paedophilia, paraphilias & the psychology of the...

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Paedophilia, Paraphilias & the

Psychology of the Offender

Peter Collins

Ontario Provincial Police/ Centre for Addiction and Mental

Health & University of Toronto

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Paedophilia

• Problems with the accepted DSM

definition.

• DSM criteria are virtually ignored by most

practitioners and researchers (Marshall,

1997).

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American Psychological Assoc

• Paedophilia is a paraphilia in which sexual

acts or fantasies with prepubescent children

are persistently preferred method of

achieving sexual excitement.

• Sexual activity may consist of looking or

touching, but sometimes includes

intercourse, even with very young children.

http://www.camh.net/

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Paedophilia

• the target choice, for the paedophile, is a

prepubescent child.

• age at puberty for girls can range, on a

continuum, from 10 to 15.

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Paedophilia

• Hebephilia - adolescents

• Infantaphilia – under age 5

• nepiophilia – sexual interest in infants

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Paedophilia - DSM-IV

• sexually attracted to males.

• sexually attracted to females.

• sexually attracted to both.

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Paedophilia - DSM-IV

• exclusive type.

• nonexclusive type.

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“Paedophilia”

• Fantasising

• reading

• talking and listening

• watching and video taping

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“Paedophilia”

• using props or dolls

• social interaction on the internet.

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Child Molesters and Paedophiles

• Men who sexually abuse children are often

referred to as “pedophiles”, particularly in

the U.S.

• It is important to make the distinction

between child molesters who are not

paedophiles.

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Paedophilia & Child Cues

• The majority of men who preferred boys attracted to feminine features (Wilson & Cox, 1983)

• Child sexual abuse victims tended to be lighter and smaller then age-matched comparison children (Lang et al, 1988)

• Soft and smooth skin, a slim body, lack of body hair, appearance of genitals and appearance of buttocks (multiple studies).

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Child Molestation

• preferential.

• opportunistic, situational, surrogate.

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Situational Child Molesters –

Lanning, 1992

• Regressed

• Morally indiscriminate

• Sexually indiscriminate

• Inadequate

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Regressed Child Molester

• low self esteem and poor coping skills.

• substitutes child for preferred sex partner.

• selection may be due to availability.

• tend to use coercion.

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Morally Indiscriminate

• user of all people.

• motivation…”why not”.

• very opportunistic.

• lure, force, manipulate.

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Morally Indiscriminate

• most frequently overlooked.

• sexual abuse of children is part of a general

pattern of abuse in his life.

• frequently collects sadomasochistic adult

porn but can possess child porn.

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Sexually Indiscriminate

• most difficult to define.

• sexual experimentation.

• involved because it’s new and different.

• often collects a variety of pornography.

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Inadequate Molester

• loner, social misfit, withdrawn.

• motivated by insecurity and impulsivity.

• will offend against children or elderly.

• likely a collector of adult porn

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Paedophile

• non-cohabiting

• multiple victims.

• male victims.

• multiple paraphilias.

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Sex Travelers – Sullivan and

Gerrish (2004)

1. Opportunity instigation

• Taking advantage of a holiday

environment to abuse children.

2. Self-Contained Abuse

• Traveling abroad in the company of

intended child victims.

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Sex Travelers

3. Speculative exploring

• Traveling abroad to locations where

children are reported to be available for

sex.

4. Informed Networking

• Arranging, through others, to meet and

abuse children, at a specific location.

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Sex Travelers

5. Resident foreigner

• Abuse by foreign nationals resident in

countries where primarily due to poverty,

children are vulnerable to abuse.

6. Pseudo care-work abuse

• Abusing children met in the course of

voluntary, non-government organizations

or statutory work in a foreign country.

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Sex Travelers

• These typologies refer to behaviours rather

than to the perpetrator as some will engage

in more than offending typology.

Joe Sullivan (2004)

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Paedophiles and Abuse Images

• fuels their sexual fantasies.

• serves as a masturbatory aid.

• enhances their cognitive distortions –

“compliant” children, numbers on the

Internet.

• used as a trophy.

• used for blackmail.

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Paedophiles on the Internet

• send and receive child abuse images

• locate children to molest.

• engage in inappropriate sexual

communication with children.

• communicate with other paedophiles.

• obtain fetish items.

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Viewing and Offending

• 53% of a sample of child molesters used

pornographic material as planned

preparation for offending. (Marshall 1988)

• Molesters more likely to use pornography,

prior to offending, but could be satiated by

relieving the impulse to offend. (Carter et al

1997)

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• Marshall (2000) suggested there is not a

causal link between viewing pornography &

sexually offending behaviour but it can

accelerate psychological processes,

enhancing cognitive distortions.

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Viewing & Offending

• Seto, Maric & Barbaree (2001) also felt that

the evidence for a causal link between

pornography use and sexual offending is

equivocal, and concluded that people who

are already predisposed to offended are

more likely to show an effect of

pornography exposure.

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• Where there is a pre-disposition to offend,

pornography may exacerbate an offender.

(Seto 2001)

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Viewing & Offending

• Sullivan (2005) – within an Internet sample,

the number of offenders who committed

sexual offences was greater than that found

in the general population.

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Viewing & Offending

• Wolak, Finklehor & Mitchell (2005) study

of CP possessors arrested in Internet-related

crimes indicated that 40% of their sample

were “dual offenders” who sexually

victimized children and possessed child

pornography.

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Child Porn and Risk

• National Crime Squad of England and

Wales

• U.S. Postal Inspection

• Butner Study

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National Crime Squad

Project Ore

• 7272 suspects

• 4700 searches conducted

• 3744 arrests

• 2202 prosecuted

• Rescued 120 children.

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U.S. Postal Inspection – July

2009

• 3075 individuals arrested

• 968 had contact offences

• 1185 children rescued from abuse.

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Bourke and Hernandez (2009)

• 155 offenders in an 18 month voluntary

treatment program.

• At time of sentencing 115 (74%) had no

documented contact offences.

• 40 (26%) had known histories of contact

offences.

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• The total number of victims, at sentencing

was 75, or 1.88 victims per offender.

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• By the end of treatment 24 (15%) denied

contact offences and 131 subjects (85%)

admitted to at least 1 hands-on offence. An

increase of 59%.

• The number of reported victims, at the end

of treatment, was 1,777 for an average of

13.56 victims per offender.

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Bourke & Hernandez (2009)

High % of crossover:

• 70% had both paedophilic and hebephilic victims

• Apx. 40% had both male and female victims

• 68.7% had no prior conviction for a sex offence.

• 30.1% had participated in acts of bestiality.

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Diagnostic Indicator– Seto et al,

(2006)

Sample of 685 male patients:

• 100 Child Pornography Offenders – (57 had

no known sexual offenses against children

and 43 had one or more sexual offenses

against children.

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(2006)

• 178 Offenders Against Children - men who had no hx for CP but had hx of one or more sexual offences against victims under the age of 14.

• 191 General Sexology Patients –men who had no history of CP or sexual offences.

• 216 Sex Offenders Against Adults.

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(2006)

• Based on phallometric test scores the results

suggest that child pornography offending is

a stronger diagnostic indicator of

paedophilia than sexually offending against

child victims.

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Previous Abuse

• despite obvious motivation to distort the

facts, a disproportionate number of child

molesters experienced sexual abuse in their

childhood.

• anywhere from 0% to 67% reported being

victimised. Hanson & Slater (1988)

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Hindman (1988)

• “Pseudo-victimization” or “over-

victimization”

• After they were told they were going to be

subject to a polygraph test, the percentage

of those claiming sexual victimization

dropped from 67% to 29%.

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St-Yves and Pellerin (2003)

Vampire Syndrome vs. Pinocchio Syndrome

• Some offenders invent sexual victimization

scenarios or magnify or transform traumatic

events in their lives to excuse or justify the

crime.

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ETOH/Drugs

• abuse of or offence-facilitative use of an

intoxicant.

Langevin & Lang (1990) N 123

• 55.8% scored above the alcoholic cut-off on

the MAST.

• 17.8% had a drug abuse problem.

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Psychopathology

• fewer than 5% thought disordered

• psychopathy is not a common feature.

• inconsistent and contradictory results on

personality testing (MMPI and other tests).

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Grooming

• techniques designed to lower the inhibitions

of children in order to exploit them

sexually.

• prior to the internet the paedophile had to be

in close proximity with children and

actively interact with them.

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Grooming

• not direct evidence of molestation.

• some items, in possession of the molester,

may be collateral material but it is important

to present them to the trier of fact.

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Grooming

targeting stage

• many have a intuition as to who would be

more likely to be victimised.

• targets neglected, needy children many who

come troubled homes.

• can ‘groom’ parents as well.

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Grooming

non-sexual touching stage

• “accidental” touching.

• introduction of pornography.

• introduction of alcohol/drugs.

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Grooming

• gives the child gifts.

• “sleep overs”, trips.

• fulfils an emotional need or non-sexual

need of the victim.

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Grooming

Sexual Touching Stage

• sexually assaultive behaviour ranging on a continuum from touching to anal/vaginal intercourse.

Responsibility Stage

Parental Influence Stage

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Grooming Evidence

• cannot by itself convict the offender but

taken as a whole to explain the theory of the

case, it can explain the process used to

commit the crime.

• using an expert to explain behaviour is

acceptable.

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Paraphilias - DSM-IV TR

• recurrent, intense sexually arousing

fantasies, sexual urges or behaviours

generally involving:

1) nonhuman objects

2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or

ones partner

3) children or other non-consenting persons

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Paraphilias

• A persistent sexual interest – reflected in

thoughts, urges, fantasies, sexual arousal, -

in a particular target or activity.

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Paraphilias

• Exhibitionism

• Fetishism

• Frotteurism

• Pedophilia

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Paraphilias

• Sexual Masochism

• Sexual Sadism

• Transvestic Fetishism

• Voyeurism

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Paraphilias

• telephone scatologia

• necrophilia

• toucherism

• partialism

• zoophilia (bestiality)

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Paraphilia

• coprophila

• urophilia

• klismiphilia

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Exhibitionism

• 17/55 subjects exposed to children.

• 57% of a sample British nurses exposed to

before age 16.

• 66 % of female college students exposed to

before age 16.

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Exhibitionism

• Incidence and prevalence unknown but felt

to be high.

• 44% of nurses in one study were exposed to

outside of work. (Gittleson, 1978)

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Exhibitionism

• Freund (1990) on 241 exhibitionists:

voyeurism - 32%

toucherism or frottage - 30%

rape - 15%

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Fetishism

• panties

• diapers

• bras

• pantyhose

• silk stockings

• slips

• rubber/plastic

• rubber raincoat

• galoshes

• wet suits

• leather clothing

• feathers

• catheters

• shoes/boots/sandals

• balloons

• jockstraps

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Fetish behaviour

• wearing

• looking at, fondling or

spanking someone

wearing

• fondling the item

• collecting hoarding

• lying on

• inserting up rectum

• rubbing up against

• sucking

• sleeping with

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Partialism

• feet/toes

• legs

• amputees

• hair

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Internet

• Increasing variety of goods and services

available to “fetters”.

• alt. sex forums

• females and males willing to sell worn

underwear.

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Voyeurism

• sexual arousal to viewing some form of

nudity or sexual activity.

• to be characterised as a sexual disorder the

victims have to be not aware of the viewer

and usually strangers.

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Voyeurism

• exclusive form of sexual activity.

• preferred but not obligatory.

• fantasies and urges became intense during

periods of stress and acting out is episodic.

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Voyeurism

• 50 % start before age of 15.

• 20 % of women have been victimised.

• hidden statistic - some of those arrested are

charged with trespassing or prowl by night.

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Voyeurism

• covert taping of women and children -

washrooms, change rooms, locker rooms.

• 20 % of rapists have engaged in voyeurism

- ? part of hunting pattern.

Bundy

Bernardo

Stoney Creek Rapist

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Voyeurism

Langevin et al (1985)

• of 45 men who admitted to peeping, 33 had

engaged in outdoor masturbation, 25 had

exhibited, 22 had engaged in frottage and

20 in toucherism

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Multiple paraphilias

Abel (1988)

• 411 paraphilics.

• 238,711 attempted sex offences.

• 218,000 completed sex offences.

• total number of victims - 138,137.

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• on average, each offender attempted 581

crimes, completed 533 crimes and had 336

victims.

• the average duration of deviant arousal was

12 years.

• the average paraphilic committed 44 crimes

a year since onset of offending.

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Abel et al (1990) - 561 paraphilics.

• 10.4% had only 1 diagnosis.

• 19.9% had 2

• 20.6% had 3

• 11.9% had 4

• 37.6% were concomitantly or non-

concomitantly into 5-10 different paraphilic

behaviours.

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Marshall and Barbaree

• 20% of paedophiles have associated

paraphilic behaviours.

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Assoiciated Paraphilias

• Sadism

• Hyperdominance/bondage

• “sleepy” sex

• Vampirism

• Cannibalism

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Cognitive Distortions

• rationalisations and justifications for

behaviour.

• offence facilitating thinking.

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• “ a child doesn’t tell anyone about having

sex with an adult because he or she really

enjoys it.”

• “an adult who fondles a child’s genitals is

not really sexually engaging the child, and

so no harm is being done.”

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• “when a child asks about sex, it means that

the child wants to see the adult’s genitals,

or to have sex with an older person.”

• “the relationship between the child and the

adult is enhanced by having sex.”

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• “ a child who does not physically resist

really wants sex.”

• “ having sex with a child is a good way to

teach a child about sex.”

• “society will someday condone sex with

children.”

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• “Looking at child pornography does not

harm children – I am not abusing them.”

• “It’s a victimless crime.”

• “If it was wrong why are there thousand

and thousands of guys out there collecting

and viewing these images.”

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85


• “I only look at the images…I don’t touch

kids.”

• “What’s worse…looking at pictures or

touching kids…I look, masturbate and then

I’m satisfied.”

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Neidigh & Krop (1992)

8 primary categories of cognitive distortions:

• She enjoyed it

• This won’t hurt her or effect her in any way

• This is not bad, not really wrong

• I was high on alcohol or drugs at the time

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Neidigh & Krop (1992)

• I wasn’t thinking at all or I wouldn’t have

done it.

• No one will ever find out so I won’t be

caught

• She is flirting with me so she wants me to

do it

• We love each other so that is ok.

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Pollock & Hashmill (1991)

250 paedophiles:

• 30% stated that the child consented to the

behaviour.

• 20% stated the child “made the first move”.

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NAMBLA

• Raises money through donations and selling

books.

On the website:

• mission statement.

• testimonials of children.

• news page.

• prisoner “pen-pal” program.

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NAMBLA

• “Consensual intergenerational experiences

of younger people are often quite positive

and beneficial for the participants regardless

of age.”

• “Non-consensual experiences, when the

wishes of the are disregarded, can be very

damaging.”

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Paedophile Organizations

• Americans for a Society Free from Age

Restrictions. (ASFAR)

• Paedophile Liberation Front (PLF)

• Male Homosexuals Attraction to Minors

Information Center (MHAMic)

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International Boy Love Day

• IBLD.net is not about "pedophilia" as

the word is misused and demonized

today.

• IBLD.net is about consensual sexually

expressed boyhood relationships with

older males.

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International Boy Love Day

• IBLD.net does not harbor or provide

links to boy erotica ("child

pornography").

• IBLD.net does not support or condone

molestation, predation, or other illegal

acts.

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Contact information

Peter Collins, CD, MCA, MD, FRCP(C)

705-329-6351 – direct line

705-329-6950 – Duty Officer

[email protected]

paedophilia, paraphilias & the psychology of the...

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