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Academic Misconduct and the Use of Emerging

TechnologiesSean McClelland

American English InstituteUniversity of Oregon

What is meant by emerging technologies?

Wearable technology

● Smart watches

● Smart glasses

● Smart jewelry

The ubiquity of smart devices

●

●

●

Mobile devices

Smartwatch sales projections

● In 2015, smartwatches sold 30 million units

● 11.6 million Apple Watches

● Predicted sales of 67 million by 2017(Whitney, L., 2016)

Emerging technologies in education

● Virtual reality goggles

● Robotic enhancements

● Wide adoption in K-12 and higher ed in the next two to three years

(Chang, R., 2017)

Slower adoption of wearable technology

● Expected to become mainstream in K-12 and higher education in the next four to five years

(Chang, R., 2017)

Applications for wearables in the classroom

● Track biological data● Sleep patterns● Heartrates● Emerging in project based learning● Data driven

(Chang, R., 2017)

Applications for wearables in the classroom

● Conduct presentations and deliver materials

● Facilitate teacher-student communication

● Enhance participatory experiences(Chang, R., 2017)

Trouble for wearable technology

● Apple Watch

● 11.6 million in 2015● 10.7 million in 2016

(Yeoman, J., 2017)

Issues with wearables

● Lack of function

● Need to be more useful to drive adoption

(Bolkan, J., 2017)

Academic Misconduct

“(S)tudents should not give or receive (or attempt to give or receive) unauthorized help on assignments or examinations without express permission from the instructor. Students should properly acknowledge and document all sources of information (e.g. quotations, paraphrases, ideas) and use only the sources and resources authorized by the instructor. If there is any question about whether an act constitutes academic misconduct, it is the students’ obligation to clarify the question with the instructor before committing or attempting to commit the act.”

(http://dos.uoregon.edu/academic-misconduct)

Academic Misconduct● 3. “Cheating” means any act of deception by which a student misrepresents or

misleadingly demonstrates that the student has mastered information on an academic exercise that the student has not mastered. Examples include but are not limited to: ○ a. Giving or receiving unauthorized help in an academic exercise; ○ b. Use of sources or resources beyond those authorized by the instructor in

writing papers, preparing reports, solving problems, or carrying out other assignments;

○ c. Acquisition, without permission, of tests or other academic material belonging to a member of the University faculty or staff; and

○ d. Engaging in any behavior specifically prohibited by a faculty member in the course syllabus or class discussion

(http://policies.uoregon.edu/vol-3-administration-student-affairs/ch-1-conduct/student-conduct-code)

The reasons behind academic misconduct

● Students are afraid to fail● Rankings and scores emphasized over learning● Trying to cover too much in too short a time ● Students encouraged to get the “right” answers ● Students may not actually understand what

plagiarism really is(Dehn, R.W., 2003)

The reasons behind academic misconduct

● “Students are natural economizers, with a ‘do what is necessary’ ethic”.

(Dehn, R.W., 2003)

How many students cheat?

● 15% will never cheat

● 15% will routinely look for a way to cheat

● 70% will cheat if they feel others are doing so AND the opportunity arises

(Dehn, R.W., 2003)

Is technology behind academic misconduct?

● Web based resources often linked to academic misconduct

● Wikipedia and Google(Fang, B., 2012)

Is technology behind academic misconduct?

● “In the age of blogs, mashups, smashups and Wikipedia, traditional notions about academic and educational integrity and appropriate acknowledgment of sources seem altogether out of synch with everyday, creative or artistic research and writing practices.”

(Pfannenstiel, A. N., 2010)

Wearable technology and academic misconduct

● Rangsit University in Thailand● May of 2016● Three people found using a combination of

smartglasses and smartwatches to cheat in real time

(Storm, D., 2016)

Wearable technology and academic misconduct

Credit: Arthit Ourairat

Wearable technology and academic misconduct

Credit: Arthit Ourairat

Wearable technology and academic misconduct

● Apple Watches banned during final exams by University of New South Wales

(McIntire, M.E., 2015)

What role does wearable technology play in academic misconduct?

Methodology

● Survey of students regarding access to mobile and wearable technology

● Analysis of data related to academic misconduct in an American IEP to determine the role technology plays in cheating

Survey of students

● 28 students in an IEP at an American University● Conducted at the beginning of 2016● Anonymous survey● Different levels● Different nationalities● Assess access to mobile devices

Survey of Students

number of students (n=28)

Survey of Students

● 28 students

● 30 devices

Survey of students

● Informal survey of 18 students an IEP at an American University

● Conducted at the beginning of 2017● Anonymous survey● Different levels● Different nationalities● Assess access to wearable technology

Survey of Students

number of students (n = 18)

Survey of Students

● Out of 18 students surveyed, only one owned a smartwatch

● Stopped using the smartwatch two months prior because of perceived lack of usefulness

Survey results

● All students have smartphones● Wearables are not represented● Students have multiple devices running

multiple operating systems● Students have multiple devices when they

come to class

Statistics Regarding Referrals for Academic Misconduct

● Fall 2014 - Winter 2017

● 191 total referrals to academic advising

● 43 incidents of cheating = 23% of total referrals

Statistics Regarding Referrals for Academic Misconduct

● 22 incidents of academic dishonesty involved technology

● 12% of total referrals

● 51% of referrals for cheating

Statistics Regarding Referrals for Academic Misconduct

● 14 Internet based plagiarism

● 7% of total referrals

● 33% of referrals for cheating

● 64% of referrals for tech based cheating

Statistics Regarding Referrals for Academic Misconduct

● 6 using cell phones during exams

● 3% of total referrals

● 14% of referrals for cheating

● 27% of referrals for tech based cheating

Statistics Regarding Referrals for Academic Misconduct

● 1 used phone to take pictures of the test

● 0.5% of total referrals

● 2% of referrals for cheating

● 5% of referrals for tech based cheating

Statistics Regarding Referrals for Academic Misconduct

● 2 breaking into an instructor’s computer

● 1% of total referrals

● 4% of referrals for cheating

● 9% of referrals for tech based cheating

Statistics Regarding Referrals for Academic Misconduct

● 0 referrals for wearable devices

Analysis

Analysis

● Wearable technology does not appear to play a major role in academic misconduct

● More established technologies having a much larger impact

● Online plagiarism● Using smartphones to access information during

exams

Analysis

● Plagiarism from a variety of websites remains the most common form of tech-based academic misconduct.

● Ted.com

● Wikipedia

● Pre-made, downloadable PowerPoints and essays

Analysis

● Shift in in-class academic misconduct

Analysis

● Fall 2014 ● 6 students referred for looking at another

student’s paper ● 1 referred for looking at cellphones

Analysis

● Fall 2016 ● 1 student referred for looking at another

student’s paper ● 2 referred for looking at cellphones

Analysis

● Wearable technology plays no role in referrals for academic misconduct

Discussion

Engaging students against academic misconduct

● Create a cultural in which students don’t want to cheat

● Prevent opportunities to cheat ● Reduce pressure to cheat ● Police and punish cheaters when they are

caught to create a deterrent effect

Engaging students against academic misconduct

● Familiarize yourself with websites that sell finished essays and papers

● http://essaypage.com/● http://fastpapers.com/● http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/

Engaging students against academic misconduct

● Check student writing against an online plagiarism checker

● Turnitin● VeriCite● Grammarly● PaperRater

Engaging students against academic misconduct

● Familiarize yourself with the capabilities of wearable devices

● Know what they can do so you know what to look for

Wearables

● Quizlet on Pebble

● Apple Watch can receive texts

● Camera on Samsung Gear 2

● Snap Spectacles

Quizlet on Pebble

Snap Spectacles

What about smartglasses and smartwatches?

● As interest in wearable technology wanes, it’s role in academic misconduct could diminish.

Takeaways

● Use technology to fight tech based cheating

● Tweak assignments and assessments in a way that makes it difficult to cheat

(Fang, B., 2012)

Takeaways

● Train students in about copyright, plagiarism, and time management

● Clearly state relevant codes and policies

● Clearly establish and communicate expectations

(Fang, B., 2012)

ReferencesAddressing Academic Misconduct at the University of Oregon. (n.d.). Retrieved March 18, 2017, from http://dos.uoregon.edu/academic-misconduct

Bolkan, J. (2017, January 3). Report: Wearables devices not useful enough: THE Journal. Retrieved from https://thejournal.com/Articles/2017/01/03/Report-Wearable-Devices-Not-Useful-Enough.aspx?p=1

Bolton, D. (2016, March 22). Wearables: Smartwatch shipments remain steady, not spectacular: ARC from applause. Retrieved from https://arc.applause.com/2016/03/22/smartwatch-shipments-2016-idc/

Chang, R., (2017, January 6). Report: Wearable devices expected to become mainstream in next 4-5 years: THE Journal. Retrieved from https://thejournal.com/Articles/2017/01/06/Report-Wearable-Devices-Expected-to-Become-Mainstream-in-Education-in-Next-4-5-Years.aspx?p=1

Dehn, R.W. (2003) Is technology contributing to academic dishonesty?: Journal of Physician Assistant Education 14(3):190-192 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233926343_Is_Technology_Contributing_to_Academic_Dishonesty

Fang, B., (2012) Addressing Academic Dishonesty in the Age of Ubiquitous Technology: Educause. Retrieved from http://er.educause.edu/articles/2012/9/addressing-academic-dishonesty-in-the-age-of-ubiquitous-technology

Hesseldahl, A. (2016, April 10). The tablet market is 100 million units smaller than expected. What happened?: Recode. Retrieved from http://www.recode.net/2016/4/10/11586012/tablet-market-ipad-pro-forecast

McIntire, M.E.(2015, June 18) Universities ban smartwatches during finals: The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/wiredcampus/universities-ban-smart-watches-during-finals/57003

ReferencesPfannenstiel, A. N., (2010) Digital literacies and academic integrity. Retrieved from http://www.ojs.unisa.edu.au/index.php/IJEI/article/viewFile/702/529

Sharples, M., Taylor, J., & Vavoula, G. (2007). A theory of learning for the mobile age.In Andrews, R. & Haythornethwaite, C. (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of e-learning research (pp. 221-247). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Storm, D. (2016, May 9). Spy glasses and smartwatches used for high-tech cheating to get into medical school: Computerworld. Retrieved from http://www.computerworld.com/article/3067793/security/spy-glasses-and-smartwatches-used-for-high-tech-cheating-to-get-into-medical-school.html

Student Conduct Code. (n.d.). Retrieved March 18, 2017, from http://policies.uoregon.edu/vol-3-administration-student-affairs/ch-1-conduct/student-conduct-code

Whitney, L. (2016, February 2).Thanks to Apple Watch, smartwatch sales could hit $11.5 billion this year: CNET. Retrieved from https://www.cnet.com/news/thanks-to-apple-watch-smartwatch-sales-could-hit-11-5-billion-this-year/

Yeoman, J. (2017, March 6). Apple Inc.’s (NASDAQ:AAPL smartwatch declining sales trend: Traders 350. Retrieved from http://traders350.com/apple-inc-s-nasdaqaapl-smartwatch-declining-sales-trend/7211883/