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1Patricia Harpring Getty Vocabularies and Linked Data

Getty Vocabularies and Linked Data

Patricia HarpringSAA: Linking Data Across Libraries, Archives, and Museums

10 August 2012

Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.

images blocked in online version

Introduction




Overview

• Getty Vocabularies are constructed to allow their use in linked data, focusing on the characteristics that facilitate this

• CONA is the first Getty vocabulary to actually be linked to the other three Getty vocabularies

• Issues related to CONA, ▫ and to the implementation of CCO (CONA is compliant

with CCO (Cataloging Cultural Objects)) and CDWA (Categories for the Description of Works of Art))


Are the Getty Vocabularies Employed in Linked Open Data (LOD)?• Currently our limited Getty vocabulary technical resources are taken up

with developing systems and publishing contributions.

• However, the Vocabulary data is well equipped to be presented in a variety of RDF formats.

• CONA, in particular, would lend itself to being presented as linked data.

• We have started to experiment with SKOS, for example. We are also investigating which format will best serve the community (i.e., where do we put our limited resources).


• We are close to identifying a persistent URN. BUT, turning that decision into vocabulary data expressed in one of the RDF formats is a much larger project.

• We are aware that this must happen soon, and we now look to the user community to provide partnership and to express their support.



• Art & Architecture Thesaurus ® (AAT)• 34 878 ‘records’; 245 531 terms

http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/index.html

THE GETTY VOCABULARIES

34,878 records ; 245,531 terms

• Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names ® (TGN)•992,307 ‘records’; 1,711,115 names

• Union List of Artist Names ® (ULAN)•202,718 ‘records’ ; 638,903 names

• Cultural Objects Name Authority™ (CONA)•under development; contributions began in 2011under development; contributions began in 2011

All four focus on the visual arts and architecture Grow through contributions from the user community Compiled, maintained, distributed by the Getty Vocabulary Program,

a unit of the Getty Research Institute (GRI) in Los Angeles


• AAT terms = generic concepts • (e g watercolors amphora)



• (e.g., watercolors, amphora)• TGN names = administrative, physical places

• (e.g., Los Angeles, Ottoman Empire, Bavarian Alps)

• ULAN = person, corporate body names• (e.g., Christopher Wren, Altobelli & Molins)

• CONA = titles/names of art and architecture• (e.g., Mona Lisa, Empire State Building)

A critical feature that makes the vocabularies useful as authorities is that each vocabulary record is identified by a unique, persistent numeric ID

Meaning if a record changes or is merged, the original ID remains




• Growth of Getty vocabularies relies upon contributions from the user community:



• Getty vocabularies are “social” (contributors are the community) yet “authoritative”

• Qualified contributors = repositories of art works, visual resources, art libraries, other experts

• Contributions may be made in bulk via prescribed XML format• or one record at a time via an online contribution form


• or one record at a time via an online contribution form• Released in XML and Relational Tables, as annual full releases;

updated versions every two weeks via Web Services

• The Getty Vocabularies were begun in the mid-1980s , to meet the needs of the art museum, visual resources, archives, and art library communities

• Are considered authoritative vocabularies to aid in the indexing and retrieval of resources related to art architecture and material cultureretrieval of resources related to art, architecture, and material culture

• 300 licenses (e.g., systems’ vendors for collection management systems, providers of search engines, etc.)

image: photographer Michael Gäbler , wikipedia commons Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



• Online searching 180,000 searches per month globally Al AAT i• Also, AAT is accessed from Dutch, Taiwanese, and Chilean sites (not added in our statistics)


• The Getty vocabularies comply with national and international standards for thesaurus construction

• ISO and NISOISO and NISO

We are active in the standards-building communities




• Standards that underpin the Getty vocabularies also include CCO and CDWA standards for art information

• Map to RDA and DACS (Library and Archives standards)

www.getty.edu/research/publications/electronic_publications/cdwa/categories.html


• CCO available from ALA, Amazon • CDWA is a more complete set of categories, available online

• Issues and rules for Getty vocabularies and vocabularies in general are available on the Getty Web site and in this published book available online and in hardand in hard copy




How are Getty vocabularies used?

• Used as sources of standard terminology for use in description, cataloging, and documentation

• Used as “assistants” in online search engines, creating a semantic “road map” that shows links and paths between concepts and terms

apodyteriaapodyteriumgymnasteriagymnasterium

Scope Note:Scope Note: Dressing rooms in ancient Greek and Roman baths and palaestrae.

Drawing: Du Perac, Etienne (attributed to); Terme di Caracalla, NW apodyterium; between 1558-1570; drawing, pen and ink; Firenze, ©Uffizi; inv. 2542 A; An Apodyterium; Lawrence Alma-Tadema (Dutch/English 1836-1912); 1886; © Private collection; Oil on panel, Image from The Athenaeum. [email protected]. (18 Mar 2004); Photo: Apodyterium, Pompeii. © Photo Brogi. Image from http://www.phil.uni- erlangen.de/~p1altar/photo_ html/topographie/italien/pompeji/oeffentlich /stabthe02.html (18 March 2004); Plan: Baths of Trajan, © Plan Die römischen Thermen und das antike Badewesen. http://www.pohlig.de/rom/thermen.htm (18 Mar 2004)


• Record Type: item• Object Type: painting• Title:

From Line• Creator:

Lee Ufan (Korean painter and

How are Getty vocabularies used?

• Various fields in a work record are controlled by vocabularies

Lee Ufan (Korean painter and sculptor, born 1936)

• Materials and Techniques: oil on canvasTerms: oil paintcanvas

• Dimensions: 71 1/2 x 89 3/8" (181.6 x 227 cm)

• Date of Creation: 19741974

• Location: Museum of Modern Art (New

York, New York, USA) ID: 392.2010

• Subject:nonrepresentational artlines




Relationships to allow linked data


Thesaurus: A semantic network of unique concepts

Thesauri may be monolingual or multilingual

Thesauri may have the following three relationships:

Images from getty.edu, metmuseum.org,, other museum sites

Getty Vocabularies are thesauri

Equivalence Relationships Hierarchical Relationships Associative Relationships

rhytarhyton

h t

equivalencerhytonsrhearheonrheonsritón









Objects Facet .... Furnishings and Equipment ........ Containers ............ <culinary containers> ................ <vessels for serving / consuming fo.................... rhyta

hierarchical

rhytarhyton

h t

equivalencerhytonsrhearheonrheonsritón







Objects Facet .... Furnishings and Equipment ........ Containers ............ <culinary containers> ................ <vessels for serving / consuming fo.................... rhyta

hierarchical

associative

stirrup cupscoaching glasseshunting glasses

sturzbechersrhytarhyton

h tdistinguished from

equivalence

Sturzbecherstortebekers

rhytonsrhearheonrheonsritón



simplified Entity Relationship Diagram for Getty VocabulariesSource

controlledSUBJECT

MAIN TABLE

basic record information,unique ID, parent_key, record type,

descriptive/scope note, flagsRelationship Relationship

Types Types controlledcontrolled

NAMES / TERMSmultiple

names, one is flagged preferred; dates for names

PLACE TYPES/ROLES

LanguageContributors

Events (ULAN)

event, dates

Coordinates (TGN)

Biography (ULAN) display bio, birth/death

dates, places

Revision History

editor name, action, date of

action

Language Language controlledcontrolled

Nationality Nationality controlled controlled

EE

Contributor Contributor controlledcontrolled

TYPES/ROLES (ULAN, TGN) multiple

place types or roles, one is flagged preferred, dates

ASSOCIATIVE RELATIONSHIPS

links between subjects, dates

Place Type / Place Type / Role Role controlledcontrolled

Sources ,

Location Location controlledcontrolled

Events Events controlledcontrolledNationality

(ULAN)

• All four vocabularies have same core structure


Links inLinks inthe Getty Vocabularies:characteristics of art information




Using the semantic relationships

Using defined relationships betweenbetween vocabulary terms and other data could intelligently link data

These are examples of the types of relationships inherent in Getty vocabularies


namesShitaoDaojiYuanji

rolesartist

life datesBirth: 1642 Death: 1707

geographic locationGuilin (Guangxi,

China)Yangzhou

(Jiangsu, China)

Elements of a ULAN record

Tao-chi Shih-t'aoZhu, RuojiDadiziKuguaheshang石涛釋道Qingxianglaoren

artist500014514

paintercalligrapher nationalities

ChineseQing

related peoplecollaborated with Wang Yuanqi

Daoji. Winding Stream. Leaf 5 from "Album for Liu Shitou (Liu Lang). Qing dynasty, dated 1703. Ink and color on paper. Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Massachusetts). Accession number: 48.11.5..

note: Most commonly referred to as Daoji or Shitao in modern Western sources, although he himself preferred the name Yuanji. He was a descendant of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) imperial Zhu family. In 1645, fleeing from invading Manchu troops, he fled to Buddhist monastic life in Quanzhou, Guangxi Province. Many of the sobriquets Daoji adopted sprang from his connection with Buddhism. ...

sourcesLibrary of Congress Name

Authority Headings (2002-) Grove Art Online (2008-)Cheng, Shitao 1642-1707: La

Saveur (1998)Hay, Shitao: Painting and

Modernity (2001)Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



Equivalence relationship

Start date: 1920 End date: 9999

Equivalence relationships link various names and appellations referring to the person or corporate body

Multilingual access Dates associated with names

portrait photo © from Encyclopedia Britannica Online, Le Corbusier, photograph by Yousuf Karsh, 1954 ; © Karsh--Woodfin Camp and AssociatesConvent of La Tourette, by Le Corbusier, at Eveux-sur-Arbresle, near Lyon, France, 1957 to 1960. ; Photo by Donald Corner and Jenny Young; CD.2260.1012.1841.051. © Donald Corner and Jenny Young Charles-

Edouard JEANNERET) ; "La caída de Barcelona”; 1939 ; Oil on canvas ; 81 x 99,5 cm; © Museo Nacional, Sofia; image from http://museoreinasofia.mcu.es/© J. Paul Getty Trust; Patricia Harpring 2010Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.

Names:Appellations when

i k

Anonymous masters and Unknown artists

Names:Spitz MasterMaster of the Spitz Hours Maestro Spitz

Names: unknown Inca unknown Inkaanonymous Incaanonymous InkaIncaInkaIncaic

name is unknownAccess for

anonymous and unknown handsWhere oeuvre is

identified but name is not knownname is not knownWhere hand is

identified, but culture designation used


Saint Christopher Carrying the Christ Child; Spitz Master; French, Paris, about 1420; Tempera colors and gold leaf on parchment; 7 15/16 x 5 7/8 in.; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California); MS. 57, FOL. 42V

Inca Jaguar Ceremonial Drinking Cup (Inca qero). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of the American Indian. Unknown Inca. Cusco, Peru. mid-16th to early 19th century.



Ethnological Museum (preferred, English-P)

Ethnologisches Museum (German-P)

Museo Etnológico (Spanish P)


Museo Etnológico (Spanish-P)

Musée Ethnologique (French-P)

民族博物館 (Chinese-P)

Ethnographische Sammlung (historical,

German)

Ethnographic Collection (historical, English)

.... name used from 1829

Cabinet of Art and Rarities (historical, English)

Kunst- und Raritätenkabinett (historical,

German)Ethnological Museum )

Multilingual accessHistorical names

Museum, Berlin


Associative relationships

• Important relationships that are not hierarchical

Albrecht Dürer the elder

(German goldsmith, 1427-1502)

Albrecht Dürer(G i

Michael Wolgemut(German painter, printmaker, 1434/1437-1519)


(German painter, printmaker, 1471-1528)

Albrecht Dürer; German, 1471 - 1528; Knight, Death and Devil, 1513; engraving on laid paper, sheet: 24.8 x 19 cm (9 3/4 x 7 1/2 in.); © National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Gift of W.G. Russell Allen, 1941.1.20




• Relationships are reciprocal

• Dates may be included

Albrecht Dürer the elder

(German goldsmith, 1427-1502)

Albrecht Dürer(G i

Michael Wolgemut(German painter, printmaker, 1434/1437-1519)


(German painter, printmaker, 1471-1528)

Albrecht Dürer; German, 1471 - 1528; Knight, Death and Devil, 1513; engraving on laid paper, sheet: 24.8 x 19 cm (9 3/4 x 7 1/2 in.); © National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. Gift of W.G. Russell Allen, 1941.1.20


• people may be linked to corporate bodies

RELATED PERSONS:

members are

Richard Meier

Michael Palladino

James R. CrawfordJames R. Crawford

Bernhard Karpf

Reynolds Logan

3-D model of Douglas House from Great Buildings online; photo of Atheneum, New Harmony, IN, Avery Fischer Hall, New York, from http://www.richardmeier.com/




Jorge Afonso (Portuguese painter and court artist, born ca. 1470-1475, died before 1540)

Master of 1515 (Portuguese painter, active 1515)


Relationship Type: possibly identified with

Related Person:

Master of 1515 (Portuguese painter, active 1515)

Use for artists who are perhaps the same person If scholars are not sure, do not put the names in

the same recordImage: Jorge Afonso. Jesus visiting Mary. ca.1515, from the main altar of the Madre de Deus church in Lisbon, now in the National Museum of Ancient ArtPatricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.

1101/ teacher of1102/ student of1105/ apprentice of1107/ influenced

Relationship Types are derived from a controlled list


1107/ influenced1108/ influenced by



Hierarchical relationships, whole/part

Dates may be associated with hierarchical relationships

Start and Start and End Dates index the Display Date

Start: 2004End: 9999


Other relationships

NATIONALITY:

for Sèvres Porcelain ManufactoryDisplay Biography: French porcelain manufactory, active from 1756 to the present

NATIONALITY:French

ROLES:

manufactoryporcelain makers

START DATE: 1756END DATE: 9999

Ewer and Basin. Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory; models attributed to Jean-Claude Duplessis, designer; French, Sèvres, 1757; soft-paste porcelain, pink ground color, polychrome enamel decoration, gilding; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, USA); 84.DE.88.

Relationships beyond thesaural Biographical

information expressed in display and also controlled

© J. Paul Getty Trust; Patricia Harpring 2010Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



Each person/corp. body has life 30002/ architectural firm

Other relationships

body has life roles

Could be used to inform linking

Roles are controlled

30002/ architectural firm30003/ architectural group30010/ architect30050/ amateur architect30061/ associated architect30065/ executive architect30066/ supervising architect controlled

vocabulary based on the

AAT


30066/ supervising architect30067/ project architect

For Henri Rousseau

Events may be included

EVENT: exhibitedDISPLAY DATE: at the Salon des Indépendants, Paris, in 1886START DATE: 1886 END DATE: 1886PLACE: Paris (France)

Events such as “active,” exhibited, baptism, etc. may be indexed

PLACE: Paris (France)

Henri Rousseau. The Dream. 1910. Oil on canvas, 6' 8 1/2" x 9' 9 1/2" (204.5 x 298.5 cm). Gift of Nelson A. Rockefeller; image MOMA onlinePatricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



12001/ miscellaneous12002/ active12003/ documented12003/ documented12004/ flourished12011/ baptism12012/ burial12015/ citizenship12016/ naturalization

Events types are controlled

12018/ relocation12019/ immigration


Places in ULAN could be linked to TGN

ULAN record for Vincent van Gogh

• ULAN can be linked to TGN because the TGN ID is stored in ULAN

TGN record for Arles, France

• E.g., Arles as place of activity

• Variant names in TGN thus can be used to retrieve ULAN data




Citations in ULAN could be linked to published sources

Library of Congress Authorities database (n.d.) n 82031996

• Linking to sources and contributors

• Including links to LOC authorities, control no.

• VIAF (Virtual International Authority File)


parent placeGermany

BaveriaOberbayern

namesMunich MünchenMonaco

place typesinhabited placestate capitalplace

Elements of a TGN record

y

noteCapital of Bavaria and the third-largest city in Germany; is situated on both sides of the Isar River, north of the Alps. Henry the Lion, duke of

Munichen

datesfounded near an older settlement in 1157

state capital

coordinates48 08 N, 011 35 E

p7004333

sourcesBaedekers: München (1955); Cambridge Italian Dictionary (1962); Canby, Historic Places (1984); Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer (1961); Enciclopedia Europea (1978); Times Atlas of the World (1992); USBGN: Foreign Gazetteers; Webster's Geographical Dictionary (1988)

River, north of the Alps. Henry the Lion, duke of Bavaria, established it in 1157 as a mint and market for Benedictine monks from Tegernsee ...





start: 1200 end: 9999

photos by Patricia Harpring

multilingual accessnames may be current or historicalnames may have display dates years delimiting span


Kawm Al-Ahmar (preferred) Kom al AhmarHierakonpolis (historic site name)

Special flags characterize names

Hierakonpolis, Egypt

Hierakonpolis (historic, site name)... meaning "City of the Hawk"

Hieraconpolis (historic) Nekhen (historic) Nekhab (historic)

Site name Use when the modern name for the place is not the

same name used by scholars to refer to the ancient site




Hierarchical RelationshipsPolyhierarchical links

Modern worldItalyTuscany

Historical world

Etruria

Multiple hierarchical relationships may include historical parents

ySiena province

Etruria

Etruscan figure from http://www.mega.it/archeo.toscana/, © SoprintendenzaArcheologica della Toscana; Piazza photo © E. Lopez and P.Harpring

The date of the relationship may also be included

All Getty vocabularies are polyhierarchical

Siena/Sena


Thesaurus: A semantic network of unique concepts Thesauri may be monolingual or multilingual Thesauri may have the following three relationships:

Equivalence Relationships Hierarchical Relationships World (facet)

Europe (continent) hierarchical

Associative Relationships.... Europe (continent) ........ Italy (nation) ............ Tuscany (region) ................ Siena province.................... Siena

associative

La Piana (deserted settlement)

Pisa (inhabited place)

Siena Σιένα Siyenah锡耶纳Сиена ally of

equivalenceadjacent to

• Places linked by hierarchical and associative relationships

• Dates may be included

Сиена סיינהSieneseSienna Saena Julia SannaSenaSenae

y




[for the Ancient Mesopotamian kingdom, Assyria, which is distinct from the Roman Province of the same name]

Relationship Type: distinguished fromRelated Place: Assyria (Roman Empire) (province)

[in the record for the lost settlement of Sharuhen]

ibl id tifi d

Associative Relationships

Relationship Type: possibly identified asRelated Place: Tel el-Far'ah (As Suwayd$01a', Syria) (deserted settlement)

[for Kings county, New York, USA]

Relationship Type: coextensive withRelated Place: Brooklyn (New York, New York, USA) (borough)

[for Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England, was the capital of a Roman Province]

it l f

• Choose the appropriate relationship type from controlled listAdd d t if kRelationship Type: capital of

Related Place: Flavia Caesariensis (Britannia Inferior, Britannia, Roman Empire) (province)

[for ancient Persia]

Relationship Type: predecessor ofRelated Place: Iran (nation)

• Add dates if known


Other data that could inform linking

• Place types define the roles of the place over time

• Could be used to inf m linkin

84201/ <residential districts>84203/ barriada

inform linking• are drawn from a

controlled list• Based on the AAT

84205/ bidonville84211/ Chinatown84215/ contrada84217/ rione84219/ division (urban)



�2010 J. Paul Getty Trust

2

8 8

Geographic coordinates

AbomeyAbomey .Bohtcon

. Atchérigbe. Paouignan

All d

Aplahoué .

Sagada .Tahoun .

. Zagnanado

Agouna-Gaga .

Coordinates could be used to inform

6

2

6

Allada .

Photo: GCI. Map: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/

to inform linking via proximity

Not GIS


scope note

names/terms

travertinetravertine marble travertine stone

h t

related conceptstufaonyx marbleconcept

300011329

Elements of an AAT record

A dense, crystalline or microcrystalline limestone that was formed by the evaporation of river or spring waters. It is named after Tivoli (Tibur in L ti )

parent conceptMaterials Hierarchy

......limestone

...........sinter

...............travertine

roachstonelapis tiburtinus

sourcesAATA, Sturgis, Dictionary of Architecture and Building (1902); Roberts, Construction Industry Thesaurus (1976); Brady and Clauser, Materials Handbook (1977); Dictionary of Geological Terms (1984); Oxford English Dictionary (1989); Encyclopaedia Britannica online (2002-); MFA Cameo

li (2005 )

Latin)...

Images from getty.eduPatricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



watermarks (preferred, descriptor, American English-P)

watermark (alternate descriptor, American English)

te k ( d f l h)

Equivalence relationships

water-marks (used for, English)water marks (used for, English)papermarks (used for, English)

.... term used prior to ca. 1790 filigrane (descriptor, French-preferred)Wasserzeichen (descriptor, German-P)filigrana (descriptor, Italian-preferred, Spanish-P)g ( p , p , p )watermerk (descriptor, Dutch-P)

Watermark: Scales/balance in circle; C.M. Briquet Les Filigranes (2541): Venice, 1498 Meder 169, on Albrecht DÜRER, Christ among the Doctors (ca. 1503), from The Life of the Virgin series, published 1511; woodcut; 29.6 x 20.9 cm (image) 30.0 x 21.1 cm irreg. (sheet) Felton Bequest, 1956, 3544.16-4, National Gallery of Victoria online, Albrecht Durer's Papers and Watermarks. http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/durer/watermarks.html

All equivalence relationships in Getty Vocabularies are true synonyms= exact equivalents Not partial synonyms; linked as related terms

watermarks (preferred, descriptor, American English-P)

watermark (alternate descriptor, American English)

te k ( d f l h)

Equivalence relationships

water-marks (used for, English)water marks (used for, English)papermarks (used for, English)

.... term used prior to ca. 1790 filigrane (descriptor, French-preferred)Wasserzeichen (descriptor, German-P)filigrana (descriptor, Italian-preferred, Spanish-P)g ( p , p , p )watermerk (descriptor, Dutch-P)

Watermark: Scales/balance in circle; C.M. Briquet Les Filigranes (2541): Venice, 1498 Meder 169, on Albrecht DÜRER, Christ among the Doctors (ca. 1503), from The Life of the Virgin series, published 1511; woodcut; 29.6 x 20.9 cm (image) 30.0 x 21.1 cm irreg. (sheet) Felton Bequest, 1956, 3544.16-4, National Gallery of Victoria online, Albrecht Durer's Papers and Watermarks. http://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/durer/watermarks.html

Translated terms are considered synonyms in AAT AAT is becoming increasingly multilingual Translations in French, Italian, Dutch, Spanish,

and Chinese



Visual Works Hierarchy...<visual works by medium or technique>.......photographs.........<photographs by form>

Hierarchical relationships, genus/species

Facets, sub-facets, guide terms

...............negatives

...............positives

..............<transparencies: photographic>

..............<photographs by form: color>

..............<photographs by form: format>

..................card photographs

......................boudoir midget mountsg

......................cabinet photographs

......................cartes-de-visite

..........................cameo prints

......................gem photographs

......................lantern slides.....................slides (photographs)

Unidentified middle class Black New Yorker. cabinet photograph. Artist: Butler studios, 7 Bond St., Brooklyn. 5 1/2 x 4 1/8 inches, mounted on stiff gray card (6 1/2 x 4 1/4 inches), blind-stamped and printed with name and address of photo studio. N.d. (c. 1880's). Image: artext.com.


Containers Hierarchy...containers.......<containers by form>........vessels...............alembics

askoi

broader termsInclude narrower terms if a user asks for a broader term

Hierarchical relationships, genus/species

...............askoi

...............basins

...................louteria

...............beakers (vessels)

...............boilers (vessels)

...............bottles

...................<bottles by form>

...................<bottles by function>

...............bowls (vessels)

...................covered bowlsnarrower

terms...............buckets (vessels)...............cage-cups...............cauldrons...............craggans...............crocks...............dinoi...............ewers...................aquamaniles...............face vessels

Images ©Metropolitan Museum of Art; Bottle, late 13th cen; Mamluk Attributed to Egypt or Syria; glass; Rogers Fund, 1941 (41.150)©2010 J. Paul Getty Museum: Ewer; Porcelain:Chinese, Kangxi period, 1622-1722; Hard-paste porcelain, 82.DI.3; Mounted Lidded Bowl; Porcelain: Japanese, Imari, about 1700; Hard-paste porcelain, 79.DI.123; Lidded Vase; Chinese, Kangxi reign, 1662 - 1722 ; Hard-paste porcelain, 72.DE.73; Oinochoe; Greek, Ionia, about 625 B.C. ; Terracotta ; 81.AE.83; Red-Figure Bell-Krater; Attributed to the Choregos Painter ; Greek, South Italy, Apulia, about 380 B.C. ; Terracotta ; 96.AE.29; Red-Figure Kylix; Signed by Douris, vase-painter; attributed to Python, potter; Greek, Athens, about 480 B.C. ; Terracotta ; 84.AE.569Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



Translations use the hierarchy of the existing AAT = one-to-one correspondence

Target language: GermanSource language: English


drawingsdesign drawingspreliminary drawings

sinopie

Associative Relationships

building materialscoating (material)

lacquerplaster

Materials Visual Works

ma

ge©

fro

m h

ttp

://w

ww

.du

omo.

pis

a.i

t

sinopieenvironmental artmosaicspaintings

finger paintingsfrescoeswatercolors

plasterarricciointonacostucco

photographic materialssolvent

di

Bu

ffa

lma

cco,

Tri

um

ph

of

Dea

th,C

am

po

Sa

nto

, Pis

a;

im

There may be associative relationships between conceptsmural painting (fresco) and the plasters, and drawing (sinopia) underneath

Bu

ona

mic

o



[in the record for piers (supporting elements) ]Relationship Type: distinguished from Related Concept: columns (architectural elements)Relationship Type: distinguished fromRelated Concept: posts

Relationship types are

[in the record for cave architecture]Relationship Type: meaning/usage overlaps withRelated Concept: rock-cut architecture

[in the record for carving (process) ] Relationship Type: causative/resulting concept(s) is

ypcontrolled

Related Concept: carvings (visual works)

[in the record for ball courts (Mesoamerican) ] Relationship Type: locational context/setting isRelated Concept: hachas (ceremonial axes)


work typepainting

date1889

style

creatorVincent van Gogh (Dutch, 1853-1890)

titles/names

IrisesLes IrisPiante di irisDi I i

Elements of a CONA record

notesThis work was painted when the artist was recuperating f tt k f

materialsoil on canvas, applied with brush and palette knife measurements71 x 93 cm (28 x 36

work700000073

yPost Impressionist subject

botanicalnatureirisesregenerationsoil

Die IrisseIrysyIrissen

from a severe attack of mental illness; it depicts the garden at the asylum at Saint Rémy... current location

Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, United States)creation locationSaint Rémy de Provence (Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur, France)

sourcesJ. Paul Getty Museum. Handbook of the Collections. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007.

(5/8 inches)

image: c. j. paul getty museumPatricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



d t

creatorsAnthemios of Trallesand Isidoros of Meletus, the Elder

titles/namesHagia SophiaHoly WisdomAyasofyaAgia Sofia

work typeschurchmosquemuseum

Elements of a CONA record

notesNothing remains of the earlier

materialsoriginal structure dated from 4th century CE; present structure built 532-537 CE; rebuilt in 12th century measurements

t l d di t

datepresent structure built 532-537 CE; rebuilt in 12th century

work700000141

Agia SophiaHaghia SophiaSancta SophiaSancta SapientiaSaint Sophia

Nothing remains of the earlier two basilicas on this site: a 4th-century church and a 5th-century one built by Constantius…

current locationIstanbul (Marmara region, Turkey)latitude/longitude

sourcesFletcher, History of Architecture (1987)Maistone, Hagia Sophia: Architecture Structure and Liturgy (1997)

central dome: diameter 31 meters (102 feet); height 56 meters (184 feet)

y

subjectarchitectureHoly Wisdom


• In addition to compliance with ISO and NISO for controlled vocabularies

• CONA complies with entity relationship diagram for CCO/CDWA

ULAN

Linked to Getty Vocabularies

AAT

TGNWork Records

Source Records

IconographyAuthority




• CONA is the first Getty vocabulary to be actually linked to the others (others have controlled lists based on another vocabulary, e.g., “roles” in ULAN based on AAT terms)

ULAN

Linked to Getty Vocabularies

AAT

TGNWork Records

Source Records

IconographyAuthority


• CONA is compliant with CCO, thus issues related to CONA as linked data also apply to implementations of CCO

• In local implementations of CCO, be sure to include the unique IDs of authorities to which you link (e.g., ULAN or LOC)

People

Generic Terms

GeographyWork Records

Source Records

Iconography





Titles/Names:

Eiffel Tower Preference: preferred

Tour Eiffel Preference: alternate

Torre EiffelPreference: alternate

EiffelturmPreference: alternate

Three-Hundred-Meter Tower Preference: alternate Title Type: former

Image: Encyclopedia Britannia online

Relationships making CONA compliant with standards for controlled vocabularies


Title/names and Descriptive Notes in CONA may be flagged in various languages

Great Pyramid of Giza (English)Pyramid of Khufu (English)Pyramid of Cheops (English)Cheops-Pyramide (German)Chufuova pyramida (Czech)Pyramide de Khéops (French)Piramide di Cheope (Italian)Keops Piramidi (Turkish)


Keops Piramidi (Turkish)Хеопс пирамидиالھرم األكبر (Arabic)ギザの大ピラミッド (Japanese)িবl iন বাংলা িকেবাডর্




Catalog Level: componentClass: prints and drawingsW k T i

Record for the print is linked to separate record for the book as a whole

Hierarchical relationship

Work Type: engravingTitle: Spring Flowers in a Chinese VaseCreator: Maria Sibylla Merian(German, 1647-1717)Creation Date: 1680Medium: hand-colored engraving Measurements:folio 32.6 x 21.3 cm (12 13/16 x 8 3/8 inches)Subject: •still life •botanical •flowers •insects •tulips •iris

Relationship Type:broader contextR l t d W k N B k f Fl

j p•vase •wasp •beetleCurrent Location: Natural History Museum (London, England)

Related Work: New Book of Flowers. Nuremburg: 1680.Relationship Number:volume 3 plate 2

images: Natural History Museum (London, England)Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.


Whole/part relationships for groups, subgroups, items

images: Library of Congress (Washington, DC); bookbinding.co.ukPatricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



Record Type: setClass: decorative artsWork Type: tea service silverTitle: Traveling tea serviceCreation Location: Paris (France)Creation Dae: 1728/1729Creator: probably by: Martin Berthe, master in 1712Measurements:Overall (Teapot): 10 x 16.8 x 10.3 cm (3 15/16 x 6 5/8 x 4 1/16 in.)Overall (Tea Canister): 9 x 5.9 x 4.9 cm (3 9/16 x 2 5/16 x 1 15/16 in.)Overall (Sugar bowl): 10 cm (3 15/16 in.)Overall (Tea bowl and saucer): 4.9 cm (1 15/16 in.)Overall (Scent flask): 13.7 cm (5 3/8 in.)Overall (Spoons (each)): 11.7 cm (4 5/8 in.)Overall (Box): 15.4 cm (6 1/16 in.)Materials: silver and ebonized wood; porcelain; glass; kingwood; rosewoodInscriptions/Marks: Maker's Mark: a crowned fleur-de-lys, 2 grains, [M]B, a bunch of grapes ?

Traveling Tea ServiceTeapot Tea CaddyJapanese Imari Sugar Bowl and CoverChinese Famille Verte Tea Bowl and Saucer


(Dennis 50): Underside. Warden's Mark: 1728-29, a crowned M (Dennis 57): Underside. Charge Mark: 1727-32, an A crowned on the side (Dennis 57): Underside, partially effaced. Discharge Mark: for medium-sized work, 1727-32, a crowned martlet (Dennis 57): Underside. Countermark: 1727-32, a crowned bell (Dennis 343): flange of lid.Description: Traveling tea service consisting of a teapot; tea canister; suagrbowl; teabowl and saucer; scent flask; two spoons; box.Current Location: Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Massachusetts); Elizabeth Parke Firestone and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. Collection, 1993; Accession number: 1993.520.1-8Ownership History: By 1955, with Jean-Louis Bonnefoy, Au Vieux Paris, Paris; November 1955, sold by Au Vieux Paris to Elizabeth Parke Firestone (1897-1990) and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. (1898-1973), Akron, OH and Newport, RI; 1993; gift of the Estate of Elizabeth Parke Firestone and Harvey S. Firestone, Jr. (Accession date: May 26, 1993)

Chinese Famille- Verte Tea Bowl and SaucerSilver-mounted Scent FlaskTwo SpoonsWooden Box

Whole/Part Records for a set

Image: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. www.mfa.org

Displayed as a hierarchy, relationships indicated with indentation


Class: prints and drawingsWork Type: •design drawing •preliminary drawingTitle: Section and Elevation of the Drum and Dome of St. Peter’s

Title Type: descriptiveCreator: Michelangelo (Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, 1475-1564)Date: mid 1550sMedium: incised lines, charcoal with traces of brown ink on paperMeasurements: 270 x 267 cmType, Purpose, Method of Representation:Descriptive Note: This is the only known drawing where


Class: sculptureWork Type: half modelTitle: Half Model for the Dome and Drum for St. Peter’s, Rome Title Type: descriptive

C Mi h l l d Gi

Class: prints and drawingsWork Type: measured drawingTitle: External elevation of the model for St. Peter’s Title Type:descriptiveCreator: circle of Etienne Dupérac

drawing where…Subject/Built Work: •section •elevation•Dome (St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome)Related Work: Dome (St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome)Relationship type: design forCurrent Location: Musée des Beaux Arts (Lille, France) Collection Wicar, 93-94

Whole/part relationships Many complex

Creators: Michelangelo and Giacomodella Porta; Luigi VanvitelliDate: 1558-1561Medium: linden wood, gesso, paintMeasurements: 5 x 4 x 2 m (without modern base) Scale: 1:15Current Location: Musei Vaticani(Vatican City, Italy)Subject: Dome of St. Peter’sRelated Work: Dome of St. Peter’sDescriptive Note: The model was probably completed under the direction of Michelangelo during …

Subject: •elevation •Model of St. Peter’sRelated Work: Model of St. Peter’sDate: probably late 1560sMedium: brown ink on paperDescriptive Note: Probably done in preparation for the series of …Current Location: Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, New York, USA); 49.92.91

y prelationships are possibleBuilt work – dome –design drawing –record drawing -model




Cat. Level[controlled]: series Class. [controlled]: prints*Work Type [link to authority]: color woodcuts*Title : Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji: First SeriesAlternate Title: First Series: Mt. Fuji Views*Creator Display: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760–1849);

Published by Eijudo Japan *Role [controlled]: painter [link]: Hokusai, Katsushika Role:[cont.] publisher [link]: Eijudo Japan

*Creation Date 1827-1837 [controlled]: Earliest: 1827 Latest: 1837*Subject [links] Mount Fuji ocean genre scenes meisho-e*Current Location [link to authority]: not applicableStyle: Edo*Measurements: 36 prints, average plate size: 24 x 37 cm

[cont.] Extent: items Value: 36 Unit: N/A Type: count

Images: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, USA) ID:JP1847

Qualifier: average dimensions Extent: plate mark Value: 24 Unit: cm Type: height Value: 37 Unit: cm Type: width

*Materials and Techniques: woodcuts, polychrome ink and color on paper

[link] ink color (pigment) paper woodcutsDescription: Hokusai produced two series of Views of Mt. Fuji. This is

the first series.

Cat. Level [controlled]: item Class .[controlled]: prints and drawings Asian art *Work Type [link]: color woodcut *Title: Great Wave at KanagawaTitle: In the Hollow of a Wave off the Coast at Kanagawa Title Type: alternate *Creator Display: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760-1849); published by Nishimura Eijudo(Japanese, 19th century)*Role [link]: printmaker [link]: Hokusai, Katsushika*Role [link]: publisher [link]: Nishimura Eijudo *Creation Date: ca. 1831/1833 [controlled]: Earliest: 1828 Latest: 1836 *Subject [links]: seascape wave fishermen boat Mount Fuji (Chubu, Japan) Kanagawa (Kanto, Japan) Style [link]: Edo Culture [link]: Japanese *Current Location [link]: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York, USA) ID:JP1847 *Measurements: 25.7 x 37.9 cm (10 1/8 x 14 15/16 inches)[controlled]: Value: 25.7 Unit: cm Type: height | Value: 37.9 Unit: cm Type: width *Materials and Techniques: woodcut, polychrome ink and color on paperMaterial [links]: polychrome ink paper color (pigment) Technique [links]: woodcut Description: The large wave dominates the scene, with the small mountain in the background. It is said to have inspired said to have inspired both Debussy's "La Mer" and Rilke's "Der Berg." Relationship:Relationship Type: part ofQualifier: 1st in series[link to Work]: Katsushika Hokusai (Japanese, 1760-1849); Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji: First S i 1827 1837

Whole/Part Records for a series and a part (conceptual)


Record Type: multiplesClass: prints and drawingsWork Type: drypointsTitle: Christ Presented to the People

Christ Presented to the PeopleState 1 State 2


Creator: Rembrandt van Rijn (Dutch, 1606–1669)Description: Rembrandt treated this large drypoint almost as a painting, making marked changes to the composition as he reconceived

State 3State 4State 5 State 6State 7State 8

Whole/Part Records for multiples




*Work Type albumen print*Title/Name: Eiffel Tower: State of the Construction

*Work Type [link]: observation tower

*Title/Name: Eiffel Tower

Works may be related to other worksDepicted in, study for, etc.

Associative relationship

*Creator Display: photographer: Louis-Emile Durandelle (French, 1832-1923)*Role [cont.] : photographer [link]: Durandelle, Louis-Emile *Creation Date *: photographed 23 November 1888*Subject [link to authorities]: Eiffel TowerRelated Works [link to work record]:

Relationship Type: depicts[link to work record]: Eiffel Tower

*Current Location [link]: J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California, USA); 87.XM.121.16 *Measurements: 17 x 13 3/4 inches

Alternate Title/Name: Tour EiffelFormer Title/Name: Three-Hundred-

Metre Tower*Creator Display: architect: Gustave Eiffel (French, 1832-1923)*Role [cont.] : architect [link]: Eiffel, Gustave*Creation Date *: 1887 to 1889[controlled]: Start: 1887 End: 1889

*Subject [link to authorities]: industrial exposition International Exposition of 1889*Current Location [link]: Paris (France) *Measurements: height: 300 m (984 feet)Measurements: 17 x 13 3/4 inches

[controlled] Value: 17 Unit: in Type: height Value: 13.75 Unit: in Type: width*Materials and Techniques [link to Concept Authority]: albumin printStyle [link]: Belle ÉpoqueDescription: This view was made about four months short of the tower's completion. Louis-Émile Durandelle photographed the tower from a low vantage point to emphasize its monumentality. The massive building barely visible in the far distance is dwarfed under the tower's arches...Source: Getty Museum, Collections [online] (2000-)

[controlled] Value: 300 Unit: m Type: height *Materials and Techniques: wrought iron, exposed iron construction[link to Concept Authority]: wrought iron structural iron exposed construction Style [link]: Belle ÉpoqueDescription: Commission was awarded by competition; the competition sought a plan for a monument for the International Exposition of 1889, celebrating the centenary of the French Revolution. The tower is built almost entirely of open-lattice wrought iron. It was the entrance gateway to the exposition.


Associative relationship• Relationships are reciprocal• (Works may be located in different museums)

study for

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres; Study for the Dress and the Hands of Madame Moitessier; 1851; graphite on tracing paper, squared in black chalk; 13 15/16 x 6 5/8 inches; J. Paul Getty Museum (Los Angeles, California); 91.GG.79

Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres; Madame Moitessier; 1851; Samuel H. Kress Collection, National Gallery of Art (Washington, DC); 1946.7.18

study is




70

Multilinguality in Getty VocabulariesCONA record

AAT record

Fields in CONA are controlled by links to other vocabulariesThus providing multilingual access via AAT, TGN, and ULAN within CONA


Multilinguality in Getty Vocabularies

71

TGN controls location and other place namesULAN controls architect and other people and corporate bodiesp p p




CONA Iconography Authority may provide multilingual access for architecture occasionallyE.g., dedications of temples and churches are recorded using the CONA IA

Name: Chidambaram Templeசிதம்பரம் ேகாயில்

Location: Tamil Nadu

Date: before 6th century

CONA work record

CONA IA record

Subject: architectureShiva


CONA Iconography Authority (CONA IA)

• Hierarchical• Linked to the other vocabularies

Literature, religion/mythology, events, literary themes, fictional characters and places –iconography not covered by AAT, TGN, ULAN per CCO/CDWA

73 Getty Vocabularies: Status November 2011Patricia HarpringPatricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.



Issues related to Linked Data


• In any discipline, LOD (Linked Open Data) is not one cloud, but many, each with dense internal connections and typically with

Addressing issues in linked data

Observations re. linked data include the following:(various authors)

only sparse connections between them

• Two fundamental concepts in record linkage: error rate and discriminating power

• Together they influence the number of incorrect decisions in a linking procedure

• Impact of linkage error is underestimated by developers• Accurate probability estimates are lacking for estimating

record linkage error rates• Approaches to analyze: manual reviews, cumulative weight

curves, and simulation approaches to provide estimates of linkage errors




• The reason why it is hard to avoid linkage error is that humans are needed to manually create linkage or to proof auto links


Observations re. linked data include the following:(various authors)

• Homogeneity is required to make accurate links, but such homogeneity does not occur

• E.g, if names and other information does not standardize, then it is unlikely that a high percentage of true matches having nonstandardized names and other information can be identified

• Even when terminology is standardized, differences in values between corresponding variables can have many underlying causes: errors created during collection of the data, during the data entry, or true changes of a value


• CONA not presented as LOD, but you can extrapolate i l l l f li ki b l i s ithi

Lessons learned in linking vocabulary data:


via our local example of linking vocabularies within our own data world

• We link automatically where possible

• But for uncertain matches, we link by hand

• Even then, mistakes may be made when the incoming data has incorrect references or links




• Reduce redundancy:• Merging records: for multiple

records contributed for the same person; automated if possible in the load

Preferred Name Matched Name Biographyg p yPalamedesz., Anthonie Palamedesz., Anthonie Dutch painter, 1601-1673

Anthonie Palamedesz.Palamedesz, Anthony

Pallemedes, Anthonie Anthonie, Palamedez Netherlandish artist, 1601-1673 Palamedesz, Anthonie

Palamedesz., Anthonie Palamedesz., Anthonie Dutch painter, 1601-1673

Pallemedes, Anthonie Anthonie, Palamedez Netherlandish artist, 1601-1673


210905010 Netherlandish

210905011 North Netherlandish

210905020 D t h

13031261 painter

13031327 tempera painter

Tables relate roles and nationalities that should be considered equivalents for the

210905020 Dutch 13031328 panel painter

13031335 watercolorist

considered equivalents for the purposes of matching -- are not synonyms




Dom: Alvarez Algeciras, Germ$00an (Spanish painter, exhibited 1871-1878) 500035166

Rec: $00Alvarez de Algeciras y Jimenez, German(Spanish artist, 1848-; fl. bef. 1878) 500298289

birth: 1831 death: 1878

birth: 1848 death: 1878

This report gives editors lists of near-matches You are seeing display data,

but match was done on controlled, indexing fields not shown in this report Require vetting by humans Usually problem with

inexact dates, etc.


Linking data in CONA

K i Pi (A i hit t 1925 2004) 500086520

CONA Editorial SystemCONA Editorial System

• Since CONA is linked to the other vocabularies, it is necessary to match incoming values to the AAT, ULAN, TGN, and CONA Iconography Authority when CONA records are processed for loading


Koenig, Pierre (American architect, 1925-2004) 500086520



• Editor may search other vocabs in CONA processor• CONA processor presents editor with choices for linking• New stub records for AAT, ULAN, TGN, or IA, may be added and linked on the spot, filled in later by editorsF li k ith tt dit it ‘ l ’ f

Linking data in CONA

• For links with a pattern, editor may write a ‘rule’ for processor


Linking data in CONA• Editor could write rule, e.g. for Place of Pub = Amsterdam in the Netherlands




Linking data in CONA• Errors in linking that is in the incoming data may be caught, but in general must

rely upon contributors’ accuracy• To which person should the link be made in ULAN?

ULAN record

Inscribed title: Inauguration du buste de Marat au tombeau qui été élevé pour sa gloire et celle de Lazowski, place de la Réunion a Paris, l'an 2 de la Re p. Franc. une et indivisible /Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce.

• Subject was linked to LOC record for travel writer “Lazowski”

• But should be the French revolutionary

Conclusion




Getty Vocabularies and Linked Data• Getty Vocabularies are constructed to allow their use in

linked data, focusing on the characteristics that facilitate hthis

• CONA is the first vocabulary to actually be linked to the other three vocabularies

• CONA has the potential of creating a critical mass of supervised initial links among multiple institutions upon which the much larger endeavor can be built (linked)

• CCO: When implementing CCO locally, be careful to include the unique IDs of related data so unambiguous links may be made


• One of the most powerful potentials offered by Web technology is the ability to electronically link related

Getty Vocabularies and Linked Data

technology is the ability to electronically link related resources. One element of the so-called “Semantic Web” is “linked open data,” a method by which computers can automatically link related resources in a meaningful way

• The GRI recently initiated a collaborative project with the Institute for Information Sciences (ISI), a unit of the Virterbi School of Engineering at the University of Southern California (USC) to transform the data from Southern California (USC), to transform the data from our vocabulary databases into linked open data

• The potential future uses for this type of technology, united with the scholarly, authoritative data compiled in our research databases, hold great promise for Web users worldwide

Patricia Harpring © 2012 J. Paul Getty Trust. For educational purposes. Do not reproduce. Text by Murtha Baca.



Patricia HarpringPatricia HarpringManaging Editor Managing Editor Getty Vocabulary ProgramGetty Vocabulary Program

1200 1200 Getty Center DriveGetty Center DriveLos Angeles, CA Los Angeles, CA 9004990049

310310//[email protected]@getty.edu


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