SOCIETY OF ECONOMIC GEOLOGISTS, INC.

Special Publication, No. 1

Geology and Metallogeny of Sulfide Deposits

Noril’sk Region U.S.S.R.

EditorsO.A. Duzhikov and V.V. Distler

Translated by Galya Rylkova with assistance from A.J. Naldrett Patricia Sheahan, Series Editor

Special Publications of the Society of Economic Geologists

Special Publication, No. 1

Geology and Metallogeny of Sul�de DepositsNoril’sk Region U.S.S.R.

O.A. Duzhikov and V.V. Distler, EditorsTranslated by Galya Rylkova with assistance from A.J. Naldrett

Patricia Sheahan, Series Editor

First Edition, 1988Revised, 1992

Additional copies of this publication can be obtained from

Society of Economic Geologists, Inc.7811 Shaffer ParkwayLittleton, CO 80127

www.segweb.org

ISBN: 978-1-629496-19-1

SEG SPJ NORIL 'SK

INTRODUCTION

The Noril 'sk volume is a valuable contribution to the economic geology profession. The translation which is a very l iteral one from the Russian original , has been 'donated' to the Society of Economic Geologists by Falconbridge and I nco. This is the first special publication for the Society. We have two successful series, Reviews in Economic Geology and our Guidebook series . When we were offered this translation we initiated this special publication series. It is hoped that we will continue to pursue and publish other monographs of direct economic interest for our members and the economic geology community at large.

This volume and the accompanying figures (maps), tables and plates presents an excellent overview of the Noril 'sk area and the mineralization specific to this region. Considerable awareness of the Noril 'sk area has been available through various translations of Russian literature and ever increasing opportunities for western world geoscientists to visit the region. The Society is proud to have this opportunity to provide this comprehensive volume to economic geoscientists .

Many individuals contributed their time, expertise and support. We would like to acknowledge A.J . Naldrett for his efforts in obtaining this translation from lnco and Falconbridge on our behalf. He was also our liaison with the original authors and was very supportive throughout the editing process. Falconbridge initiated the translation and G . Rylkova was contracted to produce a literal translation and we chose to substitute, or identify, a few non­familiar Russian terms with equivalent English language terms . However, the substance of the translation has not been changed . The editing concentrated on consistency, accuracy and limited grammatical re-interpretation. A location map and a stratigraphic section were added to the introduction. Suggestions for editing consistency were gratefully received from A. Craigie and R. Horn.

Additional support for production and distribution was received from T. Thompson, J . Robertson, K. Clark.

All figures, tables and plates were redrafted with their interpreted legends by I nco. W. Saftic and W. Peredery provided additional suggestions for drafting format and continuity. I nco and Falconbridge shared all drafting costs and donated this service to the Society of Economic Geologists as well as the translated text. P . Lightfoot gave permission to include the location map and the stratigraphic section in the introduction.

The cover design was produced by C. Podashinsky and the WP formatting was contracted to Keystrokes Business Support Services. Production and printing of the volume was contracted to Citizen Printing Co. Inc. of Fort Collins.

The original ISBN no. 5-02-002639-5 issued in 1988 has been identified on the inside cover and the present volume has been issued in 1992 as ISBN no. 0-9613074-9-8.

We were pleased to have PUBCO distribute this volume on our behalf. We gratefully acknowledge their supportive efforts for this and our other Society publications.

Patricia Sheahan

SEG SPl NORIL 'SK

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Si lts tone, argi l li te, s ands tone, coal Si ltstone arai lllte

Si lts tone, argi lli te, s ands tone, lim es tone lens es

Lim es tone, m arl with i nterlayered anhydrite

lnterlayered dolomi te, m arl and lim es tone; layers of anhydri te

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M arls

D olomite

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Noril'sk - type intrusions

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ii

SEGSPJ NORIL 'SK iii

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SEG SPJ NORIL 'SK

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Introductory Figure B- Location Plan

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Boundary of Tunguska Basin

Basaltic Trap

LEGEND

Tuffaceous Sequences

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*

Intrusive Trap

Basement Outcrop

Platform Sedimentary Sequence

Explosive Breccia Pipes

SEG SPJ NORIL 'SK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 O.A. Duzhikov and B.M. Strunin

Geological outline of the Noril'sk region Geological setting and general characteristics

Sedimentary formations Riphean-Vendian group Vendian-Early Cambrian group Cambrian-Ordovician group Silurian-Early Devonian group Early Devonian-Lower Carboniferous group Late Paleozoic limno-paralic coal-bearing Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic magmatism

Magmatism characteristics and distribution First stage of volcanism

Ivakinsky volcanics Syverminsky suite Gudchikhinsky suite

Second stage of volcanism Khakanchansky suite Tuklonsky suite N adezhdinsky suite

Third stage of volcanism Morongovsky suite Mokulayevsky suite Kharayelakhsky suite Kumginsky suite Samoyedsky suite

Subformation of magmatic rocks Alkali basite subformation Mafic subformation Ultramafic/mafic subformation Alkaline ultramafic/mafic lavas Alkaline basaltoids

Volcano-intrusive nickel-bearing association Picritic basalts Ultramafic/mafic layered intrusions Lower Folkinsky intrusion

Totally differentiated intrusions of Noril'sk-Talnakh group

Leucocratic differentiated intrusions of Zubovsky group

Melanocratic differentiated intrusions of Morongovsky-lower Talnakh group

Evolution of nickel-bearing magmatism Structural and formational characteristics

v

Page

1-60 1 5 5 9

10 1 1 13 15 16

16 18 1 8 18 23 23 23 23 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 28 28 29 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 37 37

42

43

43 44 47

SEG SP 1 NORIL 'SK vi

Page

Chapter 2 0. A. Duzhikov, V. V. Distler, B.M. Strunin, M.L. Cherman, and S.F. Sluzheniken

Copper-nickel sulfide ore-bearing formations Ore zones, ore junctions and deposits

Noril'sk-Kharayelakh ore zone Talnakh ore junction

Imangdinsky ore zone Talminsky ore junction

Tectonic and magmatic elements of ore junctions Talnakh ore junction Talnakh ore junction

Talnakh totally differentiated complex Upper endo-contact zone Prismatic-grained gabbro-dolerites and

gabbro-diorites Quartz-bearing non-olivine and olivine-

bearing gabbro-dolerites Olivine gabbro-dolerites Picritic gabbro-dolerites Plagioclase-olivinites Melanocratic troctolites Taxitic gabbro-dolerites Lower contact gabbro-dolerites

Lower Talnakh differentiated complex Gabbro-diorites, diorites (meta-diorites)

and hybrid metasomatic rocks Non-olivine and olivine-bearing

gabbro-dolerites Olivine and troctolite gabbro-dolerites Pi critic · gabbro-dolerite Taxitic (taxite-like) gabbro-dolerites

Tulayek-Taassky complexes Lower Tulayek-Taassky complex Upper Tulayek-Taassky complex

On the comparison of the character of the differentiated complexes of the Talnakh ore junction

Noril'sk ore junction Totally differentiated Noril'sk I complex

Upper layered gabbro series Major Layered series Lower layered gabbro series

Upper contact gabbro-dolerites Irruptive breccias

Leu co gabbro Pegmatoid gabbro-dolerites and

gabbro-diorites Non-olivine and olivine bearing

gabbro-diorites Olivine and olivine-biotite

gabbro-dolerites Picritic gabbro-dolerites

61-146 61 64 64 64 67 70

76 79

79

79 80 80 80 81 8 1 8 1 8 1

84

84 84 84 84 85 85 85

86 87 90 93 93 93 93 93 93

94

94

94 95

SEG SP 1 NORIL 'SK

Chapter 2 Noril'sk ore junction (continued)

Taxitic gabbro-dolerites Zubmarksheydersky differentiated intrusion

Contaminated quartz diorites and hybrid rocks

Quartz-bearing olivine gabbro-dolerites Olivine-bearing and olivine

gabbro-dolerites Picritic gabbro-dolerites Taxitic gabbro-dolerites

Lower Noril 'sk differentiated intrusion Talminsky ore junction

Talminsky totally differentiated intrusion Mineralogy and mineralization

Klukvenny differentiated intrusion Prismatic-grained gabbro-dolerites

and gabbro-diorites Olivine gabbro-dolerites Troctolitic and picritic

gabbro-dolerites Southern Noril'sk ore junction

Burkan differentiated intrusion Zelyonaya Greva differentiated intrusion

Imangdinsky ore junction Imangdinsky totally differentiated intrusion Manturovsky differentiated intrusion

The feeders of the sulfide-bearing intrusions Regularities in the location, composition and zoning

of copper-nickel bearing ores General characteristics of the location of ore occurrences

Disseminated ores in horizons within totally differentiated intrusions

Massive copper-nickel ores Veinlet disseminated ores in metamorphic and

metasomatic rocks within the contact area of the totally differentiated intrusions

Chromite-bearing taxitic gabbros: petrologic characteristics, ore mineralization and conditions of formation

Genetic questions

vii

Page

95 95

96 96

96 96 96 96 97 99 99

103

103 103

103 104 104 105 105 105 106 106

1 12 1 12

1 15 120

129

138 144

SEG SPJ NORJL'SK

Chapter 3 0 .A. Duzhikov

Copper-zeolite ore formation General information

Chapter 4

Structure and composition of the copper-bearing Arylakhsky deposit

Mineral composition and major parageneses Problems of genesis

B.M. Strunin, O.A. Duzhikov and A.K. Mkrtychyan

Magnesian-magnetite ore formation Distribution of the orebodies

Composition of ores and ore-bearing rocks Problems of genesis

ChapterS B.M. Strunin, V. V. Distler and A.K. Mkrtychyan

Porphyry copper ore formation General information Geological setting and controls on distribution Geological structure and structural

characteristics Mineral composition of rocks comprising the

Bolgokhtokhsky deposit Metamorphic and metasomatic rocks and their

zoning Mineral composition and ore zoning Problems of genesis

viii

Page

149-162 149

149 152 159

163-174 163 164 171

175-190 175 175

178

179

18 1 1 84 1 87

SEG SPJ NORIL 'SK

Chapter 6 A.M. Lurje

Copper sandstone and schist formations General information Copper mineralization in sedimentary strata Problems of genesis

Chapter 7 O.A. Duzhikov

Deep structure of the Noril'sk region and distribution of ore formations Structural magmatic zoning of the northern

portion of the Siberian platform The Y eneseisko-Oleneksky ore belt and the

location of the Noril' sk region within it Correlation of ore formations of the Noril 'sk

region and inter-regional comparisons Conclusions

References

ix

Page

191-204 191 191 201

205-229

205

2 14

222 227

230-242

SEG SP 1 NORIL 'SK

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Figure 6

Figure 7

Figure 8

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 1 1

Figure 1 2

Figure 13

Figure 14

Figure 15

TABLE OF CONTENTS Figures, Tables and Plates

Geological-structural plan of the location of ore-bearing formations in the north of the Siberian platform.

Geological-structural scheme of the lgarsky-Noril 'sk region.

Scheme of subsequent magmatism and formation of the sulfide-bearing layered intrusions of the Noril'sk region.

Distribution of ultramafic-mafic products of magmatism in the Noril'sk region.

Al203 versus FeO/(FeO+ MgO) variation diagram for komatiites, komatiite-like rocks and some differentiated intrusions. Komatiites are located to the left and tholeiites to the right of the line, dividing komatiite and tholeiitic series (according to A.J. Naldrett) .

The Mg/(Mg + Fe2 + ) - Fe3 +/(Fe3 + + AI + Cr) diagram of chromites of the totally differentiated Ni-bearing intrusions of the Noril'sk region and other occurrences of Cr mineralization. Chromites from picritic gabbro-dolerites of the totally differentiated Talnakh and Noril'sk intrusions.

Evolution of ultramafic/mafic magmatism and copper-nickel sulfide formation of the Noril'sk region.

Comparison of certain petro-chemical characteristics of ultramafic/mafic volcanites, ore-bearing intrusions of the Noril 'sk region and trap intrusions of the Siberian platform (according to V.V. Zolotukhin).

Scheme of formation of structures, comprising the northwestern portion of the Siberian platform (according V.S. Golubkov).

Overthrust zone in Upper Cambrian deposits of the Chopkinsky suite, which is located at the western .flank of the Khantajsko-Rybninsky Uplift (basin of the Rybny river).

Distribution of the ore bodies in the Noril 'sk Region.

Local anomalies of the 2nd order gravitational fields of the Noril'sk region (according to G.G. Rempel').

Local anomalies of gravitational field and regional magnetic anomalies of the Noril 'sk region (according to G.G. Rempel').

Geological and Structural Scheme of the Talnakh ore body.

Schematic plan of thicknesses of the Talnakh intrusion.

X

Page

2, 3

6, 7

17

24

30

45

48, 49

50, 5 1

54, 55

58

62, 63

66

68, 69

72, 73

74

SEG SPJ NORIL'SK xi

Figure 16

Figure 17

Figure 1 8

Figure 19

Figure 20

Figure 2 1

Figure 22

Figure 23

Figure 24

Figure 25

Figure 26

Figure 27

Figure 28

Figure 29

Figure 30

Figure 3 1

Figure 32

Page

Schematic comparison of the Talnakh and the Lower Talnakh intrusions in the 75 northeastern part of the Talnakh mining camp (combined transversal sections) .

Schematic approximately east-west geologic section of the Talnakh ore body showing 77 the relationship between the branches of the totally differentiated Talnakh group of intrusions.

Approximately east-west geologic section of the northwestern branch of the Talnakh 78 intrusion.

Schematic Geologic Structure of the Noril 'sk Mining Camp. 88, 89

East-west geologic section of the northern part of the Noril'sk I deposit. 91

Plan Outline of the Noril 'sk I intrusion and the thickness of ore in the deposit. 92

The geological-structural scheme of the Tal'minsky ore bodies. (A cross section of 98 the Tal'minsky intrusion is shown in the inset to the right. )

Inner structure and composition of the Tal'minsky intrusion (mineral content in 100, 101 volume %, oxide content in wt % ) .

Scheme showing the relationship between the totally differentiated intrusion, 108 dolerites comprising the feeders and ore bodies of the Talnakh deposits (according to subsurface exploration data - E. Ya. Tyltina, N. Ye. Kunilova, et al).

Scheme of distribution of equal concentrations of metals in the horizon of 1 19 disseminated ores of the Talnakh complex.

The distribution of disseminated, massive and veinlet-disseminated ores in the ore 122 zone of the Northwestern branch of the Talnakh intrusion.

The principal scheme of the structure and zoning of massive sulfide ore bodies, 123 where they cut the totally differentiated intrusion.

Stockwork veinlet ore zone in the Noril 'sk I intrusion. 124

The morphology of sulfide veins in the gabbro-dolerites of the Noril 'sk I intrusion 125 (a) and in labradorite basalts underlying this complex (b) .

Mineral associations and major parageneses of massive Cu-Ni ores. Pentlandite 127 which is always present, is not included in the names of the mineral associations. Arrows mark the direction of the evolution of the parageneses in the zonal ore bodies. I and II - types of zoning.

The inner structure of the ore deposit of the Kharayelakhsky branch of the Talnakh 128 intrusion.

The principal scheme of zoning and distribution of mineralization within the 130 Talnakh ore junction (mining camp).

SEG SPJ NORIL'SK xii

Figure 33

Figure 34

Figure 35

Figure 36

Figure 37

Figure 38

Figure 39

Figure 40

Figure 41

Figure 42

Figure 43

Figure 44

Figure 45

Figure 46

Figure 47

Figure 48

Figure 49

Figure 50

Figure 5 1

Figure 52

Page

The scheme of relationships between ore bodies of the southwestern branch of the 132 Talnakh intrusion.

The location within the section and internal structure of the upper gabbro series of 137 the Talnakh intrusion.

Geological map of the Arylakhsky native copper deposit. 154, 155

Geologic section of the Arylakhsky native copper deposit. 153

A schematic drawing of an exposure of the copper-bearing horizon. 156

Correlational diagrams CaO-F�03 (a) and Si02-Fe203 (b) for copper-bearing rocks 157 of the Arylakhsky deposit.

Section of the Vetkinsky magnetite deposit. 165

Structural scheme of magnetite mineralization along the Severnaya River. 166

Scheme showing saturation of sedimentary cover of the Noril 'sk-Kharayelakhsky 172 depression with mafic intrusions based on the gravimetric data (according to G.G. Rempel and V.M. Salov).

Schematic geologic map of the Bolgokhtokhsky porphyry copper region. 176

Geological map of the Bolgokhtokhsky porphyry copper deposit. 177

Deep structure of the Bolgokhtokhsky porphyry copper region, based on the data 189, 190 from V.S . Golubkov, N.N. Dashkevich, G.G. Rempel, et al .

Geological structure of the Igarsky region (according to V.F. Rzhevsky). 192, 193

Projection of the Gravijsky ore deposits on the paleo-geographic scheme of 196 Late Izluchinsky time.

Geological section of the Gravijsky deposit (see Figure 46 for section locations) . 198, 199

Schematic diagram showing formation of the Gravijsky deposit. 200

The Yeniseysko-Oleneksky ore belt in the mega-structures of the Siberian platform 206, 207 and of the adjacent regions.

Regional sub-divisions within pre-Riphean consolidated basement of the northern 2 10 portion of the Siberian platform.

Scheme of fault structures of the Noril'sk ore-bearing region. 2 16, 217

Seismo-geologic section of the northern part of profile Dikson-Khilok 2 18 ("Meteorite"), which intersects the Noril'sk mining camp.

SEG SP 1 NORIL 'SK xiii

Figure 53

Figure 54

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 10

Table 1 1

Table 12

Deep structure of the Y eniseysko-Khatangsky rift depression.

Principal scheme of development of the Noril'sk-Kharayelakh regional ore-magmatic system.

Page

220

221

Average chemical compositions of magmatic products of Noril 'sk (wt %) . 19, 20, 2 1 , 22

Average composition of ultramafic/mafic basalts and differentiated intrusions of the volcano-intrusive Ni-bearing association of the Noril 'sk region (in wt % ) .

Chemical composition of olivines from rocks of ultramafic/mafic volcano-intrusive nickeliferous association (X-ray analyses, in wt % ).

Chemical composition of clinopyroxenes from rocks of ultramafic/mafic volcano-intrusive nickeliferous association (in wt % ).

33

34, 35

36

Chemical composition of Cr-spinels of the ultramafic/mafic volcano-intrusive 38, 39, 40, 41 nickeliferous association (X-ray micro-analysis, wt % ) .

Average chemical compositions of major differentiates of several ultramafic/mafic layered intrusions of the Noril 'sk region (in wt % ).

Chemical composition of magmatic feeder structures of dolerite and gabbro-dolerite dykes found in the footwall environment to the sulfide-bearing group of Talnakh intrusions (wt % ) .

Structure of Ore Zones of the Noril 'sk Deposits .

Chemical composition of rocks and ores of the Vetkinsky magnetite deposit (in wt %).

Mineral associations of ores and country rocks of the Vetkinsky magnetite deposit.

Chemical composition of rocks of the Bolgokhtokhsky deposit (in wt %) .

Mineral Associations in the Ores of the Bolgokhtokhsky Deposit.

82, 83

1 10

1 13

168

170

182

185

SEG SPJ NORIL 'SK

Plate I

Plate II

Plate III

Plate IV

Figure A

Figure B

Textural-structural characteristics of dolerites from feeders.

Textures of disseminated ores.

Correlation between infilling and replacement during the development of massive and veinlet-disseminated ores.

Correlation between veinlet-disseminated ores and country rocks .

Stratigraphic Column

Location Plan

xiv

Page

109

1 14

1 16, 1 17

134, 135

ii, iii

iv