Global National Identity Crisis: India (Post- WW I)Promise of self determination was a powerful motivator!

PROBLEM: Quest for independence focused on independenceFrom British rule BUT was complicated by ethnic differences (Hindus

and Muslims). National railroad led to increased communication, class of educated elite Indians = reform. Indian National Congress 1885, Muslim League 1906

Road to a SOLUTION:

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) (transformed the Indian National Congress on his

return in 1915)

Moral philosophy of tolerance and non-violence (ahisma)Passive resistance (satyagraha “truth and firmness”)

Amritsar Massacre 1919(British killed 379 unarmed protestors)

Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-1922(boycott of British goods- return to homespun cotton)

Civil Disobedience Movement 1930(more aggressive- protest on British authority =

The Salt March= led 50,000to the Sea to make salt illegally

The India Act 1937= autonomous legislatures in Congress/ exControl under the British (failed)

Civil disobedience

and non-violence

C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America

India finally gains independence: 14 August 1947 (secular India/ Muslim Pakistan)

Global National Identity Crisis: Africa

PROBLEM: Competing Interests** desire for some degree of economic and political

independence after WW I: differed from country to country** African interests conflict with desire by colonial powers to

maintain control = ECONOMIC MONOCULTURE

SELF-

DETERMINATIONSELF-

DETERMINATION

Post WW IPost WWII

Post WW I economic priorities:1.Colonized must PAY for institutions2.Developed export oriented economics

Colonial investment in African infrastructure:Communication, transportation, port facilities

Required: colonial taxation of Africans

Africans had to resort to sharecroppingPeanuts (Senegal)Cotton (Uganda)Cocoa (Ivory Coast)Rubber (Congo) 88% of land in South Africa owned by whites

C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America

Global National Identity Crisis: Africa

Road to a SOLUTION: -Victorious colonial powers maintained control

- Previously self-sufficient African economies were overpowered by European colonial powers - Europeans built businesses and prospered

while Africans were used as forced labor** African educated elite began to develop movement to

support African nationalism (Jomo Kenyatta, Marcus Garvey)

** After WW II, Africans would demand independence from colonial rule

(Ghana = first to become independent in 1957)Belgian Congo independent 1959

Kenya independent 1963

SELF-

DETERMINATIONSELF-

DETERMINATION

Post WWII

African National Congress 1912

•To promote unity and mutual co-operation between the government and the South African black people

•To maintain a channel between the government and the black people

•To promote the social, educational and political upliftment of the black people

•To promote understanding between chiefs, and loyalty to the British crown and all lawful authorities and to promote understanding between white and black South Africans

•To address the just grievances of the black people

Nelson Mandela:Imprisoned: 1964-1990 (President F.W. de Klerk reversed ban on ANC)

Nobel Peace Prize: 1993President: 1994 (first democratically elected

South African president)

Global National Identity Crisis: China

PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat=

Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi)

Road to a SOLUTION:Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic

1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords

“The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through

their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.”

World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self-determination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties

but instead supported further Japanese aggression =May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel)

Communism = Chinese Communist Party 1921

Mao Zedong

Nationalists = Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek

(1887-1975)

Intermittent Civil War

Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949•Political radicalism opposition to arranged marriages• women’s equality and right to divorce campaigned against footbinding•Leader of the Long March (6215 miles) women’s equality/ socialism• ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)=

•Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution

JAPAN? Mukden Incident 1931, Leaves League of Nations

China 1927-1936Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek

(Jiang Jieshi):• Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy)= no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, democratic government, universal suffrage)•Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese masses• shunned partnership with the Communists• avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not connected to global economy•Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat, could not ward off Japanese aggression

World War II?

Cardenas

Sandino

Diego Rivera

Taft

Roosevelt

Neo-Colonialism

"As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism."

— Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, 1965

Somoza

Post WW II: Somoza family Wealth valued at $60 million

1970s: Opposition grew = Sandinistas (FSLN)1972: Devastating earthquake1975: Somoza violent campaign against FSLN (Public reports issued but ignored)1977: President Jimmy Carter urges Somoza to stop human rights abuses:

Somoza lifts state of siege, but then continues…1979: Nicaraguan Revolution: ousting of dictator, FSLN in power until 1990______________________________________________________________________1980s: Iran-Contra Affair

1955 :Anastasio Somoza DebayleHead of National GuardANTI-COMMUNIST

Estimated 50,000 kille

d during Nicaraguan

Revolution,

120,000 exiled, 6

00,000 made homeless

Anastasio Somoza Debayle(1925-1980)

Father Oscar Romero1917-1980

Romero was shot on 24 March 1980, while celebrating Mass at a small chapel located in a hospital called "La Divina Providencia", one day after a sermon where he had called on Salvadoran soldiers, as Christians, to obey God's higher order and to stop carrying out the government's repression and violations of basic human rights.

Liberation Theology

1898: just beforeSpanish-Am War, Boxer Rebellion, Boer War

1945