Government of Canada Government of Canada

1873-18961873-1896

Alexander MackenzieAlexander MackenzieAn Actual Nation BuilderAn Actual Nation Builder

Mackenzie Lincoln

A Nation “Builder”A Nation “Builder” As a stone mason he helped build As a stone mason he helped build

many places in Canada many places in Canada

A Man of PrinciplesA Man of Principles

Background as a stonemason gave Background as a stonemason gave him different political ideals than him different political ideals than most of the pro-British politicians in most of the pro-British politicians in the country at the timethe country at the time

This is why he was never knighted This is why he was never knighted (refused 3 offers)(refused 3 offers)

While PM because of Macdonald’s While PM because of Macdonald’s resignation, Mackenzie felt he had resignation, Mackenzie felt he had not earned the jobnot earned the job

He called the election of 1874He called the election of 1874

Mackenzie CampaignMackenzie Campaign Mackenzie campaigned with 3 basic Mackenzie campaigned with 3 basic

promises.promises.1.1. Election Reform: secret ballot, same Election Reform: secret ballot, same

day voting, enfranchising more than day voting, enfranchising more than property holders.property holders.

2.2. Constitutional Reform: less dependence Constitutional Reform: less dependence on Britain and the beginning of on Britain and the beginning of Canadian identity. Canadian identity.

3.3. Fiscal Responsibility: global recession Fiscal Responsibility: global recession and so the Liberals under Mackenzie and so the Liberals under Mackenzie promised to cut funding to save money.promised to cut funding to save money.

Elections of 1874Elections of 1874

Also used issue of Pacific Scandal to Also used issue of Pacific Scandal to discredit the oppositiondiscredit the opposition

Mackenzie wins and defeats John A. Mackenzie wins and defeats John A. Macdonald’s conservatives 133-73Macdonald’s conservatives 133-73

PEIPEI 6-0, 6-0, NSNS 17-4, 17-4, NBNB 11-5, 11-5, QUEQUE 33- 33-32, 32, ONTONT 64-24, 64-24, MANMAN 2-2, 2-2, BC BC 0-60-6

Mackenzie’s ReignMackenzie’s Reign Seek Free trade with USASeek Free trade with USA Cancels the building of the railway Cancels the building of the railway

(angers B.C.)(angers B.C.) G.G. goes to B.C. to appease them. G.G. goes to B.C. to appease them.

Mackenzie believes this to be over-Mackenzie believes this to be over-reachingreaching

Reduces G.G. powers to ceremonial Reduces G.G. powers to ceremonial only.only.

B.C. considers joining USA.B.C. considers joining USA.

Manitoba & The WestManitoba & The West

Forces Metis off their land by making Forces Metis off their land by making them provide deeds.them provide deeds.

Doesn't assist western Natives with a Doesn't assist western Natives with a smallpox epidemicsmallpox epidemic

Supports systematic over-hunting of Supports systematic over-hunting of buffalo to starve western Natives into buffalo to starve western Natives into submissionsubmission

High PointsHigh Points He started the Northwest Mounted He started the Northwest Mounted

Police to patrol the West and keep Police to patrol the West and keep out the bootleggers from the U.S.out the bootleggers from the U.S.

Canada’s supreme court in 1875Canada’s supreme court in 1875 The R.M.C. (Canada can have its own The R.M.C. (Canada can have its own

military officers)military officers) Elections Act (guarantees freer Elections Act (guarantees freer

elections)elections) Auditor General Auditor General

McDonald’s National PolicyMcDonald’s National Policy Coming to the 1878 election MacDonald Coming to the 1878 election MacDonald

reinvented himself.reinvented himself. His new policy would be to increase trade His new policy would be to increase trade

between provinces in Canada and not with between provinces in Canada and not with the USA.the USA.

This would hurt the farmers of the West, This would hurt the farmers of the West, and the Maritimes, but the industries of and the Maritimes, but the industries of Ontario and Quebec love the ideaOntario and Quebec love the idea

Many people were also unhappy with Many people were also unhappy with Mackenzie's anti-British policies. So Mackenzie's anti-British policies. So MacDonald argues for closer ties to Britain.MacDonald argues for closer ties to Britain.

With these two policies together, the With these two policies together, the National Policy is born.National Policy is born.

1878 Election Results1878 Election Results

Macdonald is back.Macdonald is back. Macdonald seen as the pro-British, pro-Macdonald seen as the pro-British, pro-

industry, pro -Canadian development choiceindustry, pro -Canadian development choice The results of the election were 137-69The results of the election were 137-69 Mackenzie resigns as leader of the liberal Mackenzie resigns as leader of the liberal

party and is replaced by Edward Blake in party and is replaced by Edward Blake in 18801880

Mackenzie does remain an MP until his Mackenzie does remain an MP until his death in 1892death in 1892

National Policy ImplementedNational Policy Implemented

British Imperialism Vs. Canadian British Imperialism Vs. Canadian NationalismNationalism– Places lower Tariffs on British goodsPlaces lower Tariffs on British goods– Slows down the development of RMC, & Slows down the development of RMC, &

Supreme courtSupreme court Canada-wide tradeCanada-wide trade

– Continues with the building of the Continues with the building of the railwayrailway

– No free trade with the USANo free trade with the USA

The Deal: By 1891- 1900 miles of track The Deal: By 1891- 1900 miles of track must be laid must be laid

– $25,000,000 start up money (this was the $25,000,000 start up money (this was the equivalent to an entire year’s budget)equivalent to an entire year’s budget)

– Half the arable land 24 miles on either Half the arable land 24 miles on either side of the railwayside of the railway

– 3 smaller railways (worth $31.5 million)3 smaller railways (worth $31.5 million)– Monopoly for 20 years (no one could build Monopoly for 20 years (no one could build

another railway)another railway)– Perpetual tax exemptionPerpetual tax exemption

RockiesRockies

Shield

OppositionOpposition

Despite the fact that many people Despite the fact that many people did not support his plan, MacDonald did not support his plan, MacDonald does it anyway.does it anyway.

Canada sees economic success and Canada sees economic success and he wins the next election easily.he wins the next election easily.

Now MacDonald feels he has a clear Now MacDonald feels he has a clear mandate from the Canadian people mandate from the Canadian people to finish the job.to finish the job.

Problems with the CPRProblems with the CPR

Construction takes longer than Construction takes longer than anticipated.anticipated.

By 1883 CPR is broke.By 1883 CPR is broke. They ask the Govn't for more money They ask the Govn't for more money

(refuse to sell their valuable land)(refuse to sell their valuable land) MacDonald awards the CPR another 23 MacDonald awards the CPR another 23

millionmillion CPR asks for an additional 30 million!!!CPR asks for an additional 30 million!!!

Needs an excuseNeeds an excuse

MacDonald can't award the 30 million MacDonald can't award the 30 million without committing political suicide.without committing political suicide.

However, Louis Riel's Metis in Red However, Louis Riel's Metis in Red River rebel. River rebel.

MacDonald convinces parliament of MacDonald convinces parliament of the need for the railway for defense the need for the railway for defense purposes and secures the 30 million purposes and secures the 30 million needed.needed.

Northwest RebellionNorthwest Rebellion 1870- Manitoba joins Confederation1870- Manitoba joins Confederation 1870-1884- Increased English 1870-1884- Increased English

settlementsettlement June 1884- An exiled Louis Riel returns June 1884- An exiled Louis Riel returns

to helpto help Fall 1884- Armed rebellion beginsFall 1884- Armed rebellion begins MacDonald uses this to justify the CPRMacDonald uses this to justify the CPR May 1885- Riel & Metis are defeatedMay 1885- Riel & Metis are defeated Riel is hanged for treason Nov. 16, Riel is hanged for treason Nov. 16,

18851885

MacDonald's final yearsMacDonald's final years

By 1890 the CPR is completed, but By 1890 the CPR is completed, but the Canadian economy is struggling.the Canadian economy is struggling.

The Liberal party has finally come The Liberal party has finally come together under the new leadership of together under the new leadership of Wilfrid LaurierWilfrid Laurier

MacDonald faces a tough election MacDonald faces a tough election campaign in 1891campaign in 1891

1891 Election1891 Election

MacDonald wins the election, but MacDonald wins the election, but dies within 3 months.dies within 3 months.

5 in 55 in 5 John A. MacDonald- 1891- diesJohn A. MacDonald- 1891- dies

John Abbot- 1891-1892- Resigns: illnessJohn Abbot- 1891-1892- Resigns: illness

John Thompson- 1892-1896- DiesJohn Thompson- 1892-1896- Dies

Mackenzie Bowel- 1896- Ousted by Mackenzie Bowel- 1896- Ousted by cabinetcabinet

Charles Tupper- 1896 (10 weeks)- Loses Charles Tupper- 1896 (10 weeks)- Loses electionelection