global economic trend analysis_ _contained depression

8/8/2019 Global Economic Trend Analysis_ _Contained Depression

1/14

Mish's Global Economic Trend Analysis: "Contained Depression"

"Contained Depression"

Kevin Feltes, an economist for the Jerome Levy Forecasting Center, solicited my opinion on a couple of their

recent articles.

Levy comes down on the side of deflation, as do I. However, the devil is in the details, as always. I will go

through one of their articles in a point-by-point fashion, stating where I agree and disagree with their analysis.

This is a long post. Please give it some time.

Please consider Widespread Fear of the Wrong Kind of Pr ice Inst abi l i t y .

Levy :

It is not inflation but more disinflation and ultimately deflation that lie ahead in the 2010s.

Inflation worries remain a major part of the market backdrop, and the past year has brought new price

stability concerns to investors. During that time, we have written about inflation fears, deflation risks, and

the relationships between price trends and monetary policy, fiscal policy, Treasury debt levels, foreign

debt holdings, and various other issues. We have argued that rising inflation will not be a threat in the coming

years and that disinflation and some deflation are the real worries. Our position remains unchanged.

1. Why It Will Be Very Difficult for Inflation to Accelerate in the Next Few Years

The dominant influence on price trends in the near future and for years to come will be the deflationary influence

of chronically high unemployment. The economy not only has gone through a deep recession but also has

entered a contained depression, a long period of substandard economic performance, chronic financial

http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/08/contained-depression.html(1 of 14) [8/25/2010 10:50:06 AM]
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/08/contained-depression.htmlhttp://www.levyforecast.com/recent-publications/docs/Widespread%20Fear%20of%20the%20Wrong%20Kind%20of%20Price%20Instability.pdfhttp://www.levyforecast.com/recent-publications/docs/Widespread%20Fear%20of%20the%20Wrong%20Kind%20of%20Price%20Instability.pdfhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/08/contained-depression.html


2/14


problems, and generally high unemployment. The contained depression is likely to last about a decade; it will end

in the latter half of the 2010s at the earliest and could stretch into the 2020s

In the years ahead, chronic high unemployment will weigh heavily on labor costs; chronic economic weakness

will tend to keep profit margins under pressure and firms focused on cost control; and global instability and

large areas of depression (contained or otherwise) will reduce upward pressures on prices of imported

commodities and are likely to cause these prices to fall much of the time.

Even if imported commodity prices, most notably oil prices, rise sharply at times, they will not have a large,

lasting effect on inflation as long as labor costs are decelerating or actually falling.

Labor costs are the dominant inflation influence not only because they are the single biggest component of

prices, but also because labor costs are heavily affected by compensation rates, which fuel consumer spending

and are therefore tied to the ability of firms to pass on inflationary price increases to consumers.

By contrast, oil prices, which are widely believed to be a critical inflation signal, have a weaker relationship

to inflation over time, although they can be an important short-term influence. Labor cost inflation will

remain subdued or even negative as long as unemployment remains high, and the prospects for a real recovery

in labor markets are poor. A tightening labor marketa falling unemployment ratewould at some point

trigger inflationary pay increases. Conversely, any unemployment rate that is substantially above such a

trigger point indicates excessive competition for jobs and a tendency for pay raises to shrinkor pay cuts

to become larger and more common. The trigger point, which varies from one business cycle to another

depending on a variety of circumstances, is by any reasonable estimate far below the present figure of nearly 10%.

Mish Response :

I like the concept of a "contained depression".http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/08/contained-depression.html(2 of 14) [8/25/2010 10:50:06 AM]


3/14


We are certainly in a depression. However, 40 million people on food stamps as of August 2010, masksthat depression. The cost of the food stamp program is on schedule to exceed $60 billion in fiscal 2010.For comparison purposes, there was just over 11 million on food stamps in 2005.

Please note there are 14.6 million unemployed, but of them 4.5 million of them are receiving regularunemployment benefits and another 4.7 million are receiving extended benefits. Thus 63% of thoseunemployed are receiving benefits. Being paid while not working also masks the depression.

In addition, there is massive underemployment with 8.5 million working "part time for economic reasons"and another 2.6 million "marginally attached" workers who want a job but are not considered unemployed

because they have not looked for 4 weeks. This is "containment" of sorts, as the official numbers mask the depthof the unemployment problem.

Finally, countless millions have not paid their mortgage for months or even a year without being foreclosed on.Free from mortgage expenses but having a place to live certainly makes life a lot easier.

Missing t he Boat on Labor-Induced Wage-Price Spira ls

I disagree with Levy when it comes to the issue of wage price spirals.

Levy's statement "Labor cost inflation will remain subdued or even negative as long as unemploymentremains high" is not true as evidenced by the stagflationary 70's and 80's complete with Nixon's wage-pricecontrols that were dismantled as a failure in 1974.

The following three charts will prove my point.

Unemployment Rate 1960 to Present

CPI 1960 t o Present

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_nSTO-vZpSgc/THP64-UFIxI/AAAAAAAAJNI/d8hYF54-ypA/s1600/unemployment+Rate+1960-Present.png


4/14


Annualized Wage Growt h 1960 to Present

Clearly there is no consistent relationship between the unemployment rate, the CPI, and wages.

Nonetheless, I believe Levy is correct about labor costs, for different reasons.

My reasons include global wage arbitrage, boomer demographics, and overcapacity in the face of secularchanges in consumer psychology (the willingness and ability of consumers to take on more debt.)

Those forces will act as a huge damper on consumer demand for goods and services, a damper on business'ability and desire to expand, and in turn a damper on both wages and prices, regardless of what the Fed tries to do.

The critical factor in that list is consumer psychology - the willingness and ability of consumers to take on more debt.

In the 70's, households went from one wage earner to two, increasing the abilityof households to take ondebt. Interest rates falling from as high as 18% to where they are today increased the abilityof consumers totake on debt. Belief that rising asset prices (especially home prices) would guarantee a nice retirementincreased the willingness of consumers to take on debt, and debt they did take on in the form of second

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_nSTO-vZpSgc/THP_lNAK4vI/AAAAAAAAJNY/k2RtR7IXjIs/s1600/Wages+1960-Present.pnghttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nSTO-vZpSgc/THP9Qhj3yJI/AAAAAAAAJNQ/nLkieSjLNtc/s1600/CPI+1960-Present.png


5/14


mortgages, home equity lines of credit, etc.

Now, it's payback time for a global credit boom of epic proportion, now gone bust.

Greenspan vs. Bernanke

Note the huge difference in the problems of Greenspan as compared to Bernanke.

Greenspan had the winds of rising productivity in conjunction with an internet boom, followed by the windsof housing and commercial real estate booms, blowing at his back. The internet boom and the housing bubbleboth provided an enormous source of jobs.

In contrast, Bernanke has a gale force breeze of a secularchange in social attitudes towards debt inconjunction with unfavorable boomer demographics, blowing briskly in his face. There is no source of jobsnow, only the hollow shells of vacant commercial real estate standing as testimony to the blatantly foolish policiesof the Greenspan and Bernanke Fed.

Inflationists simply do not understand the importance of these secular shifts in consumer attitudesand demographics.

Luck o f t he Draw

Greenspan was "lucky" in the sense that the credit booms fueled asset prices as opposed to consumerprices. Greenspan never had to act to contain "inflation" because he failed to see any even though it fueled

a massive asset bubble in housing and commercial real estate.Here is a chart from Case-Shil ler CPI Now Track ing CPI-U that shows what I mean.

CS-CPI v s. CPI-U

click on chart for sharper image

The above chart compares CPI-U vs. CS-CPI, the latter formed by substituting the Case-Shiller home price

index for OER (Owners' Equivalent Rent), in the CPI. Home prices were relatively stable in the mid-to-late 90'sas the real cost of borrowing was high.

However, note what happened when Greenspan held rates low in 2002-2006. Real interest rates (subtract CS-

http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/03/case-shiller-cpi-now-tracking-cpi-u.htmlhttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nSTO-vZpSgc/S5CaXRbHySI/AAAAAAAAH_U/2-qiit04syc/s1600-h/CS-CPI-2010-02-A.pnghttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/03/case-shiller-cpi-now-tracking-cpi-u.html


6/14


CPI from the Fed Funds Rate) were as low as NEGATIVE 5% in 2004.

Is it any wonder asset prices soared?

This is one of many reasons why Bernanke's 2% "inflation" policy is preposterous. The Fed simply has nocontrol where liquidity flows, or for that matter if there is a flow at all. Note that real interest rates as measuredby CS-CPI hit POSITIVE 6% in 2009 in the wake of the housing crash. Ironically, talk of the town was"massive inflation".

The above chart is from March 5, 2010. Although real interest rates are now negative by my measure, I doexpect home prices as measured by Case-Shiller to start dropping this autumn, and for real interest rates to

be positive once again, even at a 0% Fed Funds rate!

Af te rmath o f t he Cred i t Bubb le Bust

Greenspan and Bernanke both failed to spot the massive increase in inflation in the early 2000's becauseliquidity flowed into assets as opposed to wages and consumer prices. We are now in the aftermath of thecredit bubble bust.

Just as rising productivity and rising asset prices masked massive inflation of money supply and credit in theearly 2000's, the reported CPI-U masked falling home prices (and high real interest rates) from 2006 on.

With consumers deleveraging, boomer demographics, and no driver for jobs or economic growth, wages andprices are highly likely to be contained.

Thus, Levy has the result correct (deflation) but missed the key reason why - a secular change inconsumer attitudes towards credit and debt in conjunction with a secular shift in the attitudes of banks'willingness to lend.

Levy :

2. Why Aggressive Monetary Policy Isnt Causing and Wont Cause Inflation

The notion of an inexorable link between monetary policy and inflation is pounded into our brains by the

prevailing economic wisdom: inflation is a monetary phenomenon,inflation is too many dollars chasing too

few goods,central banks pump money into their economies to inflate their way out of trouble, and so forth.

Yet creating more reserves in the system does not under all circumstances lead to additional demand, and if it

does not, it cannot affect prices. True, under normal circumstances, easier money means lower interest rates,

more credit creation, and more demand associated with that credit creation. But thats not what happens when

the economy faces what has been called the liquidity trap, when increasing the money supply does not



7/14


8/14


an appraisal .

Note: The above link is a lengthy and complex read, recommended only for those with a good understanding

of monetary issues. It is not light reading.

The article addresses two fallacies

Proposit ion #1 : an expansion of bank reserves endows banks with additional resources to extend loans

Proposit ion #2 : There is something uniquely inflationary about bank reserves financing

....

Simply put, anyone who thinks those "excess reserves" are going to produce haunting inflation simply has noidea how the credit system even works.

What about t he "L iqu id i ty Trap"?

My only point of contention in the above section by Levy is in regards to the alleged "liquidity trap".

The "liquidity trap" concept is a Keynesian artifact that presumes something needs to be done about fallingprices and lack of credit expansion.

The reality is falling prices are a good thing (they are only bad in the construct of a credit bubble bust wherebanks can't be paid back and the Fed feels obliged to steal from taxpayers to increase bank profits to make upfor their losses).

What causes asset bubbles?

Why inflation of monetary supply and credit of course.

A depression is a necessary aftermath of a credit boom. Japan attempted to fight deflation for 20 years and allthey have to show for i t is debt to GDP ratios of 200% and an enormous demographic problem staring themsquare in the face.

Ad Hoc Po l icy o f In f la t ion

My friend "HB" aka Pater Tenebarum discusses the Fed's misguided policy The Ad Hoc Po l icy o f In f la t ion

Contrary to Bullard's hypothesis that rising prices are desirable, we tend to think that most consumers

would probably be quite happy to see falling prices. Note here that producers need not suffer either from a fall

http://www.bis.org/publ/work292.pdf?noframes=1http://www.acting-man.com/?p=4560http://www.acting-man.com/?p=4560http://www.bis.org/publ/work292.pdf?noframes=1


9/14


in prices. What is important for producer profits are relative prices. If their input costs fall to the same extent as

their sales prices, they will continue to be profitable.

Bullard's error is the widely held belief that falling prices are synonymous with economic depression. We

already mentioned in the past that this view can neither be supported theoretically nor empirically. The

fastest period of real economic growth in US history of the past 150 years occurred before the Fed was

founded, and coincided with steadily falling prices. Since Bullard does simply not say anywhere why he thinks

the price level should always be rising, he seems to assume that this is self-evident. However, it is not. If

falling prices were bad for an industry, the computer industry would not be an engine of economic growth, but

would always be in depression. Until Bullard explains how such an 'exception to the rule' can not only exist,

but actually thrive, we fail to follow his argument in favor of more inflation.

Also note, as I pointed out above, the Fed cannot control where liquidity flows or if it does at all. The housingbubble is proof enough. Thus, the idea that +2% CPI inflation is a good thing is doubly stupid.

Levy :

4. The Rapid Increase In Public Debt Is Not Likely to End in Disaster

Although public debt issuance is massive at present and will continue to be so, total debt issuance public

plus privateis much smaller than it has been in recent years, and it will remain depressed. Public debt

growth may have accelerated to roughly $2 trillion annual rate, but net private debt issuance will likely be minimal

or negative for many years as the private sector delevers; private debt growth had been running at about $4

trillion annual rate in recent years but has shifted into reverse, becoming negative (chart 4). Thus, although

the federal debt is rising rapidly, the total debt level in the economy is not.



10/14


Mish Response :

Levy was kind enough to produce a larger more up-to-date version of the above mentioned chart. Here it is:

click on chart for sharper image

Note that net credit has been in contraction for 5 quarters!

In spite of huge government deficits, private credit is contracting faster. Given that "excess reserves" justsitting don't do a damn thing, and given that TMS1 - True Money Supply is barely growing we have a rocksolid case for saying deflation is here and now.

True Money Supply

For more on TMS1 and TMS2 please see

True Money Supply (TMS) vs. Austr ian Money Supply (AMS or M Prim e) Update Money Supply Divergence - TMS1 vs. TMS2 vs. M2 - What does i t Mean?

We Are In Def lat ion Here and Now

Rising prices do not constitute inflation, they are at best a symptom of rising inflation.If you have not yet done so, please read Are we "Trend ing Towards Def la t ion" o r in I t?

There is plenty of information in that article about how to spot inflation and deflation by looking at symptoms

of inflation and deflation.Nearly every condition one would expect to see in deflation is happening, right now. The few that aren't are closeat hand and likely. If all or nearly all the conditions one would expect to see in deflation are happening


Mi h' Gl b l E i T d A l i "C t i d D i "
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/03/true-money-supply-tms-vs-austrian-money.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/money-supply-divergence-tms1-vs-tms2-vs.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-we-trending-towards-deflation-or-in.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-we-trending-towards-deflation-or-in.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/money-supply-divergence-tms1-vs-tms2-vs.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/03/true-money-supply-tms-vs-austrian-money.htmlhttp://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nSTO-vZpSgc/TG7Qaf1JhqI/AAAAAAAAJMo/qSB13Zcig2o/s1600/levy+-+total+debt+growth.png


11/14


(the scorecard is close to unanimous), I suggest that those who say we are not in deflation have thewrong definition of the word.

Inf lat i on and Def lat ion Def ined

Bear in mind my definition of inflation is a net expansion of money supply and credit, with credit marked-to-market. Deflation is a net contraction of money supply and credit, with credit marked-to-market.

Unfortunately, the Fed and the FASB have conspired to prevent mark-to-market accounting.

However, it is relatively easy based on market reaction, credit expansion/contraction, and moves in interest rates

to state that deflation started in 2007, continued through 2008, was interrupted in 2009, and we are back in itnow, simply by looking at action in treasury yields in conjunction will all of the other indicator mentioned inthe article.

The reason I use "mark-to-market" accounting of credit in my definition is twofold.

1. From a practical standpoint "mark-to-market" accounting better explains what is happening and why.

2. The model is predictive. Note the Levy chart for 2008 and 2009. Asset prices crashed in 2008 and rose in2009 although total credit fell in both years. Why? The massive bailout of banks by the Fed and Congresshugely lifted the value of credit on the books of banks. In turn, asset prices rose, as did treasury yields, eventhough the real economy stagnated.

One could not have predicted recent events (even in hindsight) simply by looking at the Levy chart. The Levychart shows 2008 to be an inflationary year and 2009 a deflationary year.

One could also not have predicted what would happen to treasury yields without an understanding ofwhat collapsing credit would do.

Time t o Shor t Treasur ies?

Flashback January 20, 2008: Time To Short Treasuries?

Kass : Inflation is still an issue. Despite the Bureau of Labor Statistics' readings, inflation remains elevated and

is not reflected in the current level of interest rates. The expected fiscal and monetary stimulation in the

upcoming months will only serve to exacerbate inflationary pressures.

Mish : Before we can have a debate about whether or not inflation is a problem, we need to agree onw hat in f la t ion is. Credit is being destroyed far faster than any monetary printing. Currently, MoneySupply Trends Are Def lat ionary . In context of understanding what inflation is, treasury yields this low

seem reasonable.

With rising unemployment will come still more foreclosures on both residential and commercial property. This

will further impair bank balance sheets and any presumed recovery from this so called $150 billion "stimulus". It


http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/time-to-short-treasuries.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2006/02/inflation-what-heck-is-it.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/money-supply-trends-are-deflationary.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/money-supply-trends-are-deflationary.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/money-supply-trends-are-deflationary.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/money-supply-trends-are-deflationary.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2006/02/inflation-what-heck-is-it.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/time-to-short-treasuries.html


12/14


will likely take months, before that money gets into consumer hands and perhaps a year before Congress

figures out it is meaningless.

Virtually no one, including Bernake thinks deflation can happen in the US. My position is that Things

That "Can' t" Happen are about to. The result will be Def la t ion Amer ic an Sty le .

There is no bubble in treasuries if you look closely at the fundamental issues. Those who want to see how

low treasury yields can get and stay there, need to look at Japan. Yields in the US are going to go far lower

and stay lower longer than nearly everyone thinks.

Note how useless the CPI and the price of oil were and still are, in predicting treasury yields.

By the way, I love that Levy chart.

Unfortunately, it is not possible to put together a chart of credit "mark-to-market". There is no such thing,on purpose. Neither the Fed, nor the banks want anyone to know true marks, and the accounting boardhas delayed "mark-to-market" accounting as well as rules that would require more off balance sheet transactionsto be brought back onto bank balance sheets.

However we can easily deduce the trend by a number of variables. Those variables suggest we are indeed bankin deflation after a short interlude in 2009.

Levy:

As revenues strengthen and social safety net spending eases, the deficit will tend to narrow rapidly on its own.

As in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the debt-to-GDP ratio is likely to fall rapidly.

Mish:

The conditions in the 1940s and 1950s have absolutely nothing in common with the conditions now. Think ofthe baby boomer dynamics, population growth, etc.

We now have a massive wave of boomers headed for retirement with a need to draw down savings.Unfortunately, those savings are nonexistent for a huge chunk of retirees and hugely insufficient for nearly allthe rest.


http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2007/12/things-that-cant-happen.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2007/12/things-that-cant-happen.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/deflation-american-style.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2008/01/deflation-american-style.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2007/12/things-that-cant-happen.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2007/12/things-that-cant-happen.html


13/14

Mish s Global Economic Trend Analysis: Contained Depression

The Model is J apan NOT 1940

We have a model to look at and that model is Japan. Is debt-to-GDP rising or falling in Japan? I think we allknow the answer to that. No doubt many will chime in "the US is not Japan" citing Bernanke's massivereflationary effort.

Ho-hum.

Please consider Bernanke's Def lat ion Prevent ing Scorecard and my followup post Are we"Trend ing Towards Def lat ion" o r in I t? .

In spite of that massive effort by Bernanke the US is in deflation.

Others will claim Japan is a nation of savers. What they really mean is Japan WAS a nation of savers. Thesavings rate in Japan is now under 1% while the US savings rate is soaring.

Interestingly, a lack of savings in the US strengthens (not weakens) the deflation case. What cannot be paidback won't. What isn't paid back results in a collapse in credit (i.e. deflation).

So yes, we are Japan, and no, this is not 1940.

Headed For Disast er

Levy makes another error in stating "The Rapid Increase In Public Debt Is Not Likely to End in Disaster"

Assuming we stay on the same course, we are indeed headed for disaster. However, timing the disaster andthe nature of it is the problem. We could be 5 years away or 10. There are too many variables to figure out, andtoo many ways the problem can change in the meantime.

I think Japan faces disaster first. They are one cycle ahead.

Levy:

8. Could the Economy Begin to Overheat When the Contained Depression Is Over, Leading to Rapidly

Rising Inflation?

As long as the contained depression persists, and our best estimate is that it will last roughly a decade, the

primary threat to price stability will remain deflation rather than inflation. Japan provides a graphic example of

how an economy in contained depression in Japans case, for nearly two decades can run huge

deficits, accumulate massive government debt, and still experience disinflation and deflation. The real

inflation question concerns what will happen once the contained depression ends.


http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2009/04/bernankes-deflation-preventing.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-we-trending-towards-deflation-or-in.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-we-trending-towards-deflation-or-in.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-we-trending-towards-deflation-or-in.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2010/07/are-we-trending-towards-deflation-or-in.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2009/04/bernankes-deflation-preventing.html


14/14

Mish s Global Economic Trend Analysis: Contained Depression

Although the future that far out holds many uncertainties, it appears that occasional spikes will be more likely

than an ongoing upward wage-price spiral after many years of disinflation or deflation.

Mish: Levy is back on track. I too suspect the "contained depression" may last as long as a decade. If itdoes, there is no reason to think the deficit will shrink. Japan's didn't, so why should ours?

Interestingly, Levy hits the nail on the head with "Japan provides a graphic example of how an economyin contained depression can run huge deficits, accumulate massive government debt, and stillexperience disinflation and deflation" while stating something sounding way different in the preceding section.

Conclusions

I commend Levy for coming to what I believe is the correct overall conclusion. Levy did go astray on someminor issues as well as one major point, but overall I like their analysis. The report was well presented.

One problem in reading the report is that at times Levy seems to confuse "price inflation" with "inflation". It isvery difficult to draw correct conclusions about what is happening and more importantly what is likely tohappen, unless one figures out where money supply and credit are headed, and why.

If you have not done so, please consider Fia t Wor ld Mathemat ica l Mode l .

That Levy managed to come to what I believe is the proper overall conclusion stems from Levy's rock-solidcase presented in section 2: Why Aggressive Monetary Policy Isnt Causing and Wont Cause Inflation.

Thanks

It is not often that economists ask me for an opinion on their works.

I appreciate this opportunity by economist Kevin Feltes to comment on the works of the Jerome LevyForecasting Center.

Mike "Mish" Shedlockhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com

http://globaleconomicanalysis blogspot com/2010/08/contained depression html (14 of 14) [8/25/2010 10:50:06 AM]
http://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2009/02/fiat-world-mathematical-model.htmlhttp://globaleconomicanalysis.blogspot.com/2009/02/fiat-world-mathematical-model.html

global economic trend analysis_ _contained depression

Documents