global agriculture
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Global Agriculture. Essential Standard 2.00: Understand global agriculture. Objective 2.01. Understand the history of global agriculture. Agriscience defined:. The application of scientific principles and new technologies to agriculture Applied science - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Essential Standard 2.00: Understand global agriculture
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Understand the history of global agriculture.
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The application of scientific principles and new technologies to agriculture Applied science
applies knowledge of biology, chemistry and physics Agronomists use biology and chemistry
develop new ways to control weeds Entomologists use biology and chemistry
develop new ways to control insects Agricultural engineers use physics
develop new, more efficient machinery
Employs the scientific method to solve problems
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The production, processing, marketing and distribution of all agricultural products, related supplies and services
Examples: Cattle
Production farmer cow-calf feeder steers
Processing slaughter facility Rendering Beef Leather
Marketing Butcher Grocery Steaks
Transportation Plane Rail Truck
Related supplies and services Veterinarian feed dealer
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Examples: Wheat
Production Farmer Grain Processing
Grain mills Flour
Marketing Bakery Bread
Transportation Wheat grain trucks Rail
Related supplies and services fertilizer dealer crop scouting machinery dealer GPS
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Examples: Roses
Production flower grower
processing/marketing Harvesters wholesale retail florist
Transportation Plane Truck floral delivery driver
Related supplies and services glass vase sales greenhouse manufacturers floral designers
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• Agribusiness refers to commercial firms (businesses) that have developed with or stemmed out of agriculture
• Examples of Agribusiness:
• Farm related• Chemical Company• Tractor Manufacturer• Pharmaceutical Company (veterinary medicines)
• Horticulture related• Landscape or nursery business• Seed company• Mower Manufacturer
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• Resources provided by nature that can replace or renew themselves• Examples
• Wildlife – deer, songbirds, birds of prey, fish, rabbits• Forests – trees, grasses
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Mechanization Helps 2% of America’s work force meet the food and
fiber needs of our nation Reduction of 90% in production farming in the
last 200 years
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Invented in 1793 Eli Whitney Transformed cotton to a
usable product Removed cotton seed
from cotton fiber
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Late 1890’s Developed crop rotations and the use of
legumes plants that “make” their own nitrogen
Peanuts Significantly improve soil fertility in the U.S.
south
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Cyrus McCormick Invented in 1834 Cut grains
Cut wheat, oats, and other crops
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With the sickle or reaping hook one man could cut from one-half to one acre in a hard day's work.
The cut grain was later bound by hand
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Invented in the early 1800’s
Thomas Jefferson Rough surface that
dirt stuck to
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1837 John Deere Smoother surface Rich clay soil did not stick to it Made plowing easier and faster
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Seed planter 1834
Cotton planter 1836
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Invented in 1850 Edmund Quincy Helped speed up the
harvesting of corn
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Joseph Glidden
1874 dramatically
changed raising livestock
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Invented in 1878 Anna Baldwin Used vacuum
suction Replaced hand
milking
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1879 Thomas Elkins
designed a device that helped with the task of preserving perishable foods by way of refrigeration
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Invented in 1904 Benjamin Holt Replaced the mule
as a source of power Horse power
1849 - 1920
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Steam powered Caterpillar tractor built by Holt in 1908.
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1987 John Sanford A device for
injecting cells with genetic information
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• 1993• tractor based GPS systems
together with GIS (Geographic Information Systems)
• Used to gather data such as soil condition, humidity, temperature and other variables
• Used to control• intensity of planting• application of fertilizer• application of pesticides• watering schedules
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Late 1990’s First used in Ontario, Canada Benefits by a reduction in
labor Initial cost is primary
disadvantage especially to small producer
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• An institution designated by its state legislature to receive funding (Morrill Acts of 1862 &1890) to teach agriculture, military tactics and the mechanical arts.• Agricultural experiment stations (Hatch Act 1887).
Examples:• North Carolina A&T (1890) Greensboro, NC• North Carolina State University (1887) Raleigh, NC• Clemson University (1889) Clemson, SC• University of Georgia (1785) Athens, GA• University of Tennessee (1794) Knoxville, TN• Virginia Tech. University (1872) Blacksburg, VA
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Established to assist farmers, ranchers and the general public Information professional assistance funding
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(USDA) United States Department of Agriculture 1862 Provides leadership on food, agriculture, natural
resources, rural development, nutrition, and related issues based on sound public policy, the best available science, and efficient management.
Examples of branches/agencies of USDA: NRCS (1935) - Natural Resource Conservation Service APHIS (1972) – Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service NASS (1863) – National Agricultural Statistics Service USFS (1905) –United States Forest Service
Mmission is to sustain the health, diversity, and productivity of the nation’s forests and grasslands to meet the needs of present and future generations.
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NCCES North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service 1914 To put research –based knowledge to work for
economic prosperity, environmental stewardship and an improved quality of life
North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (NCDA&CS) Services that promote and improve agriculture…..
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1. Fruits and Vegetables Peaches - China Tomato – South America Peanut – Peru, South America Sweet potato – Central America
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2. Grain, Oil and Fiber Crops Corn – Cuba, Mexico Soybeans – Southeast Asia Cotton – Mexico, Africa, Pakistan Wheat – Southwest Asia (Syria, Jordan, Turkey,
India)
Note: Sources vary on actual country of origin but generally agree on region of the world.
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Regions develop based on a variety of factors: Soils Weather market development Feed availability
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Citrus fruit Florida Texas California
Corn belt Includes all or parts of these Midwestern states
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Missouri, Kansas and Nebraska,
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Wheat Hard Red Spring Wheat – (highest protein content, excellent bread
wheat, superior milling and baking characteristics) Minnesota, North and South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, (also Oregon, Washington, California)
Soft Red Winter Wheat – (high yielding, low protein, used for cakes, biscuits, pastries)
Southeastern states including North Carolina, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia and others, as well as Midwestern states including Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri.
Spearmint Washington, Oregon, Idaho
Floriculture crops California, Florida, Michigan, Texas, North Carolina
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Beef cattle Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Colorado, Oklahoma,
Missouri, South Dakota (corn belt area) Dairy
Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine,
California, Idaho and Texas are leading producers but are not located in this region
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Hogs North Carolina and Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota Corn belt area
Poultry (broilers) Southern and southeastern states
North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi, Texas
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NC is divided into three basic geographic and agricultural regions Mountains Piedmont Coastal plains
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Mountain counties Christmas trees Apples Trout
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Piedmont counties Greenhouse and Nursery crops Broilers Turkeys Dairy cattle
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Eastern counties Hogs Turkeys Broilers Tobacco- flue-cured Sweet potatoes Vegetables Peanuts Cotton Corn Soybeans
world’s most important source of vegetable oil
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Statewide exceeds $10,000,000,000 ($10B) annually Livestock, Dairy and Poultry
Approximately 2/3 of all farm cash receipts Broilers and hogs account for nearly half of this amount
Crops Approximately 1/3 of all farm cash receipts
greenhouse, nursery, floriculture and Christmas trees
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Compare the current and future issues in global agriculture.
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The world population will continue to grow with expectations of 9 billion humans on the planet by 2050. More children survive to adulthood worldwide. More adults are living longer worldwide.
Population growth will: Add stress to environmental systems of air, water, soil and
natural resources. Create challenges to meet demands for food and fiber.
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Examples of agriscience research to meet these demands: Genetically engineered crops
a bio-engineered tomato that resists rotting
New fuel sources biodiesel from animal fat
Human nutrition decreasing the amount of animal fat in the diet and raising the proportion of fat from
vegetable sources
Satellite technology (gps) determine various nutrient levels/deficiencies in plants
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Agriculture will always be an essential industry. Food is essential to life
an iPad is not
Clothing and shelter are basic needs of humans smartphones are not
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You will work in your assigned groups to: Research and evaluate an assigned agricultural trend. Create a display in Microsoft Word which includes:
Title of your Issue Two appropriate pictures Description of the Issue using one sentence Bulleted list of why this issue is important to our future.
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1. Food Insecurity2. Sustainability3. Organic Food Production4. GMO’s5. Local Foods Movement6. Community Supported Agriculture7. Water (quality and quantity)
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Food Insecurity Global importance Defined as not knowing where a human will find their next
meal the situation where people need to live with hunger and fear starvation
Food insecurity results from several factors Climate issues Urban development Corrupt governments Population growth Oil price shifts
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Sustainability We must meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
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Organic Food Production Crops are raised without using most conventional
pesticides, petroleum-based fertilizers, or sewage sludge-based fertilizers
Animals must be fed organic feed and be given access to the outdoors
Antibiotics and growth hormones may not be used in organic production
Accounts for more than 3% of all U.S. food sales
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GMO’s Genetically modified organisms Combing genes from different organisms results in an
organism being called genetically modified or transgenic Controversies surrounding this practice include safety,
ethics, labeling and others European countries will not purchase GMO foods from the
US Fewer exports
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Local Food Movement Can be defined in terms of geographic proximity of
producer to consumer. Is a very popular concept in regards to food safety, food
freshness, and reduction of environmental impact due to shorter shipping distances
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CSA’s (Community Supported Agriculture) Direct-to-consumer programs
Buy shares of a farms projected harvest Pay for their share of the harvest up front
Distributes risk between the farmer and the consumers Pick up their share regularly in a communal location or the shares are delivered directly
USDA estimates as many as 2500 CSA’s are operating nationally
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Water (quantity and quality) US water shortages are a major issue in the western portion of
the nation where expanding cities needs are competing with farmers needs for the same water resources
The aquifer that underlies Long Island represents the only drinking water for the 3 million plus residents
Southeastern US, including North Carolina, Water Wars have become common place
In Third World countries a safe water supply is a luxury Most areas of the world, supplies of safe water have become generally insufficient because of
misuse, poor management, waste, pollution and climate change
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Aquaculture Technology Equine Business and Training Fish and Wildlife Management Technology Forest Management Technology Golf Course Management Greenhouse and Grounds Maintenance Horticulture Technology Landscape Gardening Marine Sciences Poultry Management Sustainable Agriculture
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Swine Management Turfgrass Management Viticulture Technology Agricultural Biotechnology Environmental Science Biotechnology Agribusiness Management Field Crops Technology General Agriculture Livestock and Poultry Management
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Agricultural Economics Agricultural Education Animal Science Biological Engineering Landscape Architecture Agricultural and Environmental Technology Food Science Plant and Soil Science Poultry Science Genetics Horticultural Science