ParaphiliasGérard Labuschagne

THREAT MANAGEMENT

Outline of lecture• Introduction

• Diagnostic elements

• Scale of severity

• Extent & most common

• Why do they occur?

• Link to crime

• Types

Introduction

• An intense persistent sexual interest

• Other than in genital stimulation, fondling, with a

normal, physically mature, consenting human being

• Some relate to the persons erotic activities and

others to the object of erotic interest

• Activity:

– Whipping, spanking, strangling

• Object

– Children, corpses, amputees, animals

Diagnostic Elements

• Criteria A: Specifies the qualitative nature of the paraphilia

– “6 months, recurrent, intense sexual arousal…”

• Criteria B: Specifies the negative consequences (egdistress, harm to others)

• If you only experience Criteria A = Paraphilia

• If you experience A + B = Paraphilic disorder

• People usually have more than one

• Sometimes linked: e.g. foot fetishism + shoe fetishism

• Sometimes not obviously related

• Severity usually determined by comparing paraphilic behaviour to non-paraphilic sexual interests

Scale of severity

• No interest at all

• Thought or fantasized about it

• Aroused by idea, interested in trying it

• Recurrent thoughts, fantasies, or interest

• Engaged in behaviour

• Repeatedly engaged in behaviour

• Requires behaviour to be sexually gratified.

Extent of paraphilias

• Very few people have a paraphilic disorder

• Those that do practice them often

• Paedophilia is the paraphilia that receives the most

attention

• Sexual sadism often gets noticed due to its brutality

• Occurs almost exclusively in men

• Usually (50%)starts before age of 18 (peaks 15-25)

• Only 10% of paraphilics only have 1

paraphilia

• Most have multiple paraphilias

• So if you arrest someone for one paraphilic

crime you need to explore for other

paraphilias

Occurrence of most common

• Most common:

– Paedophilia

– Exhibitionism

– Voyeurism

Why do they occur?

• Various explanations- nothing final

– Psychological: problems occur during phases

– Learning: people exposed to it at early age

– Biological: hormones or neurological problems

Link to crime

• People who have a fetish object might even break in

to people’s homes to obtain the object- this is called

sexual burglary.

• A serial rapist might engage in voyeurism or sexual

burglary.

• Some are criminal in nature when acted out:

paedophilia, or when non-consenting, e.g. sadism.

Types and

explanations

Exhibitionism

• Definition

– Urge to expose one’s genitals to an unsuspecting

person

– Commonly known as a ‘flasher’

– Sexual excitement achieved in anticipation before

event

– Orgasm achieved by masturbating during or

afterwards

– If targeting children then can consider paedophilia

• Typical excuses

– Was not sexual “I was just going to urinate”

– “I didn’t realise someone was there”

• Risk factors

– Antisocial history, antisocial personality disorder/psychopathy, alcohol misuse, paedophilia

CRIMINAL LAW

(SEXUAL OFFENCES AND RELATED MATTERS)

AMENDMENT ACT No 32, 2007

• Exposure or display of or causing exposure or display of genital organs, anus or female breasts to persons 18 years or older (‘‘flashing’’)

• s9. A person (‘‘A’’) who unlawfully and intentionally, whether for the sexual gratification of A or of a third person (‘‘C’’) or not,

• exposes or displays or causes the exposure or display of the genital organs, anus or female breasts of A or C to a

• complainant 18 years or older (‘‘B’’), without the consent of B, is guilty of the offence

• of exposing or displaying or causing the exposure or display of genital organs, anus or female breasts to a person 18 years or older.

Voyeurism

Voyeurism• Definition

– “Peeping tom”

– Observing unsuspecting individuals who are

naked, getting undressed or engaging in sexual

activity

– Must be 18 years of age or older

• To avoid pathologizing normal curiosity

– Observing leads to sexual arousal

– Offender doesn’t usually seek contact

– Orgasm achieved by masturbation later

• Covert video-taping of women and children in

bathrooms, change rooms, locker rooms

• Websites dedicated to voyeurism

• Element of risk increases excitement

• May lead on to sexual burglary and later rape

• 20% of rapists have engaged in voyeurism

– Hunting pattern?

Frotteurism• Definition

– Male touching or rubbing against non-

consenting person

– Usually occurs in crowded place

Transvestism• Definition

– Cross dressing

– Purpose is for sexual arousal

– Usually more than 1 item of clothing, sometimes

complete wardrobe

– As they get older the sexual arousal often

lessens

• The transvestite who is he ?

– May normally have masculine appearance

& occupation

– When in women’s clothing may pay much

attention to appearance

– May have a complete wardrobe including

underwear, shoes, makeup etc.

Sexual sadism• Definition

– sexual arousal from psychological & physical

suffering of another person

– Can also be voluntary between consenting

individuals

Sadists may

also have an

interest in

bondage

Mummification

Caging

Sadistic

fantasies may

be recorded in

diaries,

videos,

drawings

• Victims of sadists

– Can be small children or adults

– Males or females

– Some partners are willing participants and can be

masochists

– Unwilling victims usually involves abduction

– Sadistic fantasies may end with the murder of the

victim

– Despite victim behaviour torture will continue

• Crime scene

– Sadist may have a special place where he

commits the crime (area or even room)

– Sadistic fantasies take a long time to act

out and must be done so in a specific way

– Offender may even have tools specifically

designed for sadistic purposes

– These tools will be kept by him

• Investigation of the sexual sadist

– Tends to be manipulative

– Considers himself to be superior

– Previous partners are important source of info

– Search warrants should include:

• Films, photos, videos

• Pornography,

• Books (psychology, sadism, detective), diaries

• Torture instruments, sex aids, weapons

Masochism• Definition

– A masochist can only achieve sexual pleasure

when experiencing pain, suffering or humiliation

– Have recurrent fantasies about being bound,

beaten, humiliated, tortured and act these out

– Acts can include:

• Spanking Whipping

• Cutting Urination or defecation

• Verbal abuse

Fetishism

• Definition

– Use of non-living objects or specific focus on a

non-genital body part for sexual arousal

– Objects usually associated with sex are not

regarded as fetish objects eg: vibrator

– Neither are clothes for cross-dressing

• Differentiate if the object of focus is:

– Human

• E.g. foot, toes, amputees, hair

– Non-living objects

• E.g. rubber, underwear

– Often masturbates while holding object

– Without object individual struggles to become

sexually aroused

– Common objects include: shoes, leather, rubber

Necrophilia• Definition

– Obtaining sexual gratification from dead

people

– Bodies from morgues, graves or person may

even be murdered for purpose

– Person may return to crime scene for further

sexual gratification

• The necrophiliac who is he ?

– They are capable of having sex with living persons

also

– Have strong fantasies

– Often fear rejection from people

– Substance abuse during the act is common

– May be accompanied by cannibalism

– Stewart ‘Boetie Boer’ Wilken in PE

– Antonie Wessels

– Jeffrey Dahmer in USA

Associated paraphilias

• Sadism

• Hyperdominance/ Bondage

• Vampirism

• Cannibalism

• “Sleepy sex”

Coprophilia & Urophilia• Definition

– Coprophilia: faeces/excrement

– Urophilia: urine

– Each involves receiving sexual satisfaction

from defecating or urinating by oneself, onto

others or others onto self

– Faeces or urine may be present on a crime

scene

Zoophilia (Bestiality)• Recurrent intense sexual fantasies, urges and

sexual activities with non-human animals.

• Drawn to animals out of a desire for affection, a

sexual attraction towards, and a love for,

animals.

• Many of the subjects preferred sexual relations

with non-human animals

• Dogs and horses preferred