Graduation Test Review

Beginning to 1865

1. Centuries

• In which century did the year 1607 occur?

• A. The 15th century

• B. The 16th century

• C. The 17th century

• D. The 18th century

• (Hint: Add 1 to year to get century)

• But the 1700s occurred in what century?

2.

• The economy of the colonies of New England in the early 1700s was mainly dependent upon:

• A. Coal mining

• B. Maritime (sea) trade

• C. Tobacco exporting

• D. Rice farming

3. Primary vs. Secondary Sources

• Primary Source – first person

Thomas Jefferson writes an autobiography.

• Secondary Source – account written by someone who did not observe events, or from primary sources: I read Jefferson’s autobiography and write about it.

4. Locate the 13 Colonies and Trace Territorial Expansion

• 13 Original Colonies: Atlantic Coast, not Florida• 13 Colonies: After FI War, to Mississippi but Proclamation of 1763

• United States (1783) From Atlantic to Mississippi• Louisiana Purchase (1803)--doubled size: Mississippi to Rockies• Florida (1819)-- Florida from Spanish (Adams-Onis)• Texas Annexation (1845)• Mexican Cession (1848)--From Mexican War; Louisiana Purchase to

Pacific Ocean (Southwest)• Oregon Country (1846)-- Settled dispute with British; Today, Oregon

and Washington• Gasden Purchase: 1853• Alaska-- purchased 1867—Seward’s Folly• Hawaii—annexed, 1870s.

5. Key Historical DocumentsMayflower Compact: Pilgrims Establish self-government in colonies

Declaration of Independence: Declares independence from Britain; relies on Locke’s ideas of natural rights, social contract. Purpose is to justify rebellion, increase colonial support, and enlist foreign allies.

The Constitution (1789): Preamble (popular sovereignty)

The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom: Thomas Jefferson wrote, separating religion and government; began movement toward freedom of religion.

The Bill of Rights: 1st ten amendments

Washington’s Farewell Address, 1797: avoid foreign alliances; avoid sectionalism and political parties.

The Gettysburg Address: War of Union and freedom

Wilson’s Fourteen Points (WWI): principles for international justice: freedom of seas, freedom of trade, self-determination

Martin Luther King, Jr.’s “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: leader gave reasons blacks couldn’t wait for civil rights and needed to protest.

Political cartoons--TR (cowboy hat), Nixon (peace sign)

• Which document explains the reasons for the colonies’ act of separation from England?

• A. Mayflower Compact

• B. Articles of Confederation

• C. Declaration of Independence

• D. Constitution of the United States

6. First Discoverers: Paleo-Americans

• Reach North America by crossing the Bering Strait between Asia and Alaska as early as 30,000 B.C.

• Over thousands of years, they populated all of North, Central and South America.

• Culture differentiation– Climate, geography

7. Advanced Societies

• Agriculture occurs first in Mesoamerica

• Mayas—Mexico—writing, engineering, cities

• Aztecs—Mexico—5 million empire

• Inca—Peru—12 million empire

8. Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of goods, people, plants, and ideas between Africa, Asia and the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries

• Native Americans: European diseases, horses, guns—disease killed more Indians than warfare

• Europeans: tobacco, gold, slaves, potatoes, squash, corn,

• Africans: slavery

9. Spanish Colonization

• Spanish: 1400s-1500s---colonize

• Conquistadores—Gold, glory, and God– Cortes: defeats Montezuma of Aztec– Pizarro: defeats Atuhalpa of Inca– Encomedero—enslave Indians– Mission system—convert Indians in

Southwest

• St. Augustine 1565, Santa Fe, NM 1609

10. French Colonization

• French: Fur trade– Quebec, Canada– along Mississippi River– Louisiana

11. English Colonization

• Along Atlantic coast

• English: at first gold, glory and God; later agriculture, political and religious freedom– Roanoke, 1585, failed.– Jamestown, 1607, gold, then tobacco.– Plymouth, 1620, Pilgrim Separatists, religion– Massachusetts Bay, 1620, Puritans, religion

“city upon a hill”

12. The Southern Colonies

• E.Q. How did the Southern colonies develop?

• Virginia (1607, Jamestown)• Maryland, 1634, haven for

Catholics• Carolinas, 1664, later separated

– S.C.—plantation, slavery– N.C.—yeomen farmers

• Georgia, 1732—haven for debtors, buffer from Spanish; slavery allowed in 1752.

• Plantation economy (commercial agriculture based on enslaved labor)

• Cash crops: Tobacco (Md, Va, NC); Rice, indigo (SC)

13. Southern Society• Gentry controlled

government• Yeomen (backcountry

farmers): Largest group• Indentured Servants—

harsh terms• Religion: Mostly

Anglican, Presbyterian• Unhealthy climate—

shorter life span

• House of Burgesses, 1619

Wealthy Planters(Gentry)

Backcountry Farmers(Yeomen farmers)

Landless Farmers, Servants and Slaves

14. Bacon’s Rebellion & Slavery• 1676: Bacon leads backcountry farmers

to fight Indians and would have taken over Virginia but died.

Lesson: There must always be cheap land in the backcountry; colonies will have to fight Indians.

Switch to slavery: slaves will not revolt or require land.

10 million Africans over 3 centuries

Most go to West Indies

Middle Passage—horrible!

By 1750 : Blacks 50% of population in South

15. New England

New England:• Massachusetts, 1620--Separatists• Rhode Island, 1636—Exiled from Mass.• Connecticut, 1638—Left Mass. • New Hampshire, 1691• Crops: small farming, fishing, whaling, shipping• Religion: Puritan/Congregational

– Halfway Covenant– Salem Witch Trials—1692-93—class conflict

• Life Span: added 10 years to life over England(70s)• Democratic town meetings, legislature• Education important—need to read Bible

16. Middle colonies

• NY, NJ, Pa, Delaware• Fertile land—food surplus• CASH CROPS: Wheat

trade easy due to deep rivers

• Flood of immigrants in 1700s—Pennsylvania Dutch (Germans)

• More ethically and religiously diverse

Wealthy Merchants

Artisans & Business Owners

Unskilled Laborers, Servants, Slaves

17. The Great Awakening

• Revival of religious beliefs and emotion

• 1730s and 1740s• Jonathan Edwards: • “Sinners in the hands of

an Angry God”—hell is paved with the skulls of unbaptized children”

18. French and 18. French and Indian WarIndian War

18. French and 18. French and Indian WarIndian War1754-1763

• British and French fight over Ohio River Valley—becomes Seven Years War—worldwide

• Albany Plan of Union, 1754-- Benjamin Franklin proposes that colonies join together for joint defense –1st attempt at colonial unity.

• Battle of Quebec—British capture French capitol; France surrenders.

• Treaty of Paris of 1763: British win, pushing France out of North America. Britain controls from Atlantic to Mississippi, including Florida and Canada. Spain controls west of Mississippi River

• Leads to American Revolution.

• North America 1763:

1750After Treaty of Paris of 1763

19. Causes of American Revolution

• Change land policy--Proclamation of 1763: following Pontiac’s Revolt, Britain bans settlement west of Appalachians to colonists--colonists angry!

• Change in taxation policy: Due to war debt, Britain will use revenue taxes to raise money– Navigation Acts: had not been

enforced—salutary neglect

• Violations of colonists’ rights of as Englishmen

– Taxation without representation

– Trial by jury of peers—admiralty courts

– Unreasonable search and seizure—writs of assistance

20. Stamp Act, 1765

• First direct tax on citizens• United opposition

– Stamp Act Congress– Sons of Liberty—pamphlets, protests, intimidation– Boycott (most successful)– Tarring and Feathering Stamp Tax agents

• Declaratory Act 1766—repeals stamp tax but declares that Parliament has the right to tax colonists directly

virtual representation—each member of Parliament represents all

21. Road to American Revolution

• 1767-Townshend Acts—import taxes on tea, glass, paint; boycotts successful

• 1770—Boston Massacre

• 1773—Tea Act; Boston Tea Party

• 1774---Intolerable (Coercive) Acts: close port, try officials in England, Quartering Act, no assembly in Quebec

• 1774—First Continental Congress

Boycotts: Colonists refused to trade or buy British goods until Stamp Act was repealed.

Protests: Led by the Sons of Liberty up and down the colonies from 1765 to 1766.

Committees of Correspondence: Colonies kept in contact with one another and described British actions through letters exchanged by carriers on horseback.

22. The War Begins, 1775

• Battles of Lexington & Concord; Boston & Battle of Bunker Hill (war starts)– Bunker Hill—Patriots technically lose due to

lack of ammunition but great morale victory

• Second Continental Congress; GW heads army

23. Declaration of Independence• Thomas Paine’s Common Sense—changes

views about independence– convinces colonists that King George is a tyrant– Colonial delegates vote for independence

Declaration of Independence: Signed on July 4, 1776 – written mostly by Thomas Jefferson (inspired by John Locke)

– All men are created equal– Natural rights– Social contract

Reasons: justify rebellion; enlist foreign allies; increase colonial support

24.Tories and

Patriots

• Loyalists/ToriesLoyal to King– Strong in Georgia,

Carolinas and New York

– Not as well organized

– About 1/3

• Patriots/Whigs

Wanted independence

Strong in New England and Virginia

About 1/3 (1/3 neutral)

Britain Americans

Advantages

•ARMY AND NAVY

•RESOURCES

•STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

•HOME TERRITORY

•DON’T HAVE TO WIN

•FRENCH ALLIANCE

•MOTIVATED SOLDIERS

Disadvantages

FAR FROM HOME/SUPPORT

GUERILLA WARFARE

UNFAMILIAR TERRITORY

TROOPS INDIFFERENT

•UNTRAINED SMALL ARMY

•LACK OF FOOD, AMMO, PAY

•WEAK, DIVIDED GOVT.

25. 25.

26. Important Battles

• Washington knew he couldn’t defeat British head on—survival until British grew tired.

• Battle of Trenton, 1776: First victory! Crosses Delaware at night to attack Hessians on Christmas—boosts colonial morale!

• Battle of Saratoga, 1777: turning point of war—French will provide men and support for war.

• Battle of Yorktown, 1781: British surrender

27. Treaty of Paris of 1783

• Britain recognizes independence

• U.S. territory from Atlantic to Mississippi– Canada to British– Florida to Spain– Spain controls west of Miss. River

28. Articles of Confederation Fail!

• 1781-1789—Critical period—1st government• Weaknesses—no executive or judicial branch;

no power to tax, no power to regulate interstate commerce, or establish single national currency

• Strengths: – Land Sales Act --organizes new territory for sale– Northwest Ordinance --how state becomes a territory

• Shay’s Rebellion --showed weaknesses—calls for new stronger government

29. Constitutional Convention 1787

• George Washington heads-- James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay

• Va. Plan—large state plan (population) • vs. • NJ Plan—small state plan (equal per state)

– Great (Connecticut) Compromise—bicameral legislature, one based on population (HR) and one equal (Senate)

– Compromise on Slave Trade—would continue for 20 years

– 3/5 Compromise: 3/5 of slaves would be counted for representation and taxes

– Commerce Compromise: no tax on exports

Constitutional Ideas

• Separation of Powers (Adams, Montesquieu)—3 branches– Legislative—Congress—makes laws– Executive—President—carries out laws– Judicial—Supreme Court—interprets law

• Checks and Balances• Federalism: division of power between state

and national– Delegated (federal)—interstate commerce– Reserved (states)--education– Concurrent (both)--courts

30. Example: Historical documents

“We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.”

• Question: The Preamble of the Constitution expresses the authors’ belief that– A. Citizens are the source of political power– B. Local and national governments should share power– C. Legislative and executive powers should be separate– D. Government power should be very limited.

• THE ANSWER IS . . . . .

31. New government begins

• 1789—George Washington 1st president• Bill of Rights, 1791—added 1st 10 amendments in order

for states to ratify the constitution. • Judiciary Act of 1789—created a federal judiciary.• Cabinet: Washington’s advisors

– Secretary of State-foreign affairs-Thomas Jefferson– Secretary of Treasury—Alexander Hamilton– 1st Chief Justice—John Jay

• Whiskey Rebellion—Washington used the militia to put down rebellion—Constitution is strong enough

• Political parties develop– Jeffersonian Republicans—want small government– Hamilton Federalists—want large government

32. New Republic

• Alien and Sedition Acts—Federalists attempt to use power of government to stop opposition; repealed.– Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Marbury v. Madison, 1803—Midnight judges case—Power of Judicial Review--Supreme Court will decide whether a law is constitutional.

33. Nationalism

• 1803 – Jefferson president, buys from France, doubled size of the U.S. – Lewis and Clark explored! Sacajawea

• War of 1812 – (1812-1814) British and Americans – Freedom of the seas – Pride and nationalism emerge!

• Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of the Americas.

• American System- Henry Clay – use protective tariff, national bank, and transportation to grow U.S.

34. Growth

• Waves of immigration from Europe– Irish, Germans

• Railroads, canals (mostly in North) built to ship supplies

• Eli Whitney – Cotton gin – makes cotton King in the South, need for slaves increases

35. Reform Movements

• Temperance Movement – against alcohol• Education – Horace Mann• Women’s Rights – Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth

Cady Stanton• Abolitionists – Frederick Douglass, William Lloyd

Garrison (The Liberator), Harriet Tubman (Underground RR)

• Also-- Mental Health – Dorothea Dix – out of prisons

36. Political Parties

• Era of Good Feeling—Federalist Party dies; Democratic-Republicans are only political party from 1814-1828.

• Democratic Party forms, 1828--Andrew Jackson breaks off from Republicans.1832—Whig Party forms in opposition (nationalists)

• Jackson – spoils system• 1854—Republican party forms from antislavery

groups, Free Soil Party, and Whig Party

37. Manifest Destiny

• Manifest Destiny – Destiny of U.S. to spread their ideals across the continent.

• American Texans rebel against Mexico—brutal treatment on both sides--Remember the Alamo! Not part of U.S. immediately.

• Mexican War (1846-1848) Issues of Texas – and Mexican territory. Easily defeated; gained southwest territory (Mexican Cession).

• Gold Rush 1848 – 49ers headed to California to look for gold! Homestead Act – gave land!

38-39. Sectionalism

• States’ Rights—theory that states had the right to decide slavery and whether they wanted to be part of the U.S.

• Missouri Compromise – 1820 –Free & slave states 36 30 –Maine as free state; Missouri as slave state

• Tariff of Abominations—South Carolina threatens to secede over 1828 high tariff; compromise tariff reached in 1832.

• Compromise of 1850—California as free state; Fugitive Slave Law.

• Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854—Popular sovereignty—attempt to solve slavery issue by allowing residents to decide. Failure—led to Bleeding Kansas civil war.

40. Road to Civil War

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin—book builds antislavery feeling in North; banned in South

• Dred Scott decision, 1857: Supreme Court held that slavery could not be abolished anywhere. Angers north!

• Bleeding Kansas—civil war in Kansas over slavery issue.

• John Brown’s Raid on Harper Ferry—fears of slave uprising

• Most immediate cause--Lincoln’s Election, 1860—SC and eventually 10 other states secede from Union.

41. Civil War, 1861-65

• First shots – Fort Sumter, April 1861• First big Northern victory – Antietam – Lincoln

issues Emancipation Proclamation—frees slaves in rebelling states only.

• Gettysburg – Northern most battle• South surrenders (Lee) to North (Grant) at

Appomattox Court House, Virginia in April 1865• Lincoln assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

Effects of Civil War

• More died than all other U.S. wars combined—600,000

• 13th Amendment abolished slavery• South in ruins

Quick Review:• 1. Paleo-Indians crossed this land bridge to become the first

settlers of the Americas.• 2. The name of the first English settlement in North America.• 3. This English law caused the first organized protest by Americans

against British rule.• 4. Thomas Jefferson based the Declaration of Independence on the

ideas of this Enlightenment philosopher (British).• 5. The battle that was the turning point in the American Revolution,

convincing the French to support the patriots.• 6. Describe two problems with the Articles of Confederation.• 7. The year that the Constitution was ratified.• 8. Jefferson’s act that doubled the size of the United States in 1803.• 9. How did the Missouri Compromise attempt to resolve the issue

over expanding• slavery?• 12. The doctrine that Southerners used to secede from the Union.• 13. The northernmost battle of the Civil War.• 14. The term for the belief that the U.S. should expand across the

continent.

• 6. Which best explains the appearance of political parties in the United States shortly after the adoption of the Constitution?

• A. Washington disliked Jefferson.• B. The Constitution required the development of a

multi-party system.• C. Great Britain had a two-party system.• D. Differences arose over economic and political

issues.