GeorgiaGeorgiaand the American Experienceand the American Experience

C L A I R M O N T P R E S S

Atlanta, Georgia

Bonnie Bullard London

AUTHOR

BONNIE BULLARD LONDON grew upin historic Wilmington, North Caro-lina, where she first developed herlove of history. She graduated fromSullins College and the University ofGeorgia. She received an M.Ed. fromGeorgia State University. Bonnie

taught in the Atlanta Public Schools and Georgia historyat Booker T. Washington High School. She has also beenan instructor with the Governor’s Honors Program. Inaddition, she served as an elementary principal in theAtlanta City Schools and Clarke County. As a consult-ant in curriculum, she served with the Northeast Geor-gia RESA and the Georgia State Department of Education.Presently, she is an education instructor with Coastal

Georgia Community College and Armstrong AtlanticState University. She is also president of London Limitedand conducts staff development throughout the state ofGeorgia. In addition to authoring a number of articlesand student ancillary materials in the area of Georgiastudies and language arts, this is her third Georgia Stud-ies textbook.

CONSULTANT

GLEN BLANKENSHIP, Senior Devel-opment Consultant, is the ProgramDirector at the Georgia Council onEconomic Education in Atlanta,Georgia. He taught 8th grade Geor-gia Studies at Renfroe Middle School,

iv Georgia and the American Experience

in Decatur, Georgia. Dr. Blankenship is a frequent pre-senter at state, regional, and national conferences andconsults with school districts across the nation to developcurriculum and improve student learning. Dr. Blank-enship earned his B.A. and M.Ed. in Political Science fromGeorgia State University, and a Ph.D. in EducationalLeadership from Emory University.

CONTRIBUTORS

PATRICIA H. GUILLORY, MulticulturalAuthor and Consultant, is currentlyDirector of Social Studies for FultonCounty Schools in Atlanta. She re-ceived a B.A. and M.Ed. from the StateUniversity of West Georgia. She re-ceived her Ph.D. from Georgia State

University. She has spent the entire twenty-five years ofher career in Fulton County, first as a classroom social stud-ies teacher and department chair and the last ten years asDirector of K-12 Social Studies Curriculum. In addition,Pat is a trainer for the Southern Center for InternationalStudies and a trainer and district coordinator for the Cen-

ter for Civic Education. She is past president of the Geor-gia Council for the Social Studies and president of the Na-tional Social Studies Supervisors Association.

BARBARA HADLEY MATHIS receiveda B.A. from the University of Georgiaand an M.Ed. from Georgia State Uni-versity. She taught in Grades 7-12 inFlorida and in Harris, Troup, Cobb,and Camden counties, Georgia. Sheserved as the State English Coordina-tor for the Georgia Department ofEducation and as an English Coordi-

nator for the Governor’s Honors Program. Mrs. Mathisworked with the development of Georgia’s Criterion-Ref-erenced Tests for pupils in Grades 5 and 8, the Regents’Writing Examination, and Georgia’s Teacher Compe-tency Testing Program for Certification. She has servedon the adjunct faculties of Georgia Military College,Valdosta State University, and Coastal Georgia Commu-nity College, where she currently teaches English. She isa member of the National Council of Teachers of EnglishConference on College Composition.

Author and Contributors v

vi Georgia and the American Experience

Executive Editor: Kathleen Conway

Design: Robin McDonald

Photo Research: Robin McDonald

Maps: Lee Windham

Copyright © 2005 by Clairmont Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmit-ted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any infor-mation storage or retrieval system, except as may be permitted by the 1976 Copyright Act or in writing from thepublisher. Requests for permission should be addressed in writing to Clairmont Press, Inc., 2740 Grove Street,Atlanta, GA 30319.

ISBN: 1-56733-100-9 Printed in the U.S.A. First Printing

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Clairmont Press is grateful to the following educatorswho reviewed the manuscript for this textbook. Muchappreciation goes to each for their incisive comments andsuggestions.

Dr. Eddie BennettDirector of Social Studies, K-12,Cobb County Schools

Ms. Sharon ColemanSocial Studies Consultant, Okefenokee RESA

Dr. Deborah E. DaniellInstruction Coordinator for Social Studies, K-12,Gwinnett County Schools

Ms. Lynn McCoySocial Studies Consultant, Southwest RESA

Ms. Carmen PerkinsTeacher, Double Churches Middle School,Muscogee County Schools

Mr. Scott RobertsTeacher, Summerour Middle School,Gwinnett County Schools

Mr. Larry SmithHeritage Education Teacher,Savannah-Chatham Schools

As with any textbook, Georgia and the American Experi-ence is the result of the collaborative efforts of many in-dividuals. I particularly owe a debt of gratitude to BarbaraMathis for her countless hours working on the manu-script, her English expertise, and assistance in collectingand generating materials. Special acknowledgments aregiven to Susan Akers, Glynn County Schools, and MyraGlisson, Charlton County Schools for their invaluablesuggestions along with those eighth-grade teachers fromGlynn, Bullock, and Murray counties who took time toshare suggestions and comments. I also thank the CoastalGeorgia Community College librarians for their help inliterally “gathering” materials. I so appreciate the researchassistance of Jennifer Hutchinson, Kim Gordon, Rever-end Frank Logue, Linda Wilson, and my AASU studentsand Dr. Pat Parsons who were always on the lookout forinteresting items and shared them generously. I also sendspecial thanks to family and friends for their support andencouragement. But none of this could have been donewithout the constant assistance of Mark Mathis who,because of his expertise with computers and his love of,and interest in history, enabled this book to become areality and made writing it so much easier and certainlymore fun.

—Bonnie Bullard London

Cover photos: North Georgia mountains from BrasstownBald (background); Georgia State Capitol (front cover in-set); Georgia peach (front cover); the Old Pink House inSavannah (back cover inset, above); Chattahoochee riverbridge, Columbus (back cover inset, below).

IntroductionAccording to historian Kenneth Stampp, “With the historian, it is an articleof faith that knowledge of the past is the key to understanding the present.”Not only is understanding history, particularly the history of the state inwhich you live, important to having a well-rounded education, it can alsobecome an open door to your future. Arnold Toynbee stated “History is aGreek word which means, literally, just ‘investigation.’” And that is what Iinvite you to do. Investigate our state’s past. Learn from our mistakes andaccomplishments. Learn about the relationship of cause-and-effect both interms of past events and your life today. Why? Fifteen years ago, in the firstbook in this series, A History of Georgia, I said to students, “You will be fea-tured in the next adventure story.” And so they are in this book. Then theywere 12, today they are 27 and teaching school or making laws, serving thepublic as attorneys or transportation workers, raising families, continuingtheir studies, or just being good neighbors. They are making important de-cisions through voting, serving on committees, or sharing their opinionsabout ways to improve their community.

Now it is your turn. What will future history books say about you andyour contributions? As you read through the text and complete the accom-panying activities, keep asking yourself—in what ways can I become a proudpart of this great state in which I live? It’s up to you. Go for it!

Above: Needwood BaptistChurch near Darien, orga-nized in 1866 as BroadfieldBaptist Church on the nearbyBroadfield rice plantation.This building, dating from themid-1870s, was moved fromthe plantation to this locationin 1886. Example of earlyAfrican American vernaculararchitecture. Page i: Aquilting demonstration atGeorgia Agrirama in Tifton.Pages ii-iii: North Georgiahills, Rabun County. Pagesiv-v: Early Atlanta scene byWilbur G. Kurz. Pages viii-ixAn alley of live oaks leads tothe old house at Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation StateHistoric Site near Darien.

Introduction vii

viii Georgia and the American Experience

ContentsUNIT 1 Our Special State 1

Chapter 1 Where in the World Is Georgia? 2

Section 1 What is Geography? 5Section 2 Geographic Regions of Georgia 9Section 3 Georgia’s Climate 22

Georgia’s Seven Wonders 34

Chapter 2 This Place We Call Home 40

Section 1 Georgia’s Flora and Fauna 43Section 2 Georgia’s Natural Resources 52Section 3 Georgia’s Waterways 56

UNIT 2 From Exploration Through Independence 68

Chapter 3 The Land and Its Early People, 10,000 B.C.-1732 A.D. 70

Section 1 How Did We Learn About the Earliest People? 74Section 2 Indian Nations in Georgia 84

Chapter 4 Settlement of the Thirteenth Colony, 1477 - 1752 100

Section 1 An Age of Exploration 104Section 2 English Settlement of the New World 110Section 3 The Colonization of Georgia 114Section 4 Building a New Home 120

Chapter 5 From Royalty to Independence, 1752 - 1783 132

Section 1 The Colonial Period 136Section 2 Georgia Becomes a Royal Colony 142Section 3 The Call for Independence 149Section 4 The Revolutionary War Period 153

Table of Contents ix

UNIT 3 Testing a Nation 168

Chapter 6 An Age of Expansion, 1783 - 1838 170

Section 1 Creating a New Government 174Section 2 Land Fever in Georgia 177Section 3 Economic Growth in Georgia 179Section 4 Georgia at the Dawn of a New Century 184Section 5 The War of 1812 189Section 6 Native Americans in Georgia 192

Chapter 7 The Antebellum Era, 1838 - 1860 206

Section 1 Manifest Destiny 210Section 2 Deepening Divisions 215Section 3 Slavery as a Way of Life 228Section 4 Antebellum Georgia 237Section 5 The Election of 1860 245

Chapter 8 A Nation in Conflict, 1860 - 1865 252

Section 1 The Road to War 256Section 2 The War on the Battlefield 266Section 3 Life for the Civil War Soldier 277Section 4 Life During the Civil War 286

UNIT 4 A New Spirit 292

Chapter 9 Reconstruction and the New South, 1866 - 1889 294

Section 1 Lincoln and Reconstruction 298Section 2 Reconstruction in Georgia 302Section 3 Georgia’s Redemption Years 312Section 4 The New South 317

Chapter 10 The Progressive Era, 1889 - 1919 332

Section 1 The Progressive Movement 336Section 2 Southern Politics in Action 346Section 3 The Continuing Fight for Civil Rights 351Section 4 Business in Georgia 361Section 5 World War I 370

Chapter 11 Flappers, Depression, and Global War, 1920 - 1945 376

Section 1 The Roaring Twenties 380Section 2 The Great Depression 387Section 3 The New Deal 391Section 4 World War II 402

x Georgia and the American Experience

UNIT 5 Georgia in the Modern World 418

Chapter 12 Baby Boomers, Rebellion, and Wars, 1946 - 1979 420

Section 1 The Postwar Period 424Section 2 Georgia After World War II 428Section 3 The Civil Rights Movement 436Section 4 A Period of Protests and Changes 452

Chapter 13 Peace, Prosperity, and Peril, 1980 - 2005 464

Section 1 The 1980s 468Section 2 The 1990s 475Section 3 Terrorism at Home and Abroad 481Section 4 Georgia in a New Century 486

U N I T 6 Making It All Work 496

Chapter 14 With Liberty and Justice — The Federal Government 498

Section 1 Toward a New Constitution 502Section 2 The Legislative Branch of Government 510Section 3 The Executive Branch of Government 514Section 4 The Judicial Branch of Government 520

Chapter 15 Government of the Empire State 526

Section 1 The Executive Branch of State Government 530Section 2 The Legislative Branch of State Government 536Section 3 The Judicial Branch of State Government 544Section 4 Young People and the Law 547

Georgia’s State Symbols 554

Chapter 16 Local Government and Citizenship 560

Section 1 County Government 564Section 2 City Government and Special-Purpose Districts 570Section 3 Where Do Georgia’s Citizens Live? 575Section 4 Participation in a Representative Democracy 578

Appendix I Georgia Vital Statistics 586Appendix II Georgia Counties 587Appendix III Georgia Governors 591Appendix IV Georgia Colleges and Universities 594Appendix V Georgia Atlas 597

Glossary 610Index 620Acknowledgments 641

Maps xi

MapsMap 1 The hemispheres 6

Map 2 Georgia in the United States 7

Map 3 Georgia’s latitude and longitude 8

Map 4 Georgia’s geographic regions 9

Map 5 Georgia’s barrier islands 20

Map 6 Fall Line 21

Map 7 Average January temperatures 23

Map 8 Average July temperatures 23

Map 9 Average annual precipitation 25

Map 10 Wind currents 26

Map 11 Water currents 27

Map 12 Hurricane paths 28

Map 13 Georgia’s seven wonders 39

Map 14 Georgia’s mineral resources 53

Map 15 Georgia’s rivers and lakes 59

Map 16 Georgia’s major aquifers 64

Map 17 Bering land bridge 71

Map 18 Georgia mound sites 83

Map 19 Early explorers and their routes 106

Map 20 Route of de Soto’s expedition 108

Map 21 The original Georgia charter 116

Map 22 The British colonies in America 136

Map 23 North America, 1754 143

Map 24 North America, 1763 146

Map 25 Georgia’s first counties 157

Map 26 The Louisiana Purchase 178

Map 27 Early Georgia roads 182

Map 28 Early Georgia railroads 182

Map 29 The Trail of Tears 201

Map 30 Expansion of the United States 213

Map 31 Antebellum America 215

Map 32 This Missouri Compromise 222

Map 33 The Compromise of 1850 223

Map 34 The underground railroad 234

Map 35 The election of 1860 247

Map 36 The original Confederate states 248

Map 37 The Union and the Confederacy 258

Map 38 The Union blockade 262

Map 39 Civil War battles 267

Map 40 The Civil War in Georgia 274

Map 41 Military Reconstruction districts 304

Map 42 The 1932 election 391

Map 43 Georgia’s TVA lakes 394

Map 44 Korea, 1950 427

Map 45 North and South Vietnam 457

Map 46 Afghanistan 483

Map 47 Iraq 484

Map 48 Georgia’s congressional districts 511

Map 49 Federal circuit court districts 521

Map 50 Georgia’s district courts 521

Map 51 Georgia state senate districts 536

Map 52 Georgia house of representativedistricts 537

Map 53 Georgia counties and county seats 565

Map 54 Georgia’s metropolitan areas 575

xii Georgia and the American Experience

Figure 40 Social effects of World War II 414Figure 41 Chapter 12 Timeline 423Figure 42 Chapter 13 Timeline 467Figure 43 Georgia’s population explosion 472Figure 44 Urban and rural Georgia 473Figure 45 Building blocks for educational reform 489Figure 46 Key issues, 2004 491Figure 47 Chapter 14 Timeline 501Figure 48 The Virginia Plan 504Figure 49 The New Jersey Plan 505Figure 50 The Bill of Rights 508Figure 51 Georgia’s congressional

representatives (2003) 510Figure 52 Expressed powers of Congress 512Figure 53 Important dates in electoral process 514Figure 54 The powers of the president 515Figure 55 Presidential line of succession 516Figure 56 Federal revenue sources, 2001 519Figure 57 Federal revenue sources, 2001 519Figure 58 Checks and balances 522Figure 59 Chapter 15 Timeline 529Figure 60 Georgia state government 531Figure 61 Formal powers of the governor 532Figure 62 Informal powers of the governor 533Figure 63 Georgia’s elected officials 534Figure 64 Powers of a presiding officer 537Figure 65 Budget Revenues 539Figure 66 Budget Expenditures 539Figure 67 Nine steps from proposal to law 540Figure 68 How a bill becomes law 541Figure 69 Georgia court system 545Figure 70 State checks and balances 546Figure 71 Georgia’s juvenile courts 548Figure 72 Juvenile sentencing 549Figure 73 Court cases involving students’ rights 550Figure 74 Other state symbols 559Figure 75 Chapter 16 Timeline 563Figure 76 Camden County services 566Figure 77 Georgia’s ten most populous

counties, 2000 567Figure 78 Sources of revenue for local

government 569Figure 79 Georgia’s ten largest cities, 2000 570Figure 80 Mayor-council forms of government 572Figure 81 City commission form of government 572Figure 82 Council-manager form of government 573

Figures (Charts, Tables, and Diagrams)

Figure 1 Chapter 1 Timeline 4Figure 2 Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale 28Figure 3 Tornadoes in Georgia (1884 - 1998) 29Figure 4 Fujita intensity scale for tornadoes 29Figure 5 What to do during a tornado 30Figure 6 Chapter 2 Timeline 40Figure 7 Other mineral resources of Georgia 54Figure 8 Chapter 3 Timeline 73Figure 9 Georgia archaeological sites 83Figure 10 Cherokee clans 87Figure 11 Chapter 4 Timeline 103Figure 12 Chapter 5 Timeline 135Figure 13 Results of the French and Indian War 145Figure 14 The cast of characters 149Figure 15 The Tories 153Figure 16 Chapter 6 Timeline 173Figure 17 Chapter 7 Timeline 209Figure 18 North-South differences 216Figure 19 Southern social ladder 218Figure 20 Slaves’ social ladder 219Figure 21 Cotton production and slave

population, 1800-1860 220Figure 22 Cost of slaves 221Figure 23 The Compromise of 1850 224Figure 24 The election of 1860 247Figure 25 Chapter 8 Timeline 255Figure 26 Resources: North versus South 261Figure 27 Ten major Civil War battles 266Figure 28 Civil War battles in Georgia 270Figure 29 Chapter 9 Timeline 297Figure 30 Typical loyalty oath 300Figure 31 The Thirteenth Amendment to the

U.S. Constitution 301Figure 32 Excerpt from the Fourteenth

Amendment to U.S. Constitution 303Figure 33 Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S.

Constitution 306Figure 34 Chapter 10 Timeline 335Figure 35 Provisions of Neill Primary Act 349Figure 36 Eight most populous counties, 1920 350Figure 37 Georgia’s population, 1900 and 1920 357Figure 38 Chapter 11 Timeline 379Figure 39 New Deal programs and legislation 393

Special Features xiii

Special FeaturesBy the Side of the Road

Sidney Lanier 19World Record Bass 50Nacoochee Indian Mound 81Savannah Waterfront 119Point Peter 164Calhoun Gold Mine 199Home of Robert Toombs 243The Athens Double-Barrelled Cannon 275Springfield Baptist Church 299Home of Alice Harrell Strickland 342Ben T. Epps 385Birthplace of Jackie Robinson 437Blue Star Memorial Highway 485President Jimmy Carter 518Union County 542Grant Park 576

American SpotlightCharles Holmes Herty 45Matoaka 112Nancy Hart 159Benjamin Franklin 176Sojourner Truth 235Federico Cavada 285Henry W. Grady 318Juliette Gordon Low 341Carl Vinson 410Dean Rusk 458Oprah Winfrey 490Dr. Antonia Coello Novello 517Jimmy Carter 535Maynard Jackson 571

Spotlight on the EconomyDroughts 24Georgia’s Ports 60The Barter Economy 90Mercantilism 110Financing the American Revolution 160A Changing Economy 183The Cost of Slavery 221Economy of the North and the South 261The Development of Industries in Georgia 322

New Forms of Doing Business 363Georgia’s Wartime Industries 413Economic Cycles 460Reaganomics 469Federal Money 519Funding Georgia’s Government 539Levels of Taxes 568

The Art of PoliticsBenjamin Franklin, “Join, or Die” 150The “Ograbme” 190Honest Abe Taking Them on the Half Shell 246Copperheads 259Great Acrobatic Feat of Rutherford B. Hayes 316The Gerrymander 358Rebecca Felton 381Jeff MacNelly 454UNSCOM 476A Peep into the Antifederal Club 507Party Symbols 579

Of Special InterestThe Official State Song of Georgia 31A Tale of Love 91A Past and a Mission 126A Discovery 238The Great Locomotive Chase 264A City Rises From the Ashes 310The Jekyll Island Club 368The Tuskegee Airmen 406Hammerin’ Hank Aaron 451The Great Seal of the United States 506Georgia’s Capitals 543

On the Road AgainWestville 240The St. Simons Island Lighthouse 328Berry College 344Lyndon House Arts Center 580

History by the NumbersA Million Dollar Bell 104The Dunlap Broadside 156

Focus on the EnvironmentEndangered marshes? 58An Ecological Georgia Victory 366Global Warming 488