1.“Indo-Mediterranea” as a single zone of human interaction that ran from the Bay of Bengal to the Strait of Gibraltar. That is, Indo-Mediterranea is a belt of land and sea stretching from the northern Indian subcontinent (thus “Indo”) westward across the Mediterranean Sea basin (thus “Mediterranea”).

2.His conquests contributed to the introduction of Greek ideas and customs far east of the Aegean Sea. Greeks had been colonizing and trading along the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea for several hundred years before the fourth century. Many more Greeks traveled in the entourage of Alexander. They came as mercenaries, scientists, philosophers, doctors, artisans, adventurers, and courtiers. Alexander built Greek-style cities as far east as the Indus Valley.

3. An empire is a multi-ethnic or multi-linguistic state usually created and held together by force. An empire may be contrasted with a federation, a multi-ethnic or multi-linguistic state based on rule by mutual consent.

4. Cyrus was the founder of the Persian (Achaemenid) Empire. He was the leader of a minor Persian clan who led a rebellion against the Medes, the Persians’ overlords. In 539 BCE, Cyrus, who then controlled northern Mesopotamia, the Anatolian Peninsula, and Syria, attacked and conquered Babylon. On a large, oval baked clay cuneiform cylinder, now in the British Museum, Cyrus’s description of that success is recorded. It is written in Ancient Persian. In it Cyrus exhibits concern for the Babylonians, forbidding his soldiers to loot the city and proposing to help rebuild it. He also returns religious statues taken from conquered peoples, and he released people who had been enslaved by the Babylonians.

5. The Mauryan Empire reached its peak under Ashoka (271-232 BCE), Chandragupta’s grandson. Apparently, Ashoka began his rule as a ruthless autocrat. Legend says that he killed ninety-nine of his brothers in order to secure the throne for himself. Eventually, he seems to have had a change of heart. According to a stone pillar that he erected and inscribed, he renounced bloodshed after witnessing an especially horrifying battle. He then turned to Buddhism, a religion which had been developing in northern India since the birth of its founder, Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha, the Enlightened One) about 553 BCE.

6. Early Buddhism stressed a code of ethics based on unselfishness, and it set forth rules for behavior (the Eightfold Path). A person simply had to live a moral, unselfish life in order to attain nirvana, the perfect peace which frees the soul from reincarnation.

7. Alexander the Great created a new age, the Hellenistic Age. The word is derived from Greek meaning “to imitate Greeks.”

8. Ancient Greek culture first emerged around 1600 B.C.E. in Mycenae, which developed a powerful military and participated in a wide trading network. Mycenae (1600 B.C.E. to 1100 B.C.E) The Mycenaean Greeks were part of the Indo-European family of peoples who spread into Europe and Asia.

9. During the Dark Age (1100 BCE to 750 BCE) population and food production declined. Very few records of what happened exist. By 850 BCE a new Greece began to form: Greeks left the mainland and sailed to Asia Minor, called Ionia. The Aeolian Greeks settled in Lesbos. The Dorians setup in Peloponnese and Aegean Islands.

10. By creating a direct democracy, Pericles expanded the involvement of Athenians in their government. Every male citizen participated directly in government decision making through mass meetings. Every male citizen voted on all major issues.Athenians also devised the practice of ostracism to protect against ambitious politicians. Members of the assembly could write on a pottery fragment (ostrakon) the name of the person they considered harmful. A person named by at least 6,000 members was banned from the city for 10 years.

11. anything on - socrates: He used the Socratic Method of teaching using question-and-answer format. “The unexamined life is not worth living.” He also questioned authority, but after the Great War, Athenians no longer trusted open debate. He was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens by teaching them to question and think for themselves. He later died in prison.- plato considered the greatest philosopher of Western civilization. He wrote a lot about the question of reality. How do we know what is real? He believed in a higher world of eternal, unchanging Forms; they make up reality, and only a trained mind (the goal of philosophy) can become aware of or understand these Forms. Eg. Treeness - perceive with our senses. He also explained his ideas about government - The Republic, he distrusted democracy. - aristotle Was taught by Plato for 20 years. He did not accept Plato’s theory of ideal Forms. He thought that by examining individual objects (trees), we could perceive their form (treeness). He did not believe that these forms existed in a separate, higher world of reality beyond material things. He also wanted an effective form of government and wrote Politics. He looked at over 158 states’ constitutions and found three good forms of government: monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government (best form for most people).

Grade 9 World HistoryKA AnswersApril 17. 2015

12.Kushan would prosper from trade with the Roman Empire and China via the Silk Road.Because of its excellent location, the Kushan Empire was shaped by China, Persia, and the Roman Empire.

13.They charted the movements of the stars and recognized that earth was a sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun. Their most famous mathematician of the Gupta Empire, Aryabhata, was the first to use algebra. They also introduced the concept of zero (0). After Arabs conquered parts of India in the 8th century CE, Arab scholars adopted the Indian system. In turn, European traders borrowed it from the Arabs. It spread through Europe in the 1200s. Today its called the Indian Arabic numerical system.

14. Qin Shihuangdi made many important changes to a unified China during his brief rule.

16. He came to the throne in 246 BCE at the age of 13. In 221 BCE, he defeated his rivals and created his new dynasty. He created a single monetary system and built a system of roads throughout the empire.He also divided up estates of the aristocrats and gave it to the peasants. This gave him the power to tax more people. He eliminated rivals and gained tax revenue for the central government. Foreign affairs: extended his borders to modern day Vietnam.

17. Unlike the Zhou dynasty, the Qin ruled a highly centralized state. The central bureaucracy had three divisions: the civil, military, and the censorate. The censorate had inspectors who checked on government officials to make sure they were doing their jobs. Under the central government, were provinces and counties. Unlike the Zhou, these officials did not inherit their positions, but were appointed by the emperor. Those found of wrongdoing were executed.

18. He had angered so many landed aristocrats, Confucian intellectuals, as well as common people because of his harsh censorship of speech, high taxes, and forced labor. He died in 210 BCE and four years later his dynasty would be overthrown. A civil war would follow and soon the Han would create another new dynasty.

19. First, the imperial court was plagued by weak leadership and court intrigue. Second, nobles and merchants built up large landholdings at the expense of the small farmers, and peasants sought tax relief, reducing revenues for the empire. Third, the system of military conscription broke down and the central government had to rely on mercenaries whose loyalty was questionable. 3. These factors, compounded by factionalism at court, official corruption, peasant uprisings, and nomadic attacks, led to the fall of the dynasty in 220 c.e. China entered a period of political fragmentation that lasted until the late sixth century.

20. Map

Grade 9 World HistoryKA AnswersApril 17. 2015