globalcon.session3c.lamping.stanley
TRANSCRIPT
Applying the IAQ Procedure of ASHRAE 62.1-2007 at K-12
Educational Facilities
Gerald Lamping, North East ISDW. Brad M. Stanley, Purafil, Inc.March 20, 2008; Austin, Texas
GLOBALCOM 2008
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Outline
• Part I– Overview of the IAQ Procedure (ASHRAE
62.1-2007)– School Example – Design & Contaminant
Information
• Part II– New School Applications– Conclusions
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62.1-2007 Procedures
• Ventilation Rate Procedure vs. IAQ Procedure – Prescriptive Requirements determine outdoor
air ratesvs.
– Contaminant Analysis determines outdoor air rates
• Enhanced filtration (gas-phase & particulate) typically reduces outdoor air requirements
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IAQ Procedure Overview
• Steps of the IAQ Procedure– Specify Design Basis (§ 6.3.1.1)
• contaminants, sources, source strengths
– Specify Concentration Limits (§ 6.3.1.2)
• concentration value, exposure period, cognizant authority
– Specify Perceived IAQ (§ 6.3.1.3)
• percent satisfied
– Determine Minimum Airflow Rates (§ 6.3.1.4)
• mass balance analysis or other method
– Documentation (§ 6.3.2)
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School Example:Overview
• Typical Classroom Arrangement– Rows of classrooms separated by corridors– VAV System
Area(ft2)
Vol.(ft3)
Occup.(#)
VAV Supply(cfm )
15,456 154,560 448 24,500 - 6,350
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School Example:Sustainable Impacts
• Annual estimates for enhanced filtration and outdoor air reduction:– Outdoor Air Reduction = 9,760 cfm
• VRP2007 = 12,000 cfm
• IAQP = 2,240 cfm
– Energy Related Savings = $11,900• Electricity Savings = 68,897 kWh• Gas Savings = 4,091 therms
– CO2 Emissions Reduction = 72 tonsBased on San Antonio, TX Data
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School Example: Contaminant Simulation
Chemical Formulas
- C6H5OH: phenol - O3: ozone
- HCHO: formaldehyde - TVOC: total volatile organic compounds
- NH3: ammonia
- NO2: nitrogen dioxide
% of Target Limit @ Max Supply
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
C6H5OH
HCHO
NH3
NO2
O3
TVOC
classroomcorridor
% of Target Limit @ Min Supply
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
C6H5OH
HCHO
NH3
NO2
O3
TVOC
classroomcorridor
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School Example:Classroom Air Testing
• Steps of air quality testing performed on the IAQ Procedure design– Installed gas-phase filters– Set outdoor air dampers to minimum position– Chose a portable monitoring system– Monitored in 5 of 16 classrooms– Sampled air in each classroom for a 24 hour
period
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School Example:Classroom Air Testing % of Recommendation
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
CO
O3
PM 10
PM 2.5
radon
TVOC
avg
extreme
Chemical Formulas– CO: carbon monoxide– O3: ozone
– PM 10: PM10 particulate
– PM 2.5: PM2.5 particulate
– TVOC: total volatile organic compounds
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Summary
• IAQ Procedure Summary– Enhanced Filtration (Gas-Phase & Particulate)
Decreased Outside Air Requirements– Decreased Energy Usage– Provided Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
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North East ISD
• 1 of 13 School Districts in San Antonio, Texas
• 62,000 students - increasing by 2000 students per year.
• 1990’s Bond Elections
• 2003 Bond Election
• 2007 Bond Election
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• Ventilation Rate Procedure used in 1995 Bond, 1998 Bond, and 4 Elementary Schools of 2003 Bond.
• IAQ Procedure used in 4 Elementary School Additions, 2 Middle Schools and 1 High School of 2003 Bond.
• IAQ Procedure will be used in 4 Elementary Schools and 4 Additions in 2007 Bond.
ASHRAE 62.1-2007Procedures
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• The four new Elementary Schools of the ’03 Bond had HVAC systems including humidity control and energy recovery units using the 62.1 Ventilation Rate Procedure.
• The two new Middle Schools and one High School were designed to used gas-phase air filtration in accordance with the 62.1 IAQ Procedure.– OA flows for each Middle School were reduced by
14,425 CFM.
2003 Bond Schools
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• The four Elementary School additions of the ’03 Bond used gas-phase air filtration in accordance to the 62.1 IAQ Procedure
• OA flows for the four additions were reduced from 41,856 CFM to 14,375 CFM
• Total OA reduction of 27,480 CFM
2003 Bond Additions
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• Use of medical inhalers by asthmatic students has been reduced by as much as 50% from prior year’s usage
• No complaints about IAQ from Teachers
Experience with ESAdditions
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Operating Cost Savings
Net operating cost savings of over $2000 per year for classroom addition
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Elementary School Classroom
Classrooms have high occupancy rates and lots of potential allergenic triggers
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Classroom CO2 Level
CO2 Monitoring shows that a classroom is empty for half of day time hours
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Classroom Air Quality
Classroom contaminants come in both solid and gaseous states
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ASHRAE 62.1-2004Outside Air Contaminants
• Particles; PM 10 and PM 2.5
• Pollen, Spores, other Allergens
• Ozone; STD 62.1-2007 Sect 6.2.1 OA Treatment
• Water Vapor
• Other Gases; Sewer, Boiler Gas, Industrial
• Chemical and Biological ThreatsWater vapor infiltration results in damp buildings and health issues
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Classroom 56
16834
4608
332
2953873
163835
126876
83128
3135056
157328
11967977752
15828
4107
25047
362471
17793 92711328
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
0.1 1 10
Particle Size, Micrometers
Pa
rtic
le Q
ty p
er
Cu
. F
oo
tSeries1
Series2
Series3
Air Quality
HEPA vacuum cleaning reduced airborne particles by order of magnitude
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Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 NEISDMERV Av. Eff. % Av. Eff. % Av. Eff. % StandardValve (0.30 to 1.00) (1.00 to 3.00) (3.00 to 10.00) Application
1 n/a n/a E3<202 n/a n/a E3<203 n/a n/a E3<20 Window Unit4 n/a n/a E3<205 n/a n/a 20<356 n/a n/a 35<507 n/a n/a 50<708 n/a n/a 70 Classrooms9 n/a E2<50 85
10 n/a 50<65 8511 n/a 65<80 8512 n/a 80 9013 E1<75 90 9014 75<85 90 9015 85<95 90 90 Near IS Hwy.16 95 95 95 Rifle Ranges
Source: Understanding MERV: How ASHRAE 52.2 Helps You Select an Air Filterby Jim Rosenthal, CAFS
Particulate Air Filter Types
Particulate filter media removes the airborne particle contaminants
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Gas Phase Filtration Media
• Media is a combination of activated carbon, and
an activated alumina substrate impregnated with sodium permanganate.
• By using these media in combination, the removal of all odors is achieved.
Chemical compound media removes the gaseous contaminants
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ContaminantGuideline
Limits VRP Levels VRP %
Ozone 0.08 ppm 0.104 130%TVOC 1.0 ppm 0.764 76%
Formaldehyde 0.12 mg/m3 0.07 58%Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 ppm 0.017 32%Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm 2.6 29%
Phenol 0.1 mg/m3 0.029 29%Hydrogen Sulfide 0.04 mg/m3 0.008 22%
Ammonia 0.5 mg/m3 0.103 21%Methyl Alcohol 1.5 mg/m3 0.228 15%Sulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppm 0.004 13%
Acetone 7 mg/m3 0.171 2%
Ventilation Rate Procedure Analysis
High levels of contamination still possible with Ventilation Rate Procedure
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Indoor Air Quality Procedure Analysis
ContaminantGuideline
Limits IAQP Levels IAQP %
TVOC 1.0 ppm 0.483 48%Ammonia 0.5 mg/m3 0.211 42%
Formaldehyde 0.12 mg/m3 0.044 37%Ozone 0.08 ppm 0.024 30%
Carbon Monoxide 9 ppm 2.6 29%Phenol 0.1 mg/m3 0.019 20%
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.04 mg/m3 0.006 14%Methyl Alcohol 1.5 mg/m3 0.153 10%
Nitrogen Dioxide 0.053 ppm 0.004 7%Sulfur Dioxide 0.03 ppm 0.0009 3%
Acetone 7 mg/m3 0.107 2%Contaminant levels are less than 50% of Guideline Limits
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Energy Cost Comparisons
Total Energy Cost/SqFtBldg Type: Middle Schools (Selected Sites)
Quarter Ending 01/2008
056 - Tejeda M.S.
050 - Bush M.S.
057 - Lopez M.S.
058 - Harris M.S.
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
IAQ Procedure
Vent. RateProcedure
IAQ Procedure
Vent. RateProcedure
Quarterly energy costs are up to $0.10 less per square foot of space
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IAQ Procedure Experience
• Twelve Schools– 6 High Schools– 4 Elementary Schools– 2 Middle Schools
• 85 Separate HVAC Systems– VAV Systems– Roof Top Units– Constant Volume Systems
• Over 110,000 CFM of OA reduction
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Conclusions
• Energy & Environment Incentive– An IAQ Procedure design can reduce HVAC
energy requirements, saving money and cutting carbon emissions
• Acceptable Air Quality & Lower Outdoor Air Amounts– An IAQ Procedure Design incorporating
enhanced air cleaning can provide acceptable air quality with lower outdoor air
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Healthy School Building DesignsIAQ Design Tools for Schools (DTfS )
www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign
ASHRAE Std 62.1-2007 And AddendaVentilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
www.ashrae.org
EnerSave Engineered IAQ Analysis
www.purafil.com
PERFORMANCE CRITERIAOF BUILDINGS FOR
HEALTH AND COMFORT
http://hvac.tkk.fi/projektit/TG42.html
Healthy Schools Network, Inc
www.healthyschools.org