hnk glycosies sem iv

DRUGSDRUGSCONTAININGCONTAININGGLYCOSIDESGLYCOSIDES

DR. HARISH N. KAKRANIPRINCIPAL,CDCP

SAPONINSAPONIN

GLYCOSIDESGLYCOSIDES

2Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDESThe aglycone part of these glycosides

has soap like actionProduces foaming action by shaking

with water and yield colloidal solutions.

Generally considered as haemotoxic, because they cause hemolysis of eryhthrocytes.◦Due to this activity, some of them are

used as fish poisons.Cause irritation of mucous membrane

(sternutatory).Mostly non-crystalline substances,

soluble in water and alcohol and insoluble in non-polar organic solvents


SAPONINSAPONIN GLYCOSIDESGLYCOSIDESChemically, they contain aglycone

called as sapogenin.◦Sapogenins are high molecular weight

substances which by acetylation give crystalline forms.

Depending on the nature of aglycone, saponins are categorized into 2 groups viz.◦Steroidal saponins (Tetracyclic

triterpenoid saponins): C 30; mainly in Dicotyledons.

◦Pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins: C-27; mainly in Monocotyledons.


SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDES


SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESAPONIN GLYCOSIDE

Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 6

Sug-OSug-O

Triterpenoidal SaponinsSteroidal Saponins

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDESEconomical uses

1. Cleaning industrial equipment & fine fabrics.

2. Powerful emulsifier.3. Steroidal sapogenins used in semisynthesis

of cortisone & sex hormones.Medicinal uses

1. Expectorant2. Immunostimulant3. Control of schistosomiasis snails

(molluscicides)4. Hypoglycemic.


SAPONIN GLYCOSIDESSAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

Tests for Identification:◦Froth test: 1 ml of aqueous solution

of saponin or plant extract + shake persistent & voluminous froth.

◦Hemolysis test: Suspension of RBCs in normal saline + equal volume of plant extract in normal saline + shake gently clear red solution indicating hemolysis of RBCs (compared with blank).


LIQUORICELIQUORICE


LIQUORICELIQUORICEBotanical origin: The dried peeled

or unpeeled roots and stolons of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and its varieties ◦Family Leguminosae =Fabaceae.

Geographical Source: Licorice is native to the Medditerranean region, Spain, Italy, England, France, Germany, U.S.A., Russia and Egypt.

Different varieties of G. glabra:◦G. glabra var. typica: Spanish liquorice;

Has purplish blue colored papilionaceous flowers; Has large number of stolons.


LIQUORICELIQUORICE◦G. glabra var. glandulifera: Russian

liquorice; Has big root stock along with a number of elongated roots; Does not bear stolons.

◦G. glabra var. violaceae: Persian liquorice; Shows violet flowers.

Cultivation & Collection: ◦Spanish liquorice cultivated commercially.◦Propagation of the plant is done with

young pieces of stolons.◦Plant requires deep sandy soil which is

well prepared and added with farmyard manures.

◦Pieces of stolons are planted in March at 2’ x 3’ distance. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 11

LIQUORICELIQUORICE◦Fertilizers to be supplied when the

green parts are developing.◦Crop kept free of weeds.◦Harvested 3-4 years after planting

when they show sufficient growth.◦Rhizomes & roots are dug up in

october, preferably from the plants which have not borne the fruits. Buds & rootlets are removed.

◦Drug is washed.◦Drug dried first under the sun and then

in shades. During drying it loses 50% of its weight.


LIQUORICELIQUORICEMacroscopyMacroscopyColor:

◦ Unpeeled: yellowish brown or dark brown externally; yellowish internally.

◦ Peeled: pale yellow in colorOdour: Faint & characteristicTaste: SweetSize:

◦ Length: 20-50cm◦ Diameter: 2cm

Shape: Cylindrical pieces which are straight, may be peeled or unpeeled.◦ Peeled liquorice is angular.

Fracture: Fibrous in bark; Splintery in wood. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 13

LIQUORICELIQUORICEMacroscopyMacroscopy

Surface: ◦Unpeeled pieces: Shows presence of

small buds encircling scaly leaves and longitudinally the drug is wrinkled.

◦Peeled drug: Fibrous, without wrinkles.


LIQUORICELIQUORICEMICROSCOPY:Important histological diagnostic

characters:Unpeeled drug: Presence of polyhedral

tubular brownish cork cells.Fibres: Thick, lignified or partially lignified.

◦In the groups of 10-15 in phloem & xylem.Vessels: Large and closely arranged with

bordered pits.Starch & calcium oxalate found in

parenchyma.Differentiating character between roots &

stolons:◦Roots: Characterised by tetrarch xylem;

Absence of pith.◦Stolons: Pith is present & is parenchymatous.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 15

LIQUORICELIQUORICECHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:Chief constituent: GlycyrrhizinGlycyrrhizin:

◦A triterpenoidal saponin glycoside.◦Also called Glycyrrhizic acid or Glycyrrhizinic acid.◦Present in nature as potassium and calcium salt.◦Present upto 5- 10% in Spanish liquorice; 10% in

Russian variety; 7.5- 13% in Persian liquorice.Being a glycoside, Glycyrrhizic acid, on hydrolysis

gives an aglycone and a glycone portions:Glycyrrhizinic acid Glycrrhetinic acid

(Glycyrrhetic acid), which is an aglycone of triterpenoidal structure + 2 moles of Gluconic acid.

Upon hydrolysis, the glycoside loses its sweet taste.


LIQUORICELIQUORICE


LIQUORICELIQUORICESTANDARDS:Ash value:

◦Peeled drug: Not more than 6%◦Unpeeled drug: Not more than 10%

Acid insoluble ash:◦Peeled drug: Not more than 1%◦Unpeeled drug: Not more than 2%

Water soluble extractive: Not less than 20%, including 7% of glycyrrhizin

Dilute alcohol soluble extractive: Not less than 25% Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 18

LIQUORICE LIQUORICE CHEMICAL TESTS: Thick section of Liquorice root or its

powder + 80% Sulfuric acid Deep yellow color.

ADULTERANTS & SUBSTITUTES:Manchurian Liquorice:

◦Obtained from Glycyrrhiza uralensis.◦Pale chocolate brown in color with exfoliated

cork & wavy medullary rays.Russian Liquorice:

◦Peeled drug.◦Obtained from Glycyrrhiza glabra var.

glandulifera.◦Purplish in color with numerDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 19

LIQUORICELIQUORICEUSES:Demulcent Flavoring agent and sweetnerAnti-tussive and expectorantAnti-bacterialUseful in gastric and duodenal ulcersAnti-spasmolytic activityMineralocorticoid activity, due to

glycyrrhetinic acid. So employed in place of corticosteroids for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammations and addison’s disease.


GINSENGGINSENG


GINSENGGINSENGSYNONYMS: Ninjin, Pannag, Panax.BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Ginseng is the

dried root of various species of Panax, like P. ginseng (Korean ginseng), P. japonica (Japanese ginseng), P. notoginseng (Chinese ginseng) and P. quinquefolium (American ginseng).◦Family: Araliaceae

GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: ◦Widely grown in: Korea, China, Russia◦Commercially cultivated: Korea, China, Japan, Russia, Canada & USA


GINSENGGINSENGCULTIVATION & COLLECTION: Cultivation technology adopted in

Korea:In this technique, propagation by seeds

in nursery beds. Transplanted into open fields i.e. permanent beds

Ripe seeds collected from 4 year old plants

Sown in November in nursery beds.◦There are 3 types of nursery beds: Yang-

Jik, To- Jik & Ban-Yang-jik◦Yang-Jik: This gives high quality seedlings.


GINSENGGINSENGAfter attaining sufficient growth, seedlings

dug up in the following May

Transplanted to permanent beds for next 3-5 yrs. ◦Ginseng requires clay loam or sandy loam soil.◦Grows at an altitudes from 100- 800 meters.◦Soil with high amount of potassium gives

better result.◦About 10-15 seedlings are planted in 1 sq. mt.◦Use of fertilizers avoided, but before

transplantation, the soil is mixed with large amounts of green grass.

◦Periodic weeding done.


GINSENGGINSENG

About 7-10 days after transplantation, shades are provided to plants to protect them from excessive sunlight.

Plants harvested 3-5 yrs after transplantation (generally between July to October)

Ginseng obtained by removing the outer layers of the roots.

Red ginseng is obtained by first steaming the roots and after that they are dried. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 25

GINSENGGINSENG

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:Shape: Tuberous corpulent roots.Color: Yellowish brown, white or

red in color depending on type.

Surface: Translucent and possesses the stem scars


GINSENGGINSENGCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:Contains a mixture of saponin

glycosides, belonging to triterpenoid group. They are grouped as follows:◦Ginsenosides ◦Panaxosides ◦Chikusetsusaponin

Ginsenosides contain aglycone: dammarol

Panaxosides contain aglycone: oleanolic acid

Panaxosides give oleanolic acid, panaxadiol & panaxatriol on decomposition Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 27

GINSENGGINSENG


GINSENGGINSENGSTANDARDS:Foreign organic matter: Not more than

2%Total ash: Not less than 4.2%Acid insoluble ash: Not more than 1.0%Sulfated ash: Not more than 12.0%Alcohol soluble extractive: Not more than

14.0%USES:Important Immunomodulatory drugBoth stimulant & sedative properties.Used as aphrodisiacUseful in adrenal & thyroid

dysfunctioning Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 29

GINSENGGINSENG

USES:Used externally in cosmetics.Given as demulcent and in

gastritis & anaemia.Although ginseng shows a low

toxicity, long term use leads to poisoning, similar to that of corticosteroids.


DIOSCOREADIOSCOREA


DIOSCOREADIOSCOREASYNONYMS: Yam, Rheumatism rootBIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It consists of dried

tubers of the plants, Dioscorea deltoidea, D. compositae and other species of Dioscorea

Family: Dioscoreaceae.GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Found growing in North Western

Himalayas from Kashmir and Punjab to Nepal and China

Cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir and in part of Himachal Pradesh

D. deltoidea also found in USA & Mexico.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 32

DIOSCOREADIOSCOREACULTIVATION & COLLECTION:Healthy tubers of 70-80 g in weight

with crown are selected for cultivation.

Treated with fungicide & sown in nursery beds

It takes 30-40 days for sprouting

After 2-3 months of growth, tubers transplanted in the fieldDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 33

DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAWhile planting, the tubers are placed at a

distance of 30 x 60cmInitially, the veins are weak & tender &

they need support for their optimum growth.◦Trellis of 2.5cm in height are provided for this

purpose.Since tubers are very exhaustive, a high

dose of farmyard manure to the extent of 5- 10 tonnes/ hectare is applied.

Irrigation done every 10 days.Harvesting done by deep ploughing in the

dormant season.◦During this dormant period, diosgenin content

is found to be high as compared to other seasons.

◦Yield is as high as 18 tonnes per hectare.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 34

DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAMACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:Color: Slightly brownOdour: OdourlesTaste: BitterSize: Varies depending

upon age of rhizomes.EXTRA FEATURES:Climber with alternate leavesRhizomes: Soft, horizontally arranged

& very close to the soilDrug is covered with scattered roots.They weigh about 20-50 g


DIOSCOREADIOSCOREA


DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAMICROSCOPICAL CHARACTERS:Epidermis normally absent.Cork consists of only few layers,

followed by thin walled cortical parenchymatous tissue.

Stele forms the major part of the drug.◦Consists of several close collateral

fibro-vascular bundles.Endodermis & pericycle are

indistinguishable.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 37

DIOSCOREADIOSCOREACHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:Chief constituent: Diosgenin, a

steroidal sapogenin◦Its glycosides: smilagenin,

epismilagenin & β-isomer yammogenin.◦Diosgenin is hydrolytic product of

saponin- dioscin.75% StarchAlso an enzyme called sapogenaseTubers are rich in glycosides and

phenolic compoundsDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 38

DIOSCOREADIOSCOREA


DIOSCOREADIOSCOREAUSES:Precursor for synthesis of several

corticosteroids, sex hormones & oral contraceptives.

In the treatment of rheumatic arthritis.

ALLIED SPECIES:Dioscorea flouribunda:

◦Cultivated in Central America & India◦Contains 3-5% diosgenin.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides,

CDCP 40

DIOSCOREADIOSCOREADioscorea villosa:

◦Mainly cultivated in Virginia & Carolina in USA.

◦Rich in diosgenin content.D. deltoidea var. sikkimensis:

◦Occurs in Eastern Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Bihar & Bengal- up to an altitude of 1600-2000 m.

◦Contains 2 to 2.8 % of diosgenin.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 41

SENEGASENEGA


SENEGASENEGASYNONYMS: Senega root, Senega snake

root, Radix Senegae, Rattlesnake rootBIOLOGICAL SOURCE: Senega root is

the dried root & rootstock of Polygala senega or Polygata senega var. latifolia.

Family: Polygalaceae.It should contain not less than 29% of

alcohol soluble extractive.GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE: Indigenous to Minnesota in USA &

Eastern CanadaPresently cultivated in Japan.


SENEGASENEGA

MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:


SENEGASENEGAMACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:General appearance: Twisted branched

roots with a knotty crownShape: Elongated tapering root &

bearing a tufted crown. Consists of numerous purplish buds & aerial stem bases.

Size: Length- 5 to 20 cm; Diameter- 2 to 12 cm.

Surface: ◦Longitudinally straited◦Just below the crown transverse wrinkles

present. Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 45

SENEGASENEGA(Contd…)◦Root shows often 2 or more branches.◦In some roots, on the lower 2/3rd

surface, spiral keel is seen.Color: Greyish brown to yellowish

brown.Fracture: ShortOdor: Characteristic, resembling

methyl salicylate, sternutatory.Taste: First sweet then bitter,

acrid & irritating.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 46

SENEGASENEGAMICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:Vascular Bundle arrangement: Diarch-

Primary xylem at the centre, surrounded by secondary xylem.

Root: Xylem in the centre Bark: Xylem in the outer part

In some sections, wedge/ wedges in the xylem & ridge or keel in the phloem are seen.

No phloem fibres.Rootstock shows central parenchymatous

pith.Also shows presence of cork, phellogen,

collencymatous phelloderm.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 47

SENEGASENEGACHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:2 Saponin glycosides

Triterpenoidal in nature Senegin (4%) & Polygalic acid (5.5%) Senegin, on hydrolysis, gives senegenin, senegenic acid & presenegenin

Contains other derived forms of presenegenin called senegin II

Sweet taste of the drug is due to polygalitol (1.6- anhydro sorbitol)


SENEGASENEGAOdour of the drug is due to small

amount of methyl salicylate.◦Methyl salicylate formed as a result of

breakdown of some unknown glycoside.

Also contains fixed oil and sterol.Does not contain starch.


SENEGASENEGA


SENEGASENEGA

STANDARDS:Ash value: About 4%Alcohol soluble extractive: Not less

than 29% USES:Stimulant expectorantUsed in treatment of chronic

bronchitisLarge doses of senega cause

vomitingDr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 51

SENEGASENEGAALLIED DRUGS:1.Indian Senega:

◦Root & rootstock of Polygala chinensis◦Collected from 3- 4 year old plants.◦Does not contain saponins.

2.Spurious Indian Senega:◦Root of Glinus oppositifolia, belonging

to family Molluginaceae.◦Contains saponin & starch◦Shows several rings of vascular

bundles.Dr. Harish Kakrani, Glycosides, CDCP 52

SENEGASENEGA

3. White senega:◦Root of Polygala alba◦Obtained from souhtern states of

USA.◦Does not show keel.◦Has less acrid taste & also less

activity.


hnk glycosies sem iv

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