Global Sustainable Energy: Current trends and Future Prospects Hashem AL-ghaili Jacobs University Bremen

Exploiting natural resources 7/26/2014 2 400,000-year-old shelter from Terra Amata, France

Industrial revolution 1700 7/26/2014 3

Technological explosion 7/26/2014 4

Current technological revolution 7/26/2014 5

The impact of industrial revolution on our climate 7/26/2014 6Image: http://www.st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk/CIS/houghton/images/fig4.jpg By the year 2100, carbon dioxide concentrations will rise to 600 - 700 parts per million.

Switching towards clean energy 7/26/2014 7 Wind Power Hydropower Solar power Biomass energy Geothermal energy Nuclear power

General overview 7/26/2014 8 Biomass energy Solar Power

Switching towards clean energy 7/26/2014 9 Wind Power Hydropower Solar power Biomass energy Geothermal energy Nuclear power

Global public support for energy sources 7/26/2014 10Image via: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Global_public_support_for_energy_sources_%28Ipsos_2011%29.png

Global status with solar power 7/26/2014 11Image via: http://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2013/12/global-solar-energy- generation-2012-infographic.jpg

7/26/2014 12 Germany has a goal of producing 100% of electricity from renewable sources by 2050. http://thinkprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Germany-renewables-638x566.png Status of Germany

Status of Germany with solar power 7/26/2014 13 June 6th (1pm and 2pm) June 9th (National holiday) 24.24 GWh of electricity http://www.thelocal.de/20140619/germany-produces-half-of-electricity-needs-with-solar-power

The potential of solar power 7/26/2014 14Visualization via: Nadine May Data provided by the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) Total surface area required to fuel the world with solar power Europe (EU-25) Germany (De)

The potential of solar energy in reducing CO2 emissions 7/26/2014 15 The Agua Caliente Solar Project Capacity: 290 MWh CO2 Reduction: 324,000 tons Arizona, United States Solnova Solar Power Station Capacity: 200 MWh CO2 Reduction: 185,000 tons Sanlcar la Mayor, Spain Welspun Solar MP Project Capacity: 150 MWh CO2 Reduction: 216,372 tons Neemuch, India Shams Solar Power Station Capacity: 100 MWh CO2 Reduction: 175,000 tons Abu Dhabi, UAE Ivanpah Solar Power Facility Capacity: 354 MWh CO2 Reduction: 400,000 tons California, United States Genesis Solar Energy Project Capacity: 250 MWh CO2 Reduction: 393,000 tons California, United States

Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, U.S. 7/26/2014 16 Ivanpah Solar Power Facility Location: California, United States Commission date: Feb, 2014 Capacity: 354 megawatts (MWh) Generates power for 140,000 homes The Ivanpah installation reduces carbon dioxide emissions by over 400,000 tons annually.

Canal Solar Power Project, India 7/26/2014 17

A touch of innovation 7/26/2014 18

Solar energy trends over the past 3 years 7/26/2014 19 More efficient. Minimized environmental risks. Cheaper. Smaller. Flexible. Transparent.

Cost problem 7/26/2014 20Image : http://greenecon.net/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/cost_kwh2.jpg

Past prices 7/26/2014 21Image: http://www.midlandsolarapplications.com/about-solar.html

Long-term storage of solar energy 7/26/2014 22Images : http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/icimages?p_imgid=130329 http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110929/images/news564-i2b.0.jpg Artificial leaf

Biomass Energy 7/26/2014 23Image: http://www.williamsrenewables.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/diagram.gif Terrestrial biomes Industrial waste Marine biomass

Second-largest source of renewable electricity generation 7/26/2014 24Graph: Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Energy Outlook 2009. Biomass is the fastest growing, going from 11% of the total in 2007, to more than 41% in 2030.

7/26/2014 25 Miscanthus Switchgrass Hemp Bamboo Maize Sugarcane Oil palm Rice Terrestrial biomes used for energy production Thermal conversion Chemical conversion Biochemical conversion Ethanol Bioalcohols - Biodiesel - Biofuel gasoline - Bioethers - Biogas

Advantages of terrestrial biomes 7/26/2014 26 Advantages Clean and eco-friendly energy source. Products that are used in biomass are easily available. The material for biomass will surely never run out.

7/26/2014 27 Disadvantages of terrestrial biomes Costly sometimes (depending on the substrate). The clearance of large areas including forests. Releases methane into the air (lesser than fossil fuels). Sustainable under certain conditions only. Consumption of fresh water. Competition for arable land. Food-fuel debate.

7/26/2014 28 Second-generation biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass 40 million tonnes/year Rich substrate of glucose An abundant source of biomass Corn stoverWood shavingsWoody remains

Environmental impact of second-generation biofuels 7/26/2014 29Graph: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/images/GHG-emissions-transportation-fuels.jpg Life-cycle energy and greenhouse gas emission impacts of different corn ethanol plant types Michael Wang et al 2007 Environ. Res. Lett. 2 024001

7/26/2014 30 Problem with lignocellulosic biomass Lignin

7/26/2014 31 The search for novel cellulolytic enzymes continues Graphic by: Lignocellulose: A chewy problem, Katharine Sanderson - Nature The gribble (Limnoria quadripunctata) Termites feed on dead plant material with the help of their intestinal bacteria Fungus Trichoderma reesii (Hypocrea jecorina)

7/26/2014 32 In practice The world's largest cellulosic ethanol plant 50 million liters of cellulosic ethanol a year Location: Crescentino, Italy

7/26/2014 33 Marine macroalgae Image: http://innovatedevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/seaweed_biofuel.gif

7/26/2014 34 Advantages of macroalgae as a biomass for energy production No fresh water required. Very abundant. Plays an important role in carbon capture and CO2 storage (0.7 million tons/year). Nitrogen and phosphorus are provided by fish. Can be collected from industrial waste.

7/26/2014 35 Marine macroalgae as a biomass for the production of biofuels Image: http://innovatedevelopment.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/seaweed_biofuel.gif

7/26/2014 36 Productivity of Biofuels by Different Plants Image: http://www.asiabiomass.jp/english/topics/images/1009_2_2.jpg Source: Prospect of Biomass Energy of Sea Algae, Prof. Shin Watanabe, Tsukuba University 50-60 % carbohydrates 13 % lipids 738 % minerals 1047 % proteins

7/26/2014 37 Simulation models and prediction of growth conditions Maps: NASAs Earth Observatory / Hughes et al.

7/26/2014 38 Natural distribution of shallow water macroalgae across the globe The potential coastal areas to culture macroalgae for biogas are indicated in red line. Map: NASAs Earth Observatory

7/26/2014 39 Production cost of ethanol obtained from different sources of biomass Graph : http://www.algenol.com/sites/default/files/production_graph.png Algae Biofuel Process by Algenol Yields 8000 Gallons per Acre at $1.27 per Gallon Aims to produce 20 billion gallons per year of low cost ethanol by 2033 1 gallon = 3.78541 liters

7/26/2014 40 Summary Sustainability InnovationConsistency

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