government origins of american
TRANSCRIPT
ORIGINS OF AMERICAN GOVERNMENTUnit I Section 2
Our Political Beginnings
The Beginning
◻ North American Exploration Begins in mid16th century
◻ European explorers traders amp settlers
French Dutch Spanish Swedes amp the English
◻ English settlers most numerous
◻ Native American domination begins to fade
Basic Concepts of Government
◻ English settlers brought traditions and customs
◻ English law has deep roots in Middle Eastern amp ancient Roman Traditions
◻ Brought ideas on government
Ordered Government
Limited Government
Representative Government
Ordered Government
◻ Orderly regulation of relationships is key
◻ Creation of local offices - many still found today Sheriff
Coroner
Assessor
Justice of the Peace
Grand Jury
Counties amp Townships
Limited Government
◻ Government should not be all-powerful
◻ Individual rights should not be touched by the government
These ideas have a strong hold in
English government and law practice
Representative Government
◻ Government should serve the will of the people
◻ People should have a voice in the government
◻ Notion of ldquogovernment of by and for the peoplerdquo took root in colonial America
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Our Political Beginnings
The Beginning
◻ North American Exploration Begins in mid16th century
◻ European explorers traders amp settlers
French Dutch Spanish Swedes amp the English
◻ English settlers most numerous
◻ Native American domination begins to fade
Basic Concepts of Government
◻ English settlers brought traditions and customs
◻ English law has deep roots in Middle Eastern amp ancient Roman Traditions
◻ Brought ideas on government
Ordered Government
Limited Government
Representative Government
Ordered Government
◻ Orderly regulation of relationships is key
◻ Creation of local offices - many still found today Sheriff
Coroner
Assessor
Justice of the Peace
Grand Jury
Counties amp Townships
Limited Government
◻ Government should not be all-powerful
◻ Individual rights should not be touched by the government
These ideas have a strong hold in
English government and law practice
Representative Government
◻ Government should serve the will of the people
◻ People should have a voice in the government
◻ Notion of ldquogovernment of by and for the peoplerdquo took root in colonial America
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Beginning
◻ North American Exploration Begins in mid16th century
◻ European explorers traders amp settlers
French Dutch Spanish Swedes amp the English
◻ English settlers most numerous
◻ Native American domination begins to fade
Basic Concepts of Government
◻ English settlers brought traditions and customs
◻ English law has deep roots in Middle Eastern amp ancient Roman Traditions
◻ Brought ideas on government
Ordered Government
Limited Government
Representative Government
Ordered Government
◻ Orderly regulation of relationships is key
◻ Creation of local offices - many still found today Sheriff
Coroner
Assessor
Justice of the Peace
Grand Jury
Counties amp Townships
Limited Government
◻ Government should not be all-powerful
◻ Individual rights should not be touched by the government
These ideas have a strong hold in
English government and law practice
Representative Government
◻ Government should serve the will of the people
◻ People should have a voice in the government
◻ Notion of ldquogovernment of by and for the peoplerdquo took root in colonial America
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Basic Concepts of Government
◻ English settlers brought traditions and customs
◻ English law has deep roots in Middle Eastern amp ancient Roman Traditions
◻ Brought ideas on government
Ordered Government
Limited Government
Representative Government
Ordered Government
◻ Orderly regulation of relationships is key
◻ Creation of local offices - many still found today Sheriff
Coroner
Assessor
Justice of the Peace
Grand Jury
Counties amp Townships
Limited Government
◻ Government should not be all-powerful
◻ Individual rights should not be touched by the government
These ideas have a strong hold in
English government and law practice
Representative Government
◻ Government should serve the will of the people
◻ People should have a voice in the government
◻ Notion of ldquogovernment of by and for the peoplerdquo took root in colonial America
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Ordered Government
◻ Orderly regulation of relationships is key
◻ Creation of local offices - many still found today Sheriff
Coroner
Assessor
Justice of the Peace
Grand Jury
Counties amp Townships
Limited Government
◻ Government should not be all-powerful
◻ Individual rights should not be touched by the government
These ideas have a strong hold in
English government and law practice
Representative Government
◻ Government should serve the will of the people
◻ People should have a voice in the government
◻ Notion of ldquogovernment of by and for the peoplerdquo took root in colonial America
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Limited Government
◻ Government should not be all-powerful
◻ Individual rights should not be touched by the government
These ideas have a strong hold in
English government and law practice
Representative Government
◻ Government should serve the will of the people
◻ People should have a voice in the government
◻ Notion of ldquogovernment of by and for the peoplerdquo took root in colonial America
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Representative Government
◻ Government should serve the will of the people
◻ People should have a voice in the government
◻ Notion of ldquogovernment of by and for the peoplerdquo took root in colonial America
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Legislative Bodies
UnicameralOne chamberlegislative house
Used in early colonial legislatures
Nebraska only state that has a unicameral legislature
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Legislative Bodies
Bicameral
Two chamberslegislative houses
Adopted from English Parliamentary systemHouse of Lords amp House of Commons
American standard federally and with 49 states
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Landmark Documents and Events
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Magna Carta
◻ Known as the ldquoGreat Charterrdquo
◻ Signed by King John in 1215 at Runnymede
◻ Unhappy barons tired of heavy taxes and military campaigns Pressured King John
◻ Protection from unfair acts by the Crown
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Magna CartaThe Magna Carta Included
Trial by jury
Due process - protection of taking of life
liberty or property
Intended for the upper classes
Evolved into including all classes
Established that a monarchrsquos power
was NOT absolute
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Petition of Rights
◻ Magna Carta fell in and out of favor
◻ Parliament began gaining more influence
◻ 1628 Charles I asked Parliament for money Parliament demanded he sign the
ldquoPetition of Rightsrdquo Heavily limited Kingrsquos powers
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Petition of Rights
◻ Power Limitations Imprisonment could not occur without
a judgment by a jury of peers
No martial law in times of peace
No quartering of troops by private citizens
Challenged ldquoDivine Rightrdquo King now subject to the laws
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The English Bill of Rights
◻ 1688 saw the end of conflicts in England
◻ William amp Mary of Orange monarchs
Called the ldquoGlorious Revolutionrdquo
◻ Parliament drew up the Bill of Rights
◻ Officially accepted in 1689
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The English Bill of Rights◻ Inclusions Prohibition of a standing army during times of peace Parliament elections should be free Prohibition of the Crown levying money Petitions can be heard by the king The Crown could no longer tamper with English Law Right to a fair trial No excessive bail or cruelunusual punishment
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The English Colonies
◻ 13 colonies established over 125 years
◻ Outposts amp forts became thriving communities
◻ Virginia -1607Jamestown - Commercial venture company owned trading operation
◻ Massachusetts -1620Settled for religious freedom
◻ Georgia - 1733SavannahHaven for English debtors and petty criminals - penal colony
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Coming of Independence
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Colonies controlled by the Crown
Privy Council amp Board of Trade in London
Parliament little interest in management (trade only)
◻ Colonies under framework of royal control
◻ London was over 3000 miles away
Self-government evolved
Colonial legislatures
Broad lawmaking power
Power of the purse
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Britainrsquos Colonial Policies
◻ Development of a ldquoFederalrdquo system
London provided defense and dealt with foreign affairs
Colonies allowed self rule hardly
taxed and ignored trade regulations
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
King George III
◻ Began his reign in 1760
◻ More firm dealings with colonists
Enforced ignored regulations
New taxes imposed to support troops in the Colonies
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Colonial Response
◻ ldquoTaxation without representationrdquo
◻ Felt there was no need for stationed troops
French had been defeated in 1763
◻ The Government was across the ocean
Out of touch with colonial life
◻ Saw themselves as British
The questions posed Submit or Revolt
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Colonial Response
◻ The Stamp Act Crownrsquos tax and trade policies angered the Colonies
Stamp Act-1765Tax on legal documents business agreements amp newspapers
ldquoNo taxation without representationrdquo - rallying cry
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Colonial Response
◻ Stamp Act Congress
Meets in October 1765
Colonies except for GA NH NC VA gathered in New York
Prepared ldquoDeclaration of Rights amp Grievancesrdquo
Sent petition to the king
Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Tensions
◻ Parliament closing the gap between the Colonies and London
◻ Colonial boycott of English goods
Refusal to buy or sell certain products or goods
◻ March 5 1770 - Boston Massacre (5 Killed)
◻ December 16 1773-Boston Tea Party
Men dressed as Native Americans board 3 English ships in Boston
Harbor
Dumped cargo overboard
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Tensions
Committees of Correspondence Grew from the idea of Samuel
Adams in Boston
Spread across colonies
Exchange of information among
patriots
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Congresses
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
First Continental Congress
◻ Response to the Intolerable Acts passed in 1774 as punishment for Boston Tea Party
◻ Met September 5 1774 in Philadelphia
◻ Georgia did not attend
◻ Prepared amp sent Declaration of Rights to King
◻ Called for end of trade with England till acts repealed
◻ Adjourned in October with plans to meet in May 1775
◻ Support grew over the months
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Second Continental Congress
1774-1775 - British stand by colonial policies
Reaction to the Declaration of Rights
Stricter and more repressive measures
Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia - May 10 1775
The Revolution had already begun ldquoShot heard lsquoround the worldrdquo
Battle at Lexington and Concord on April 19
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Second Continental
Representatives
All 13 colonies participated
Ben Franklin John Adams amp John Hancock
Hancock picked as Congressrsquos president
Accomplishments
Continental Army Created
George Washington - Commander-in-ChiefThomas Jefferson replaces Washington on Virginiarsquos
delegation
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Our First National Government
◻ Second Continental Congress forced to become the first national government
◻ No constitutional base
◻ Denounced by British as unlawful and treasonous
◻ Waves of growing public support
◻ Served for 5 years (1776-1781)
◻ Each Colony had 1 vote
◻ Legislative amp Executive power linked together
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Our First National Government
Accomplishments Fought a war
Raised an army amp navy
Borrowed money
Bought supplies
Created a monetary system
Negotiated treaties
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Declaration of Independence
◻ Richard Henry Lee proposed separation from Britain
Resolution of June 7 1776
Committee picked to prepare
Adams Franklin amp Jefferson
Work on Declaration of Independence
◻ July 2 1776 Delegates agreed to Leersquos resolution
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Declaration of Independence
◻ July 4 1776 Declaration of Independence
proclaimed in 1 paragraph 23 speak of injuries by the Crown
that led to revolt Called for equality of all men
56 men signed the final document
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Critical Point
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Articles of Confederation
◻ Leersquos resolution called for the unifying of the States
◻ Articles of Confederation created November 15 1777
ldquoFirm League of Friendshiprdquo
Each state would remain sovereign
Ratification came slowly
Delaware February 1779
Maryland March 1781
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Government Structure
◻ Simple government - Unicameral legislature
◻ Delegates picked by each state
◻ Each state had only 1 vote
◻ No executive or judicial branches - Committees in Congress
◻ Annual choice for President of the Congress
ldquoPresiding Officerrdquo of Congress not the US
◻ Civil officers appointed by Congress
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Powers of Congress
◻ Make War amp Peace◻ Send amp Receive Ambassadors◻ Make Treaties◻ Borrow Money◻ Set Up a Monetary System◻ Establish Post Offices◻ Build a Navy◻ Raise an Army of State Troops◻ Fix Uniform Weights amp Measures◻ Settle Disputes Between the States
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
State Obligations
◻ States would obey the Articles
◻ Promised to provide funds and troops
◻ Equality of all citizens
◻ Full faith and credit to other statersquos actions
◻ Surrender fugitives
◻ Submit disputes to Congress
◻ Open travel amp trade
◻ Responsible for protection of life property amp happiness of citizens
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Weaknesses
◻ Congress Could Not Tax
Raise money through borrowing or asking the States
Borrowing became a poor choice
Revolutionary debt high and unpaid
States never met financial requests of Congress
◻ No regulation of interstate trade
◻ Lack of power to make states obey laws
◻ 9 of 13 vote to pass laws
◻ Changes made to the Articles had to be unanimous
No amendments ever made
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The 1780rsquos
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
At Warrsquos End
◻ Revolutionary War ended on October 19 1781
◻ Treaty of Paris confirmed US victory in 1783
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
At Warrsquos End
◻ Problems began to surface at home
Weak central government
Suspicion and jealousy between states
Refusal to support central government
States made agreements with foreign powers
Forbidden by the Articles
Taxes and bans on other statersquos goods
Soaring prices amp poor credit
Skyrocketing debt
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Shaysrsquo Rebellion
◻ Economy worsened
◻ People losing property amp possessions to pay on taxes amp debts
◻ 1789-Daniel Shays of Massachusetts leads an armed uprising
Officer during Revolution
Uprising closed state courts
Lead unsuccessful assault on Springfield arsenal
Fled to Vermont
Massachusetts response - pass debt easement laws
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
A Need For A Strong Government
◻ Demand grew for strengthening central government
◻ Large property owners merchants traders amp creditors worried about shaky economy
◻ March 1785 Virginia amp Maryland meet at Mt Vernon
Recommended Federal plan of regulating tradeJanuary 21 1786
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
A Need for a Strong Government
September 1786
5 of the 13 States meet in Annapolis
Called for second meeting in May 1787
February 1787
7 of 13 States plan attendance
Congress calls for states to send delegations
Met in Philadelphia
Would become the Constitutional Convention
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Creating the Constitution
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Framers◻ 55 Delegates met at the Philadelphia Convention
◻ ldquoan assembly of demi-godsrdquo ndashThomas Jefferson
◻ Attributes
Well educated
Revolutionary war veterans
Members of Continental Congress amp Articles of Confederation Congress
7 State governors
2 Future Presidents 1 future Vice President
Average age 42
frac12 in their 30rsquos
Franklin was the oldest member at 81
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Organization amp Procedures
Met in Independence Hall
George Washington elected president of the convention
Every state had one vote majority vote would carry a measure
Adopted a rule of secrecy
Recommended changes to Articles of Confederation
Feeling of creating something new
Eventually push to replace Articles of Confederation
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Virginia Plan
◻ Proposed by Madison
◻ 3 Separate branches of governmentLegislative Executive amp Judicial
◻ Bicameral LegislatureRepresentation based on population or monetary fundsHouse members- Lower house popularly electedSenate members- Upper house chosen by House
members off list of State appointees
◻ Articles of Confederation powers kept by Congress
◻ Congress would have more force backing them
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The New Jersey Plan
◻ Proposed by William Paterson
◻ Called for Unicameral Legislature
Equal representation of the states
◻ Limited taxing ability and interstate trade regulations
◻ Plural Executive picked by Congress
◻ Federal Judiciary
Supreme Tribunal appointed by the Executive
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Compromises
States bickered over representation
Large states expected to dominate
Small states worried of infringement of rights amp interests
Connecticut Compromise
2 Congressional Houses
Senate- equal representation
House- representation based on population
Supported strong central government
The ldquoGreat Compromiserdquo
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Compromises
35 Compromise
Debate - Should slaves be counted in a statersquos population
Southern states wanted slaves counted - boost representation in House
Northern states highly opposed
Agreement
Free people counted as a whole person
Slaves considered 35 of a person
Southerners would also have to pay for their slaves
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Compromises
Commerce amp Slave Trade Compromise
Agreement Congress needed control of trade
South feared Northern Control
Congress paid through taxes on exported goods- Tobacco
Interference with Slave Trade
Agreement
Congress could not tax exported goods from the States
Congress could not act against the Slave Trade for 20 years
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The End
◻ States had differing views amp interests
States separated by geography amp economic goals
◻ ldquoBundle of Compromisesrdquo
◻ Seeing Eye-to-Eye
Federal government was needed
Government needed power
Popular sovereignty amp limited government
Separation of powers amp Checks and balances
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The End
Committee of Stile amp ArrangementSeptember 8 1787
Gouverneur Morris head of committee
September 17 work approved39 men signed the finished document
Printed and sent throughout the States
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Ratification
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The Fight To Ratify
◻ Constitution was meant to replace the Articles of Confederation
◻ 9 states needed to ratify the document to enact it
Formal consent by the States
◻ Copies sent out September 28 1787
Heavily debated and discussed throughout the Country
Two distinct groups formed
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Federalists
Stressed weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Knew that a strong government would help the infant
country economically amp socially
James Madison amp Alexander Hamilton some of the most
active
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Anti-Federalists
Attacked the Constitution
Disapproved of the ratification process
Demoralized by the lack of God in the document
Opposed lack of the Statesrsquo ability to print money
Disliked the increase in central governmental power
Disheartened by lack of a ldquoBill of Rightsrdquo
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Nine States Ratify
◻ Delaware the first December 7 1787
◻ New Hampshire the ninth June 21 1788
◻ New York amp Virginia had yet to ratify
Fear of failure without their support
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
Virginian Ratification
◻ Followed NH four days later
◻ Heated battles Strong debates
◻ George Washington supported the Constitution
◻ Madison persuaded Jeffersonrsquos support
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
New York Ratification
◻ Eleventh state July 26 1788
◻ Saw rise of ldquoThe Federalistrdquo papers
85 essays
Written by Alexander Hamilton James Madison amp John Jay
Supported Constitution
Printed in newspapers and eventually collected into books
◻ End of long battle for ratification
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
The New Government
◻ September 13 1788
11 of 13 States under ldquohellipfederal roofrdquo
◻ New York picked as temporary capital
◻ New government inaugurated the following March
March 4 1789 at Federal Hall
April 6 George Washington elected President
Unanimously
John Adams elected Vice President
April 30 Washington takes the Oath of Office
