

feat

ures

whi

ch

can

be a

scrib

ed to

diff

erin

g pr

oces

ses

of e

rosi

on

For e

xam

ple

the

feat

ure

know

n as

nga

ltaw

ata

a

cere

mon

ial p

ole

asso

ciat

ed w

ith M

ala

Tjuk

urpa

is

asc

ribed

to s

heet

ing

of m

assi

ve ro

ck p

aral

lel t

o th

e ex

istin

g su

rface

Dur

ing

rain

per

iods

the

runo

ff fro

m U

luṟu

casc

ades

dow

n th

e fis

sure

s fo

rmin

g w

ater

falls

som

e up

to 1

00 m

etre

s hi

gh C

aves

at

the

base

of U

luṟu

are

form

ed b

y a

wid

espr

ead

arid

zo

ne p

roce

ss o

f gra

nula

r dis

inte

grat

ion

know

n as

ca

vern

ous

wea

ther

ing

Them

e 3

Thi

s pa

rk fe

atur

es

inse

lber

gs o

f san

dsto

ne (U

luṟu)

and

co

nglo

mer

ate

(Kat

a Tj

u ṯa) t

hat r

ise

spec

tact

acul

arly

abov

e th

e va

st re

d sa

ndy

plai

n of

cen

tral A

ustra

lia

1987

(199

4)(v

)(vi)(

vii)

(viii)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Valleacute

e de

Mai

Na

ture

Res

erve

1Sh

aped

by

geol

ogic

al a

nd b

iolo

gica

l pro

cess

es

that

took

pla

ce m

illion

s of

yea

rs a

go t

he p

rope

rty

is a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

an

earli

er a

nd m

ajor

st

age

in th

e ev

olut

iona

ry h

isto

ry o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

flo

ra I

ts e

colo

gy is

dom

inat

ed b

y en

dem

ic p

alm

s

and

espe

cial

ly by

the

coco

-de-

mer

fam

ous

for i

ts

dist

inct

ively

larg

e do

uble

nut

con

tain

ing

the

larg

est

seed

in th

e pl

ant k

ingd

om T

he V

alleacute

e de

Mai

co

nstit

utes

a li

ving

labo

rato

ry i

llust

ratin

g of

wha

t ot

her t

ropi

cal a

reas

wou

ld h

ave

been

bef

ore

the

adve

nt o

f mor

e ad

vanc

ed p

lant

fam

ilies

Them

e 1

Sta

ted

to c

onst

itute

a li

ving

labo

rato

ry i

llust

ratin

g of

wha

t oth

er

tropi

cal a

reas

wou

ld h

ave

been

bef

ore

the

adve

nt o

f mor

e ad

vanc

ed p

lant

fa

milie

s

1983

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lSe

y-ch

elle

sAf

rica



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull

Natio

nal P

ark

- Dy

nam

ic N

atur

e of

Fire

and

Ice

4 9

The

coex

isten

ce a

nd o

ngoi

ng in

tera

ctio

n of

an

activ

e oc

eani

c rif

t on

land

a m

antle

plu

me

the

atm

osph

ere

and

an ic

e ca

p w

hich

has

var

ied

in s

ize a

nd e

xten

t ov

er th

e pa

st 2

8 m

illion

yea

rs m

ake

the

prop

erty

un

ique

in a

glo

bal c

onte

xt E

arth

sys

tem

inte

ract

ions

ar

e co

nsta

ntly

build

ing

and

resh

apin

g th

e pr

oper

ty

crea

ting

rem

arka

bly

dive

rse

land

scap

es a

nd a

w

ide

varie

ty o

f tec

toni

c v

olca

nic

and

glac

iovo

lcan

ic

feat

ures

Esp

ecia

lly in

tere

stin

g an

d un

ique

in th

is re

gard

are

the

basa

ltic

lava

shi

elds

(Ice

land

shi

elds

) vo

lcan

ic fi

ssur

es a

nd c

one

row

s v

ast fl

ood

lava

s

and

feat

ures

of i

ce d

omin

ant g

laci

o-vo

lcan

ism s

uch

as tu

yas

and

tinda

r In

tere

stin

gly

the

wel

l exp

osed

vo

lcan

ic fe

atur

es o

f the

pro

perty

hav

e be

en u

sed

as a

nalo

gues

for s

imila

r fea

ture

s on

the

plan

et

Mar

s G

eoth

erm

al h

eat a

nd s

ubgl

acia

l eru

ptio

ns

prod

uce

mel

twat

er a

nd jouml

kulh

laup

s th

at m

aint

ain

glob

ally

uniq

ue s

andu

r pla

ins

to th

e no

rth a

nd

sout

h of

the

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull i

ce c

ap a

s w

ell a

s ra

pidl

y ev

olvin

g ca

nyon

s In

add

ition

the

pro

perty

con

tain

s a

dyna

mic

arra

y of

gla

cial

- and

geo

mor

phol

ogic

al

feat

ures

cre

ated

by

expa

ndin

g or

retre

atin

g gl

acie

rs

resp

ondi

ng to

cha

nges

in c

limat

e T

hese

feat

ures

ca

n be

eas

ily a

cces

sed

and

expl

ored

at t

he s

nout

s of

Va

tnaj

oumlkul

lrsquos m

any

outle

t gla

cier

s an

d th

eir f

orel

ands

es

peci

ally

in th

e so

uthe

rn lo

wla

nds

mak

ing

the

prop

erty

a fl

agsh

ip g

laci

al re

sear

ch lo

catio

n

Them

e 4

9 T

his

is a

n ic

onic

vo

lcan

ic re

gion

that

als

o fe

atur

es th

e co

ntin

enta

l drif

ting

curre

ntly

activ

e in

this

par

t of A

tlant

ic O

cean

with

te

n ce

ntra

l vol

cano

es e

ight

of w

hich

ar

e su

bgla

cial

Tw

o of

thes

e ar

e am

ong

the

mos

t act

ive in

Icel

and

The

in

tera

ctio

n be

twee

n vo

lcan

oes

and

the

rifts

that

und

erlie

the

Vatn

ajoumlk

ull

ice

cap

take

s m

any

form

s th

e m

ost

spec

tacu

lar o

f whi

ch is

the

joumlku

lhla

up

ndash a

sudd

en fl

ood

caus

ed b

y th

e br

each

of t

he m

argi

n of

a g

laci

er

durin

g an

eru

ptio

n

2019

(viii)

Natu

ral

Icel

and

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Viru

nga

Natio

nal

Park

4Vi

rung

a Na

tiona

l Par

k is

loca

ted

in th

e ce

ntre

of t

he

Albe

rtine

Rift

of t

he G

reat

Rift

Val

ley

In th

e so

uthe

rn

part

of th

e pa

rk t

ecto

nic

activ

ity d

ue to

the

exte

nsio

n of

the

Earth

rsquos cr

ust i

n th

is re

gion

has

cau

sed

the

emer

genc

e of

the

Viru

nga

mas

sif c

ompr

ising

eig

ht

volc

anoe

s s

even

of w

hich

are

loca

ted

tota

lly o

r pa

rtial

ly in

the

park

Am

ong

them

are

the

two

mos

t ac

tive

volc

anoe

s of

Afri

ca ndash

Nya

mur

agira

and

nea

rby

Nyira

gong

o ndash

whi

ch b

etw

een

them

are

resp

onsib

le

for t

wo-

fifth

s of

the

hist

oric

vol

cani

c er

uptio

ns o

n th

e Af

rican

con

tinen

t and

whi

ch a

re c

hara

cter

ized

by th

e ex

trem

e flu

idity

of t

he a

lkal

ine

lava

The

act

ivity

of

Nyira

gong

o is

of w

orld

impo

rtanc

e as

a w

itnes

s to

vo

lcan

ism o

f a la

va la

ke t

he b

otto

m o

f its

cra

ter i

s in

fact

fille

d by

a la

ke o

f qua

si pe

rman

ent l

ava

that

em

ptie

s pe

riodi

cally

with

cat

astro

phic

con

sequ

ence

s fo

r the

loca

l com

mun

ities

The

nor

ther

n se

ctor

of

the

park

incl

udes

abo

ut 2

0 o

f the

mas

sif o

f Mon

ts

Rwen

zori

ndash th

e la

rges

t gla

cial

regi

on o

f Afri

ca a

nd

the

only

true

alpi

ne m

ount

ain

chai

n of

the

cont

inen

t It

bord

ers

the

Rwen

zori

Mou

ntai

ns N

atio

nal P

ark

of

Ugan

da i

nscr

ibed

as

Wor

ld H

erita

ge w

ith w

hich

it

shar

es th

e lsquoP

ic M

argu

erite

rsquo th

ird h

ighe

st s

umm

it of

Af

rica

(51

09 m

)

Them

e 4

The

Viru

nga

mas

sif

com

pris

es e

ight

vol

cano

es s

even

of

whi

ch a

re lo

cate

d to

tally

or

parti

ally

in th

e pa

rk A

mon

g th

em

are

the

two

mos

t act

ive v

olca

noes

of

Afri

ca ndash

Nya

mur

agira

and

nea

rby

Nyira

gong

o ndash

whi

ch b

etw

een

them

ar

e re

spon

sibl

e fo

r tw

o-fif

ths

of th

e hi

stor

ic v

olca

nic

erup

tions

on

the

Afric

an c

ontin

ent a

nd w

hich

are

ch

arac

teriz

ed b

y th

e ex

trem

e flu

idity

of

the

alka

line

lava

The

act

ivity

of

Nyira

gong

o is

of w

orld

impo

rtanc

e as

a w

itnes

s to

vol

cani

sm o

f a la

va

lake

the

bot

tom

of i

ts c

rate

r is

in fa

ct

fille

d by

a la

ke o

f qua

si p

erm

anen

t la

va th

at e

mpt

ies

perio

dica

lly w

ith

cata

stro

phic

con

sequ

ence

s fo

r the

lo

cal c

omm

uniti

es

1979

(vii)

(viii)

(x)

Natu

ral

Dem

-oc

ratic

Re

publ

ic

of th

e Co

ngo

Afric

a

Volc

anoe

s of

Ka

mch

atka

4Th

e ad

ditio

n of

Klu

chev

skoy

Nat

ure

Park

as

the

sixt

h co

mpo

nent

of t

he p

rope

rty fu

rther

add

s to

the

over

all c

over

age

of th

e ra

nge

of K

amch

atka

rsquos n

atur

al

feat

ures

The

add

ition

to th

e si

te c

lear

ly m

eets

cr

iterio

n (v

iii) in

its

own

right

as

an o

utst

andi

ng

exam

ple

of g

eolo

gica

l pro

cess

es a

nd la

ndfo

rms

and

ther

efor

e co

ntrib

utes

in a

ver

y si

gnifi

cant

way

to th

e ex

pand

ed p

rope

rty a

s a

who

le m

eetin

g cr

iterio

n (v

iii)

Them

e 4

One

of t

he m

ost

outs

tand

ing

volc

anic

regi

ons

in th

e w

orld

with

a h

igh

dens

ity o

f act

ive

volc

anoe

s a

var

iety

of t

ypes

and

a

wid

e ra

nge

of re

late

d fe

atur

es T

he s

ix si

tes

incl

uded

in th

e se

rial p

rope

rty

grou

p to

geth

er th

e m

ajor

ity o

f vol

cani

c fe

atur

es o

f the

Kam

chat

ka p

enin

sula

Th

e in

terp

lay

of a

ctive

vol

cano

es a

nd

glac

iers

form

s a

dyna

mic

land

scap

e of

gr

eat b

eaut

y

1996

(200

1)(v

ii)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Russ

ian

Fede

ra-

tion

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Vred

efor

t Dom

e11

Vred

efor

t Dom

e is

the

olde

st l

arge

st a

nd m

ost

deep

ly er

oded

com

plex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e in

th

e w

orld

It i

s th

e si

te o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

gre

ates

t sin

gle

kn

own

ener

gy re

leas

e ev

ent

It co

ntai

ns h

igh

qual

ity

and

acce

ssib

le g

eolo

gica

l (ou

tcro

p) s

ites

whi

ch

dem

onst

rate

a ra

nge

of g

eolo

gica

l evid

ence

s of

a

com

plex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e T

he ru

ral a

nd

natu

ral l

ands

cape

s of

the

seria

l pro

perty

hel

p po

rtray

th

e m

agni

tude

of t

he ri

ng s

truct

ures

resu

lting

from

th

e im

pact

The

ser

ial p

rope

rty is

con

side

red

to b

e a

repr

esen

tativ

e sa

mpl

e of

a c

ompl

ex m

eteo

rite

impa

ct s

truct

ure

A c

ompr

ehen

sive

com

para

tive

anal

ysis

with

oth

er c

ompl

ex m

eteo

rite

impa

ct

stru

ctur

es d

emon

stra

ted

that

it is

the

only

exam

ple

on E

arth

pro

vidin

g a

full

geol

ogic

al p

rofil

e of

an

astro

blem

e be

low

the

crat

er fl

oor

ther

eby

enab

ling

rese

arch

into

the

gene

sis

and

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

astro

blem

e im

med

iate

ly po

st im

pact

Them

e 11

The

old

est

larg

est

and

mos

t dee

ply

erod

ed c

ompl

ex

met

eorit

e im

pact

stru

ctur

e in

the

wor

ld T

he s

ite o

f the

wor

ldrsquos

gre

ates

t si

ngle

kno

wn

ener

gy re

leas

e ev

ent

2005

(viii)

Natu

ral

Sout

h Af

rica

Afric

a

Wad

den

Sea

7Th

e W

adde

n Se

a is

a d

epos

ition

al c

oast

line

of

unpa

ralle

led

scal

e an

d di

vers

ity I

t is

dist

inct

ive in

be

ing

alm

ost e

ntire

ly a

tidal

flat

and

bar

rier s

yste

m

with

onl

y m

inor

rive

r infl

uenc

es a

nd a

n ou

tsta

ndin

g ex

ampl

e of

the

larg

e-sc

ale

deve

lopm

ent o

f an

intri

cate

and

com

plex

tem

pera

te-c

limat

e sa

ndy

barri

er c

oast

und

er c

ondi

tions

of r

isin

g se

a-le

vel

High

ly dy

nam

ic n

atur

al p

roce

sses

are

uni

nter

rupt

ed

acro

ss th

e va

st m

ajor

ity o

f the

pro

perty

cre

atin

g a

varie

ty o

f diff

eren

t bar

rier i

slan

ds c

hann

els

fla

ts g

ullie

s s

altm

arsh

es a

nd o

ther

coa

stal

and

se

dim

enta

ry fe

atur

es

Them

e 7

The

larg

est u

nbro

ken

syst

em o

f int

ertid

al s

and

and

mud

fla

ts in

the

wor

ld

2009

(201

4)(v

iii)(ix

)(x)

Natu

ral

Denm

ark

Ge

rman

y Ne

ther

-la

nds

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Wad

i Al-H

itan

(Wha

le V

alle

y)1

Wad

i Al-H

itan

is th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

site

in th

e w

orld

to

dem

onst

rate

one

of t

he ic

onic

cha

nges

that

mak

e up

the

reco

rd o

f life

on

Earth

the

evo

lutio

n of

the

wha

les

It p

ortra

ys v

ividl

y th

eir f

orm

and

mod

e of

life

du

ring

thei

r tra

nsiti

on fr

om la

nd a

nim

als

to a

mar

ine

exis

tenc

e It

exc

eeds

the

valu

es o

f oth

er c

ompa

rabl

e si

tes

in te

rms

of th

e nu

mbe

r co

ncen

tratio

n an

d qu

ality

of i

ts fo

ssils

and

thei

r acc

essi

bilit

y an

d se

tting

in a

n at

tract

ive a

nd p

rote

cted

land

scap

e

Them

e 1

Wad

i Al-H

itan

is th

e m

ost i

mpo

rtant

site

in th

e w

orld

to

dem

onst

rate

one

of t

he ic

onic

ch

ange

s th

at m

ake

up th

e re

cord

of

life

on

Earth

the

evo

lutio

n of

the

wha

les

durin

g th

eir t

rans

ition

from

la

nd a

nim

als

to a

mar

ine

exis

tenc

e

2005

(viii)

Natu

ral

Egyp

tAr

ab

Stat

es



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Wes

t Nor

weg

ian

Fjor

ds ndash

Ge

irang

erfjo

rd

and

Naeligroslash

yfjo

rd

9Th

e W

est N

orw

egia

n Fj

ords

are

cla

ssic

sup

erbl

y de

velo

ped

fjord

s c

onsi

dere

d as

the

type

loca

lity

for

fjord

land

scap

es in

the

wor

ld T

hey

are

com

para

ble

in s

cale

and

qua

lity

to o

ther

exis

ting

fjord

s on

the

Wor

ld H

erita

ge L

ist a

nd a

re d

istin

guis

hed

by th

e cl

imat

e an

d ge

olog

ical

set

ting

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

full

rang

e of

the

inne

r seg

men

ts o

f tw

o of

the

wor

ldrsquos

long

est a

nd d

eepe

st fj

ords

and

pro

vides

w

ell-d

evel

oped

exa

mpl

es o

f you

ng a

ctive

gla

ciat

ion

durin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e ic

e ag

e T

he ic

e- a

nd w

ave-

polis

hed

surfa

ces

of th

e st

eep

fjord

sid

es p

rovid

e su

perb

ly ex

pose

d an

d co

ntin

uous

thre

e-di

men

sion

al

sect

ions

thro

ugh

the

bedr

ock

The

reco

rd o

f the

po

stgl

acia

l iso

stat

ic re

boun

d of

the

crus

t and

its

geom

orph

ic e

xpre

ssio

n in

the

fjord

land

scap

e ar

e si

gnifi

cant

and

repr

esen

t key

are

as fo

r the

sc

ient

ific

stud

y of

slo

pe in

stab

ility

and

the

resu

lting

ge

ohaz

ards

Them

e 9

The

pro

perty

dis

play

s a

full

rang

e of

the

inne

r seg

men

ts o

f tw

o of

the

wor

ldrsquos

long

est a

nd d

eepe

st

fjord

s a

nd p

rovid

es w

ell-d

evel

oped

ex

ampl

es o

f you

ng a

ctive

gla

ciat

ion

durin

g th

e Pl

eist

ocen

e ic

e ag

e T

he

ice-

and

wav

e-po

lishe

d su

rface

s of

th

e st

eep

fjord

sid

es p

rovid

e su

perb

ly ex

pose

d an

d co

ntin

uous

thre

e-di

men

sion

al s

ectio

ns th

roug

h th

e be

droc

k T

he re

cord

of t

he p

ostg

laci

al

isos

tatic

rebo

und

of th

e cr

ust a

nd

its g

eom

orph

ic e

xpre

ssio

n in

the

fjord

land

scap

e ar

e si

gnifi

cant

and

re

pres

ent k

ey a

reas

for t

he s

cien

tific

stud

y of

slo

pe in

stab

ility

and

the

resu

lting

geo

haza

rds

2005

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Norw

ayEu

rope

an

d No

rth

Amer

ica

Wet

Tro

pics

of

Quee

nsla

nd1

The

Wet

Tro

pics

con

tain

s on

e of

the

mos

t com

plet

e an

d di

vers

e liv

ing

reco

rds

of th

e m

ajor

sta

ges

in

the

evol

utio

n of

land

pla

nts

from

the

very

firs

t pt

erid

ophy

tes

mor

e th

an 2

00 m

illion

yea

rs a

go to

th

e ev

olut

ion

of s

eed-

prod

ucin

g pl

ants

incl

udin

g th

e co

ne-b

earin

g cy

cads

and

sou

ther

n co

nife

rs

(gym

nosp

erm

s) f

ollo

wed

by

the

flow

erin

g pl

ants

(a

ngio

sper

ms)

As

the

Wet

Tro

pics

is th

e la

rges

t par

t of

the

entir

e Au

stra

lasi

an re

gion

whe

re ra

info

rest

s ha

ve p

ersi

sted

con

tinuo

usly

sinc

e Go

ndw

anan

tim

es i

ts li

ving

flora

with

the

high

est c

once

ntra

tion

of p

rimiti

ve a

rcha

ic a

nd re

lict t

axa

know

n is

the

clos

est m

oder

n-da

y co

unte

rpar

t for

Gon

dwan

an

fore

sts

In a

dditi

on a

ll of

Aus

tralia

rsquos u

niqu

e m

arsu

pial

s an

d m

ost o

f its

oth

er a

nim

als

orig

inat

ed

in ra

info

rest

eco

syst

ems

and

the

Wet

Tro

pics

stil

l co

ntai

ns m

any

of th

eir c

lose

st s

urviv

ing

mem

bers

Th

is m

akes

it o

ne o

f the

mos

t im

porta

nt li

ving

reco

rds

of th

e hi

stor

y of

mar

supi

als

as

wel

l as

of

song

bird

s

Them

e 1

The

livin

g pl

ants

in th

is

prop

erty

are

sta

ted

to re

pres

ent

lsquomaj

or s

tage

s in

the

evol

utio

n of

land

pl

ants

fro

m th

e ve

ry fi

rst l

and

plan

ts

to h

ighe

r pla

nts

(Gym

nosp

erm

s an

d An

gios

perm

s)rsquo

1988

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic



Prop

erty

2021

th

emes

(m

ain)

2021

th

emes

(a

ncil-

lary

)

Just

ifica

tion

unde

r crit

erio

n (v

iii)

Rela

tions

hip

to id

entifi

ed th

emes

Date

in

scrib

ed

(ext

ensi

on)

Crite

riaCa

tego

rySt

ate

Regi

on

Will

andr

a La

kes

Regi

on5

1Th

e Au

stra

lian

geol

ogica

l env

ironm

ent

with

its

low

to

pogr

aphi

c re

lief a

nd lo

w e

nerg

y sy

stem

s is

uniq

ue

in th

e lo

ngev

ity o

f the

land

scap

es it

pre

serv

es a

nd

the

Willa

ndra

Lak

es p

rovid

es a

n ex

cept

iona

l win

dow

in

to c

limat

ic an

d re

late

d en

viron

men

tal c

hang

es o

ver

the

last

100

000

yea

rs T

he W

illand

ra L

akes

lar

gely

unm

odifi

ed s

ince

they

drie

d ou

t som

e 18

500

yea

rs

BP p

rovid

e ex

celle

nt c

ondi

tions

for r

ecor

ding

the

even

ts o

f the

Ple

istoc

ene

Epoc

h a

nd d

emon

stra

te h

ow

non-

glac

iate

d zo

nes

resp

onde

d to

the

maj

or g

lacia

l-in

terg

lacia

l fluc

tuat

ions

Th

e de

mon

stra

tion

at th

is pr

oper

ty o

f the

clo

se

inte

rcon

nect

ion

betw

een

land

form

s an

d pe

doge

nesis

pa

laeo

chem

istry

clim

atol

ogy

arch

aeol

ogy

arch

aeom

agne

tism

rad

ioca

rbon

dat

ing

pal

aeoe

colo

gy

and

faun

al e

xtin

ctio

n re

pres

ents

a c

lass

ic la

ndm

ark

in

Plei

stoc

ene

rese

arch

in th

e Au

stra

lasia

n ar

ea W

illand

ra

Lake

s Re

gion

is a

lso o

f exc

eptio

nal im

porta

nce

for

inve

stig

atin

g th

e pe

riod

whe

n hu

man

s be

cam

e do

min

ant i

n Au

stra

lia a

nd th

e la

rge

spec

ies

of w

ildlife

be

cam

e ex

tinct

and

rese

arch

con

tinue

s to

elu

cidat

e w

hat r

ole

hum

ans

play

ed in

thes

e ev

ents

Them

e 5

1 W

illand

ra L

akes

pro

vides

an

exc

eptio

nal w

indo

w in

to c

limat

ic

and

rela

ted

envir

onm

enta

l cha

nges

ov

er th

e la

st 1

000

00 y

ears

a p

erio

d of

maj

or c

limat

ic c

hang

es w

hen

hum

ans

beca

me

dom

inan

t in

Aust

ralia

an

d la

rge

spec

ies

of w

ildlif

e be

cam

e ex

tinct

1981

(iii)(

viii)

Mixe

dAu

stra

liaAs

ia a

nd

the

Paci

fic

Yello

wst

one

Natio

nal P

ark

4Ye

llow

ston

e is

one

of t

he w

orld

rsquos fo

rem

ost s

ites

for t

he s

tudy

and

app

reci

atio

n of

the

evol

utio

nary

hi

stor

y of

the

Earth

The

par

k ha

s a

glob

ally

unpa

ralle

led

asse

mbl

age

of s

urfic

ial g

eoth

erm

al

activ

ity t

hous

ands

of h

ot s

prin

gs m

udpo

ts a

nd

fum

arol

es a

nd m

ore

than

hal

f of t

he w

orld

rsquos a

ctive

ge

yser

s N

early

150

spe

cies

of f

ossi

l pla

nts

rang

ing

from

sm

all f

erns

and

rush

es u

p to

larg

e Se

quoi

a an

d m

any

othe

r tre

e sp

ecie

s h

ave

been

iden

tified

in th

e pa

rkrsquos

abu

ndan

t fos

sil d

epos

its T

he w

orld

rsquos la

rges

t re

cogn

ized

cald

era

(45

km b

y 75

km

ndash 2

7 m

iles

by

45 m

iles)

is c

onta

ined

with

in th

e pa

rk

Them

e 4

Yel

low

ston

e Na

tiona

l Pa

rk is

the

wor

ldrsquos

firs

t nat

iona

l pa

rk s

et a

side

to p

rese

rve

a w

ide

varie

ty o

f you

ng v

olca

nic

and

rela

ted

hydr

othe

rmal

feat

ures

Yel

low

ston

e co

ntai

ns h

alf o

f all

the

wor

ldrsquos

kno

wn

geot

herm

al fe

atur

es w

ith m

ore

than

10

000

exam

ples

It a

lso

has

the

wor

ldrsquos

larg

est c

once

ntra

tion

of

geys

ers

(mor

e th

an 3

00 g

eyse

rs o

r tw

o th

irds

of a

ll th

ose

on th

e pl

anet

)

1978

(vii)

(viii)

(ix)(x

)Na

tura

lUn

ited

Stat

es o

f Am

eric

a

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a

Yose

mite

Nat

iona

l Pa

rk9

Glac

ial a

ctio

n co

mbi

ned

with

the

gran

itic

bedr

ock

has

prod

uced

uni

que

and

pron

ounc

ed la

ndfo

rm

feat

ures

incl

udin

g di

stin

ctive

pol

ishe

d do

me

stru

ctur

es a

s w

ell a

s ha

ngin

g va

lleys

tar

ns

mor

aine

s an

d U-

shap

ed v

alle

ys G

rani

tic la

ndfo

rms

such

as

Half

Dom

e an

d th

e ve

rtica

l wal

ls o

f El

Capi

tan

are

clas

sic

dist

inct

ive re

flect

ions

of g

eolo

gic

hist

ory

No o

ther

are

a po

rtray

s th

e ef

fect

s of

gl

acia

tion

on u

nder

lying

gra

nitic

dom

es a

s w

ell a

s Yo

sem

ite d

oes

Them

e 9

Gla

cial

act

ion

com

bine

d w

ith th

e gr

aniti

c be

droc

k ha

s pr

oduc

ed u

niqu

e an

d pr

onou

nced

la

ndfo

rm fe

atur

es in

clud

ing

dist

inct

ive

polis

hed

dom

e st

ruct

ures

as

wel

l as

hang

ing

valle

ys t

arns

mor

aine

s an

d U-

shap

ed v

alle

ys

1984

(vii)

(viii)

Natu

ral

Unite

d St

ates

of

Amer

ica

Euro

pe

and

North

Am

eric

a





















EXAMPLE



Co

nt

en

ts

Prep

arin

g W

orld

Her

itag

e N

omin

atio

ns bull

Sec

ond

edit

ion

201

1

42


copy U

NES

CO

V

eacuteron

ique

Dau

ge












Source Wells (1996)



No State Party










1984 (1990)










No State Party








2007 (2014)




1979 (2000)



22 France Spain


1997 (1999)

iii iv v vii viii





24 Hungary Slovakia


1995 (2000)





No State Party










30 Mada-gascar








2012 iii v vii ix x



35 Philip-pines










No State Party





Western Cau-casus





42 South Africa


1999 (2005)







Henderson Island








No State Party







50 Venezu-ela


1994 vii viii ix x







2003 (2015)







Geological W



IUCN




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_Hlk49603844

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