GOAL ONE

THE NEW NATION

The U.S. after the Revolutionary War:

• What groups of people lived in the U.S.?

• What did people want?

• What influenced their decisions?

John Locke

• Enlightenment philosopher• wrote to justify Britain’s Glorious

Revolution• Strove to find “natural laws” for

social and political world like Issac Newton found laws for science

• Natural laws included: rights of life, liberty, and property; that to secure these rights people submit to governments; governments which abuse these rights may justly be overthrown

People of the New Republic

• White men who owned property• Indentured servants• Slaves• Women• Native Americans• White men who did not own property• What were the rights of each group?

State Constitutions

• began during the War• Massachusetts first• States wanted written constitutions because

Great Britain had an unwritten constitution• States called conventions of leading citizens

to draft constitutions• Most limited government authority

Articles of Confederation

• Written by Second Continental Congress in 1777• Not approved until 1780 because unanimous consent

required• Unicameral legislature for national government• One representative from each of the 13 states• NO Executive• Each state remained sovereign• Powers not specifically delegated to the national

government [Congress]• power for the states

Powers given Federal Government under the Articles of Confederation

• Limited Power for Federal Government• Settlement of disputes between states • Regulating foreign affairs [& Indian trade]• Setting value of national & state coinage – to

ensure standardized trade• No power to tax or raise money other than

through the states• No power to enforce its decisions on the

states

Articles Continued….• Arguments For:• Most political power

belonged to States• Each State had one vote in

Congress [but sent as many representatives as wanted]

• Kept power in hands of people

• Sufficient to win the Revolution

• Arguments Against:• Congress could not collect

taxes• Changes to Articles

required unanimous vote• Nationalists believed

“ordinary people” could not wisely yield power

• Lack of national court system

• Lack of national economic policy

Articles….Still

Two acts passed by “Confederation Congress:

Land Ordinance of 1785

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Land Ordinance of 1785

• Surveyed and divided the Northwest Territory into 36 miles sections [$1.00 per section]

• Section 16 set aside for education

Land Ordinance of 1785

Lot 16ReservedForEducation

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• provided government for Northwest Territory.

• Provided legislation for territory to become a State.

• Abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory

• Gave citizens in territories the same rights as citizens of states

WesternLand Ceded ByStatesToUnitedStates

Articles “are GREAT SUCCESS!”………………………………”NOT!”• National Government weak• Cannot collect taxes• No executive branch• No judicial branch• No national courts• Each state prints own money • States squabble over trade• Nationalists fear weak government will topple

SHAY’S REBELLION

• Rebellion demonstrated the disorder and chaos occurring under weak federal government

• Rumors of rebellion by poor farmers terrorized “better kind of people”: the elite

JEFFERSON ON SHAYS REBELLION

• Letter to William Smith [John Adams' secretary and future son-in-law] 11-13-1787

• "god forbid we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion . . . the tree of Liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots & tyrants. it is it's natural manure." Jefferson was confident that rather than repression, the "remedy is to set them right as to facts, pardon & pacify them.“

• ………………………What is this known as?

Constitutional Convention

• Summer 1787• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania• Meet to revise the Articles of

Confederation• Soon realize, Articles cannot be revised

and a new Constitution must be created.

• GUESS WHAT WAS RATIFIED in 1788??

Continued….

• 12 states [all except Rhode Island]• Most were upper class and educated• Most middle aged• Benjamin Franklin, 81, oldest • James Madison did bulk of the work• Madison read many books on history and

political science to prepare

Philadelphia’s State House: location of the Constitutional Convention

In the Summer of 1787[Constitutional Hall]

Voting records kept by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention

First Page ofThe OriginalConstitution

Who knows where this is kept today?

Necessary and Proper Clause• Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution lists the powers

of Congress. • The eighteenth and final entry says:• "To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for

carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in

any Department or Officer thereof." • The necessary and proper clause is a constitutional

compromise between• the Federalist not to enumerate any Congressional powers

at all• the Anti-Federalist to limit Congress to those items

expressly itemized

Continued…• Necessary and Proper Clause =• Implied Powers =• A “loose interpretation” of the Constitution• Favored by Federalists

Strict vs. Loose…foreshadowing the future

• Must be printed in the Constitution

• Anti-Federalist• Not-Implied• Implicit• Democratic-Republican• Bill of Rights

• Gives more power to Federal government

• Implied Powers• Federalist• Elastic or Necessary & Proper

Clause• Powers implied

• Which one is strict? Loose?

Alexander Hamilton

“There are implied powers as well as express[ed] powers and the former are as

effectively delegated as the latter.”

Alexander Hamilton[from letters to

President WashingtonOn the ConstitutionalityOf a United States Bank]

Slavery• Slave / Southern States:• Do not want Congress to

control trading of slavery

3/5 Compromise Slaves count as 3/5 person

for purposes of taxation and representation.

• Foreign slave trade would be banned in 20 years or in 1808

• Free / Northern States• Northwestern Territory• Want slavery limited

Virginia Plan vs. NJ Plan• James Madison’s Plan• Presented by Edmund

Randolph• Large State’s Plan• Two house legislature• Base on Population• Judiciary & Executive

chosen by Congress• Congress given increased

power• National gov’t could nullify

state laws

• William Paterson’s Plan to revise the Articles of Confederation

• Small State’s plan• Equal Representation

for all States• Gave Congress power

over trade and taxation• Rejected by the

delegates

Great Compromise

• States have equal representation in the Senate [based on English House of Lords]

• House of Representatives based on Population [English House of Commons]

• Electoral College initiated…not quite important yet…

• AKA Bicameral Legislature• Constitution is ratified in 1788!!!!!!!!!!

Constitution vs Articles• Congress given power to tax• National government is supreme

over states• National govt has 3 branches:

legislative, executive & judicial• Bi-cameral legislature has House

& Senate• Money bills require simple

majority• Amendments proposed by 2/3

vote of both houses• Ratification requires approval by

¾ of state legislatures or conventions.

• National Govt lacked power to tax

• Congress had no power to force the states to do its will

• National government had one branch: legislative

• Each state had one vote• Money bills require 9 of 13 votes• Changes in Articles required

approval of all states• No president

THE FEDERALIST ERA (1789-1801)

United States 1789-1800

DOMESTIC POLICY

• Population of the US (1790)• Few large towns existed• New states: Kentucky, 1792; Tennessee 1796;

Ohio 1803• Finances

Washington Presidency

• Unanimously elected by the Electoral College in 1789

• Why did Congress allow Washington to be President without any voting?

• Sworn in at NYC

Washington’s Cabinet

• John Adams-VP• Thomas Jefferson-Secretary of State• Alexander Hamilton-Secretary of the Treasury• Henry Knox- Secretary of War• Edmund Randolph- Attorney General…Set Precedent…Characterized by the Hamilton-Jefferson Feud

Bill of Rights

• Who wanted a Bill of Rights in the Constitution?

• New Amendments can happen through a Constitutional Convention or State & Congressional Voting

• Federalists feared another constitutional convention might reverse their victory …James Madison

• What are they?

Judiciary Act 1789

• Supreme Court• Organized federal district and circuit courts• Established the office of attorney general• Fatal provision

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

• Economic Philosophy• Report on Public Credit (1790)-Shaping Fiscal

Policy• Report on Manufactures (1791)-Promotion of

the Factory System

Hamilton’s Plan Continued

• 5 components1. Funding at Par 2. Assumption of State Debts 3. Tariffs4. Excise taxes –What event did this lead to?5. Battle for the National Bank

THE BUS!!!! (Bank of the US)

• Provisions• Jefferson and Madison• Strict Construction vs. Loose Construction• Elastic Clause aka…?• Signed February 1791• Sparked the open public split between

Hamilton and Jefferson.

The Whiskey Rebellion 1794

• Response to Excise Tax• Militia summoned• What is the Significance?• More Support for Jefferson!• However, Hamilton’s financial plan became

the cornerstone of America's financial system

Birth of the Party System

• Did the Founding Fathers envision the existence of political parties?

• Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans (NOT Anti-Federalists)

Federalists

• Emerged from the federalists of the pre-Constitution period by 1793.

• Beliefs… “Best People”• John Jay• “Mobocracy”

Federalists Continued

• Central Government?• Business?• Foreign Policy?

Jeffersonians

• Rule of the People• Appealed to who?• Democratic Republicans• National Debt

Federalist Era: Foreign Policy

• Perhaps most distinguishing factor bewtween Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians

• French Revolution/Reign of Terror• Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation• Citizen Genet

Foreign Policy

• Jays Treaty 1794– Background– Provisions– Who Supported?– Significance

• Pinckney Treaty 1795• Defeat of Indians in the Northwest– General Wayne– Battle of Fallen Timbers and Treaty of Greenville

Washington’s Farewell

• See Assignment

Election of 1796 and Adams Presidency

• Adams vs. Jefferson

• Adams and Pinckney• Jefferson and Burr

• Adams (71) wins presidency and Jefferson (68) wins vice-presidency

Adam’s Presidency Continued

• War with France- XYZ Affair• 3 U.S. delegates to meet with Talleyrand (French

Diplomat)• 3 French delegates (X,Y, and Z) meet with them instead

and demand a 250,000 bribe to meet with Talleyrand

• Undeclared Naval Warfare- “Quasi-War”Significance?

• 1798 congress creates navy department• War never officially declared – 2 year naval war

THE XYZ AFFAIR A British cartoon shows the United States (the young lady in the feathered Indian headdress) being accosted by impertinent and avaricious diplomats representing Revolutionary France

Alien and Sedition ActsAlien Act

– Raised residency requirement from 5 to 14 years– Pres. can deport or jail and undesirables

• Attacked Pro-Jeffersonian Immigrants

Sedition Act– Fines and jail terms for speaking out against the

government• Where’s the 1st amendment?

ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS A cartoon satirizing a violent incident that occurred while Congress was debating the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Jefferson and Madison Resolutions• Premise?

• Nullification?– Void any act of congress deemed unconstitutional– Do they have the right to do this by the

constitution?

Significance?– Balance of power still a debate

BRANDINGJEFFERSON AS ADANGEROUSRADICAL

A Federalist cartoon depictsThomas Jefferson was an enemy of religion, lawful government, and the Constitution, who wanted to import a French-style revolution and reign of terrorto America.

Jefferson Election-Revolution of 1800

• Federalists and their Handicaps

• Jefferson and Burr• Significance of the

election?• Federalist Legacy?

Jefferson’s Inaugural Address• But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We

have called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. If there be any among us who would wish to dissolve this Union or to change its republican form, let them stand undisturbed as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it. I know, indeed, that some honest men fear that a republican government can not be strong, that this Government is not strong enough; but would the honest patriot, in the full tide of successful experiment, abandon a government which has so far kept us free and firm on the theoretic and visionary fear that this Government, the world's best hope, may by possibility want energy to preserve itself? I trust not.

Jefferson’s Presidency

• Peaceful Transfer of Power• Kept most of Hamilton’s Financial Plan• Reversing Federalist Policies• "The government that governs least, governs

best”• Debt was a curse• 12th Amendment?

Judiciary Act of 1801

• Under President Adams• Midnight Judges• Repealed• John Marshall• Marbury vs. Madison

Significance?• Impeachment of

Samuel Chase

Louisiana Purchase

• Monroe and Livingston in Paris• What was the original intent?• Napoleon and his dream of an American

Empire• $15 million• Most important land purchase in US History

Exploration

• Louis and Clark• Sacajawea• Zebulon Pike

Spanish Concern

Napoleonic Wars, Berlin Decree, Milan Decree

• Napoleon• 1803 Harassment of US Shipping• “Order of Council”• British Impressments….What is Impressment?• Chesapeake-Leonard Affair

IMPRESSMENT During Great Britain’s long war with Revolutionary France, captains of Royal Navy vessels made a practice of replenishing their crews with sailors from American merchant ships.

Embargo Act of 1807

• Jefferson and Congress• Reason?• Regulating Commerce• Beneficial for the US Economy?

A political cartoon showing merchants dodging the "Ograbme", which is 'Embargo' spelled backwards

Non-Intercourse Act

• Replaced Embargo Act• Why did the Embargo Act fail?• Embargo inadvertently sparked the industrial

revolution in the US.

Election of 1808

• Impacted by the Embargo Issue• Madison vs. Pinckney• Federalists in Congress

Jefferson’s Legacy

• Expansion• Louisiana Purchase• Creation of a democratic non-aristocratic

government• Total defeat of Federalists by 1816 • Kept the country out of a damaging European

war

Jefferson Presidency ReCap

• Peaceful Transfer of Power• Maintain many federalist programs• Did reverse some programs• Marbury vs. Madison• Expansion• Tripolitan Wars• Embargo Act• Precedent of Presidential term?

War of 1812

• Madison Inaugurated in 1809

• Virginia Dynasty

• Strongly Jeffersonian

Macon’s Bill No. 2, 1810

• Replace Non-Intercourse Act of 1809• Provision?• Purpose?• Who agreed?

Warhawks

Henry Clay

John C. Calhoun

Warhawks

• Who were they?• Strongly Nationalistic• What was their agenda?

Battle of Tippecanoe 1811

• SURPRISE!• Western Warhawks vs. Indian resistance • Tecumseh• William H. Harrison• What was the significance?

War Declared

• June 1812• Why did the US fight Britain only?• New England’s importance• Small War

War of 1812 Overview

• Poorly fought• Disunity• Key US Victories• Andrew Jackson• Diplomatic and Military Success

US Preparation

• Economy• National Bank• Military Training• Strategy-Canada• Great Lakes/Naval Dominance• Battle of Thames-Tecumseh

War continued…

• 1814, Napoleon defeated…British concentrate on US

• Washington D.C. burned in 1814• Fort McHenry-Star-Spangled Banner

Battle of New Orleans

Battle of New Orleans

• Foolish frontal attack by British…many casualties

• Jackson commands US army• Needless battle due to the Treaty of Ghent• Why was this significant?

Treaty of Ghent

• 1814, 2 weeks prior to Battle of New Orleans

• Armistice• What was agreed?

Hartford Convention

• Dec. 1814 -- Jan. 1815• Purpose?• 3/5 compromise ended• What happened to the federalist party?• New England thinking secession

Effects of the War• Treaty of Ghent restores original boundaries between

Britain and the U.S., but does not lead to the end of impressment.

• Unhappy New Englanders hold Hartford Convention• Battle of New Orleans raises American spirits and national

pride• Initial economic boom is followed by a depression• Nationalism grows in U.S• American independence confirmed• Peaceful relations develop between U.S. & Great Britain &

U.S.• Commercial treaty re-opening trade• 10 year joint occupation of Oregon Territory with G.B