glycosies sem iv

8/2/2019 Glycosies Sem IV

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DRUGS

CONTAININGGLYCOSIDES


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SAPONINGLYCOSIDES

2Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP


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SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES The aglycone part of these glycosides has

soap like action Produces foaming action by shaking with

water and yield colloidal solutions. Generally considered as haemotoxic,

because they cause hemolysis oferyhthrocytes. Due to this activity, some of them are used as

fish poisons.

Cause irritation of mucous membrane(sternutatory). Mostly non-crystalline substances, soluble

in water and alcohol and insoluble in non-polar organic solvents



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SAPONINGLYCOSIDES

Chemically, they contain aglycone

called as sapogenin. Sapogenins are high molecular weight

substances which by acetylation givecrystalline forms.

Depending on the nature of aglycone,saponins are categorized into 2 groupsviz.

Steroidal saponins (Tetracyclic triterpenoidsaponins): C 30; mainly in Dicotyledons.

Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins: C-27;

mainly in Monocotyledons. 4Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP


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SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES



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SAPONIN GLYCOSIDE

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 6

Sug-OSug-O

Triterpenoidal SaponinsSteroidal Saponins


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SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Economical uses1. Cleaning industrial equipment & fine

fabrics.

2. Powerful emulsifier.3. Steroidal sapogenins used in semisynthesis

of cortisone & sex hormones.

Medicinal uses

1. Expectorant

2. Immunostimulant

3. Control of schistosomiasis snails

(molluscicides) 7Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP


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SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Tests for Identification: Froth test: 1 ml of aqueous solution of

saponin or plant extract + shakepersistent & voluminous froth.

Hemolysis test: Suspension of RBCs innormal saline + equal volume of plantextract in normal saline + shake gently

clear red solution indicating hemolysis ofRBCs (compared with blank).



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LIQUORICE



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LIQUORICE Botanical origin: The dried peeled or

unpeeled roots and stolons ofGlycyrrhiza glabraL. and its varieties Family Leguminosae =Fabaceae.

Geographical Source: Licorice isnative to the Medditerranean region,Spain, Italy, England, France, Germany,U.S.A., Russia and Egypt.

Different varieties of G. glabra: G. glabra var. typica: Spanish liquorice; Has

purplish blue colored papilionaceousflowers; Has large number of stolons.



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LIQUORICE G. glabra var. glandulifera: Russian

liquorice; Has big root stock along with anumber of elongated roots; Does not bearstolons.

G. glabra var. violaceae: Persian liquorice;

Shows violet flowers. Cultivation & Collection:

Spanish liquorice cultivated commercially.

Propagation of the plant is done with young

pieces of stolons. Plant requires deep sandy soil which is well

prepared and added with farmyardmanures.

Pieces of stolons are planted in March at 2Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 11


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LIQUORICE Fertilizers to be supplied when the green

parts are developing. Crop kept free of weeds.

Harvested 3-4 years after planting whenthey show sufficient growth.

Rhizomes & roots are dug up in october,preferably from the plants which have notborne the fruits. Buds & rootlets are removed.

Drug is washed. Drug dried first under the sun and then in

shades. During drying it loses 50% of its weight.


LIQUORICE


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LIQUORICEMacroscopy Color:

Unpeeled: yellowish brown or dark brownexternally; yellowish internally.

Peeled: pale yellow in color

Odour: Faint & characteristic

Taste: Sweet

Size: Length: 20-50cm

Diameter: 2cm

Shape: Cylindrical pieces which are straight,may be peeled or unpeeled. Peeled liquorice is angular.

Fracture: Fibrous in bark; Splintery in wood.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 13


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LIQUORICEMacroscopy

Surface: Unpeeled pieces: Shows presence of small

buds encircling scaly leaves and

longitudinally the drug is wrinkled. Peeled drug: Fibrous, without wrinkles.



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LIQUORICEMICROSCOPY:Important histological diagnostic characters: Unpeeled drug: Presence of polyhedral

tubular brownish cork cells. Fibres: Thick, lignified or partially lignified.

In the groups of 10-15 in phloem & xylem. Vessels: Large and closely arranged with

bordered pits. Starch & calcium oxalate found in

parenchyma. Differentiating character between roots &

stolons: Roots: Characterised by tetrarch xylem;

Absence of pith.

Stolons: Pith is present & is parenchymatous.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 15


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LIQUORICECHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

Chief constituent: Glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhizin:

A triterpenoidal saponin glycoside.

Also called Glycyrrhizic acid or Glycyrrhizinic

acid. Present in nature as potassium and calcium salt.

Present upto 5- 10% in Spanish liquorice; 10% inRussian variety; 7.5- 13% in Persian liquorice.

Being a glycoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, on hydrolysisgives an aglycone and a glycone portions:

Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycrrhetinic acid(Glycyrrhetic acid), which is an aglycone of

triterpenoidal structure + 2 moles of Gluconicacid. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 16


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LIQUORICE



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LIQUORICE

STANDARDS:

Ash value: Peeled drug: Not more than 6%

Unpeeled drug: Not more than 10%

Acid insoluble ash: Peeled drug: Not more than 1%

Unpeeled drug: Not more than 2%

Water soluble extractive: Not less than20%, including 7% of glycyrrhizin

Dilute alcohol soluble extractive: Notless than 25%



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LIQUORICECHEMICAL TESTS:

Thick section of Liquorice root or its powder+ 80% Sulfuric acid Deep yellow color.

ADULTERANTS & SUBSTITUTES:

Manchurian Liquorice: Obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.

Pale chocolate brown in color with exfoliatedcork & wavy medullary rays.

Russian Liquorice: Peeled drug.

Obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra var.glandulifera.

Purplish in color with numerDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 19


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LIQUORICE

USES: Demulcent Flavoring agent and sweetner Anti-tussive and expectorant

Anti-bacterial Useful in gastric and duodenal ulcers Anti-spasmolytic activity Mineralocorticoid activity, due to

glycyrrhetinic acid. So employed inplace of corticosteroids for thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis,inflammations and addisons disease.



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GINSENG


GINSENG


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GINSENG SYNONYMS: Ninjin, Pannag, Panax.

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Ginseng is thedried root of various species of Panax, likeP. ginseng (Korean ginseng), P. japonica(Japanese ginseng), P. notoginseng

(Chinese ginseng) and P. quinquefolium(American ginseng).

Family: Araliaceae

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Widely grown in: Korea, China, Russia

Commercially cultivated: Korea, China,

Japan, Russia, Canada & USADr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 22


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GINSENGCULTIVATION & COLLECTION:

Cultivation technology adopted in Korea:In this technique, propagation by seeds in

nursery beds. Transplanted into openfields i.e. permanent beds

Ripe seeds collected from 4 year oldplants

Sown in November in nursery beds. There are 3 types of nursery beds: Yang-Jik,

To- Jik & Ban-Yang-jik -



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GINSENGAfter attaining sufficient growth, seedlings

dug up in the following May

Transplanted to permanent beds for next 3-5yrs. Ginseng requires clay loam or sandy loam soil. Grows at an altitudes from 100- 800 meters.

Soil with high amount of potassium gives betterresult.

About 10-15 seedlings are planted in 1 sq. mt.

Use of fertilizers avoided, but beforetransplantation, the soil is mixed with largeamounts of green grass.

Periodic weeding done. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 24


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GINSENG

About 7-10 days after transplantation,shades are provided to plants to protectthem from excessive sunlight.

Plants harvested 3-5 yrs aftertransplantation (generally between July toOctober)

Ginseng obtained by removing the outerlayers of the roots.

Red ginseng is obtained by first steaming

the roots and after that they are dried.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 25


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GINSENG

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:

Shape: Tuberous corpulent roots.

Color: Yellowish brown, white or red incolor depending on type.

Surface: Translucent and possesses thestem scars



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GINSENGCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

Contains a mixture of saponinglycosides, belonging to triterpenoidgroup. They are grouped as follows: Ginsenosides

Panaxosides

Chikusetsusaponin

Ginsenosides contain aglycone:

dammarol Panaxosides contain aglycone: oleanolic

acid

Panaxosides give oleanolic acid,Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 27


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GINSENG



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GINSENGSTANDARDS:

Foreign organic matter: Not more than 2% Total ash: Not less than 4.2%

Acid insoluble ash: Not more than 1.0%

Sulfated ash: Not more than 12.0%

Alcohol soluble extractive: Not more than14.0%

USES:

Important Immunomodulatory drug Both stimulant & sedative properties.

Used as aphrodisiac

Useful in adrenal & thyroid dysfunctioningDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 29


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GINSENG

USES: Used externally in cosmetics.

Given as demulcent and in gastritis &

anaemia.

Although ginseng shows a low toxicity,long term use leads to poisoning,

similar to that of corticosteroids.



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DIOSCOREA



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DIOSCOREASYNONYMS: Yam, Rheumatism root

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It consists of driedtubers of the plants, Dioscorea deltoidea,D. compositaeand other species ofDioscorea

Family: Dioscoreaceae.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:

Found growing in North WesternHimalayas from Kashmir and Punjab toNepal and China

Cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir and in part

of Himachal Pradesh Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 32

DIOSCOREA


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DIOSCOREACULTIVATION & COLLECTION:

Healthy tubers of 70-80 g in weight withcrown are selected for cultivation.

Treated with fungicide & sown in nurserybeds

It takes 30-40 days for sprouting

After 2-3 months of growth, tuberstransplanted in the field


DIOSCOREA


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DIOSCOREA While planting, the tubers are placed at a

distance of 30 x 60cm Initially, the veins are weak & tender & they

need support for their optimum growth. Trellis of 2.5cm in height are provided for this

purpose.

Since tubers are very exhaustive, a highdose of farmyard manure to the extent of 5-10 tonnes/ hectare is applied.

Irrigation done every 10 days.

Harvesting done by deep ploughing in thedormant season. During this dormant period, diosgenin content is

found to be high as compared to other seasons.

Yield is as high as 18 tonnes per hectare.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 34


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DIOSCOREAMACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:

Color: Slightly brown Odour: Odourles Taste: Bitter Size: Varies depending

upon age of rhizomes.EXTRA FEATURES: Climber with alternate leaves Rhizomes: Soft, horizontally arranged &

very close to the soil Drug is covered with scattered roots. They weigh about 20-50 g



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DIOSCOREA


DIOSCOREA


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DIOSCOREA

MICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERS:

Epidermis normally absent. Cork consists of only few layers,

followed by thin walled cortical

parenchymatous tissue. Stele forms the major part of the drug.

Consists of several close collateral fibro-

vascular bundles. Endodermis & pericycle are

indistinguishable.


DIOSCOREA


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DIOSCOREACHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

Chief constituent: Diosgenin, a steroidalsapogenin

Its glycosides: smilagenin, epismilagenin &-isomer yammogenin.

Diosgenin is hydrolytic product of saponin-dioscin.

75% Starch

Also an enzyme called sapogenase

Tubers are rich in glycosides andphenolic compounds



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DIOSCOREA



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DIOSCOREA

USES:

Precursor for synthesis of severalcorticosteroids, sex hormones & oralcontraceptives.

In the treatment of rheumatic arthritis.

ALLIED SPECIES:

Dioscorea flouribunda: Cultivated in Central America & India

Contains 3-5% diosgenin.



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DIOSCOREA

Dioscorea villosa: Mainly cultivated in Virginia & Carolina in

USA.

Rich in diosgenin content. D. deltoideavar. sikkimensis:

Occurs in Eastern Himalayas, Nepal,

Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Bihar & Bengal-up to an altitude of 1600-2000 m.

Contains 2 to 2.8 % of diosgenin.



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SENEGA


SENEGA


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SENEGASYNONYMS: Senega root, Senega snake

root, Radix Senegae, Rattlesnake root

BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Senega root is thedried root & rootstock of Polygala senega orPolygata senega var. latifolia.

Family: Polygalaceae.It should contain not less than 29% of alcohol

soluble extractive.

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE:

Indigenous to Minnesota in USA & EasternCanada

Presently cultivated in Japan.



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SENEGA




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SENEGA


General appearance: Twisted branchedroots with a knotty crown

Shape: Elongated tapering root & bearing

a tufted crown. Consists of numerouspurplish buds & aerial stem bases.

Size: Length- 5 to 20 cm; Diameter- 2 to

12 cm. Surface:

Longitudinally straited

Just below the crown transverse wrinkles

present. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 45

SENEGA


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SENEGA(Contd)

Root shows often 2 or more branches. In some roots, on the lower 2/3rd surface,

spiral keel is seen.

Color: Greyish brown to yellowishbrown.

Fracture: Short

Odor: Characteristic, resembling methylsalicylate, sternutatory.

Taste: First sweet then bitter, acrid &irritating.


SENEGA


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SENEGAMICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:

Vascular Bundle arrangement: Diarch-Primary xylem at the centre, surrounded bysecondary xylem. Root: Xylem in the centre

Bark: Xylem in the outer part In some sections, wedge/ wedges in the

xylem & ridge or keel in the phloem areseen.

No phloem fibres. Rootstock shows central parenchymatous

pith.

Also shows presence of cork, phellogen,collenc matous helloderm.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 47

SENEGA


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SENEGACHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

2 Saponin glycosides

Triterpenoidal in nature

Senegin (4%) & Polygalic acid(5.5%)

Senegin, on hydrolysis, givessenegenin, senegenic acid &presenegenin

Contains other derived forms ofpresenegenin called senegin II

Sweet taste of the drug is due to

ol alitol 1.6- anh dro sorbitolDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 48


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SENEGA

Odour of the drug is due to small

amount of methyl salicylate.

Methyl salicylate formed as a result ofbreakdown of some unknown glycoside.

Also contains fixed oil and sterol. Does not contain starch.



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SENEGA


SENEGA


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SENEGA

STANDARDS:

Ash value: About 4%

Alcohol soluble extractive: Not less than29%

USES:

Stimulant expectorant

Used in treatment of chronic bronchitis

Large doses of senega cause vomiting


SENEGA


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SENEGAALLIED DRUGS:

1. Indian Senega: Root & rootstock of Polygala chinensis

Collected from 3- 4 year old plants.

Does not contain saponins.2. Spurious Indian Senega:

Root of Glinus oppositifolia, belonging to

family Molluginaceae. Contains saponin & starch

Shows several rings of vascular bundles.



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SENEGA

3. White senega: Root of Polygala alba

Obtained from souhtern states of USA.

Does not show keel. Has less acrid taste & also less activity.

glycosies sem iv

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