get out of the car! actors and institutions to change the transport regime gerardo marletto...

GET OUT OF THE CAR!ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONS

TO CHANGE THE TRANSPORT REGIME

Gerardo MarlettoDEIR/CRENoS - University of Sassari

CREI – University of Rome “Roma Tre”

2nd International TEMPO Conference

Main questionHow can we achieve policy change for sustainable transport?

My three main arguments

1.I do not agree with mainstream economics.

Reaching sustainable transport is not just a matter of promoting modal and technological shift by using economic incentives

2.Mobility is dominated by the car regime.

Policies for sustainable transport should aim at• overcoming the inertial dynamics of the existing car regime, and

• creating a new regime of sustainable mobility

3.Actors and institutions are the crucial point.

Existing actors and institutions support the status quoNew actors are weak and scattered and new institutions must be

established(Technology is not the crucial point)

Gerardo Marletto – Get out of the car! Actors and institutions to change the transport regime


TOPICS

1.Prologue: the long century of the car (1890-20??)

2.The car is a regime

3.Scenarios of transport regimes

4. Epilogue: 2028 - in memoriam of motowns

5. A checklist for policy change



1. PROLOGUE: THE LONG CENTURY OF THE CAR (1890-20??)


Find the differences!

Mulberry Street (Little Italy), NY


1. PROLOGUE: THE LONG CENTURY OF THE CAR (1890-20??)


1916: President Wilson signs the first Federal Aid Road Act, creating the new Bureau of Public Roads

1903: The Electric Vehicle Company and ten petrol car firms create the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers

1920’s: GM take control and dismantle electric tram systems1953: “Engine” Charles Wilson, President of GM, is named Secretary of Defence

1996: the 1990 Californian mandate for zero-emission cars is postponed by five years (and then further delayed)


2. THE CAR IS A REGIME


Constituents of the car regime

Political institutions(tacit and explicit rules)

Norms: regulations and policies which favour the car

Political habits: transport policy is influenced by the car industry

Political discourse: “the car as freedom”

Technologies(artefacts and knowledge)

The car and its dominant design The built environment (cities

tailored to the car)

Markets(production, consumption, finance, etc.)

Investments on productive capacity High expenditure on car advertising Consumers prefer the car

Actors Core-actors: car industry, oil industry Non-core actors: road builders and

managers, urban developers



3. SCENARIOS OF TRANSPORT REGIMES

Likelihood

Sustainability

CAR REGIME

ELECTRICITY REGIME

ECO-CITY REGIME

CAR REGIME

TRANSITIONPATHWAY

RECONFIGURATION(Integration of new non-core actors)

INSTITUTIONAL DRIVER AND ACTORS

TRANSPORT POLICY IS INFLUENCED BY THE CAR INDUSTRY

TECHNOLOGIES AND MARKETS

HYBRID CAR ELECTRIC CAR

ELECTRICITY REGIME

TRANSITIONPATHWAY

SUBSTITION(New core actors emerge after a battle with old core actors)


TRANSPORT AND ENERGY POLICIES ARE INFLUENCED BY THE ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY


PLUG-IN HYBRID CAR V2G ELECTRIC CAR

ECO-CITY REGIME

TRANSITIONPATHWAY

DE-ALIGNMENT and RE-ALIGNMENT(A coalition of new core actors support a new vision of urban mobility)


AN INTEGRATED AND MULTILEVEL URBAN POLICY IS INFLUENCED BY A COALITION OF NGOs, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND INDUSTRIES


NEW URBANISM + 3Bs + ELECTRIC PROPULSION



4. EPILOGUE: IN MEMORIAM OF MOTOWNS

2028: an European vision - Basic data

Transport & Environment: CO2 emissions from transport and km by car are below 2000

level

Urban structure: 63% of medium and large cities have adopted a 3-levels

urban/transport system

Industrial structure: Less than 10 global players compete in the market of integrated

sustainable urban transport systems (Toyota-BYD-JR; GE-GM-Ballard; AV; Better Place; etc.)

Some car manufacturers stopped producing cars (Fiat-Chrysler; Volkswagen-Audi; etc.)

3-Levels urban transport system

Level 1 - “Decarbonised”(high density areas)

Only soft mobility + electric public and shared transport

Level 2 - “Zone 30”(high density areas)

As in “decarbonised” areas + electric cars

Level 3 - “City gates”(at the border between high density and dispersed areas)

Public transport nodes + parkings for IC-cars + recharge and battery-swap stations for electric cars



4. EPILOGUE: IN MEMORIAM OF MOTOWNS

2028: an European vision – Policy backcasting

1. Framework regulations (2012):

2. The “Ecocities” programes(2010 - 2017 and 2018 - 2025)

3. The “Alessandro Volta” initiative(2015 - )

Reg. 12/2012: new urban developments are admitted only around main public transport nodes

Reg. 112/2012 and 113/2012: car advertising and incentives to buy cars are prohibited

Top-down criteria: 3-levels urban planning +

3Bs transport planning preference to plans

proposed by coalitions of local actors

Bottom-up proposals: more than 800 local plans

benefited from EU co-funding

Phase 1.1 (2015 - 2019): network of more than 60

firms and research bodies goal: develop an integrated

electric urban mobility platform

Phase 1.2 (2020 - 2022): 35 pilot cities goal: experiment, improve

and standardise the AV platform

Phase 2 (2023 - ): industrial consortium “AV”

(following the Airbus model) goal: worldwide

commercialisation of the AV platform



5. A CHECKLIST FOR POLICY CHANGE

1. Act for radical change

Integrate all relevant policy dimensions: environment, energy, industry, transport, urban planning

Commit a very large amount of financial resources

Implement long lasting initiatives

Review initiatives on the basis of interim results

2. Act with a twofold aim

Destabilise the car regime

Create the eco-city regime



4. A CHECKLIST FOR POLICY CHANGE

3. Act on (core) actors

Deligitimise core actors of the car regime and reduce their power Legitimise and empower a coalition of new core actors

4. Act on institutions: Political discourses

Criticise “the car as freedom” Foster “sustainable cities for sustainable mobility”

5. Act on institutions: Political habits

Criticise the influence of the car industry Support the involvement of new stakeholders

6. Act on institutions: Norms

Implement policies to discourage the production and use of cars

Implement policies to boost the production and use of integrated systems of sustainable mobility



MANY [email protected]

...and if all else fails...…we still have the

final solution…


get out of the car! actors and institutions to change the transport regime gerardo marletto...

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