glossary introduction - bbresources.s3.amazonaws.com · 3 glossary build up 3 basque © b...

�Build up 3 Basque © B Burlington Books

science /gOLmg/� zientziakshelf /iCoc/� apalakshoe shop /'iI�iFU/� oinetako-dendashorts /iGWg/� galtza motzaksink /gBnY/� konketasister /'gBgWL/� ahizpaskateboarding /'gYMWVGXBn/� patinetan ibiliskirt /gYKW/� gonasnake /gmMY/� sugesocks /gFYg/� galtzerdiaksofa /'gLHcL/� sofason /gJm/� semesports centre /'gUGWg�gCmWL/� polikiroldegisweater /'grCWL/� jertseswimming /'grBlBn/� igeriketaswimsuit /'grBlgIW/� bainujantzitable /'WMVo/� mahaitail /WMo/� buztan, isatstennis /'WCmBg/� tenistiger /'WOZL/� tigretrainers /'WpMmLh/� kiroletako oinetakoaktrousers /'WpPhLh/� galtzakT-shirt /'WAiKW/� mahuka motzeko elastikovan /dDm/� furgonetawashing machine /'rFiBn�lLiAm/� garbigailu

Unit �beef /VAc/� txahalki benefit /'VCmBcBW/� mozkin, onura bill /VBo/� kontu biscuit /'VBgYBW/� gaileta blood /VoJX/� odol brain /VpMm/� burmuin, garun broccoli /'VpFYLoi/� brokoli butter /'VJWL/� gurin cannoli /YL'mNoi/� cannoli (Siziliako gozo tipikoa) carrot /'YDpLW/� azenario chew /aI/� mastekatu, murtxikatuchewing gum /'aIBn�ZJl/� txiklecrisps /YpBgUg/� (poltsako) patata frijituakdelicious /XB'oBiLg/� gozo-gozo, ederdisturbance /XB'gWKVLmg/� zalapartadrinking chocolate /'XpBnYBn�aFYoLW/� txokolatezko irabiaki, egindako txokolate

eater /'AWL/� jale

introdUction

aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/� hegazkinarm /El/� besobakery /'VMYLpi/� okindegibasketball /'VEgYBWVGo/� saskibaloibath /'VEe/� bainuontzibathroom /'VEepIl/� bainugelabed /VCX/� ohebedroom /'VCXpIl/� logelabicycle /'VOgBYo/� bizikletaboat /VNW/� itsasontzibrother /'VpJfL/� anaiabus /VJg/� autobusbutcher’s /'VHaLh/� harategicar /YE/� autocarpet /'YEUBW/� alfonbrachair /aS/� aulkicomputer technology /YLlUqIWL�WCY'mFoLbi/� informatika

cupboard /'YJVLX/� armairucycling /'gOYoBn/� txirrindularitzadesk /XCgY/� idazmahaieagle /'AZo/� arranoear /R/� belarrieye /O/� begifootball /'cHWVGo/� futbolfridge /cpBb/� hozkailufrog /cpFZ/� igelgeography /bi'FZpLci/� geografiagrandfather /'ZpDmcEfL/� aitonahat /kDW/� txapelhistory /'kBgWpi/� historiahorse /kGg/� zaldihospital /'kFgUBWo/� erietxejacket /'bDYBW/� jaka, txaketajeans /bAmh/� galtza bakeroakkitchen /'YBWiBm/� sukaldelamp /oDlU/� lanparalibrary /'oOVpLpi/� liburutegiliving room /'oBdBn�pIl/� egongela, salamaths /lDeg/� matematikamother /'lJfL/� amamotorbike /'lNWLVOY/� motozikletapaw /UG/� erpe, atzaparscarf /gYEc/� lepoko

GLoSSArY

�

glossary

Build up 3 Basque © B Burlington Books

eating habit /'AWBn�kDVBW/� jateko ohituraegg /CZ/� arrautzaeyesight /'OgOW/� ikusmen, bistafirst course /cKgW�'YGg/� lehenengo platerfizzy drink /'cBhi XpBnY/� gasdun edarifresh /cpCi/� freskofrozen /'cpNhm/� izoztufruit /cpIW/� frutahealthy /'kCoei/� osasuntsuimprove /Bl'UpId/� hobetulemonade /oClL'mCBX/� limoi-edarimain course /lCBm�'YGg/� bigarren platermeal /lAo/� jatordumilk /lBoY/� esnemoussaka /lI'gEYL/� moussaka, musaka (plater grekoa)

muesli /'lqIhoi/� mueslimushroom /'lJipHl/� txanpiñoinatural /'mDapLo/� berezko, naturaloily /'Qoi/� oliotsu, koipetsuon time /Fm�'WOl/� garaiz iristen denapancake /'UDmYMY/� krepe, talopepper /'UCUL/� piperpopcorn /'UFUYGm/� arto-krispetakprawn /UpGm/� ganbaresearch /pB'gKa/� ikerketasalmon /'gDlLm/� izokinsalty /'gGoWi/� gazisausage /'gFgBb/� saltxitxaschoolwork /'gYIorKY/� etxeko lanakscore /gYG/� emaitza, notaseed /gAX/� hazisoup /gIU/� zopasour /'gPL/� garratzspicy /'gUOgi/� bizi, espeziatsusugarless /'iHZLoCg/� azukrerik gabekosweet /grAW/� gozotip /WBU/� eskupekounhealthy /Jm'kCoei/� ez osasuntsuwatermelon /'rGWLlCoLm/� angurri, sandiaweight /rMW/� pisu

Unit �artist /'EWBgW/� artistabeautiful /'VqIWBco/� eder, zoragarribin /VBm/� zaborrontzi, paperontziboring /'VGpBn/� aspergarribridge /VpBXj/� zubi

bright /VpOW/� distiratsu; azkar; (kolore) bizibrilliant /'VpBoiLmW/� bikaincartoon /YE'WIm/� komikietako binetacartoonist /YE'WImBgW/� marrazkilaricave /YMd/� haitzulocave painting /'YMd�UCBmWBn/� haitzuloetako pinturaclown /YoPm/� pailazocute /YqIW/� politdancer /'XEmgL/� dantzaridesign /XB'hOm/� diseinudisappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/� etsigarridraw /XpG/� marraztu, margotudrawing /'XpGBn/� marrazkidull /XJo/� aspergarri, moteleggshell /'CZiCo/� arrautza-azalexciting /BY'gOWBn/� zirraragarriextraordinary /BY'gWpGXLmpi/� aparteko, bikainfocus /'cNYLg/� zentratugraffiti /ZpL'cAWi/� grafitigraffiti artist /ZpL'cAWi EWBgW/� grafitien artistaimaginative /B'lDbBmLWBd/� irudimentsuinside /Bm'gOX/� barruan, barrukoitem /'OWLl/� artikulumural /'lqHLpLo/� horma-irudimusician /lqI'hBim/� musikariordinary /'GXmpi/� arruntpainter /'UCBmWL/� margolaripainting /'UCBmWBn/� margolanphotograph /'cNWLZpEc/� argazkiphotographer /cL'WFZpLcL/� argazkilaripotter /'UFWL/� eltzegile, ontzigilepottery /'UFWLpi/� zeramika, ontzigintzaremain /pB'lCBm/� gelditu, iraunsculptor /'gYJoUWL/� eskultoresculpture /'gYJoUaL/� eskulturaspecial /'gUCio/� berezi, espezialsurprising /gL'UpOhBn/� harrigarrithrow /epN/� bota, jaurtiugly /'JZoi/� itsusiwatch /rFa/� eskuturreko erlojuwild /rOoX/� basati

Unit 3BASE jumping /'VMg�bJlUBn/� BASE jauzibasket /'VEgYBW/� saskibat /VDW/� pala, bate

3

glossary


bossaball /'VFgLVGo/� bossaball (boleibola, futbola eta gimnasia konbinatzen dituen kirola)

bounce /VPmg/� bote / punpa eginbrave /VpMd/� ausartbreak the law /'VpMY�fL�oG/� legea hautsicool /YIo/� primerakocord /YGX/� soka, kordacourt /YGW/� pista, kantxacycling shoes /'gOYoBn�iIh/� txirrindularitzarako oinetakoak

extreme sport /BY'gWpAl�gUGW/� abentura-kirolfield /cAoX/� zelai, jokalekufoolish /'cIoBi/� burugabegolf club /'ZFoc�YoJV/� golfeko makilahard /kEX/� gogorhelmet /'kColBW/� kaskohit /kBW/� jo, kolpatuhold /kNoX/� eutsiindoors /Bm'XGh/� barruan, barrukoinflatable pad /Bm'coCBWLVo�UDX/� lastaira / koltxoi puzgarri

jog /bFZ/� footing eginkneepads /'mAUDXh/� belaunetakoakleap /oAU/� jauzi egin, salto eginlicence /'oOgmg/� baimennet /mCW/� gorrioutdoors /PW'XGh/� kanpoan, kanpokoparachute (n) /'UDpLiIW/� paraxut, jausgailuparachute (v) /'UDpLiIW/� paraxutean salto eginpass /UEg/� pasatupull /UHo/� tiratu; erakarripush /UHi/� bultzatureferee /pCcL'pA/� arbitrorisk /pBgY/� arriskaturollerblades /'pNoLVoMXh/� lerrokatutako gurpildun patinak

shoulder pads /'iNoXL�UDXh/� sorbalda-babesakskate /gYMW/� patinatuskateboard /'gYMWVGX/� patineteskates /gYMWg/� patinakski /gYA/� eskiatuskydiver /'gYOXOdL/� paraxutista akrobatiko, erorketa askeko paraxutista

skydiving /'gYOXOdBn/� paraxutismo akrobatiko, erorketa aske

slide /goOX/� irristatu, labaindutennis racket /'WCmBg�pDYBW/� teniseko erraketatenpin bowling /WCmUBm�'VNoBn/� bola-jokotrampoline /'WpDlULoAm/� ohe elastikowater bottle /'rGWL�VFWo/� ur-botila

Unit 4arid /'DpBX/� idor, lehorbite /VOW/� hozka egincave /YMd/� haitzulocliff /YoBc/� itsaslabarclimb /YoOl/� eskalatucorn /YGm/� artodamp /XDlU/� hezedeep /XAU/� sakondense /XCmg/� lodi, itxidiary /'XOLpi/� egunkari (keep a diary: egunkaria idatzi)

expedition /CYgUL'XBim/� espedizioexplorer /BY'gUoGpL/� esploratzailefellow /'cCoLH/� kide, lagunfield /cAoX/� zelaiflat /coæW/� lau, berdinfreedom /'cpAXLl/� askatasunget /ZCW/� iritsiget down on one’s knees /ZCW�XPm�Fm�rJmh�'mAh/� belaunikatu

glacier /'ZoDgiL/� glaziarground /ZpPmX/� lur, lursailhide /kOX/� ezkutatuhigh /kO/� altu, garaihill /kBo/� mendixka, muinoill /Bo/� gaixoisland /'OoLmX/� uhartejoin /bQm/� elkartu, batujump /bJlU/� salto egin, jauzi eginland /oDmX/� lurreratulead /oAX/� zuzendu, gidatulow /oLH/� baxumankind /læm'YOmX/� gizateriaraise /pMh/� bildurest /pCgW/� atseden harturocky /'pFYi/� harritsu, arrokatsuroute /pIW/� ibilbiderun /pJm/� bidaia; ibilaldisail /gMo/� nabigatusandy /'gDmXi/� hondartsusea /gA/� itsasosea captain /'gA�YæUWBm/� itsasontzi-kapitainshallow /'iDoN/� azalekoslave /goMd/� esklaboslavery /'goMdLpi/� esklabotzasmell /glCo/� usain, arrastospaceship /'gUMgiBU/� espazio-ontzisteep /gWAU/� maldatsu, aldapatsu

4

glossary


stream /gWpAl/� erreka, latsswamp /grFlU/� zingira, istingaunfortunately /Jm'cGaLmLWoi/� zoritxarrezvalley /'dDoi/� haran, bailarawaterfall /'rGWLcGo/� ur-jauzi

Unit 5achievement /L'WiAdlLmW/� lorpenarch /EWi/� arku, uztaibachelor’s degree /'VDWiLoLh�XBZpA/� lizentziabusinessman /'VBhmLglDm/� negozio-gizoncharacter /'YæpLYWL/� pertsonaiacheat /aAW/� tranpak egin; kopiatucollege /'YFoBb/� unibertsitateconfused /YLm'cqIhX/� nahastutaconfusing /YLm'cqIhBn/� nahasgarricourage /'YJpBb/� ausardia, adore

crime writer /'YpOl�pOWL/� polizia-nobelen idazle

deal /XAo/� tratu, akordiodelighted /XB'oOWBX/� poz-pozikdentist /'XCmWBgW/� dentistadetective /XB'WCYWBd/� detektibedisappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/� desengainatuta, etsitadisgusted /XBg'ZJgWBX/� sumindutaembarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/� lotsatutaevil /'Ado/� gaiztakeria, dongeexhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/� nekatuta, akitutaexhausting /BZ'hGgWBn/� nekagarrifingerprint /'cBnZLUpBmW/� hatz-aztarnafurious /'cqHLpiLg/� sutan, amorratutaguess /ZCg/� asmatuguilty /'ZBoWi/� errudunhairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/� ile-apaintzailehigh school /'kO�gYIo/� bigarren hezkuntzako institutu

hire /'kOL/� kontratatu, alokatujealous /'XjCoLg/� jeloskorjudge /bJb/� epailelawyer /'oGqL/� abokatulifetime /'oOcWOl/� bizitzalook forward to /oHY�'cGrLX�WL/� -t(z)eko desira izanloop /oIU/� begiztamurder /'lKXL/� hilketamurderer /'lKXLpL/� hiltzailenervous /'mKdLg/� urdurinoticeable /'mNWBgLVo/� bistako, nabarioptician /FU'WBim/� optikopirate /'UOpLW/� pirata

play /UoM/� antzezlanprimary school /'UpOlLpi�gYIo/� lehen hezkuntzako eskola

prison /'UpBhm/� kartzelaprivate detective /UpOdLW�XB'WCYWBd/� detektibe pribatu

proud /UpPX/� harroprove /UpId/� frogaturealise /'pALoOh/� konturatureliable /pB'oOLVo/� fidagarrireporter /pB'UGWL/� kazetari, berri-biltzailerobber /'pFVL/� lapursailor /'gMoL/� marinelscared /gYCLX/� izututa, beldurtutasoldier /'gNobL/� soldaduspy /gUO/� espioisuccess /gLY'gCg/� arrakastasuccessful /gLY'gCgco/� arrakastatsususpect /'gJgUCYW/� susmagarritrouble /'WpJVo/� arazo, zailtasun (be in trouble: arazoak izan)

truth /WpIe/� egiaundercover /JmXL'YJdL/� sekretu, isilekowhorl /rKo/� espiral, kiribilworried /'rJpiX/� kezkatuta

Unit 6avoid /L'dQX/� saihestuback /VDY/� bizkarbelt /VCoW/� gerrikocap /YæU/� txapelcashmere /'YDilR/� kaxmirchemist’s /'YClBgWg/� botikacomfortable /'YJlcWLVo/� erosodenim /'XCmBl/� ehun bakerodesigner /XB'hOmL/� diseinatzailedressmaker /'XpCglMYL/� jostunearrings /'BLpBnh/� belarritakoakfashion /'cæim/� moda (in fashion: modan dagoen, modako)

fashionable /'cæimLVo/� modakoflat /coæW/� lau, berdingloves /ZoJdh/� eskularruakhandbag /'kæmXVæZ/� poltsahigh heels /kO�'kAoh/� takoi altuakhot /kFW/� modakoitem /'OWLl/� jantzi, arropalatest /'oMWBgW/� azkeneko, berrienmini skirt /'lBmi gYKW/� minigona

5

glossary


modern /'lFXm/� modernonecklace /'mCYoLg/� lepokoold-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/� zaharkitu, modaz kanpoko

outdated /PW'XMWBX/� zaharkitu, modaz kanpokoplatform boots /'UoDWcGl�VIWg/� plataformadun botak

practical /'UpDYWBYo/� erabilgarri, praktikorebellion /pB'VCoqLm/� matxinadaring /pBn/� eraztunsmell /glCo/� usaindusunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/� eguzkitako betaurrekoaksurvey /'gKdM/� inkestateenager /'WAmMbL/� nerabethink for yourself /eBnY�cL�qG'gCoc/� zuk zeuk pentsatu

tie /WO/� gorbatatimeline /'WOloOm/� kronologiatrendy /'WpCmXi/� modako, modernounfashionable /Jm'cæimLVo/� modaz kanpoko, zaharkitu

unsafe /Jm'gMc/� arriskutsuunusual /Jm'qIjHLo/� ohiz kanpokowatch /rFa/� erloju

Unit 7astronaut /'DgWpLmGW/� astronautabeauty /'VqIWi/� edertasunbring back /VpBn�'VDY/� bueltan ekarribuild /VBoX/� eraikicheck /aCY/� egiaztatucloud /YoPX/� hodeiconnect /YL'mCYW/� konektatucookbook /'YHYVHY/� sukaldaritza-liburucucumber /'YqIYJlVL/� pepino, luzokerdesign /XB'hOm/� diseinatudevelop /XB'dCoLU/� garatu; landuengineering /CmbB'mBLpBn/� ingeniaritzaexplain /BY'gUoMm/� azaldufollow /'cFoN/� jarraitufortune teller /'cGaIm�WCoL/� igorle, aztigod /ZFX/� jainkogravity /'ZpDdLWi/� grabitategreenhouse /'ZpAmkPg/� negutegigrow /ZpN/� hazi; landu, laboratuinvolve /Bm'dFod/� tartean sartu, nahasileave /oAd/� utzi, -tik alde eginlight /oOW/� arinmeteor /'lAWiL/� meteoro; meteorito

moon /lIm/� ilarginame after /mMl�'EcWL/� -en izena jarriordinary /'GXmpi/� arruntplan /UoDm/� antolatuplanet /'UoDmBW/� planetaplanetarium /UoDmB'WSpiLl/� planetarioprotect /UpL'WCYW/� babesturepair /pB'UCL/� konpondusolar system /'gNoL�gBgWLl/� eguzki-sistemaspace shuttle /'gUMg�iJWo/� transbordadore espazialspacesuit /'gUMggIW/� espazio-jantzistar /gWE/� izarsun /gJm/� eguzkitelescope /'WCoBgYNU/� teleskopiowar /rG/� gudawarm /rGl/� bero

Unit 8add to /'DX�WI/� gehituairport /'CLUGW/� aireportualternative /Go'WKmLWBd/� desberdin, alternatiboant /DmW/� inurriart gallery /'EW�ZDoLpi/� arte-aretobattery /'VDWpi/� bateriabiologist /VO'FoLbBgW/� biologobus station /'VJg�gWMim/� autobus-geltokicar park /'YE�UEY/� aparkalekucarriage /'YDpBb/� gurdicatch /YDa/� hartu, harrapatuchange /aMmb/� aldatuchariot /'WiDpiLW/� gurdidepartment store /XB'UEWlLmW�gWG/� saltoki handiakdog sled /'XFZ�goCX/� txakurrez tiratutako leradrive /XpOd/� gidatuexit /'CYgBW/� irteerafactory /'cæYWpi/� lantegifold /cNoX/� tolestuget angry /ZCW�'DnZpi/� haserretuget hurt /ZCW�'kKW/� min hartuget in /ZCW�'Bm/� sartu; iritsi (garraiobide batean)

get off /ZCW�'Fc/� jaitsiget on /ZCW�'Fm/� igogo around /ZLH�L'pPmX/� itzulingurua emanhurry out /kJpi 'PW/� korrika ateraland /oDmX/� lurreratulead /oAX/� zuzendu, gidatumiss /lBg/� galdunarrow /'mDpN/� estu

6

glossary


obstacle /'FVgWLYo/� oztopooffice /'FcBg/� bulegopark /UEY/� aparkatupath /UEe/� bidezidorperhaps /UL'kDUg/� agian, beharbadapillar /'UBoL/� zutabepost office /'UNgW�FcBg/� postetxequickly /'YrBYoi/� berehala, agudorace /pMg/� lasterketarecharge /pA'aEb/� berriz kargaturickshaw /'pBYiG/� gizonak tiratutako gurdiride /pOX/� (gainean) ibiliSegway /'gCZrM/� Segway (garraiobide arin)snowmobile /'gmNlLVAo/� elurretarako motostadium /'gWCBXiLl/� estadiostop /gWFU/� geldituswimming pool /'grBlBn�UIo/� igerilekutake /WMY/� hartu; eramantake off /WMY�'Fc/� aireratutake place /WCBY�'UoMg/� izan, ospatutheatre /'eBLWL/� antzerkitraffic jam /'WpDcBY�bDl/� auto-ilaratwo-wheeled /WI'rAoX/� bi gurpilekouniversity /qImB'dKgLWi/� unibertsitate

Unit 9advertise /'DXdLWOh/� iragarriburn /VKm/� errechat room /'aDW�pIl/� eztabaida-talde, chatcomplicated /'YFlUoBYMWBX/� korapilatsucontemporary /YLm'WClUpLpi/� garaikidedirt /XKW/� zikinkeriadishwasher /'XBirFiL/� ontzi-garbigailudryer /'XpOL/� lehorgailuelectric kettle /BoCYWpBY�'YCWo/� irakingailu elektrikoenormous /B'mGlLg/� erraldoientertainment /CmWL'WCBmlLmW/� entretenimendu, denbora-pasa; ikuskizun

find out /cOmX�'PW/� aurkitu, jakinfood processor /'cIX�UpNgCgL/� sukaldeko errobotfreezer /'cpAhL/� izozkailuhair dryer /'kCL�XpOL/� ile-lehorgailuhand-written /kæmX'pBWm/� eskuz idatzitahi-tech /kO'WCY/� goi-teknologiaimmediately /B'lAXiLWoi/� berehala, segituanimprove /Bl'UpId/� hobetuindispensable /BmXB'gUCmgLVo/� ezinbestekoiron /'OLm/� lisaburdina, plantxa

lazy /'oCBhi/� alfernoisy /'mQhi/� zaratatsuold-fashioned /NoX'cDimX/� zaharkitu, antigoalekooven /'Jdm/� labepassword /'UEgrKX/� pasahitzpick /UBY/� jaso, bildupocket money /'UFYBW�lJmi/� poltsiko-diru; eskupeko, diru-sari

pop /UFU/� lehertuportable /'UGWLVo/� eramangarri, portatilprinting press /'UpBmWBn�UpCg/� inprentaradio play /'pMXiN�UoM/� irratirako antzezlanreport /pB'UGW/� kronika, erreportajesettler /'gCWoL/� kolonizatzailesignificant /gBZ'mBcBYLmW/� esanguratsu, garrantzitsusimple /'gBlUo/� xume, sinplesoap opera /'gNU�FUpL/� irrati-nobelatablecloth /'WMVoYoFe/� mahai-zapithough /fLH/� nahiz etatin opener /'WBm�NUmL/� lata-irekigailutoaster /'WLHgWL/� txigorgailuuseful /'qIgco/� erabilgarriuseless /'qIgoLg/� alferrikako, ezertarako balio ez duena

user name /'qIhL�mMl/� erabiltzaile-izenvacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl�YoAmL/� xurgagailuwheel /rAo/� gurpil

7Build up 3 Basque © B Burlington Books

introdUction Unit

Classroom language

Please be quiet. /UoAh�VA�'YrOLW/� Isildu, mesedez.

Can you help me, please? /YLm�qI�'kCoU�lA�UoAh/� Laguntzerik baduzu, mesedez?

Can I borrow (a pencil), please? /YLm�O�'VFpLH�(L�UCmgo)�UoAh/� (Arkatza) utziko didazu, mesedez?

Open your books to page (15). /'NULm�qG�VHYg�WL�UMb�(cBcWAm)/� Ireki liburuak (15.) orrialdean.

What is the homework? /rFW�Bh�fL�'kNlrKY/� Etxerako zer lan ditugu?

What’s this in English? /rFWg�fBg�Bm�'BnZoBi/� Nola esaten da hau ingelesez?

What page are we on? /rFW�'UMb�L�rA�Fm/� Zein orrialdetan gaude?

Can you repeat that, please? /YLm�qI�pB'UAW�fDW�UoAh/� Errepika dezakezu, mesedez?

Unit �

Ordering food

Would you like (a drink)? /rHX�qI�'oOY�(L�XpBnY)/� Zerbait (edan) nahi duzu?

I’d prefer (Italian food), please. /OX�UpB'cK�(BWDoBLm�cIX)�UoAh/� (Janari italiarra) nahigo dut, mesedez.

Do you want (sausages) or (beef )? /XL�qI�rFmW�('gFgBbBh)�G�('VAc)/� (Saltxitxak) ala (txahalkia) nahi duzu?

I’d like (salmon), please. /OX�oOY�('gDlLm)�UoAh/� (Izokina) hartuko dut, mesedez.

Making suggestions

What about (Mexican food)? /'rFW�LVPW�(lCsBYm�cIX)/� Eta (janari mexikarra)?

Good idea! /ZHX�O'XR/� Ederra ideia!

Why don’t we (go to a restaurant)? /rO�'XLHmW�rA�(ZLH�WI�L�pCgWpFmW)/� Zergatik ez gara (jatetxe batera) joaten?

I don’t really like (Chinese food). /O�XLHmW�pBLoi 'oOY�(WiOmAh�cIX)/� Ez zait (janari txinatarra) gehiegi gustatzen.

Unit �

Asking for information

When is the (painting course)? /rCm�Bh�fL�('UCBmWBn�YGg)/� Noiz da (pintura ikastaroa)?

What time does it start? /rFW�WOl�XJh�BW�'gWEW/� Zer ordutan hasten da?

How much does it cost? /kP�lJa�XJh�BW�'YFgW/� Zenbat balio du?

Describing a picture

We can see (two men). /rA�YLm�'gA�(WI�lCm)/� (Bi gizon) ikusten ditugu.

There’s (a dog). /fCLh�(L�'XFZ)/� (Txakur bat) dago.

He’s got (a cat). /kCh�ZFW�(L�'YDW)/� (Katu bat) du.

In this picture, (there’s a river). /Bm�'fBg�UBYaL�(fCLh�L�pBdL)/� Marrazki / argazki honetan (ibaia dago).

SPEAKinG GUidE


Unit 3

Responding to requests

No, I’m (using it tomorrow). /mN�Ol�(qIhBn�BW�WL'lFpN)/� Ez, (bihar erabiliko) dut.

Sure. /iHL/� Noski / Jakina.

Of course. /Fd�'YGg/� Jakina.

No problem. /mN�'UpFVoLl/� Ez dago arazorik.

OK, but (I need them on Tuesday). /N'YM�VJW�(O�mAX�eCl�Fm�'WqIhXM)/� Ongi da, baina (asteartean behar ditut).

Sorry, (my friend has got it). /'gFpi (lO�cpCmX�kLh�ZFW�BW)/� Sentitzen dut, baina (nire lagunak du).

Comparing sports

(Tennis lessons) are more (expensive) than (football lessons). /('WCmBg�oCgmh)�L�lG�(BYgUCmgBd)�fLm�('cHWVGo�oCgmh)/� (Teniseko klaseak) (garestiagoak) dira (futboleko klaseak) baino.

Yes, but they aren’t as (expensive) as (skiing lessons). /qCg�VLW�fM�EmW�Dh�(BYgUCmgBd)�Dh�('gYABn�oCgmh)/� Bai, baina ez dira (eskiatzeko klaseak) bezain (garestiak).

It’s the most (exciting sport in the world). /BWg�fL�lNgW�(BY'gOWBn�gUGW�Bm�fL�rGoX)/� (Munduan dagoen kirolik zirraragarri)ena da.

Unit 4

Ordering tickets

Can I help you? /Yæm�O�'kCoU�qI/� Laguntzea nahi duzu?

How many (tickets) do you want? /kP�lCmi ('WBYBWg) XI�qI�rFmW/� Zenbat (txartel / sarrera) nahi dituzu?

How much is (a ticket)? /kP�lJa�Bh�(L�'WBYBWg)/� Zenbat balio du (txartel / sarrera batek)?

How long is (the tour)? /kP�'oFn�Bh�(fL�WHL)/� Zenbat irauten du (bisitaldiak)?

Talking about the past

What (countries) did you visit? /rFW�('YJmWpih)�XBX�qI�dBhBW/� Zein (herrialdetan) egon zinen?

How did you travel? /kP�XBX�qI�'WpDdo/� Nola bidaiatu zenuen?

What did you take with you? /rFW�XBX�qI�'WMY�rBf�qI/� Zer eraman zenuen zeurekin?

What did you do? /rFW�XBX�qI�'XI/� Zer egin zenuen?

How long was your journey? /kP�oFn�rLh�qG�'bKmi/� Zenbat denbora iraun zuen bidaiak?

Unit 5

Talking about emotions

I feel (worried). /O�cAo�('rJpiX)/� (Kezkatuta) nago.

Talking about a past event

Can you describe (them)? /YLm�qI�XB'gYpOV�(fCl)/� Deskriba (ditzake)zu?

What were they wearing? /rFW�rK�fM�'rCLpBn/� Zer zeramaten soinean?

What happened? /rFW�'kDULmX/� Zer gertatu zen?

speaking guide


Unit 6

Giving advice

You should (wear that colour)./qI�iLX�('rCL�fDW�YJoL)/� (Kolore hori) eraman behar zenuke.

You shouldn’t (arrive late). /qI�'iHXmW�(LpOd�oCBW)/� Ez zenuke (berandu iritsi) behar.

Giving opinions

I think (he’s very trendy). /O�'eBnY�(kAh�dCpi WpCmXi)/� (Oso modernoa) dela uste dut.

It’s very (fashionable). /BWg�dCpi�('cæimLVo)/� Oso (modakoa) da.

Unit 7

Discussing plans

Where are you going (next week)? /rCL�L�qI�'ZLHBn�(mCYgW�rAY)/� Nora zoaz (datorren astean)?

How are you going to get there? /kP�L�qI�ZLHBn�WL�'ZCW�fS/� Nola joango zara hara?

Who is going with you? /kI�Bh�'ZLHBn�rBf�qI/� Nor doa zurekin?

What are you going to do? /rFW�L�qI�ZLHBn�WL�'XI/� Zer egingo duzu?

Making predictions

I will (live in London). /O�rBo�(oBd�Bm�'oJmXLm)/� (Londresen bizi)ko naiz.

Unit 8

Asking for directions

How do I get to (the library)? /kP�XI�O�ZCW�WL�(fL�'oOVpLpi)/� Nola irits naiteke (liburutegira)?

Turn left. /WKm�'oCcW/� Ezkerretara biratu.

Go straight. /ZLH�'gWpMW/� Zuzen jarraitu.

Cross the road. /YpFg�fL�'pNX/� Kalea zeharkatu.

Turn right. /WKm�'pOW/� Eskuinetara biratu.

Talking about experiences

Have you ever (been to Africa)? /kLd�qI�CdL�(VAm�WL�'DcpBYL)/� Inoiz (izan al zara Afrikan)?

No, I haven’t, but I’ve (been to India). /mN�O�kDdmW�VJW�Od�(VAm�WL�'BmXiL)/� Ez, baina (Indian izan naiz).

Unit 9

Agreeing and disagreeing

I think you’re wrong. /O�eBnY�qHL�'pFn/� Oker zaudela uste dut.

I don’t think so. /O�XLHmW�'eBnY�gN/� Ez dut uste.

I can’t believe you said that. /O�YEmW�VB'oAd�qI�gCX��fDW/� Ezin dut sinetsi hori esan duzunik.

That’s true. /eDWg�'WpI/� Egia da.

You’re right. /qHL�'pOW/� Arrazoi duzu.

Definitely. /'XCcBmLWoi/� Erabat ziur.

Describing a process

First, (the vegetables are cut). /'cKgW�(fL�dCbWLVoh�L�YJW)/� Lehenengo, (barazkiak mozten dira).

Next, (the oil is put on the salad). /'mCYgW�(fA�Qo�Bh�UHW�Fm�fL�gDoLX)/� Gero, (olioa botatzen zaio entsaladari).

speaking guide

INTRODUCTION

To be aditzak “izan / egon” esan nahi du eta batzuetan “eduki” ere bai. Orainaldian hiru aldaera ditu am, is eta are. Hauek izenordain subjektuarekin bat egiten dute hitz egiterakoan. Ezezko era osatzeko not gehituko diegu hiru aldaerei edo n’t laburtua is eta are formei. Galderetan aditza subjektuaren aurrean kokatuko dugu, eta erantzun motzetan izenordain subjektuaren ondotik, uztartzeke baiezko erantzunetan, eta uztartuta ezezkoetan. Are they at the park? No, they aren’t. They’re at the cinema. (Parkean al daude? Ez. Zineman daude.)

Have got aditzak “eduki” esan nahi du, norbaitek duena adierazten du eta zerbaitek edo norbaitek dituen ezaugarriak deskribatzen. Orainaldian bi forma ditu have got eta has got. Ezezkoa osatzeko not edo n’t laburtua gehituko diegu have eta has aldaerei. Galderetan subjektua have / has eta got aditzen artean kokatuko dugu, baina erantzun motzetan lehenengo izenordain subjektua erabiliko dugu eta ondoren have / haven’t edo has / hasn’t, got partikularik gabe.Have you got a dog? No, I haven’t, but I’ve got a horse. (Txakurrik ba al duzu? Ez, baina zaldi bat dut.)

There is / There are

There is formak “dago” esangura du eta there are formak “daude”. There is singularrak gauza bakarra dagoela adierazten du. Izen zenbakarri singularra edo zenbakaitza du ondotik. There are pluralak bi gauza edo gehiago daudela adierazten du. Izen zenbakarri pluralekin bakarrik erabil daiteke.There is a new table in the kitchen. (Mahai berria dago sukaldean.)There are four books in my bag. (Lau liburu daude nire poltsan.)

Ezezko era is eta are aditz-formen ondoren not edo n’t laburtua ezarriz osatzen da. There are not (aren’t) any carpets in my house. (Ez dago alfonbrarik nire etxean.)

Galderek is ala are daramate hasieran. Erantzun motzetan ohiko hurrenkera erabiliko dugu eta, ezezkoak badira berauek, forma laburtuak hautatuko ditugu. Is there any milk in the fridge? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t. (Esnerik ba al dago hozkailuan? Bai. / Ez.)

Present Simple ohiko ekintzak eta egia orokorrak deskribatzeko erabiltzen da, eta gustuak, iritziak eta ordutegiak azaltzeko.I always play tennis with my brother. (Beti ibiltzen naiz tenisean nire anaiarekin.) Horses run fast. (Zaldiek azkar egiten dute korrika.) I love maths. (Ikaragarri gustatzen zait matematika.) The library opens at 9.00. (Liburutegia 9etan zabaltzen dute.)

Baiezko eran -s gehitzen zaio 3. pertsona singularrari; ondorengo aditzei, ordea, -es:

• ss, sh, ch eta x batez bukatzen direnei: pass ➝ passes wash ➝ washes teach ➝ teaches mix ➝ mixes

• o batez bukatzen direnei: do ➝ does go ➝ goes

• kontsonantea + y bukaera dutenei. Kasu honetan y, i bilakatuko da: study ➝ studies carry ➝ carries

Ezezko era aditzaren aurrean don’t / doesn’t kokatuz eratzen da. I don’t play basketball. (Ez naiz saskibaloian ibiltzen.)

Galderetan do ala does + subjektua + aditza dugu hurrenkera. Gogoan izan erantzun motzek izenordain subjektua soilik eramaten dutela + do / does ala don’t / doesn’t, erantzunaren arabera.Do you like geography? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t. (Geografia gustatzen zaizu? Bai. / Ez.)

Present Simple

to be, have got

GRammaR appeNDIx

10 Build up 3 Basque © B Burlington Books

Present Continuous

Present Continuous aldiak hitz egiten ari garen unean edo orainaldi zabalago batean gertatzen ari dena adierazten du. To be orainaldian dela + -ing amaiera duen aditzaz osatzen da. Barry is swimming in the sea. (Barry itsasoan igeri egiten ari da.)

Ezezkoa osatzeko not gehituko diegu am, is eta are aldaerei, edo n’t laburtua is eta are formei.Your sister isn’t wearing the red dress. (Zure ahizpak ez darama soineko gorria.)

Galderetan to be aditza + subjektua + -ing amaieradun aditza dugu hurrenkera. Erantzun motzetan izenordain subjektua erabiliko dugu, ondotik am, is edo are aldaerak dituela, eta ezezko kasuetan forma laburtuak erabiliko ditugu ondotik.Are you watching TV now? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Telebista ikusten ari al zara orain? Bai. / Ez.)

Aditzari -ing bukaera gehitu aurretik, ondorengo ortografia-arauak jarraitu behar ditugu:

• Aditza e mutuaz bukatzen bada, e galdu egiten du: arrive ➝ arriving

• Silaba bakarreko aditza bada eta bokala + kontsonantea amaieran, azken kontsonantea bikoizten da: put ➝ putting

• Bi silabaduna bada eta bigarrengoan badu azentua, azken kontsonantea bikoizten da: refer ➝ referring begin ➝ beginning

• Bi silabaduna bada eta l batez amaitzen bada, kontsonante hau bikoizten da: travel ➝ travelling

• ie bukaera badu, bi hizki horiek y batez ordeztuko dira: die ➝ dying

1Circle the correct answer.

1. Allthestudentsis/areintheclassroom.

2.Davehavegot/hasgotthreesisters.

3. Iamnot/haven’tgothungry.

4.Have/Hastheygotmathstoday?

5.Is/Areyouexcitedabouttheparty?

6.Wehaven’tgot/aren’tacar.

7.Thereis/Therearefivepeopleinmyfamily.

8.Arethere/Isthereaparknearyourhouse?

Check Yourself!

Answers, see page 30

2Circle the correct answer.

1.Igo/goestothesportscentretwiceaweek.

2.Alexstudy/studiesFrenchatschool.

3.Scottdon’tplay/doesn’tplaytennis.

4.Do/Doesyoutakebooksfromthelibrary?

5. AliceandMattishaving/arehavingbreakfastnow.

6. Mumistalking/amtakingonthephoneatthemoment.

7. Is/Areyoucomingtotheparty?

8. Weisn’tworking/aren’tworkingrightnow.

Grammar appendix


Zenbatzaileak

Zenbatzaileak zerbaiten kopuru zehatzak ez ditugunean erabiltzen dira.

• a lot of (pila, asko) izen zenbakarri pluralekin eta zenbakaitzekin erabiltzen da.I eat a lot of oranges. (Laranja asko jaten ditut.) There is a lot of food. (Jateko pila dago.)

• many (asko) izen zenbakarri pluralekin erabiltzen da. There are many tomatoes in the fridge. (Tomate asko daude hozkailuan.)

• much (asko) izen zenbakaitzekin bakarrik erabiltzen da ezezko eta galderazko perpausetan.I haven’t got much time. (Ez dut denbora askorik.)

• How much? (Zenbat?) izen zenbakaitzen aurrean joaten da, eta to be aditzarekin, gauza batek zenbat balio duen galdetzeko.How much fruit do you want? (Zenbat fruta nahi duzu?) How much is a kilo of apples? (Zenbat balio du kilo bat sagarrek?)

• How many? (Zenbat?) izen zenbakarri pluralekin bakarrik erabil daiteke.How many tomatoes do you need for the salad? (Zenbat tomate behar dituzu entsaladarako?)

The artikuluak goian ikusi ditugun zenbatzaileen antzeko erabilera du. The artikuluak euskarazko izenaren bukaerako “-a, -ak, -ek” esangura du eta hiztunari ezagunak zaizkion izen zenbakarrien nola zenbakaitzen aurrean erabiltzen da.

I’ve got some pizzas. The pizzas are from the supermarket. (Pizza batzuk dituk. Pizzak supermerkatukoak dira.)

UNIT 1

1Complete the chart with the words below. Use a / an or some.

atlas•olive•piano•flour•wall•salt•biscuit•butter•beef•umbrella•dress•music

Countable nounsUncountable nouns

Singular plural

an atlas some atlases

12

Grammar appendix


2Choose the correct answers.

1. Thatmanisveryrich.He’sgot money. a. alotof b. much c. many

2. Iwant milk,please. a. any b. some c. much

3. Arethere messagesforme? a. any b. a c. much

4. I’dliketoeat yoghurtandmuesli. a. an b. some c. any

5. Ihaven’tgot moneyinmywallet. a. some b. many c. much

6. Thereisanewfilmatthecinema.Iwanttosee film. a. any b. a c. the

3Complete the sentences with the words below. You can use some words more than once.

some•any•an•many•a

1. Iwant milkinmycoffeebutIdon’twant sugar.

2. Shedoesn’twant mushroomswithherhamburger.Shedoesn’tlikethem.

3. Ialwayshave drinkingchocolateinthemorning.

4. There’s newrestaurantonMarketStreet.

5. Arethere caloriesin100gramsofchocolate?

6. Thereis atlasonmydesk.

4Complete the questions with How much or How many.

1. timedoyouspendwatchingTVeveryday?

2. newstudentsarethereinyourclass?

3. applesarethereontheplate?

4. waterdoyouwanttodrink?


Circle the correct answers.

1. Ihaven’tgotmuch/manytimetoday.

2. Thereareany/alotofapplesonthetree.

3. He’sgota/annewiPod.

4. Aretherealotof/muchpeopleattheconcert?

5. Howmuch/manysugardoyouwantinyourcoffee?

6. Therearen’tmuch/manycarsontheroad.

7. Ihaven’tgotany/somemushroomsonmypizza.

8. Howmany/muchsausagescanyoueat?

Check Yourself!

some any

How much

Grammar appendix


Present Simple aditz-denborak ohikoak diren ekintzak adierazten ditu, Present Continuous aldiak, berriz, hitz egiteko unean gertatzen ari dena adierazten du.I usually make ceramic pots, but now I’m making a sculpture.(Normalean zeramikazko eltzeak egiten ditut, baina orain eskultura egiten ari naiz.)

Kontuan izan denbora-esamoldeek bien arteko desberdintasuna argitzen laguntzen digutela.

Aditz estatikoak

Sentimenduak, gustuak eta desioak adierazteko erabiltzen ditugu. Egoerak adierazten dituzte eta ez ekintzak. Horregatik, ez dira forma iraunkorretan erabiltzen.She knows the answer.(Badaki erantzuna.)

1Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple.

1. I (watch)TVeveryafternoon.

2. Thegraffitiartist (draw)onwallsinthecity.

3. People (notwant)graffitiontheirhouses.

4. Mybrothers (study)arttwiceaweek.

5. you (go)toartlessonsonTuesdays?

6. Myaunt (notlike)modernart.

2Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Continuous.

1. Thecartoonist (draw)acartoonnow.

2. Thestudents (watch)thepotteratthemoment.

3. you (listen)tothemusic?

4. Mysister (notpaint)apictureonherwallatthemoment.

5. I (make)aceramicpotinmyartlesson.

6. Greg (do)hishomeworknow?

3 Choose the correct answer.

1. Bendoesn’tsit/isn’tsittingnexttomeinclasseveryday.

2. JaneandIwatch/arewatchinganewprogrammeatthemoment.

3. Doyouwrite/Areyouwritingonyourblogeveryweek?

4. Ialwaystravel/amtravellingonthisbus.

5. Thestudentsstudy/arestudyinghistorynow.

6. Wedon’tgo/aren’tgoingoutonSundayevenings.

watch

is drawing

UNIT 2 Present Simple eta Present Continuous aditz-denboren

arteko aldea

14

Grammar appendix


paint

Are you watching that programme at the moment?

4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. Iusually (paint)intheevening.

2. Mysister (wait)formeattheartgallerynow.

3. Somepeople (notlike)thenewmuralonthewallofthelibrary.

4. Myfriends (sit)intheclassroomatthemoment.

5. Thesculptor (notwork)inhisstudioeveryday.

6. We (notunderstand)modernart.

5 Write questions with the words below. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. you/watch/thatprogramme/atthemoment

2. yourbrother/usually/ride/hisbicycle/toschool

3. thecartoonist/draw/afunnycartoon/everyday

4. thestudents/study/art/atthemoment

5. when/you/want/toleave

6. themuseum/open/atnineo’clock/onSundays

7. you/go/to/artlessons/twiceaweek

8. how/she/know/yourcousin


Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or the Present Continuous.

1. I (go)tothemuseumeveryweek.

2. We (like)thispicture.

3. Thephotographerusually (take)photographsinthepark,butatthemomenthe (notwork)there.

4. FrankandAllen (draw)differentdrawingseveryday?

5. Graffitiartistsusually (do)theirworkatnight.

6. Manyartists (notget)alotofmoneyfortheirwork.

7. you (spend)anytimeinthemuseumduringtheweek?

8. We (watch)aninterestingprogrammeaboutmodernartnow.

Check Yourself!

Grammar appendix


3. ThePacificOceanisbiggerthantheAtlanticOcean.

theAtlanticOcean/big/thePacificOcean

4. Thesesausagesarespicierthanthehamburgers.

thehamburgers/spicy/asthesesausages

Konparatiboa eta superlatiboa

Egitura konparatiboa eta superlatiboa egoki osatzeko kontuan izan behar dugu darabilgun adjektiboa motza ala luzea den.

• Adjektibo motzek -er / -est bukaerak hartzen dituzte. Gainera, konparatiboarekin than erabiltzen da eta superlatiboarekin the.

Paul is younger than David. (Paul David baino gazteagoa da.) You’re the tallest person in your family. (Zure familiako pertsonarik garaiena zara.)

Bukaera hauek, -er / -est, alegia, egoki gehitzeko, ondorengo ortografia-arauak jarraitu behar dira:

- E mutuaz amaitzen bada, r edo st soilik gehituko dugu: wide ➝ wider, nice ➝ nicest - Bokala + kontsonantea baditu bukaeran, kontsonantea bikoizten da: big ➝ bigger, fat ➝ fattest - Kontsonantea + y amaieraduna bada, y hori i batez ordeztuko dugu: heavy ➝ heavier pretty ➝ prettiest baina shy ➝ shyer, shyest

• Adjektibo luzeak berdin mantentzen dira, baina aurretik more / the most jarrita. Tennis is more exciting than volleyball. (Tenisa zirraragarriagoa da boleibola baino.) Football is the most popular sport in the UK. (Futbola da Erresuma Batuko kirolik ezagunena.)

Adjektibo irregularrek ez dute araurik jarraitzen konparatiboa eta superlatiboa osatzeko. good ➝ better ➝ the best (on, hobe, onen); bad ➝ worse ➝ the worst (txar, txarrago, txarren)

Gogoan izan: bi gauza konparatzeko eta berdinak edo desberdinak direla esateko (not) as + adjektiboa + as egitura erabiliko dugu, eta “bezain … da” edo “ez da ... bezain…” itzuliko dugu.Sandy is as old as Paul. (Sandy Paul bezain zaharra da.)Rafael Nadal is not as tall as Pau Gasol. (Rafael Nadal ez da Pau Gasol bezain garaia.)

UNIT 3

1Complete the sentences with the comparative form of the adjective.

1. Londonis (big)Amsterdam.

2. Anaeroplaneis (fast)acar.

3. Atennisracketisusually (expensive)apaddle.

4. Joggingis (safe)thanrollerblading.

5. Walkingis (easy)jumping.

2Complete the sentences with the superlative form of the adjective.

1. Thetinymosquitois (dangerous)animalintheworld.

2. ThePetronasTowersinKualaLumpuraren’t (tall)buildingsintheworld.

3. Footballis (popular)sportintheworld.

4. The (expensive)bikeintheworldcosts$75,000.

5. TheSSCUltimateAerocango413kilometresanhour.Itis (fast)carintheworld.

3Write sentences with as … as or not as … as.

1. Thesetrainersare€20.Thoseshoesarealso€20.

thetrainers/expensive/theshoes

2. LondonisolderthanManhattan.

Manhattan/old/London

bigger than

the most dangerous

The trainers are as expensive as the shoes.

16

Grammar appendix


Too adjektibo baten aurrean kokatzen da, adjektiboak adierazitako ezaugarria gehiegizkoa dela azalduz, eta “…-egi” esangura du.Mike is too lazy to play sport. (Mike alferregia da kirola egiteko.)It’s too hot to play tennis. (Beroegi egiten du tenisean jokatzeko.)

Enough adjektiboaren ondoren kokatzen da eta “aski, nahiko” esan nahi du.She’s tall enough to play basketball. (Nahiko luzea da saskibaloian jolasteko.)

Kontrara, not + adjektiboa + enough egiturak zerbait nahikoa ez dela adierazten du, hau da, “ez behar bezain beste” itzul dezakegu.David is not tall enough to play basketball. (Davidek ez du behar bezainbesteko luzera saskibaloian jolasteko.)

too … / (not) … enough

4Complete the sentences with too … or (not) … enough.

1. Lisawantstobeinthebasketballteambutsheisonly1.55mtall.Sheis(tall)tobeintheteam.

2. I’mnotfinishingthisbook.It’s (boring)toreadit.

3. Annaisthreeyearsold.She’s (old)toplayoutsidealone.

4. Idon’tlikeclassicalmusic.It’s (dull)forme.

5. Iwanttobeadentist,butmymarksatschoolare (good).

not tall enough

Choose the sentence with the same meaning as the sentences in bold.

1. Abbieis1.55metrestall.Hollyis1.60metrestall.

a. AbbieisshorterthanHolly. b. AbbieisastallasHolly. c. AbbieistallerthanHolly.

2. TomandBobrunfasterthantheotherstudents.

a. TomandBobarethefastestrunners intheclass. b. BobisfasterthanTom. c. BobisnotasfastasTom.

3. Thesejeansaresize42.Iwearsize30.

a. Thesejeansaretoosmallforme. b. Thesejeansarenotbigenoughforme. c. Thesejeansaretoobigforme.

4. Thefilmismoreexcitingthanthebook.

a. Thefilmisboring. b. Thebookisn’tasexcitingasthefilm. c. Thebookistooexciting.

Check Yourself!5. Leonisthestrongeststudentinourclass.

a. EveryoneinourclassisstrongerthanLeon. b. NooneinourclassisasstrongasLeon. c. EveryoneinourclassisasstrongasLeon.

6. Thisflatistoosmallforourfamily.

a. Thisflatisn’tbigenoughforourfamily. b. Ourfamilyneedsasmallerflat. c. Thisflatisbigenoughforourfamily.

7. Juliealwaysgets100inmathstests.Tednevergets100.

a. Julieisthebestmathsstudentintheclass. b. JulieisbetteratmathsthanTed. c. TedisasgoodatmathsasJulie.

8. Ithinkbiologyisthemostinterestingschoolsubject.

a. Biologyismoreinterestingthanhistory. b. Biologyisn’tasinterestingashistory. c. Historyisasinterestingasbiology.


Grammar appendix


Past Simple

Past Simple aditz-denbora iraganean gertatutako ekintzak adierazteko eta istorioak lehenaldian kontatzeko erabiltzen da. Horregatik, esaldian ekintza noiz gertatu zen adieraziko duen denbora-esamolderen bat joan ohi da (in 1990, yesterday, last week, two years ago, etab.).I went to New York last month. (Joan den hilean New Yorken izan nintzen.)

Gogoan izan aditz erregularrei -ed bukaera gehitzerakoan, ondorengo ortografia-arauak jarraitu behar direla:

• Aditza -e mutuaz amaitzen bada, -d gehituko dugu soilik: invite ➝ invited dance ➝ danced

• Kontsonantea + y baditu amaieran, y hori i batez ordeztuko dute: try ➝ tried cry ➝ cried

• Silaba bakarrekoak izanda, bokala + kontsonantea badituzte amaieran, kontsonantea bikoizten dute, w eta x kontsonanteak salbu:

plan ➝ planned stop ➝ stopped pero fix ➝ fixed

• Bi silabadunak badira, azentua azkenekoan daramatenak eta bokala + kontsonantea dituztenak amaieran, azken kontsonantea bikoizten dute:

prefer ➝ preferred pero listen ➝ listened

• l amaiera dutenek, kontsonante hau bikoiztuko dute: travel ➝ travelled

Aditz irregularrak desberdinak dira eta buruz jakin behar dira berauen lehenaldiko formak.

Ezezkoa, aditzaren aurretik didn’t jarrita osatzen da, eta singularreko nahiz pluraleko pertsona guztientzat berdina da.Julie didn’t sing at the concert. (Juliek ez zuen kontzertuan abestu.)

Galderak egiteko, subjektuaren aurrean did kokatuko dugu. Gogoan izan erantzun motzek izenordain subjektuarekin aski dutela, gero, erantzunaren arabera, did edo didn’t gehituta.Did you live in Paris? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t. (Parisen bizi izan al zinen? Bai. / Ez.)

Galdetzailea daramaten galderak ere berdin eratzen dira, galdetzailea hasieran jarrita.Where did you meet her? (Non ezagutu zenuen bera?)

UNIT 4

1Complete the sentences below. Use the Past Simple.

1. We (hide)intheswamp.

2. Isaac (notrun)intheLondonMarathonlastyear.

3. They (buy)theticketsfromatravelagent.

4. You (notcall)yesterday.Ithoughtyouwereangry.

5. It (rain)yesterday,sowedidn’tgotothebeach.

2Write questions in the Past Simple.

1. where/you/go/lastnight

2. what/they/find/inthecave

3. who/she/visit/inLondon

4. you/buy/those/jeans/attheshoppingcentre

5. when/you/learn/toswim

hid

Where did you go last night?

18

Grammar appendix



Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple.

1. Yesterday,I (buy)ayellowjacket.

2. Itrainedyesterday,sowe (notride)ourbikestoschool.

3. Tom (call)youlastnight?

4. Where you (get)thatbeautifulpicture?

5. I (send)himamessageafewminutesago.

6. Lisa (notcome)tothepartylastnightbecauseshewasill.

7. they (study)forthetest?

8. Lastweekit, (rain)onThursday,FridayandSaturday.

Check Yourself!

There was / There were

There is eta there are aldaeren lehenaldiko formak dira; beraz, “zegoen” eta “zeuden” esangura dute.There was aldaerak ondoren izen zenbakarri singularra edo zenbakaitza darama. There were aldaerak, aldiz, izen zenbakarri plurala.

Ezezko era osatzeko not edo n’t laburtua gehituko diogu was / were aditzari.

Galderak egiteko aurrena was ala were jarriko dugu. Erantzun motzetan ohiko hurrenkerara joko dugu eta, erantzunak ezezkoak direnean, forma laburtuak erabiliko ditugu.

There was a swamp in the forest. (Zingira zegoen oihanean.)There was some sand on the floor. (Hondar pixka bat zegoen lurrean.)There were caves in the forest. (Haitzuloak zeuden basoan.)There weren’t any clouds in the sky. (Ez zegoen lainorik zeruan.)Were there any waterfalls in the river? (Ur-jauzirik bazegoen ibaian?)Yes, there were. / No, there weren’t. (Bai. / Ez.)

Grammar appendix

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of There was, There were, There wasn’t and There weren’t.

1. Thecinemawasfull.anyemptyseats.

2. Isawalotofnewsportsequipmentintheshop. skateboards,bicyclesandtennisrackets.

3. Yesterday, aninterestingarticleinthenewspaper.

4. I’msorry.Ididn’tbuyanyfruitatthesupermarket. anyapplesororanges.

5. alotofpeopleattheconcertinthepark?

There weren’t


Choose the correct answers.

1. Therewas/Thereweremanychildrenatthepark.

2. Therewasn’t/Thereweren’tanytoursyesterdaymorning.

3. Wasthere/Werethereanyanimalsintheforest?

4. Therewas/Therewerealotofworktodoyesterday.

5. Therewasn’t/Thereweren’tmuchtimebeforethefilmstarted.

6. Wasthere/Werethereanewfilmatthecinemalastnight?

7. Therewas/Thereweresomefamouspeopleattheconcert.

8. Therewas/Therewereaterribleaccidentinourstreetyesterday.

Check Yourself!

Grammar appendix


2 Write questions with the words below. Use the Past Continuous.

1. Sam/do/hishomework/at8.00

2. you/walk/toschool/athalfpastseven

3. when/she/make/dinner

4. where/Ben/work/yesterday

5. thechildren/sleep/at10.00lastnight

Past Continuous

Lehenaldiko une zehatz batean gertatzen ari zena adierazteko erabiltzen da; baita lehenaldiko aldibereko bi ekintza luze edo gehiago deskribatzeko ere, while edo as erabiliz ekintzak lotzeko. Was / were aldaerekin + -ing bukaeradun aditz nagusiarekin osatzen da.I was talking on the phone with Alice yesterday morning.(Atzo goizean Alicerekin ari nintzen telefonoz hitz egiten.)We were watching TV while she was reading a book. (Telebista ikusten ari ginen, hura liburu bat irakurtzen ari zen bitartean.)

Ezezkoetan not (edo n’t) gehituko diegu was eta were aldaerei.They weren’t playing football at 9 o’clock last Monday.(Ez ziren futbolean ari joan zen asteleheneko 9etan.)

Galderetan was ala were + subjektua + -ing amaieradun aditza dugu egitura. Erantzun motzetan izenordain subjektua eta was / were ala wasn’t / weren’t erabiliko dugu.Was he looking at a magazine? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.(Aldizkari bat begiratzen ari al zen? Bai. / Ez.)

Galdetzailea daramaten galderak berdin osatzen dira, bakar-bakarrik galdetzaileak hasieran kokatuta.What was she studying at university? (Zer ari zen ikasten unibertsitatean?)

1Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1. Thedoctor (talk)tothemanattwoo’clockyesterday.

2. Theboys (play)tabletennisatfouro’clockyesterday.

3. I (notread)mybookathalfpastthree.

4. We (have)lunchatthreeo’clock.

5. They (watch)filmsallevening.

was talking

UNIT 5


Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Continuous.

1. Thedetective (examine)thefingerprintswhenheheardanoise.

2. Diana (notwear)hernewbootswhenIsawher.

3. GregandJean (listen)tomusiclastnight?

4. DylanandI (ride)horsesathalfpastfivelastThursday.

5. What you (do)lastnight?

6. Thestudents (notgo)toschoolwhentheteachersawthem.

7. Lenny (talk)onhismobilephonewhentheaccidenthappened?

8. I (sail)totheislandwhenitstartedtorain.

Check Yourself!

Was Sam doing his homework at 8.00?

20

Grammar appendix


4 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

1. Whilethelawyerwasreadingthereport,theman (call)her.

2. Thejudgewaslisteningtothedetectivewhilehe (explain)thesituation.

3. IwasdoingmyhomeworkwhenGina

(call).

4. We (nothear)thephonewhilewewerewatchingTV.

5. Whilethey (wait)fortheirfriends,theyateanicecream.

Past Simple delakoak ekintza esaldian zehazturiko denboran hasi eta bukatu zela adierazten du; Past Continuous deituak, kontrara, iraganean gertatzen ari ziren ekintza luzeak deskribatzen ditu.

Elkarrekin erabiltzen dira, ekintza luzeren bat gertatzen ari zenean gauza labur bat jazo zela adierazteko. Ekintza laburrenak when eramango du eta aditza Past Simple aldian. Ekintza luzeak while edo as juntagailuak eta aditza Past Continuous aldian.When the police arrived, the thief was escaping through the window.(Polizia iritsi zenean, lapurra leihotik ihesi zihoan.) The police arrived while the thief was escaping through the window. (Polizia lapurra leihotik ihes egiten ari zela iritsi zen.)

3Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences.

1. ThereporterwaswritinginhisnotebookwhileItalked/wastalking.

2. WhenTomarrived/wasarriving,wewerewatchingthegame.

3. WhileIwaswalkinghome,Isaw/wasseeingthethief.

4. Johnwasreading/readthenewspaperwhenthecatjumpedonthetable.

5. Werode/wereridingourbikeswhenthedogranontotheroad.

Past Continuous eta Past Simple aditz-denboren

arteko aldea

Complete the sentences. Use the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

1. Whenwe (hear)thenoise,we (walk)totheclassroom.

2. you (meet)Jennywhileshe (go)tothecinema?

3. WhenSandy (leave)thehouse,John (nottalk)onthephone.

4. We (speak)toourparentswhentheteacher (call).

5. Thesun (shine)whenwe (decide)togoonapicnic.

6. Sara (have)dinnerwhenherfriend (arrive)?

7. I (notplay)basketballwhenJohn (see)me.

8. Derek (fall)whilehe (climb)thetree?

Check Yourself!


called

Grammar appendix


Modalak

UNIT 6

1Complete the sentences below with should or shouldn’t.

1. You wearacapinthesun.

2. Tara gotothecinematonight.Shehasgotabigtesttomorrow.

3. We listentotheinstructions.

4. You talkonyourmobilephoneduringtheconcert.

5. Everybody haveagoodbreakfastinthemorning.

2Circle the correct answers.

1. Youmust/mustn’tgetuprightnow!It’stimeforschool.

2. Studentsmust/mustn’twearaschooluniform.

3. Thefilmstartsat7.00.Wemust/mustn’tbelate.

4. Imust/mustn’tbuysomeplatformbootstowearwithmyblackjeans.

5. Youmust/mustn’twriteinlibrarybooks.

Aditz bereziak dira, 3. pertsona singularrean -s bukaerarik hartzen ez dutenak eta jarraian beti aditzoina daramatenak. Ez dira jokatzen, not edo n’t laburtua gehituta soilik osatzen dute ezezko era; eta subjektuaren aurrean kokatuta, galderak.

• Should aholkuak emateko eta gure ustez egin behar litzatekeena adierazteko erabiltzen da. You should wear your new mini skirt. (Minigona berria eraman behar zenuke.)

• Must “behar izan” esangura du eta obligazioa edo zerbait egitea beharrezkoa edo oso komenigarria dela adierazten du.

You must protect your eyes from the sun. (Eguzkitatik babestu behar dituzu begiak.)

• Mustn’t zerbait ezin dela egin adierazten du, ez delako zuzena edo debekatua dagoelako. We mustn’t be late for school. (Ezin dugu berandu iritsi eskolara.)

• Can “jakin” esangura du gaitasuna adierazten duenean, eta “ahal izan” posibilitatea edo baimena adierazten duenean.

My sister can play the piano very well. (Nire ahizpak oso ondo daki pianoa jotzen.) You can find the book in the library. (Liburutegian aurki dezakezu liburua.)

• Could can modalaren lehenaldia da. Gaitasuna eta posibilitatea adierazten ditu lehenaldian. She could swim when she was four years old. (Bazekien igeri egiten lau urte zituela.) I couldn’t do my homework yesterday. (Atzo ezin izan nituen etxeko lanak egin.)

Galderetan baimena edo mesedeak eskatzeko ere erabiltzen da, baina can baino jasoagoa da. Could you lend me your earrings for the party? (Utzi al zeniezazkidake belarritakoak festarako?)

• Have to aditzak “behar izan” esangura du eta obligazioa edo zerbait egiteko beharra adierazten du, beste irtenbiderik ez dagoelako. Aditz hau jokatu egiten da, horregatik jotzen dute batzuek erdi modaltzat. Gogoan izan 3. pertsona singularra has to dela.

He has to finish his homework this afternoon. (Gaur arratsaldean bukatu behar ditu etxeko lanak.) It’s late. They have to hurry. (Berandu da. Bizkor ibili behar dute.)

Ezezko era don’t / doesn’t have to + aditzoinarekin osatzen da eta “ez izan zertan” edo “ez beharrik izan” esangura du.You don’t have to come to the meeting. (Ez daukazu zertan bilerara etorri.)

Galderak egiteko do ala does + subjektua + have to + aditzoina dugu egitura.Do I have to wear a tie? Yes, you do. / No, you don’t. (Gorbata eraman beharra daukat? Bai. / Ez.)

should

22

Grammar appendix


3Complete the sentences with can, can’t, could or couldn’t.

1. Tommyisonlytwoyearsold.He tiehisownshoes.

2. Ihelpyou?

3. Women weartrousersinthepast,onlyskirtsordresses.

4. Markisveryclever.He speakFrench,English,SpanishandGerman.

5. Whenmygrandfatherwasyoung,he runamarathon.

4Write the sentences with the correct form of have to.

1. we/notgetup/early/onSaturday

2. atourschool/students/wearuniforms

3. I/tobehome/by8.00

4. you/get/totheairportearly

5. students/notbuy/anewdictionaryforschool

Circle the correct answers.

1. You helpme.Iknowhowtodoit.

a. can b. don’thaveto c. should

2. We gohomenow.It’sverylate.

a. could b. must c. mustn’t

3. Shhh!Wewanttoheartheconcert.You bequiet.

a. haveto b. shouldn’t c. can

4. wewalkortakethebus?Whatdoyouthink?

a. Must b. Could c. Should

5. I’msorry.I callyouyesterday.Iwasverybusy.

a. couldn’t b. can’t c. shouldn’t

6. be16yearsoldtoseethatfilm?

a. Can’tyou b. Couldyou c. Doyouhaveto

7. You listentoloudmusiconyouriPod.It’sverybadforyourears.

a. should b. couldn’t c. shouldn’t

8. youhelpmewithmyhomework?

a. Can b. Should c. Must

Check Yourself!


We don’t have to get up early on Saturday.

can’t

Grammar appendix


Etorkizuna

UNIT 7

• Will gertatuko den ustea dugun zerbaitetaz iragarpenak egiteko erabiltzen da, promesak egiteko, eta hitz egiteko unean hartu ditugun bat-bateko erabakiak, planeatu gabeak, adierazteko.

Baiezko eran subjektuarekin uztartzen da (’ll) eta ezezkoan not partikularekin (won’t). Galderetan subjektuaren aurrera mugitzen da; erantzun motzetan izenordain subjektua + will ala won’t erabiliko dugu.

Tourists will travel in space in the future. (Turistek espazioan zehar bidaiatuko dute etorkizunean.) Will astronauts reach Mars soon? No, they won’t. (Laster iritsiko ote dira astronautak Martera? Ez.)

• Be going to gure plan edo egitasmoei buruz hitz egiteko erabiltzen da eta “-t(z)era joan” egituraz balia gaitezke itzultzerakoan. Are you going to sell your house? Yes, I am. / No, I’m not. (Zure etxea saltzera al zoaz? Bai.)

• Present Continuous etorkizun zentzuarekin, etorkizun hurbilean ziurtasun osoz gertatuko diren egitasmoak adierazteko erabiltzen da. Ziurtasun osoz, aurrez finkatuta daudelako. We’re leaving for the airport in two hours. (Bi ordu barru aterako gara aireportura.)

Ez dugu ahaztu behar ekintza noiz gertatuko den aipatzea, batez ere Present Continuous etorkizun zentzuarekin darabilgunean, orainaldia badirudi ere, etorkizuneko zerbait iragartzen baitu.

3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use be going to.

1. Thissummer,we (visit)myauntinPhiladelphia.

2. you (see)aplayatthetheatretomorrownight?

3. OnSaturday,we (buy)somenewclothesattheshoppingcentre.

4. Sally (notfly)toAmericathissummer.

Choose the correct answers.

1. Tomwon’tbe/willbeafamousbasketballplayer.He’sanamazingplayer!

2. Thissummer,wearegoing/isgoingtotheJohnsonSpaceCenterinHouston.

3. Shewon’tlike/willlikethatcake.It’stoosweet.

4. Heisgoingtorun/isn’tgoingtoruninthemarathon.Hehurthisknee.

5. Arewewatching/Wearewatchingafilmathometonight?

6. Youwillgo/Willyougotothespacecampnextsummer?

7. Thetouristsareleaving/isleavingthehotelearlytomorrowmorning.

8. Youaregoingtofly/AreyougoingtoflytoParisnextweek?

Check Yourself!

1Complete the sentences with will or won’t.

1. It’slate.We catchthe9.00train.

2. I’vegotthetickets!Tomorrowwe

beinthefrontrowatthe Eminemconcert.

3. youbeatthepartytomorrownight?

4. Tomorrowwewillbeverybusy.We

havemuchtime.

5. Oneday,there behotelsonthemoon.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Continuous with future meaning.

notcome•travel•leave•notcook•start

1. Whattime you

thehousetomorrow morning?

2. We ourprojectnextMonday.

3. Dean tothepartybecausehe’sill.

4. you toEnglandthissummer?

5. I thisevening.We’rehavingdinneratarestaurant.

won’t

are leaving


are going to visit

24

Grammar appendix


Baldintzazko lehena

Adierazitako baldintza betetzen bada, zer gertatuko den adierazten du.

Baiezko era honela da if + Present Simple baldintzazko perpausean, eta will + aditzoina ondorioan.If you finish your homework soon, we’ll go to the cinema. (Etxeko lanak laster bukatzen badituzu, zinemara joango gara.)

Ezezko era osatzeko, edo orainaldian doan aditza, edo etorkizunean doana edo biak ezezta ditzakegu.If we don’t come home late, I’ll watch the programme. (Etxera berandu itzultzen ez bagara, programa ikusiko dut.)If we come home late, I won’t watch the programme. (Etxera berandu iristen bagara, ez dut programa ikusiko.)If you don’t study for the exam, you won’t pass. (Azterketarako ikasten ez baduzu, ez duzu gaindituko.)

4Match A and B to make sentences.

A B

1. Ifwearelateforschool, a. youwillmissthebus.

2. Ifyoudon’tgetupsoon, b. wewillswiminthesea.

3. Wewillbuyanewcar c. theteacherwillbeangry.

4. Youwillenjoythatbook d. ifwehavegotenoughmoney.

5. Ifitishot, e.ifyoureadit.

5 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1. Ifyou (cook)dinner,I’llbakeacake.

2. Ifit (rain),wewillstayhome.

3. We (call)youifweneedhelp.

4. You (notbe)ontimeifyougetupat7.00.

5. Ifwearrivelate,we (notgo)tothemuseum.

Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the First Conditional.

1. Ifthey (travel)toDublin,I (notsee)them.

2. You (notpass)thetestifyou (notstudy).

3. I (visit)MarthaifI (have)time.

4. Ifit (be)sunny,we (go)tothebeach.

5. I (bring)fizzydrinkstothepartyifyou (make)somepopcorn.

6. Iftheconcert (be)onSunday,noone (come).

7. Ifwe (notenjoy)thefilm,we (notstay)tilltheend.

8. Mark (let)meusehiscameraifI (be)careful.

Check Yourself!


cook

1

Grammar appendix


Present Perfect Simple

UNIT 8

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1. We (live)inNewYorkforfiveyears.

2. Cindy (tell)methestory.

3. He (nothear)thenewstoday.

4. I (notbuy)Mumabirthdaypresentyet.

5. BradandDean (talk)abouttheproblem.

6. You (notdo)yourproject.

2 Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

noteat•be•send•notrain•see•call

1. We already thisfilm.

2. Tom just meatextmessage.

3. It’sveryhotanddry.It fortwoweeks.

4. anybody metoday?

5. I’mhungry.I sinceyesterday.

6. theyever toNewYork?

Present Perfect Simple aldia ondorengo kasuetan erabiltzen da:

• iraganekoak izan arren, oraindik ondorioak agerian dituzten ekintzekin. We have bought a new car. (Auto berria erosi dugu. [hemen dago])

• noizbait gertatutako ekintzekin, noiz hori zehaztu gabe dagoenean. Mary has read many books. (Maryk liburu asko irakurri ditu.)

• lehenaldian hasi eta oraindik jarraipena duten ekintzekin. Horregatik, aditz-denbora hau itzultzerakoan, orainaldia hautatzen da batzuetan. I haven’t eaten anything since yesterday. (Ez dut atzotik ezer jan.)

• ekintza burutu berriekin. Kasu honetan just erantsiko dugu laguntzailearen eta partizipioaren artean. I have just spoken to Eric on the phone. (Oraintxe hitz egin dut Eric-ekin telefonoz.)

Aditz-aldi honen egitura honakoa da have ala has + aditz nagusiaren partizipioa (-ed bukaeraduna erregularra bada). Gogoan izan have laguntzailearen forma uztartua ’ve dela eta has aldaerarena ’s.

Ezezkoan not edo n’t gehituko diegu have / has aldaerei. I haven’t eaten in a restaurant this month. (Hilabete honetan ez dut jatetxean jan.)

Galderetarako have ala has + subjektua + partizipioa erabiliko dugu, eta erantzun motzetan nahikoa da izenordain subjektua + have ala has, baiezko ala ezezko eran. Have you already finished your homework? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.(Etxeko lanak bukatu al dituzu? Bai. / Ez.)

Present Perfect Simple aldiarekin asko erabiltzen dira denbora-esamolde hauek: already, always, never, ever, yet, just, for eta since. Hauek guztiak, yet, for eta since kenduta, have eta partizipioaren artean jartzen dira. We have never been to Italy. (Inoiz ez gara Italian izan.) It hasn’t rained since October. (Urriaz geroztik ez du euririk egin.)

have lived

have seen

26

Grammar appendix


Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple.

1. Mymum (notdrive)thecarsincetheaccident.

2. Oh,no!Thedog (eat)myhomework!

3. you (see)mymobilephone?

4. MarthaandI (notspeak)sincewehadourfight.

5. anybody (go)tothenewrestaurantyet?

6. Tomever (help)youinthegarden?

7. I’msorry.Icouldn’tcomebecauseI (be)illsincelastweek.

8. Scientists (study)theproblemofgrowingfoodinspaceformanyyears.

Check Yourself!

Present Perfect Simple eta Past Simple

aditz-denboren arteko aldea

Present Perfect Simple aditz-denborak orainaldiarekin lotura du; Past Simple aditz-aldiarekin adierazten ditugun ekintzek ez diote orainaldiari eragiten.

Present Perfect Simple aldiarekin erabiltzen diren denbora-esamoldeek ez dute adierazten ekintza noiz gertatu zen, aldiz, Past Simple aldiarekin erabilitakoek gertatu zireneko une zehatza azaltzen dute.My parents have gone to the theatre. (Nire gurasoak antzerkira joan dira.)My parents went to the theatre last night. (Nire gurasoak antzerkira joan ziren bart.)

4Complete the sentences. Use Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

1. youever (be)inahelicopter?

2. He (buy)thebikeaweekago.

3. Weliveinthishouse.Myfamily (live)herefor50years.

4. I’msorry.I (notcall)youonSaturdaybecauseIwasbusy.

5. you (get)mymessageyesterday?

6. Martha (notwash)thedishesyet.

been


3Choose the correct answer.

1. I’mworried.Stevehasn’tcalledsince/foryesterday.

2. Wehavebeeninthistrafficjamsince/forhalfanhour.

3. Ihaven’tseenTomsince/forIwasfive.

4. Wehaven’tbeentotheshoppingcentresince/forChristmas.

5. Ihavewaitedherefor/since20minutes.Wherewereyou?

exTRa!

Have

Grammar appendix


Boz pasiboa orainaldian eta lehenaldian

Boz pasiboaren bitartez aditzak adierazten duen ekintza nabarmenduko da eta nork ala zerk burutu duen isilduko, ez delako garrantzitsua, bistakoa delako edo ezezaguna delako. Euskaratzerakoan aditza boz aktiboan uztea hobesten da, forma inpertsonalak hautatuz edo hitzen hurrenkera aldatuz.

To be aditza orainaldian edo lehenaldian + aditz nagusiaren partizipioarekin eratzen da. I was given a new iPod yesterday. (iPod berria oparitu zidaten atzo.) A ball is needed to play tennis. (Pilota behar da tenisean ibiltzeko.)

Ezezkoan not edo n’t gehituko diogu to be aditzari eta galderetan to be subjektuaren aurrera mugituko dugu. My friends weren’t invited to the party. (Nire lagunak ez zituzten festara gonbidatu.) Is this room cleaned once a week? (Gela hau astean behin garbitzen al dute?)

Ekintza nork ala zerk burutu duen, esaldiaren bukaeran adieraziko dugu by preposizioaren ondoren. The Eiffel Tower was designed by Gustave Eiffel. (Eiffel Dorrea Gustave Eiffelek diseinatu zuen.)

UNIT 9

2 Write questions. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. grapes/grow/inGreece

2. Spanish/speak/inMexico

3. breadandcakes/sell/atthebakery

4. robots/use/infactories

5. thesedrawings/make/onacomputer

6. Where/theseclothes/wear

7. When/theoffices/clean

8. Whattime/breakfast/serve/atthishotel

3 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.

1. Disneyland (open)in1955.

2. Thecakes (notbake)yesterday.

3. Bell’stelephone (invent)in1876.

4. We (give)alotofhomeworkonFriday.

5. TomandI (notchoose)forthebasketballteam.

6. Thefirstaeroplane (fly)on17thDecember,1903.

7. ThecityofPompeii (destroy)2,000yearsago.

8. Theinvitationstotheparty (notsend)yesterday.

Are grapes grown in Greece?

is kept1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. Milkis (keep)inthefridge.

2. Sunglasses (sell)atthechemist’s.

3. Thedryer (notuse)inthesummer.

4. Ticketstotheconcert (notsell)attheshoppingcentre.

5. Horrorfilms (show)atthecinemaonSundays.

6. Thedog (feed)onceaday.

7. Thechicken (cook)intheoven.

8. Theplants (notwater)everyday.

was opened

28

Grammar appendix


4Complete the questions. Use the Past Simple Passive. The words in bold will help you.

1. When

Thecamerawasinventedin1816.

2. Where

ThefirstfilmwasmadeinFrance.

3. When

Americawasdiscoveredin1492.

4. When

Thecarswerewashedlastweek.

5. Where

ThefirstbicyclewasriddeninFrance.

6. Which

Thebeststudentswerechosenforthecompetition.

was the camera invented?

1 Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple Passive.

1. Thefloor (wash)onceaweek.

2. Thedogs (walk)threetimesaday.

3. oranges (grow)intheUK?

4. Whattypesoffood (sell)atthisshop?

5. Microwaves (notmake)atthisfactory.

2Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Past Simple Passive.

1. I (give)anecklaceformybirthday.

2. Whatyear thecomputer (invent)?

3. Theseclothes (buy)forme.

4. thewashingmachine (use)yesterday?

5. Thejob (notdo)yesterday.

Check Yourself!


Grammar appendix


Introduction, page 11, to be, have got, There is / There are, Present Simple, Present Continuous

1. 1. are 5. Are 2. hasgot 6. haven’tgot 3. amnot 7. Thereare 4. Have 8. Isthere

2. 1. go 5. arehaving 2. studies 6. istalking 3. doesn’tplay 7. Are 4. Do 8. aren’tworking

Unit 1, page 13, Zenbatzaileak

1. much 5. much2. alotof 6. many3. a 7. any4. alotof 8. many

Unit 2, page 15, Present Simpleeta Present Continuous aditz-denboren arteko aldea

1. go 5. do2. like 6. don’tget3. takes,isn’tworking 7. Do…spend4. Do...draw 8. arewatching

Unit 3, page 17, Konparatiboa eta superlatiboa, too ... / (not) ... enough

1.a 3. c 5. b 7. b2.a 4. b 6. a 8. a

Unit 4, page 19, Past Simple

1. bought 5. sent2. didn’tride 6. didn’tcome3. Did...call 7. Did...study4. did...get 8. rained

Unit 4, page 19, There was / There were

1. Therewere 5. Therewasn’t2. Thereweren’t 6. Wasthere3. Werethere 7. Therewere4. Therewas 8. Therewas

Unit 5, page 20, Past Continuous

1. wasexamining 5. were…doing2. wasn’twearing 6. weren’tgoing3. Were…listening 7. Was…talking4. wereriding 8. wassailing

Unit 5, page 21, Past Continuous eta Past Simple aditz-denboren arteko aldea

1. heard,werewalking2. Did…meet,wasgoing3. left,wasn’ttalking4. werespeaking,called5. wasshining,decided6. Was…having,arrived7. wasn’tplaying,saw8. Did…fall,wasclimbing

Unit 6, page 23, Modalak

1. b 3. a 5. a 7. c2. b 4. c 6. c 8. a

Unit 7, page 24, Etorkizuna

1. willbe2. aregoing3. won’tlike4. isn’tgoingtorun5. Arewewatching6. Willyougo7. areleaving8. Areyougoingtofly

Unit 7, page 25, Baldintzazko lehena

1. travel,willsee2. won’tpass,don’tstudy3. willvisit,have4. is,willgo5. willbring,make6. is,willcome7. don’tenjoy,won’tstay8. willlet,am

Unit 8, page 27, Present Perfect Simple

1. hasn’tdriven 5. Has…gone2. haseaten 6. Has…helped3. Have…seen 7. havebeen4. haven’tspoken 8. havestudied

Unit 9, page 29, Boz pasiboa orainaldian eta lehenaldian

1. 1. iswashed 4. aresold 2. arewalked 5. aren’tmade 3. Are…grown

2. 1. wasgiven 4. Was…used 2. was…invented 5. wasn’tdone 3. werebought


CHeCK YOURSeLF! aNSWeR KeY


IRREGULAR VERB LIST

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EUSKARA

be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ izan beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ jobecome /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ bihurtu, bilakatubegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ hasibend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ tolestu, okertubet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apustu eginbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ kosk egin, hozka eginbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ odola jarioblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ putz eginbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ apurtubring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ ekarribuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ eraikiburn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ errebuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ erosicatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ harrapatu, hartuchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ aukeratucome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ etorricost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ kostatucut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ moztudig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ aitzurtu, zuloa egindo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ egindraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ marraztudream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ amets egindrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ edandrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ gidatueat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /AWm/ janfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ erorifeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ elikatufeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentitufight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ borrokatufind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ aurkitufly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ hegan eginforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ ahaztuforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ barkatufreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ izoztuget /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ lortu, jasogive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /ZBdm/ emango /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ joangrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ hazihang /kæn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ hanged/hung /kænX/kJn/ esekihave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kLX/ edukihear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ entzunhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ ezkutatuhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ johold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ eutsihurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ zauritu, min emankeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gorde, mantenduknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ jakin, ezagutulay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ jarri, hedatulead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ zuzendu, gidatu

32

IRREGULAR VERB LIST


BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EUSKARA

learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ ikasileave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ utzi, irten lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ prestatulet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ baimena eman, utzilie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ etzanlie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ gezurra esanlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ piztulose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ galdumake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ eginmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ esan nahi izanmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ elkar ezagutu, bildupay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ ordainduput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ jarri, ipiniread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ irakurriride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ gainean ibiliring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ deiturise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ jaso, altxaturun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ korrika eginsay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ esansee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ikusisell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ saldusend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ bidaliset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ ezarri, ipinishake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ eragin, astindushine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ distiratushoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ tiro eginshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ erakutsishut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ itxi sing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ abestusink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ urperatu, hondoratusit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ eserisleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ lo eginsmell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ usainduspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /gULHYLm/ hitz eginspell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ letreiatuspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastatu, igarostand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ zutik egonsteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ lapurtustick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ itsatsisweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ erratzatu, eskobatuswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ igeri egintake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ hartuteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ irakatsitear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ urratu, zartatutell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ esan, kontatuthink /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ pentsatuthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ jaurti, botaunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ ulertuwake up /rMY'JU/ woke up /rLHY'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm'JU/ esnatuwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ jantzita eramanwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ irabaziwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ idatzi


Esaldi bateko subjektua aditzaren aurrean kokatzen da. Tomlovespancakes.Theybuyvegetablesinthemarket. s v s vBaina galderetan aditza subjektuaren aurrean jartzen da. IsHelentall?Areyouattherestaurant? v s v s

HITZEN HURRENKERA: SUBJEKTUA – ADITZA (Word order: Subject – Verb)

Adjektiboak izenen aurrean jartzen dira normalean. healthysandwichdeliciousfood adj n adj nEta to be aditzaren ondoren ere bai. Thesandwichishealthy.Thefoodisdelicious. n adj n adj

HITZEN HURRENKERA: ADJEKTIBOAK (Word order: Adjectives)

HITZEN HURRENKERA: ADBERBIOAK (Word order: Adverbs)

Modu-adberbioak aditzaren ondoren jartzen dira. Heeatshungrily. v adv

HITZEN HURRENKERA: ADJEKTIBOAK (Adjective order)

Bat baino gehiago badaude, normalean hurrenkera honetan jartzen dira: iritzia, neurria, adina, kolorea I’vegotabeautiful,tiny,youngwhitekitten.

LETRA LARRIA (Capital letters)

Letra larriz idazten dira:• esaldi bateko lehen hitza. Weplayfootball.• pertsona-izenak eta tituluak. HeisMrTomBrown.• herriak, hiriak, herrialdeak, nazionalitateak eta hizkuntzak. Dover,Paris,France,German

• egunak, hilabeteak eta jaiegunak. Wednesday,April,Christmas• liburu, pelikula eta abestien tituluetako hitz garrantzitsuak. MuhammedAli:HisLifeandTimes• I izenordain pertsonala. MyfriendsandIlovecomputergames.

WRITING GUIDE

34

writing guide


• Puntua (.) baiezko eta ezezko esaldien bukaeran erabiltzen da. Myfavouritesportisbasketball. Idon’tplaytennis.• Galdera-ikurra (?) galderen amaieran bakarrik jartzen da. Haveyougotahelmet? Doyoulikecycling?• Harridura-ikurra (!) esaldi-amaieran bakarrik jartzen da hau ere; emozioak eta sentimenduak adierazteko

eta zerbait bereziki nabarmentzeko erabiltzen da. Whatagreatgame!• Komak (,) hitzak edo ideiak banantzen ditu. Normalean ez dira and juntagailuaren aurrean erabiltzen. Icanplayfootball,basketballandvolleyball.

pUNTUAZIOA (Punctuation)

TESTUAREN HELBURUA(Purpose of writing)

Lanean hasi aurretik garbi izan behar duzu zer idatzi nahi duzun, hizkuntza-maila egokia aukeratzeko: informala, lagun bati zuzendua doan posta elektronikoa bada; eta jasoagoa, azalpen-testu bat bada.

IDATZI AURRETIK(Brainstorming)

1. Egin ezazu gaiarekin loturiko ideien zerrenda edo galdera-mapa (what?,who?,when?,where?,why?).2. Irakur itzazu, eta garrantzizkoak iruditzen ez zaizkizunak ezabatu.3. Jar itzazu aurkeztu nahi dituzun hurrenkeran.

IDEIAK ANTOLATU (Organising your ideas)

LEHEN ZIRRIBORROA IDATZI (Writing your first draft)

pARAGRAFOAREN EGITURA(Paragraph structure)

Paragrafo batek hiru zati ditu:1. Sarrera edo lehen esaldia (opening sentence), hots, gaia aurkezten duena.2. Garapena edo paragrafoaren gorputza (body), ideia nagusia informazio garrantzitsuarekin zabaltzen

duena.3. Amaiera edo azken esaldia (closing sentence), gaia laburbiltzen duena eta ideia nagusia beste hitz

batzuekin errepikatzen duena.

Opening sentence: YosemiteNationalParkinCaliforniaisapopular

touristdestination.Thisamazingparkhasgotgreenforestsandvalleys,steephills,bluelakes,streamsandwaterfalls. Yosemiteismostfamousforitsgiantsequoiatrees.ManypeoplevisitYosemiteNationalParkandenjoyitsbeautifulscenery.

Body of paragraph:

Concluding sentence:


writing guide

Gertaera-segida kontatzen ari garenean, horiek zein hurrenkeratan gertatu ziren adierazteko erabiltzen dira: • first (lehenik eta behin, lehenik) • after that (ondoren) • before (lehenago) • later (gero, geroago)• then (ondoren, gero) • finally (azkenean, bukatzeko)• next (hurrengo, ondoren) First lehenengo zer gertatu zen adierazteko erabiltzen da, eta finally, azkena gertatutakoa adierazteko. Yesterday,wevisitedthespacecentre.First,wevisitedtheAstronautGallery.Then,wehadlunchwith

anastronaut.Afterthat,wesawsomeoldrockets.Finally,webuiltarobot.

SEKUENTZIA-LOKAILUAK (Connectors of sequence)

JUNTAGAILUAK ETA LOKAILUAK(Linking words and connectors)

JUNTAGAILUAK(Linking words)

• and juntagailuak antzeko bi ideia lotzen ditu. Hewasagreatdetectiveandasuccessfulwriter.• or juntagailuak bi aukera desberdin eskaintzen ditu. Washeasoldierorasailor?• but bi ideia kontraesankor batzeko erabiltzen da. Ifeltexhaustedbuthappy.

KAUSAZKO ETA ONDORIOZKO LOKAILUAK(Connectors of cause and effect)

Kausazko lokailu arruntena because da. Tomwasproudbecausehewonamedal.Eta ondoriozkoa, berriz, so. MyhairlookedterriblesoIwenttothehairdresser’s.

IZENORDAINAK(Pronoun referencing)

Izenak ez errepikatzeko erabiltzen dira. Iboughtnewsunglasses.Theyareveryfashionable. SusanandIaregoingshopping.Doyouwanttocomewithus? Mumisangry.Ilostherwatch.

DENBORA-pREpOSIZIOAK (Prepositions of time)

Presposizio desberdinak erabiltzen dira zer adierazi nahi den kontuan hartuta: attwoo’clock inthemorning from6.00to8.00 onMonday atChristmas in2010 fromSeptembertoJune on12thJanuary inMaySalbuespenak: attheweekend atnight

IH-007-133

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