global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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20 es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 1 Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents of change

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Page 1: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 1

Global biogeography of human infectious

diseases - agents of change

Page 2: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 2

Page 3: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 3

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Year

% G

lob

al B

urd

en

of

Dis

ea

se

NCDs

other

Injuries

• Major

successes in

health in past

50-100yrs

• Particularly

burden from

infectious

diseases

Page 4: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 4

Funk et al. 2013

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

Page 5: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 5 Jones et al. 2008

Wild

life

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)

• EIDs on the rise globally

• ~60% from animals ( “zoonotic”)

• Mostly wildlife

Page 6: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 6

Infectious diseases: the role of animals

Page 7: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 7

Climate change impacts - organisms to ecosystems

Page 8: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 8

From cold to mildly warm

From warm to extremely warm

Tra

it p

erf

orm

an

ce

Temperature

thanks - C. Caminade

Trait performance

Page 9: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 9

From cold to mildly warm

From warm to extremely warm

Tra

it p

erf

orm

an

ce

Temperature

Trait performance

Page 10: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 10

From cold to mildly warm

From warm to extremely warm

Tra

it p

erf

orm

an

ce

Temperature

Trait performance

Mordecai et al., 2017

+

Temperature

Rainfall

Humidity

….

Page 11: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 11

From cold to mildly warm

From warm to extremely warm

Tra

it p

erf

orm

an

ce

Temperature

Trait performance

Mordecai et al., 2017

+

Temperature

Rainfall

Humidity

….

Page 12: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 12

0

3

6

9

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Year

Vecto

ria

l C

ap

acity

(%

ch

an

ge

re

l. 1

95

0)

RCP8.5

RCP2.6

Hist.

A. aegypti

0

5

10

15

20

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Year

Vecto

ria

l C

apa

city

(%

ch

an

ge

re

l. 1

99

0)

RCP8.5

RCP2.6

Hist.

A. albopictus

0

3

6

9

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Year

Vecto

ria

l C

ap

acity

(%

ch

an

ge

re

l. 1

95

0)

RCP8.5

RCP2.6

Hist.

A. aegypti

0

5

10

15

20

1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

Year

Vecto

ria

l C

apa

city

(%

ch

an

ge

re

l. 1

99

0)

RCP8.5

RCP2.6

Hist.

A. albopictus

a = vector biting rate,

bh = vector to human transmission per bite

bm = human to vector infection per bite,

n = extrinsic incubation period – EIP,

μm = vector mortality rate,

m = female vector-to-human population ratio

Vectorial capacity

Watts et al., (2018) Lancet

Page 13: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 13

2107 pathogens in humans (Wardeh et al. 2015)

• 274 viruses

• 1003 bacteria

• 447 fungi

• 82 protozoa

• 301 helminths

Majority:

o Zoonotic

o Multiple zoonotic hosts

o If vector-borne, then multiple vectors

Pathodiversity

Page 14: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 14

Traitperform

ance

S1

S2…

Page 15: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 15

Traitperform

ance

S1

S2…

e.g. Richness patterns e.g. Bioregionalisat ion

Multi-disease biogeographic patterns

Disease (D)

Observat ion (O)

Management (M)

Humans (H)

Vector(s) (V/ Vn)

Reservoir(s) (R/ Rn)

Environment (E)

Geography (G)

Pathogen (P)

e.g. Chorotypes

Page 16: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 16

Traitperform

ance

S1

S2…

e.g. Richness patterns e.g. Bioregionalisat ion

Multi-disease biogeographic patterns

Disease (D)

Observat ion (O)

Management (M)

Humans (H)

Vector(s) (V/ Vn)

Reservoir(s) (R/ Rn)

Environment (E)

Geography (G)

Pathogen (P)

e.g. Chorotypes

Page 17: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 17

Traitperform

ance

S1

S2…

e.g. Richness patterns e.g. Bioregionalisat ion

Multi-disease biogeographic patterns

Disease (D)

Observat ion (O)

Management (M)

Humans (H)

Vector(s) (V/ Vn)

Reservoir(s) (R/ Rn)

Environment (E)

Geography (G)

Pathogen (P)

e.g. Chorotypes

Speciesxtraitsxenviron.covariates

Page 18: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 18

e.g. Richness patterns e.g. Bioregionalisat ion

Multi-disease biogeographic patterns

Disease (D)

Observat ion (O)

Management (M)

Humans (H)

Vector(s) (V/ Vn)

Reservoir(s) (R/ Rn)

Environment (E)

Geography (G)

Pathogen (P)

e.g. Chorotypes Pathogeography

Murray et al., (2018) Ecography

Page 19: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Pathogeography

Disease identity (which diseases where?)

Page 20: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Pathogeography

Regionalisation

Tiedt and Murray (in prep.) Murray et al., (2015) PNAS

Page 21: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019

Pathogeography

Regionalisation

Murray et al., (2015) PNAS

Page 22: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Distance

Pathogeography

Page 23: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Biodiversity

Pathogeography

Page 24: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Climate

Pathogeography

Page 25: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Connectivity

Pathogeography

Page 26: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Pathogeography

Murray et al., (2015) PNAS

Page 27: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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80

90

100

110

Disease richness

Pathogeography

Murray et al., (2018) Ecography

Page 28: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Pathogeography

Start & Murray (submitted)

Page 29: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Pathogeography

Start & Murray (submitted)

Page 30: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Human influence

Little control

Human influence

Some control

Page 31: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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– 82% of 94 processes

– 1°C average

warming so far

– Conservative

estimates

– Processes are

connected!

Climate change impacts - organisms to ecosystems

Scheffers et al., (2016) Science

Page 32: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

20es JNI, Lyon du 5 au 7 juin 2019 32

• Most human infectious diseases are zoonotic

• Zoonoses are complicated - difficult to map, predict

• Zoonoses = biodiversity * habitats * land-use * dispersal * climate

...

• Increases AND decreases in risk due to climate change

• Host/pathogen traits global disease diversity

• Global scale disease diversity is controlled by factors that we affect

but don’t control

• Systems approaches required

• Public health + conservation policies = co-benefits

Conclusions

Page 33: Global biogeography of human infectious diseases - agents

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Merci!