(gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi,...

lat a v r a s a n i k i Z e

bacburi (wovabacburi (wovabacburi (wovabacburi (wova----TuSuri) enaTuSuri) enaTuSuri) enaTuSuri) ena

(gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi, leqsikoni)

TbilisiTbilisiTbilisiTbilisi

2010201020102010

bacburi erT-erTi im mcirericxovani xalxis enaa, romelic kompaqturad

saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba. bacburi enis Seswavlas safuZveli eyreba XIX s. pirvel

naxevarSi, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT am enaze XVIII s. fragmentul

Canawerebs. bacburi ena enaTa Zlieri interferenciis nimuSia saukuneTa

manZilze qarTul (resp. qarTvelur)-bacburi orenovnebis pirobebSi. bacbebis

axali Taoba (15 wels qvemoT) mxolod qarTul enaze metyvelebs, ojaxsa da

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi sasaubro enac saerTod, Cveulebriv, qarTulia.

bacburi enis leqsikis did nawils enacvleba qarTuli. qarTuli enis gavlena

metnaklebad moicavs enis yvela dones (fonetikas, morfologias, sintaqss). am

TvalsazrisiTac bacburi enis Seswavla did interess iwvevs.

winamdebare leqsikonSi warmodgenilia ramdenime iseTi sityva (martivi,

Sedgenili) an sityvis mniSvneloba, romlebic dRemde calke wignad

gamoqveynebul Tu bacburi enis gramatikebze darTul leqsikonebSi ar aris

Setanili (bu�ReS, dur, va�ReS, ven-meƒ, zoster, TeZCavji, Turs, kes, lo, mo,

o, sixqoTin™, Ram™, yartal, werqoxa, winus).

3

s a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v is a r C e v i

samecniero literaturis kritikuli analizi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

fonetika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

arsebiTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

zedsarTavi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

ricxviTi saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

nacvalsaxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

bacburi enis zmna. I. zmnuri kategoriebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

II. dro-kiloTa sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

zmnisarTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Tandebuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

nawilakebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

sintaqsi. I. saxeluri Sesityveba (atributuli sintagma) . . . . . . . 86

II. predikatuli sintagma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

bacburi teqstebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

bacbur-qarTuli leqsikoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

5

IIIIIIII

samecniero literaturis kritikuli analizi

pirveli cnobebi kavkasiur enaTa Sesaxeb da leqsikis nimuSebis (da sxva xa-

siaTis) Canawerebi ekuTvnis iiii. gigigigiululululdendendendenStedtsStedtsStedtsStedts (D. Johann Anton Güldenstädt, Reisen

durch Rußland und im Caukasischen Gebürge, St.-Retersburg. Bd. I (1787), XXIV+511 gv., Bd.

II (1791), 552 gv.) kavkasiur enebSi i. giuldenStedti rvidan erT-erT jgufad

gamoyofs miZjegurs _ sami (CaCnuri, inguSuri, _ bacburi (wova-TuSuri) erTeu-

liT. miuxedavad imisa, rom masala Cawerilia laTinuri da goTuri anbaniT da

metwilad sizustes moklebulia, igi rogorc pirveli Canaweri, metad mniSvnelo-

vania bacbacbacbacbubububuriririri leqsikis SeswavlisaTvis.

iiii. klapklapklapklaprorororoTisTisTisTis azriT, CaCnuri, inguSuri da TuSuri axlos aris xunxunxunxunZurZurZurZurTanTanTanTan

da lalalalakurkurkurkurTanTanTanTan, magram c i m b i r u l enaTa monaTesave SeiZleba iyos (Kaukasische

Sprachen Anhang zur Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien. Halle und Berlin, 1814).

bacburi enis pirveli gramatika Краткая тушино-цовская грамматика, вновь

составленная священником тушинской Алванской церкви тушином Иовом Цискаровым

daiwera 1848 w. wova-TuSis iiii. cisciscisciskakakakariSriSriSriSvivivivilislislislis mier n. greCis rusuli enis grama-

tikis mixedviT, amitom masSi umetesad gvaqvs uzustobani. miuxedavad amisa, bac-

buris gramatikis zogi faqti marTebulad aris aRwerili da dadgenili, rasac a.

Sifneri da mere _ i. jolbordic (A. Schiefner, Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache oder

die Khistische Mundart in Thuschetien, St.-Retersburg, 1856; i. jolbordi, iob ciskariS-

vilis `mokle wova-TuSuri gramatika~, zogadi da iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnie-

rebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978) aRniSnaven. gansakuTrebiT faseulia enobrivi masala-

sityvebi, frazebi.

aaaa. SifSifSifSifnenenenerisrisrisris naSroms "Versuch über die Thusch-Sprache" maRal Sefasebas aZleven

iv. javaxiSvili (`qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapirveli buneba da naTesao-

ba", tfilisi, 1937) da arn. Ciqobava (iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria,

Tb., 1965, gv. 176), arn. Ciqobavas TqmiT, es aris iberiul-kavkasiur enaTaTvis pir-

veli mecnieruli aRweriTi gramatika.

a. Sifneris gamokvlevis (gv. 7-158) nawilebia: fonetika (gv. 7-28), morfolo-

6

gia (gv. 29-66), sintaqsi (gv. 66-89), teqstebi, bacburi enis nimuSebi (gv. 90-104),

leqsikoni (gv. 105-158).

f o n e t i k a S i Seswavlilia xmovnebi, Tanxmovnebi, bgeraTa Sexamebani cal-

ke da sityvis (sakuTarisa da nasesxebis) yvela poziciaSi. gamoyofilia bacburis

specifikuri bgerebi.

fonetikuri procesebi xmovnebSi, TanxmovnebSi warmodgenilia calkec da

morfologiis monakveTebSic, sadac SeiniSneba es procesebi.

garkveulia maxvilis adgili sityvaSi.

ZiriTadad sruli suraTi iqmneba bacburis bgeraTa sistemisa da masSi fo-

netikuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, Tumca zogi ram Sefaseba-dazustebas moiTxovs: av-

tori amCnevs mokle xmovnebs (-o, u) _ moklexmovniani erTi da igive fuZe damow-

mebulia sada xmovniT da uxmovnodac (qorTo _ qorT `Tavi", Jero-Jer `qvri-

vi"... ($ 100), magram mokle xmovnisaTvis niSani ar Semoaqvs.

aseve amCnevs nazalur xmovnebs ($ 99) arn. Ciqobava 1966), oRond es xmovne-

bic aRunusxveli (specialuri niSnis _ asoebis gareSe) rCeba (Sdr. rrrr. gagagagaguaguaguagua

1983, iiii. joljoljoljolborborborbordidididi 1978).

SeumCneveli darCenia bacburis zogi bgera _ spirantebi D da �, laringa-

luri G (qarTulisa da zogi sxva enis TanxmovanTagan gansxvavebuli) da h´; ara

aqvs gamoyofili intensiuri Tanxmovnebi...

morfologiaSi ganxilulia arsebiTi saxelebi, sakuTari da nasesxebi, erT

da ormarcvlianebi, maTi mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi ($ 70-80). arkvevs gramatikuli

sqesis-klasis adgils saxelebSi, zmnebSi. ajgufebs gramatikul klasebad saxelebs

mravlobiTis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT. misi kvlevis sferoSi Semodis zedsarTa-

vi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmna, zmnizeda, Tandebuli, kavSiri, na-

wilaki, Sorisdebuli (5 131-226). asaxelebs 22 brunvas sufiqsebiT, Cerdeba brun-

vaTa fuZis sakiTxze ($ 99-118), gvacnobs zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelis mawarmo-

eblebsa da zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelisa da nacvalsaxelis brunebas ($ 131-162),

aqvea mimReobis brunebac ($ 134)...

zmnaSi SeniSnulia TanxmovanfuZianTa simravle, gardamaval da gardauval

zmnaTa aRweriTi warmoeba. Cerdeba faqtitivis (kontaqtis) warmoebazec. ganar-

Cevs uRvlilebis tipebs Zireuli xmovnis cvlilebis mixedviT ($ 179). moyvanilia

anomaluri uRvlilebis nimuSebi wesier uRvlilebasTan erTad. TandebulebSi Se-

7

aqvs calke mdgomi Tandebulebi.

s i n t a q s i ($ 227-302) mimoixilavs sintagmebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom a. Sifneri

yuradRebas amaxvilebs instruqtivis (= ergativis) sxva enaTa saxelobiTis (subi-

eqtis) funqciiT xmarebaze gardamaval zmnasTan. SemCneulia isic, rom I da II pi-

ris nacvalsaxelebi gardauval zmnebTanac instruqtivis formiTaa subieqtad ($

252).

t e q s t e b i (TviTonve _ a. Sifners ar miaCnia bunebriv Targmanad) rusu-

lidan zedmiwevniT Targmans uaxlovdeba.

l e q s i k o n S i Sedis 2168 erTeuli (maTgan 718 qmnis leqsikur budes) iz.

jolbordi): saxelebi, zmna, sxva metyvelebis nawilebi. TargmniTi leqsikonia, mag-

ram masSi mTel rig sityvebTan warmodgnelia maTi warmomavloba an etimologia.

amasTanave leqsikografiuli TvalsazrisiT angariSgasawevia leqsikonSi mocemuli

leqsikonis Sedgenis garkveuli principebi: saleqsikono erTeulis SerCeva, leqsi-

kuri budeebis gamoyofa-gansazRvra. metad faseulia arqauli leqsika da zogjer

formebic, romlebic leqsikonSi dasturdeba.

trutrutrutrubecbecbecbeckoikoikoikoi (trubeckoi 1931) iZleva bacburis zogi bgeris daxasiaTebas da

adgens bgeraTSesatyvisobebs.

sosososomermermermerfelfelfelfeltistististis naSromSi (somerfelti 1934, 1937) bacburis, aseve CaCnurisa

da inguSuris xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa sistemebia warmodgenili (gv. 205-209), iye-

nebs laTinur anbans diakritikuli niSnebiT. adgens bgeraTSesatyvisobebs am eneb-

Si mdidari leqsikuri masalis Sedarebis safuZvelze. gvxvdeba zogi uzustoba

dawerilobasa da fuZeTa SedarebaSi (mag.: h> (C ) D-s adgilas... b. ZuCa `daTvi" (a.

Sifneris leqsikonidan) udarebs CaCn.-ing. zud `Zu"-s, (a. Sifneridan) (gv. 204) ma-

Sin, rodesac bacburSi calke gvaqvs `Zu(3)"; peeee mohyavs `gverdis" mniSvnelobiT,

nacvlad fe-si (gv. 199)...

dddd. imimimimnanananaiSiSiSiSvivivivilililili (imnaiSvili 1942) wovurSi (bacburSi) saxelobiTsa da naTe-

saobiTs ZiriTad pirvelad brunvebad miiCnevs (gv. 216), gamoyofs 4 ZiriTad

brunvas, 6 erTTandebulians da agreTve erTze metTandebulian brunvebs (gv. 216-

217).

iiii. dedededeSeSeSeSeririririeeeevisvisvisvis naSromi `bacburi ena" (deSerievi 1953) gramatikis yvela

dargs moicavs, agreTve gvawvdis bacbur leqsikasa da teqstebs.

f o n e t i k a S i Seswavlilia sityvis Zirisa da afiqsebis bgeriTi Sedgeni-

8

loba. ganixilavs bgeriT sistemas. SemCneuli aqvs bacburis yvela Taviseburi

Tanxmovani. nazalur xmovnebs aRniSnavs diakritikuli niSniT. Cerdeba fonetikur

procesebze (gv. 46-50). arkvevs maxvilis adgils sityvaSi.

ar SeuniSnavs iiii da uuuu xmovnebis epenTezisis Sedegad difTongebis warmoqmnis

SemTxvevebi.

sadavoa sakiTxi, naxur enaTa TanxmovnebSi romelia amosavali abruptivebi

Tu mJRerebi.

m o r f o l o g i a iwyeba sityvawarmoebiTa da formawarmoebiT (gv. 55-56).

mas mosdevs arsebiTi saxeli (gv. 57-77), 22 brunvaa gamoyofili; iiii, eeee, aaaa, oooo, uuuu

xmovnebi naTesaobiTi brunvis daboloebaSi fonetikur variantebad aris miCneu-

li. i. deSerievi brunebis 3 tips asaxelebs, miTiTebulia romel tipSi nawilde-

ba sxva saxelebi (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli) da saxelzmnebi (gv.

67-78). iZleva brunebis paradigmebs.

zmna mocemulia arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg (gv. 79-168). avtori ganixilavs

zmnur sityvawarmoebasa da formawarmoebas, dros, kilos, gramatikul klasebs,

aspeqts, zmniswinebs, mimReobas, absolutivs, `grZnoba-aRqmis" zmnebs, uRvlilebis

tipebs. darTuli aqvs saTanado paradigmebi.

SeiniSneba zogi uzustoba (namyo uaxloesisa (gv. 89) da mimReobaTa sufiq-

sebSi. -nononono da -nornornornor sufiqsebiT nawarmoebi droebi TurmeobiTebia.

droTa sistemaSi ratomRac ar Cans namyo usrulis drois forma. awmyos ma-

warmoebel sufiqsebSic gamorCenilia ˜̃̃̃ < iiii.

mizanSewonili iqneboda gramatikuli klasebi arsebiT saxelamde yofiliyo

ganxiluli. moulodnelia mimReobis brunebis moyvana am TavSi (gv. 153-154).

i. deSerievi zedsarTavis, ricxviTi saxelis, nacvalsaxelis analizs zmnis

momdevnod gvTavazobs (gv. 169-203). ar aris naTeli ratom uZRvis maT win zmna.

z m n i s a r T e b i d a n i. deSerievi droisa da adgilis zmnisarTebze Cerde-

ba, mokled exeba maT warmoebasac (gv. 207).

d a m x m a r e s i t y v e b i da S o r i s d e b u l i c naSromSi sakmaod sru-

ladaa warmodgenili.

s i n t a q s S i dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli sityvaTa SekavSirebis saxeebi,

winadadebis wevrebi, martivi da rTuli winadadebis tipebi, gamovlenilia bacbu-

ri enis zogi Tavisebureba.

l e q s i k a gveZleva dargoblivi leqsikis saxiT, calkea agreTve toponimika,

9

eTnonimika, onomastika. leqsemebi dajgufebulia Zvel da axal, sakuTar da ucxo

sityvebad.

danarTi _ t e q s t e b i gabmuli metyvelebisa, rogorc wesi, sandoa da

mniSvnelovani (naxevari saukunis (da kidev meti) winandeli).

nnnn. qaqaqaqadadadadagigigigiZeZeZeZe (n. qadagiZe 1953) cdilobs gaarkvios, saxelTa ra semantikuri

jgufebi Sedis mravlobiTis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyofil rva gramatiku-

li klasidan TiToeulSi da amasTanave iZleva maTs procentul raodenobas. n.

qadagiZesTan Seswavlilia saxelebis formac, SinaarsTan erTad, gramatikul kla-

sebad ganawilebis principis dadgenisas.

iiii. dedededeSeSeSeSeririririeeeevivivivi naSromis "Сравнительно-историческая грамматика нахских языков"

(deSerievi 1963) gv. 3-549) dasawyisSi mTis kavkasiel xalxTa (maT Soris b a c -

b e b i s) da maTi enebis warmoSobis, istoriuli ganviTarebis problemebze Cerde-

ba (gv. 3-100). monografiaSi warmodgenilia: naxur enaTa fonologiuri sistema

(gv. 175-370), morfologia (gv. 371-489), sintaqsi (gv. 491-513), saerTo naxuri ena

(gv. 517-531).

`naxur enaTa fonologiur sistemaSi" daxasiaTebulia naxur enaTa, ZiriTa-

dad CaCnur-inguSuris, xmovani da Tanxmovani fonemebi. bacburis fonematur sis-

temaSi gamoyofs saerTosa da gansxvavebuls CaCnur-inguSurisagan. bacburSi gamo-

ricxavs grZeli da palatalizebuli xmovnebis arsebobas (gv. 220), KKKK-s ar miiCnevs

fonemad (gv. 200), Tumca is (KKKK) am enaSi fonemaa. faringalur xSuls (IIII-s) bac-

burSi mxolod anlautSi adasturebs (gv. 223). aq ar gamoyofs geminirebul Tan-

xmovnebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi Tanxmovnebi bacburSi faqtia. adgens si-

tyvaSi bgeraTa poziciebs (gv. 235). ganixilavs fonetikur procesebs (gv. 335-

336). termini umlautic Semoaqvs regresuli asimilaciis aRsaniSnavad (gv. 269-

270). `morfologiaSic" (gv. 473-476) gaanalizebulia bgeraTSesatyvisobani naxur

enebSi. `morfologiaSi" sityvawarmoebas uWiravs gv. 380-407). ar aris naTeli -

rig, -rik sufiqsis genezisis sakiTxi (gv. 390).

saxelTa brunebaSi ergativis fuZesac miiCnevs meore fuZed, oRond, avtoris

azriT, istoriulad am SemTxvevaSi ZirTan gvaqvs saqme (gv. 408), rac ar Cans da-

majerebeli: cnobilia, rom saxelobiTi emTxveva Zirs. mr. ricxvis warmoebisas

bacburSi ufro xSiriao rrrr, nnnn, a~ra~ra~ra~r, arararar, erererer, rrrr savrcobebi (gv. 414).

gramatikuli klasis niSnebi (sul 4 klasi) istoriulad prefiqsebiao (gv.

384).

10

arsebiT saxelebSi dadgenilia ergativis ssss da vvvv daboloebebis gavrcelebis

are. xxxx-Tandebuls _ brunvis daboloebas marTebulad miiCnevs RRRR-s fonetikur va-

riantad (gv. 435).

gansazRvrulia zedsarTavis adgili SesityvebaSi, misi bruneba, xarisxis

warmoeba.

nacvalsaxelebSi sosososo-s `me" aRdgena meore fuZisaTvis _ ar aris misaRebi (gv.

456). CvenebiTebis saxelobiTSi areulia meore fuZis formebi (uB...) gv. 461.

`zmnaSi" bacburis uRlebis paradigma CaCnur-inguSurTan SedarebiT ufro

martivad esaxeba (gv. 479-80), oRond aRniSnavs, rom yvela SesaZlo formis gaTva-

liswinebiT bevrad ufro rTuli sistema warmogvidgeba (gv. 480). uRlilebaSi

dadgenilia brZanebiTisagan nawarmoebi formebi, (gv. 480-482) _ agreTve _ awmyo-

sagan (gv. 482) da namyouaxlesisagan (gv. 484).

mokled iZleva zmnizedis, damxmare sityvebis (Tandebuli, kavSiri, nawilaki)

mimoxilvas (gv. 485-490).

`sintaqsi" SesityvebiT, misi saxeebis ganxilviT iwyeba (gv. 491-496). mocemu-

lia martivi da rTuli winadadebis analizi gaxazavs, rom qvemdebaris brunvebia:

saxelobiTi, ergativi, micemiTi, naTesaobiTi, lokativi (gv. 499-500). pirdapiri

damatebis formad mohyavs CaCn. loma, bacb. laum, romlebic gansxvavebulia saxe-

lobiTisagan (CaCn. bacb. lam `mTa") da varaudobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi akuzativis

CamoyalibebasTan gvaqvs saqme. amgvar Tvalsazriss dasabuTeba sWirdeba.

gardauval zmnebTan ergatiuli konstruqciis pirveladobas (gv. 503) ver

gaviziarebT.

kkkk. WreWreWreWrelaSlaSlaSlaSvivivivilislislislis naSromSi `naxuri enebis TanxmovanTa sistema" (k. WrelaSvi-

li 1975), warmodgenilia naxuri enebis, maT Soris wova-TuSuri (bacburi) enis

TanxmovanTa sistemebis paradigmatul-distribuciuli analizi (gv. 3-314).

bacburi enis TanxmovanTa sistemis paradigmatuli analizis Sedegad avtorma

daadgina: wova-TuSurSi gamoiyofa 41 Tanxmovani fonema, aqedan 7 intensiuria, 6

_ sonanti. sakuTriv intensivebi mxolod Zireul morfemebSi Sedis. bacburSi

Semonaxulia apikaluri warmoebis intensivebi. intensiuri Tanxmovnebi fonemebia.

mocemulia naxuri enebis CqamierTa daxasiaTeba binarul-akustikur diferen-

cialur niSanTa terminebSi, Svidi diferencialuri niSnis SemotaniT, am niSanTa

met-naklebi kombinacia qmnis ama Tu im fonemis fonologiur Sinaarss. matriceb-

Si asaxulia fonologiur opoziciaTa ierarqiuli Tanmimdevrobac, rac mniSvne-

11

lovania diaqroniul kanonzomierebaTa dasadgenad. unda aRiniSnos, rom f a -

r i n g a l e b i s sakiTxi saerTod s a d a v o a saenaTmecniero literaturaSi.

monografiaSi ganxilulia naxuri enebis fonemaTa d i s t r i b u c i i s yvela

SemTxveva (axlavs distribuciuli analizis amsaxveli saTanado tabulebi. gansa-

kuTrebiT sayuradReboa: intensiuri fonemebi funqcionireben mxolod Zireuli

morfemis auslautSi; faringaluri mJReri spiranti(DDDD) funqcionirebs Tavkidur

poziciaSi mJReri Tanxmovnebisa da abruptivebis Semdeg; laringaluri mJReri

xSuli (G) gvxvdeba Zireuli morfemis auslautSi. faringaluri mJReri (�) mxo-

lod anlautSi iCens Tavs.

TanxmovanTa k o m p l e q s e b i orwevrovania. samwevrovani kombinaciebi mxo-

lod sporadulad aris SemCneuli. sami ZiriTadi tipia kompleqsebisa: 1. sonan-

turi kompleqsebi, 2. frikatiuli kompleqsebi da 3. xSulTa kompleqsebi. gamoi-

yofa 9 modeli (СF, FC, SF, SC, SS, CS, FS, FF, CC). sintagmaturi modelebi mzardi

sonorobis mixedviT qmnian sam models: mzardi sonorobisa, klebadi sonorobisa,

neitralurisa.

interess aRZravs CF tipis kompleqsebi, qarTuli enis decesiur-harmoniul

kompleqsTa B-sistemis msgavsi.

dddd. imimimimnanananaiSiSiSiSvivivivilislislislis monografiis (imnaiSvili 1977 (gv. 5-299) kvlevis sagania na-

xuri enebis xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa sistema istoriul aspeqtSi. naSromSi ganxi-

lulia fonetikuri procesebi am enaTa xmovnebsa da TanxmovnebSi. dgindeba fone-

tikuri Sesatyvisobebi naxur enebSi. aRdgenilia SedarebiT martivi sistema ro-

gorc xmovnebisa, ise _ Tanxmovnebisa saerTo naxurisaTvis.

abruptivebisaTvis amosavlad miiCnevs mJRer xSulebs, arsebobs sxva Tval-

sazrisic (abruptivebisgan momdinareoben mJReri xSulebi).

dddd. eeee. hohohoholislislisliskikikikisasasasa da rrrr. gagagagaguguguguasasasas naSromSi (holiski, gagua 1994) mokled aris

mimoxiluli fonologia (gv. 149-161), morfologia (gv. 162-189), sintaqsi (gv. 190-

212).

f o n o l o g i a S i mokle da grZeli xmovnebis, agreTve difTongebis sakiTxi

Tanamedrove bacburSi sxvagvarad dgeba. Tanxmovnebidan aseTive viTarebaa larin-

galebsa da faringalebSi (gv. 151, 152-153).

m o r f o l o g i a uRvlilebis ramdenadme martiv sistemas gvawvdis (gv. 180).

nacvalsaxelebSi brunvaTa rigi asea Secvlili: erg., naT., sax. ... (gv. 173).

12

mr. ricxvSi gramatikuli klasebis diferenciaciis gaTvaliswinebiT 5 gra-

mat. klasis gamoyofa bacburSi sadavoa (gv. 162).

brunvis niSanTa winamavali xmovnis raoba sakvlevia.

kkkk. WeWeWeWelaSlaSlaSlaSvivivivilislislislis naSromSi `wova-TuSuri ena" (WrelaSvili 2002) warmodgeni-

lia: winasityvaoba (gv. 7-42); wova-TuSuri enis TanxmovanTa paradigmatuli sis-

tema (gv. 43-94); morfologia (gv. 95-291); wova-TuSuri gvarebis Sesaxeb (gv. 292-

296); statiebi (gv. 297-438), teqstebi (gv. 439-464); mcire leqsikoni (gv. 465-504);

ablauti wova-TuSurSi (gv. 505-507).

avtori iZleva naxur enebSi diaqroniul fonemur procesTa axsnis cdas

fonemur erTeulTa identifikaciis matricebze damyarebiT (gv. 43-94);

zmnis uRvlilebis mravalricxovani sinTezuri da analizuri formebi _

mwkrivebi ZiriTadad maTi struqturis mixedviT aris dajgufebuli, dadgenilia

sauRlebel fuZeTa sistema _ 3 seria, I da II seriebSi cxra-cxra da III-Si 12

mwkriviT, rac aZlevs avtors SesaZleblobas warmogvidginos wova-TuSuri zmnis

uRlebis sistemis sruli, simetriuli paradigma (gv. 160-198). aqve unda aRiniS-

nos, rom ar aris SeuZlebeli mowodebuli paradigmis gamartiveba.

wova-TuSurSi gvaris gramatikuli kategoriis markerad gamoyofs lalalala/llll

elements, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom igi lalalala/llll vnebiTi gvaris markerad gvevli-

neba mxolod awmyosa da myofadis fuZeebisagan nawarmoeb mwkrivebSi (~ay-lalalala `iW-

meva", dDog-lalalala `daimtvreva"...).

naSromSi gvaqvs aspeqtis kategoriis tradiciulisagan gansxvavebuli ganmar-

teba, gamoyofilia aspeqtis samwevrovani korelacia, romlisTvisac ganmsazRvre-

lia moqmedebis grZliobis xasiaTi (gv. 115)...

13

fonetikafonetikafonetikafonetika

xmovnebixmovnebixmovnebixmovnebi. . . . xuT sada xmovanssada xmovanssada xmovanssada xmovans gamoyofs bacburSi am enis yvela mkvlevari:

esenia: aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , iiii, , , , oooo, , , , uuuu.... sada xmovnebis gverdiT aq gvaqvs nazaluri xmovnebi: an,

en, in, on, un, grZeli xmovani ‰, agreTve Š da ‹ grZeli xmovnebi, adastureben

mokle xmovnebsac: š, ˜, ™, —.

nazaluri xmovnebi nazaluri xmovnebi nazaluri xmovnebi nazaluri xmovnebi miRebulia sada xmovani + nnnn Tanxmovanisagan nnnn

Tanxmovnis dakargvis Sedegad (qalaCuuuun < `qalaCuna, fartan < `fartena~...).

nazaluri xmovnebi gvxvdeba Cveulebriv sityvis bolos (gagaaaan `kvercxi, gon

`azri~, Razen `kargi~, dikeeeen `waiyvana~... am poziciaSi isini fonemebia, vlindeba

minimaluri wyvilebi (xan `barkali~, Sdr. xa `xari, dro~. nazaluri xmovnebi

afiqsis funqciiTac dasturdeba (naT. br. niSnebad, zog SemTxvevaSi mic. br.

niSnadac nacvalsaxelebSi).

iSviaTad nazaluri xmovnebi Tavs iCens inlautSic (mandarin `mandarini~,

gonlin `gonieri~, gang `jaglagi~. bandul `fexsacmeli~...), Tumca am poziciaSi

maT fonematuri Rirebuleba ar gaaCniaT.

sufiqsebis win nnnn Tanxmovani Semonaxulia erTi da imave sityvebSi (gagan

`kvercxi~ _ mr. r. gagannnn-i < gagan+i; Sorin `farTo~ _ kiTxviTi forma Sorinnnn-

i? `farTo?~..).

grZeli xmovnebi grZeli xmovnebi grZeli xmovnebi grZeli xmovnebi bacburSi Cven Tvalwin viTardeba. grZeli ‰‰‰‰ xmovnis

fonemuroba sarwmunoa (k. WrelaSvili).

SeiniSneba ‹, Š da � grZeli xmovnebic fakultaturad, romlebic sruli

asimilaciisa da xmovanTa Serwymis gziT arian miRebuli.

grZeli xmovnebi da difTongebi paralelurad gvxvdeba, maTi gavrceleba

Taobebis mixedviTaa gansxvavebuli: difTongebi ufrosi Taobis warmomadge-

nelTa metyvelebsTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, grZeli xmovnebi _ umcrosi Taobis

14

metyvelebisaTvis, Tumca amaTTan difTongebis xmarebac ar aris gamoricxuli.

e. w. mokle mokle mokle mokle (reducirebul) xmovnebs xmovnebs xmovnebs xmovnebs gamoyofen erTze metmarcvlian

sityvaTa absolutur boloSi (bay™™™™ `kvici~, gaššššgšššš `muxli~, v‹l˜̃̃̃ `icinis~,

lel———— `dadis~. akustikurad mokle xmovnebi Zneli aRsaqmelia TviT

bacbebisTvisac ki.

maxvili mokle xmovnebs ar moudis, marcvals ar qmnian, amdenad isini ar

gvxvdeba erTmarcvlian sityvebSi. mokle xmovnebi miRebulia sityvis bolos

maxviliani xmovnis momdevnod umaxvilo poziciaSi. xolo aaaa xmovani amave

poziciaSi ukvalod ikargeba (r. gagua, d. imnaiSvili). sxva Tvalsazrisis

Tanaxmad (T. uTurgaiZe, m. miqelaZe) or- da metmrcvlian sityvebis auslautSi

xmovanTa reduqciisas Tavs iCens enis miswrafeba _ Riamarcvliani

struqturis formebi gardaqmnas daxurulmarcvliani struqturis formebad.

safiqrebelia orive faqtoris moqmedebasTan gvqonoda saqme. gavrceleba pova

nareduqcialma formebma.

erTi mxriT, ˜, — da, meore mxriT, š, ™ erTmaneTisagan akustikurad aRar

ganirCeva — da ˜ winamavali Tanxmovnebis sust palatalizacas iwvevs, ™ da š

_ sust labializacias. amdenad, mokle xmovnebTanac ki ara gvaqvs saqme,

aramed maTs SerwymasTan winamaval TanxmovnebTan. ˜̃̃̃ da ————-s SemTxvevaSi maTi

winamavali Tanxmovnebis rbil variantebs viRebT, xolo oooo da uuuu ki winamaval

TanxmovnebTan iZleva maTs labializebul variantebs. aseTi palatalizebuli

da labializebuli Tanxmovnebi fonemis poziciuri variantebia, afiqsis

funqciiT ar gvxvdeba da maT fonemebad ver miviCnevT.

dubletebis arsebobac imaze metyvelebs, rom mokle xmovnebi ar

warmoadgenen fonemebs: rbili Tanxmovani / Cveulebrivi Tanxmovani;

labializebuli Tanxmovani / Cveulebrivi Tanxmovani.

amisda kvalad transkrifciuli Caweris TvalsazrisiTac e. w. `mokle

xmovnebis~ grafikuli Cawera ar Seesabameba realur viTarebas. maT nacvlad

sjobda sirbilis (½½½½) da labializaciis (◦) niSnebi iqnes gamoyenebuli

TanxmovnebTan, romlebic win uZRodnen istoriul iiii, , , , eeee, , , , oooo, , , , uuuu xmovnebs.

15

difTongebidifTongebidifTongebidifTongebi. . . . bacburSi ori xmovani uSualod erTmaneTis gverdiT ver

Zlebs,1 ganicdis difTongizacias (CaCnur-inguSuris …o…o…o…o, , , , �e�e�e�e difTongebi

bacburSi ar SeiniSneba. gvxvdeba difTongebi �� da ………… komponentebiT,

romlebic sonantebia (d. imnaiSvili).

� da … yvela xmovanTan iCens Tavs, garda i da u xmovnebisa, Sesabamisad.

difTongizacias adgili aqvs: 1) ori xmovani erTad iyris Tavs

boloxmmovnian fuZesa da xmovansufiqsis an xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsis

darTvisas:

mag.: Jer™ (`qvrivi~) _ mr. Jeru� (< Jero�).

2) epenTezisis Sedegad, fuZiseul wina xmovanTan momdevno xmovnis

gadanacvlebis SemTxvevaSi: qaniz (`yurZeni~) _ naT. qa�nzen. ufro farTod

aris gavrcelebuli �-is Semcveli difTongebi: a�, e�, rac Zvel Canawerebsa da

ufrosi Taobis metyvelebaSi vlindeba: Tumca axali Taobac paralelurad

Caunacvlebs a�, e� difTongebs grZel xmovnebs, romlebic maTgan aris

miRebuli: a�, e� > Š, ‹, agreTve _ e-s auslautSi da�qnen, qaliqen magram

iSviaTad i-sac (dadinfstu) ‹-s inlautSi (r. gagua).

o� difTongi > u�-s (a. Siferi) Cak™ `skami~ mr. Caku� < Cako� …-ian

difTongebSi a… > o…-s ƒa…ƒu ƒo…ƒu `mtredi~, ƒa…pš > ƒo…pš `matli~. r.

gagua adasturebs o…-s �-Si gadasvlis SemTxvevas: ošƒš || uuƒ || �ƒ `is~, Sdr.

erg. oƒus.

arc Tu iSviaTad mosalodneli …-s Semcveli difTongebis adgilas

gvxvdeba �-iani difTongebi, rasac winaenismier TanxmovnebTan disimilaciis

Sedegad miiCneven (r. gagua).

disimilaciiT axsnas winaaRmdegoba xvdeba bacburSi (sxva SemTxvevebSic

gvaqvs u > � labializaciis moSlis gziT (boRur (palo~) _ bu�Rren).

aRmavali difTongebi bacburSi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba: �a, �e

dadasturebulia zog styvaSi, �exk `savarcxa~, �eT´ `Zroxa~...

1 gamonaklisia ricxviT saxelebSi _ Siiiiiiiit´ (`Tormeti~), ƒoioioioit´ (`cameti~)...

16

kiTxviTs formebSi …i difTongic iCens Tavs axali Taobis

warmomadgenlebTan (vot…i? `dadis?~ vaR…i? midis? aW…i? _ Sexedavs?

maxvili maxvili maxvili maxvili amJamad bacburSi susti dinamikuria, fiqsirebuli, romelic,

Cveulebriv, sityvis pirvel marcvals moudis (höwuk `Citi~...)

aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac maxvili morfologiur funqcias iRebs (mx. r.

naT. br. C¤xon _ mr. naT. br. Cuon...).

SnS. es faqti SeiZleba gadmonaSTi iyos im viTarebisa, rodesac maxvili

naxur enebSi moZravi iyo: bacb. knaT < kanöT (CaCnuri enis Weberlour

dialeqtSi dasturdeba (d. imnaiSvili), sityvis meore marcvalsac moudioda,

SeiZleboda gvqonoda fuZezec da sufiqsis darTvisas sufiqsze

gadainacvlebda. maxvili sufiqsze fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqcias iwvevda.

xmovnis reduqcia sityvis fuZeSi sufiqsis darTvisas axlac farTod aris

gavrcelebuli bacburSi, rac Zveli tradiciis gagrZelebaa.

fonetikuri procesebidan fonetikuri procesebidan fonetikuri procesebidan fonetikuri procesebidan xmovnebSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia

reduqcia reduqcia reduqcia reduqcia da epenTezisiepenTezisiepenTezisiepenTezisi.... reduqcias or da metmarcvlian sityvebze xmovnis an

xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqis darTva iwvevs. reducirdeba aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , oooo xmovnebi: sax.

bader `bavSvi~, naT. badr-en <*bader-en... gvaqvs oooo-s nawilobrivi reduqciis

SemTxvevebic _ oooo > vvvv: yiol `siRaribe, sigamxdre~, aqedan _ yivlaren

`Raribuli~, lebiv < qarT. lobio. epenTeziss ganicdian iiii da uuuu xmovnelbi, Tu

fuZeSi aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , oooo xmovnebia. iiii da uuuu xmovnebi am (aaaa, , , , eeee, , , , oooo) xmovanTa momdevnod

gadainacvleben fuZeSi da masTan qmnian difTongebs: sax. qaniz `yurZeni~ _

naT. qa�a�a�a�nz-en <*qaniz-en... gvxvdeba epenTezisis iseTi magaliTebic, rodesac iiii

xmovani Tanxmovnebs Sua eqceva da ara xmovnis Semdeg: tarsikoni > tariskon

"сафьян", makartan `makrateli~. arsebobs am faqtis sxvagvari axsnac1 _ aqac

reduqcia xdeba da ara epenTezisi. reducirebuli xmovnis kompensaciaa xmovnis

dagrZeleba, romelic mere gadadis difTongSio.

es Tvalsazrisi Teoriulad dasaSvebia, magram amasTan dakavSirebiT enaSi

1 A. Dirr, Einführung... gv. 36.

17

sxva faqtebi dasturdeba, sapirispiro: difTongebi amosavalia grZeli

xmovnebisTvis da ara _ piriqiT. difTongebi warmodgenilia xandazmulTa

metyvelebaSi amJamd da XIX s.-is dasasrulisa da XX s.-is dasawyisis

TxzulebebSi (a. SifnerTan, i. ciskariSvilis `TuSuri enis gramatikaSi~, d.

da n. qadagiZeebis wova-TuSur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi), grZeli (zogjer

mokle) xmovnebi gvxvdeba axalgazrdebisa da bavSvebis metyvelebaSi, rogorc

wesi (iSviaTad gvxvdeba difTongebi).

xmovani + xmovani Tanmimdevroba ar aris damaxasiaTebeli wova-

TuSurisaTvis, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT tolad Serwymul saxelebs

(metwilad ricxviT saxelebs), ix. zemoT. zog nasesxeb sityvaSic xmovani +

xmovani ucvlelad warmoCndeba meurm— `meurme~... (iqve).

xmovani + xmovani, Cveulebriv, Serwymis gziT, difTongs qmnis: Wanik

`nikapi~ _ naT. Wa�a�a�a�nk-en < Waniiiik-en...

zogjer viTardeba �� an ‡‡‡‡ xmovnebs Soris marcvalTgamyarad:

dar _ keTeba _ d-i�en `gaakeTa~... (gagua).

awmy. daR™ `modis~, dexen _ `movida~

difTongebSi SeimCneva fonetikuri procesebi; Serwyma, nawilobrivi da

sruli asimilacia: a�a�a�a� difTongi > e�e�e�e�. inlautSi: atív `bedniereba~ _ erg.

a�t´v-ev || e�t´v-ev-. a� > e auslautSi tanjv (< qarT. tanjva) _ naT. tanjv-en (<

tanjva�n... (r. gagua).

a� >> e > ‹ || ‹ (Tu mas marcvali mosdevs: levdar `Tqma~, magram l‹v˜ <

le�v˜ àmbobs~ da livas `vambob~ (r. gagua).

oooošššš difTongSi oooo > uuuu-s: ošƒš || ušƒ || uƒ ìm~ (saxelobiTis garda sxva

brunvebSi ìs~ nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelis funqciiT).

erTze metmarcvlian xmovanfuZian saxelebSi boloxmovnebi ganicdian

sruls an nawilobriv reduqcias (ix. zemoT).

saxelTa brunebisas da zmnebSi aspeqturi dapirispirebis SemTxvevaSi

dasturdeba fuZiseul xmovanTa monacvleoba, amJamad spontanuri xasiaTisa,

ablauti (am sakiTxebze SevCerdebiT qvemoT saxelTa brunebisa da zmnis

18

aspeqtis ganxilvisas).

naxur enaTa TanxmovanTa TanxmovanTa TanxmovanTa TanxmovanTa sistema yvelaze axlosaa qarTvelur enaTa

TanxmovanTa sistemasTan (arn. Ciqobava).

bacburSi warmodgenilia mJRerebi, fSvinvierebi. abruptivebi. amas garda

_ naxuri enebisaTvis specifikuri Tanxmovnebi _ geminatebi. lÀ _ laterali

naxur enaTagan mxolod bacburSi gvxvdeba.

gamoiyofa Tanxmovana sameulebrivi sistema xSulebsa da afrikatebSi,

msgavsad sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa: bagismierebi _ b f pb f pb f pb f p; kbilismierebi

_ d T td T td T td T t; winavelarulebi _ g q kg q kg q kg q k, ukanavelarulebi ƒ yƒ yƒ yƒ y; winasibilanturebi

_ Z c wZ c wZ c wZ c w, ukanasibilanturebi _ j C Wj C Wj C Wj C W.

wyvileulebrivi TanxmovanTa istema gvaqvs spirantebSi:

winasibilanturebi _ z sz sz sz s; ukanasibilanturebi _ J SJ SJ SJ S; winavelarulebi _ R xR xR xR x,

laringaluri _ hhhh.

sameulTa sistemidan kbilismierTa rigSi geminatebTan erTad viRebT

xuTeuls bacburSi _ d T t Td T t Td T t Td T t T ´́́́ t t t t ´́́́, spirantebSi _ sameulebs _ z s sz s sz s sz s s ´́́́ da a.

S.

bacburSi geminatebia: TTTT ´́́́ t t t t ´́́́ l l l l ´́́́ s s s s ´́́́ S S S S ´́́́ x x x x ´́́́ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ´́́́ y y y y ´́́́ (k. WrelaSvili).

specifikuri faringaluri bgerebia bacburSi „ mJReri da h´ yru

spirantebi da mJReri �; laringaluri _ ‡; es bgera unda iyos spiranti an

spirantoidi (q. lomTaTiZe), sibilanti sibilantoidi, magram _ yru.

sonori Tanxmovnebi r l m n r l m n r l m n r l m n bacburSic aris warmodgenili da agreTve

kbilbagismieri mJReri vvvv-c.

TanxmovanTa kompleqsebiTanxmovanTa kompleqsebiTanxmovanTa kompleqsebiTanxmovanTa kompleqsebi

bacburSi TanxmovanTa kompleqebi o r w e v r i a n i a (samwevriani

kombinaciebis mxolod sam SemTxvevas adastureben).

gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi tipi kompleqsebisa: 1. sonanturi kompleqsebi,

2. frikatiuli kompleqsebi, 3. xSulTa Semcveli kompleqsebi. am tipebSi

19

sintagmaturi struqturis mixedviT Semdegi qvejgufebi SeiZleba

warmovadginoT: CF,* FC, SF, SC, SS, CS, FS, FF, CC.

S n S. bacburSi TanxmovanTa TanmimdevrobaTa simravle bacbebis bacbur-

qarTuli orenovnebis Sedegi unda iyos.

TanxmovanTa jgufebi mzardi sonorobis mixedviT qmnian sam models: 1.

mzardi sonorobis modeli, 2. klebadi sonorobis modeli, 3. neitraluri

sonorobis modeli.

S n S. CaCnur-inguSurisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac CF tipis kompleqsebi

Zireuli morfemis mxolod Tavkidur poziciaSi gvxvdeba, bacburSi

auslautSic dasturdeba.

TanxmovanTa kompleqsebidan specifikuria specifikuria specifikuria specifikuria bacburisaTvis iseve, rogorc

CaCnur-inguSurisaTvis, CF tipis kompleqsebi:

bR dR Z- j-

b„ d„ zR J„

fx Tx cx Cx

fh´ Th´ ch´ Ch´

p„ t„ w„ W„

py ty wy Wy

S n S. es kompleqsebi qarTuli enis decesiur-harmoniul kompleqTa B

sistemasTan tipologiur msgavsebas avlenen (k. WrelaSvili).

* C _ xSuli, F _ frikativi, S _ sonanti.

20

TanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebiTanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebiTanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebiTanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebi

farTod aris gavrcelebuli auslautSi bolo Tanxmovis n-s mokveca,

iSviaTad r, l, m-c reducirebulia. rrrr, , , , llll, , , , mmmm-s sruli reduqcia xdeba, nnnn _ ki,

Cveulebriv, winamaval xmovans erwymis da viRebT nazalur xmovnebs (ix.

zemoT). igi saxelobiTis garda sxva brunvebSi n-s saxiTve warmoCndeba (amis

Sesaxeb _ saxelTa brunebaSi).

Tanxmovnebis win anlautSi ikargeba mmmm Tanxmovani gansakuTrebiT nasesxeb

sityvebSi. Txovar < mTxovar-i (qarT.), tkor < mtkvar-i (qarT.)...

sityvis bolos v v v v gadadis …………-Si an ™-Si verx… < verxv-i (qarT.), loc™ <

locv-a (qarT.)...

TanxmovnebSi SeiniSneba asimilaciis SemTxvevebi: zzzz > ssss: yarfuzzzz

`sazamTro~; naT. br. ya�rfsen... nnnn > llll: golin < gonlin `gonieri~; bbbb > pppp

anlautSi, bbbb aq fuZes Sezrdili gramat. kl. niSania: fxi < bxi `xuTi~... bbbb > ffff,

bbbb > pppp aspeqtis warmoebisas:

sr. asp. Toxar `dartyma~, `dakvra musikalur instrumentze~ _ usr. asp.

Tefxfxfxfxar < Tebxbxbxbxar...

(mJRerebTan ki bbbb Semonaxulia: sr. asp. d-oJar `dacema, dacureba (fexisa)

_ usr. asp. d-ebbbbJar).

asimilaciiT: RRRR > xxxx: yalCaRRRR _ naT. br. yalCxxxxen... mr. yalCxxxxi...

bbbb > mmmm: bos `feri~ _ mr. basmmmmi || < bas-bbbbi (nbnbnbnb > nnnnmmmm > mnmnmnmn)...

dddd > TTTT anlautSi TelÀar <*dddd-elÀar `micema~ (usr. asp.), Sdr. dddd-alÀ-ar (sr.

asp.).

xxxx < RRRR: u�sRRRRa > u�sxxxxa <*osixa `im adgilebSi~...

dddd < jjjj: qirjjjjola `kicxavs~ (qarT. qirddddavs)

disimilaciis Sedegad:

bbbb > pppp nasesxeb sityvaSi: pppprowol < bbbbrowol < `broweuli~.

rrrr > llll: zedsarTav saxelTa arsebiTi saxelisagan mawarmoebel sufiqsebSi:

rrrren || llllen, rrrrun || llllun, rrrrin || llllin. Sdr. maTxorrrren `mziani~ da garrrrgllllen `axlo,

axlobeli~, k„okrrrrun `Rrma~ da fsarllllun `saRamosi, вечерний~, mawrrrrin `tkbili~,

21

qokllllin `fexiani~ da a. S.

TanxmovanTa gadasmiT: nlnlnlnl > lnlnlnln: hún (`tye~) + lo- (sufiqsi) > húnllll™ >

húlnlnlnln™ (`tyeSi, tyisken~).

lglglglg > glglglgl: Seglglglglba-d-ar < Selglglglgba-d-ar `dalageba~ (qarT. Selageba).

nrnrnrnr > rnrnrnrn: Rernrnrnrnal < Renrnrnrnral < Renerrrral `generali~

sbsbsbsb > bsbsbsbs: ibssssi < isbbbbi ìsini~ (II pirTan axlos myofni) (r. gagua).

garda aRniSnuli bgeraTa cvlilebebisa bacburSi dadasturda: mmmm, rrrr, nnnn

Tanxmovnebis ganviTareba gansakuTrebiT nasesxeb sityvebSi: memmmmcxor <

`mecxvare~, trrrraSt < `taSti~, sannnnTx™ < saxTo (saRvTo)...

TanxmovanTa gadasma: rbrbrbrb > brbrbrbr _ xabron < `xarbi~, `Zunwi~, jib < bij

`nabiji~...

TanxmovanTa monacvleoba: ffff > pppp : ppppir < `ffffara~, ffff > bbbb _ Zabbbb < `Zaffffi~, nnnn >

mmmm: xummmmw < `xunnnnwi~, tummmm < `tvinnnni~; mmmm > nnnn _ nnnnugzur < `mmmmuguzali~; llll/nnnn celun

`wlevandeli~ _ cennnnex `wleuls~, mmmm > vvvv _ vvvvinam < mmmminam, jjjj > JJJJ _ JJJJonJJJJol <

`jonjoli~.

SesaZlebelia, n > l disimilaciis Sedegi iyos: kanollll < `kanonnnni~.

22

ararararsesesesebibibibiTi saTi saTi saTi saxexexexelililili

bacbacbacbacbubububuri enari enari enari ena iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojaxis naxuri enebis jgufs ganekuT-

vneba, igi aglutinaciuri enaa fleqsiuris elementebiT.

ararararsesesesebibibibiTi saTi saTi saTi saxexexexelililili gramatikul formaTa siuxviT gamoirCeva.

gragragragramamamamatitititikukukukuli klali klali klali klasesesesebibibibi.... bacburSi gramatikuli klasebis sistema moqmedia.

arsebiTi saxelebi mxolobiT ricxvSi 4 klasad jgufdeba, gamoiyofa oTxi kla-

sis niSani: I klasisa _ v, II klasisa _ �, III klasisa _ b, IV klasisa _ d. I

klass, Cveulebriv, ganekuTvneba mamakacis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, II klass _ qa-

lis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, agreTve zogi sulieri da usulo sagnebis _ niv-

Tis aRmniSvneli saxelebi, III da IV klasebSi nawildeba nivTis aRmniSvneli sa-

xelebi.

mravlobiT ricxvSi xdeba II, III da IV klasebis gaxleCa or da sam klase-

bad.

I klasis niSania mravlobiTSi bbbb: mx. r. vvvv _ mr. r. bbbb.

II klasi orad ixliCeba � d

Á

III klasi orad ixliCeba b Á

d

b

IV klasi ixliCeba orad d Á

d

mx. da mr. ricxvSi saxelTa aseTi ganawilebis mixedviT gvaqvs rva saxis

mimarTeba: I. mx. v _ mr. b; II. mx. � _ mr. d; III. mx. d _ mr. d; IV mx. b _ mr. d;

V. mx. � _ mr. �; VI. mx. b _ mr. �; VII. mx. d _ mr. �; VIII. mx. b _ mr. b. mx. vvvv _

mr. bbbb klasis niSnebs, Cveulebriv, mxolod mamakacis aRmniSvneli saxelebi aCe-

nen; mx. �� _ mr. dddd klasis niSnebs _ mxolod dedakacebis _ qalis aRmniSvneli

saxelebi. danarCeni _ nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebis ganawilebis motivacia am-

Jamad ar Cans: rogorc wesi, ar aris Sepirobebuli saxelis aRmniSvneli si-

23

tyvis bgeriTi mxariT an mniSvnelobiT.

damajerebelia Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelTa `gramatikul

klasebad dajgufebaSi mkveTrad Cans pirovnebisa da nivTis dapirispireba (arn.

Ciqobava).

nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebis gramatikul klasebad dayofas, Tavis mxriv,

agreTve istoriulad socialuri Rirebulebis Tvalsazrisi edo safuZvlad

(a. diri, arn. Ciqobava). garkveuli motivaciiT, `magram droTa viTarebaSi es

motivacia daiCrdila da u m o t i v a c i o t r a d i c i u l i dajgufeba Semo-

gvrCa...~ (arn. Ciqobava).

specialur literaturaSi aris cda saxelTa gramatikul klasebad gana-

wilebis axsnisa saxelis bgeriTi mxaris mixedviT: bbbb- Tavkiduriani an bbbb-bolo-

kiduriani saxeli bbbb klass ganekuTvneba, dddd-iani _ dddd- klass... (a. Timaevi, n. qa-

dagiZe).

magram Tanxvedris SemTxveviTobasac ver gamovricxavT aseT ganawilebaSi

gamonaklisebis (bbbb _ Tavkiduriani saxeli ar ganekuTvneba bbbb _ klass: bbbbaz-d dd dd dd d

`samarile~, bbbbay™ - d dd dd dd d bbbbaSar-�� `unari~, bbbbej - �� `Tma~, bbbborag - bbbb-bbbb; `CiTi

(naqsovi fexsacmeli)~, bbbborS - d dd dd dd d `mozveri~, bbbboh´ - d dd dd dd d `cikani~, bbbbu�sa - ��

`Rame~, bbbbuc-�� `balaxi~, bbbbÄakan – �� `guda~, bbbbÄara-�� `maryuJi~...) simravlis

gamo da sxva Tavkidur-bolokidur (bbbb d ��-is gamoklebiT) Tanxmovnebian yvela

saxelis Tavkidur-bolokidur TanxmovanTa fonetikuri cvlilebebis (Tu aseTi

iyo) gauTvaliswineblad.

aseTive viTareba gvaqvs _ SemTxveviTobis faqtori moqmedebs, Tanamedro-

ve gagebiT, mniSvnelobis mixedviT saxelTa klasebad dajgufebis SemTxvevaSic.

martivi saxelebisagan gansxvavebiT nawarmoebi saxelebi da nasesxebi leq-

sika Cveulebriv d dd dd dd d da �� klasebs ganekuTvnebian. zogaddeba d dd dd dd d klasi (n.

qadagiZe).

msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneba agreTve rTul-toladSerwymul da fuZega-

orkecebul saxelebSi:

I. dddd klass ganekuTvnebian, tolad Serwymuli saxelebi:. maTx-buTT dddd `mze

24

_ mTvare~ qarT. mze da mTvare; Sdr. maTx bbbb `mze~, buT´ bbbb `mTvare~, xalaT-sa-

muƒl dddd, Sdr. xalaT �� `perangi~, samuƒl �� `Sarvali~; qorT-qu�k˜ dddddddd `Tav-fe-

xi (cxovelisa)~, Sdr. qorT b db db db d `Tavi~, qok b b b b �� `fexi~;

mox-yar dddd `qar-wvima~, Sdr. mox. bbbb `qari~, yar �� `wvima~; moxk-gorC d

`filTaqva~, Sdr. moxk b db db db d `fili~, gorC �� `filTaqva~; niav-mox d dd dd dd d `niav-

qari~, Sdr. niav bbbb `niavi~, mox b db db db d `qari~; dad-nan d dd dd dd d `ded-mama~, zedmiw. `ma-

ma-deda~, Sdr. dad v bv bv bv b `mama~, nan �� d d d d `deda~, mar-fstu dddd `col-qmari~, zed-

miw. `qmar-coli~, Sdr. mar `qmari~, fstu �� d d d d `coli~...

2) dddd klass ganekuTvnebian umetesad fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi, ro-

melTa gauorkecebeli fuZe ar Cans: hárhár `qSena~; RipRip `qaqani~; SaxSax

`Sriali~ yuSyuS `CiCini~; xamwxamw `knawaknuwi~...

II. ufro iSviaTia �� klasis warmoCena SeerTebiT da fuZegaorkecebul

kompozitebSi: 1. mag., SeerTebiTi kompozitebi �� klasSi Sedian: dÄe’-doki ��

`gul-mkerdi~, zedmiw. `RviZl-gulebi~, Sdr. dÄe’ dddd dddd `RviZli~, dok dddd dddd `gu-

li~; tot-qoki �� `xel-fexi~, zedmiw. `xel-fexebi~, Sdr. tot dddd, �� `xeli~, qok

bbbb �� `fexi~... 2) mag., fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi iiii klasSi warmoCnedbian:

ƒarTƒurTni �� `kurkuSelebi~; fal-fandi �� `zRaprebi~, Sdr. fal bbbb dddd `zRapa-

ri~...

bacburSi �� klasis ganzogadebis tendencia ufro mkrTalad aris warmo-

dgenili. farTovdeba dddd klasis gavrcelebis are. masSi (dddd-klasSi) gadadian

adamianis klasis (v bv bv bv b; �� d d d d) garkveuli jgufis martivi saxelebic (a. Sifneri,

i. deSerievi, n. qadagiZe...).

fuZegaorkecebul da SeerTebiT kompozitebSi dddd da �� klasebis povniere-

ba, istoriuli motivaciis daCrdilva martiv saxelTa gramatikul klasebad

ganawilebaSi iwvevs ryevas gramatikul klasebSi. amJamad es procesi ufro

farTo xasiaTs iRebs. amasTanave dddd-{dddd} klasi ifarToebs gavrcelebis ares.

mag.: h´¡rw-merw < há�w�{i}ma�w{�} b db db db d (q. l.) || d dd dd dd d (d. m.) `jiblibo~;

qu�hki dddd (q. l.) || �� (d. m.) òCofexebi~, cu b db db db d `qumeli~, Sdr. CaCn. b bb bb bb b id

25

(Timaevi 19); mar½l b b b b �� (Sifneri l.) || b db db db d (q. l.) `cxviri~; b¡T´ar b bb bb bb b || b db db db d

(q. l.), dddd || dddd (d. m.), bbbb (Sifneri 146); wipw �� || d dd dd dd d (q. l., d. m) `wipwa~;

weng™ �� || d (q. l., d. m.) `wengo~; Wig™ d d d d �� || d dd dd dd d (q. l., d. m); kval bbbb

(Sifneri 119), d dd dd dd d (d. m.) `kvali~...

arsebiTi saxelis gramatikuli klasi warmoCndeba gramatikuli klasis

niSniT masTan sintaqsur kavSirSi Semaval zmnasa da nazmnar saxelebSi, ro-

gorc wesi, ufro iSviaTad _ zedsarTav da ricxviT saxelebsa da nacvalsaxe-

lebSi, msgavsad rigi sxva iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisa. arsebiT saxelebSi mxo-

lod ori sityva ganarCevs gramatikul klasebs saTanado niSnebiT _ I klasisa

_ vvvv, II klasisa _ ��: v-aS™ `Zma~ da ��-aSo `da~: vvvv-oh´ `vaJiSvili~ da ��-ah´™ `qa-

liSvili~.

arsebiT saxelebSi iZebneba gaqvavebuli gramatikuli klasis niSnebi: mag.:

��oh´qot™ || ddddoh´qot™ `pirisaxe~...

riririricxvis kacxvis kacxvis kacxvis katetetetegogogogoriariariaria.... saxelebSi ramdenime mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani gamo-

iyofa: -iiii || > ��, -iSiSiSiS, -SiSiSiSi, -bibibibi, -arararar, -aaaa��rrrr || -erererer, -aaaa��rCrCrCrC || > erCerCerCerC > elCelCelCelC, -rCrCrCrC || -CCCC, -

rSrSrSrS, -nininini, -mimimimi, -uuuu��.

mr. r. sufiqsTa simravle meoreulia _ ZiriTadad fonet. cvlilebebis

Sedegi an rTuli Sedgenilobis sufiqsebs warmoadgenen.

-iiii (xmovnebis Semdeg gadadis -��-Si) sufiqsi produqtiulia, xmovanfuZian

da TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan, sakuTar da nasesxeb sityvebSi iCens Tavs: stak

`kaci- mr. r. stak-i.

-iSiSiSiS ZiriTadad gvaqvs fuZeSi xmovanmonacvle da arqauli brunebis saxe-

lebTan: buT´ `mTvare; Tve~ _ mr. r. baT´-iSiSiSiS...

-��SSSS warmoCndeba arsebiT saxelebSi xmovnebs Semdeg: fSa `wyaro~ _ mr. r.

fSa-��SSSS...

ergativsa da irib brunvebSi zedsarTavi saxelebisa da namyos mimReobeb-

Si: Razen `kargi~ _ mr. r. erg. RaziCu��SSSSv, mic. RaziCu�Sn... dayin™ `SeWmuli~

_ mr. r. erg. dayinCu�Sv, mic. dayinCu�Sn...

-SiSiSiSi -iSiSiSiS sufiqsis fonetikur variantad miaCniaT (r. gagua), rac naklebad

26

damajerebeli Cans. SesaZlebelia, SiSiSiSi < iSiSiSiS + iiii, -iSiSiSiS mr. sufiqss daerTo mravlo-

biTis produqtiuli sufiqsi iiii: ya�n˜ `moxuci~ _ mr. r. ya�nSiSiSiSi <*ya�niiiiSiSiSiSi.

-SiSiSiSi sufiqsi damaxasiaTebelia mimReobisa da iseTi zedsarT. saxelebisa-

Tvis, romlebic mimReobisagan momdinareoben. doJin™ `Sebmuli~ _ mr. r. do-

Jinu�SiSiSiSi, Tetu�ni `dasaWreli~ _ mr. r. Tetu�nSiSiSiSi, Te�tniSiSiSiSi...

SnS.1 -iiii sufiqsi miRebulia -iSiSiSiS sufiqsisagan (k. WrelaSvili gv. 199, 201).

-iSiSiSiS sufiqsi Sedis agreTve -aaaa��rCrCrCrC, -erCerCerCerC, -rCrCrCrC sufiqsebis SedgenilobaSi arararar + iSiSiSiS

> aaaa��rSrSrSrS > aaaa��rCrCrCrC, CCCC < SSSS sonorebTan mezoblobaSi (k. WrelaSvili).

SnS.2 -iiii sufiqsi, sityvis bolos, rogorc wesi, ar reducirdeba, radgan

mas gramat. funqcia aqvs. igi fuZeSi iwvevs fonetikur cvlilebebs. -bi sufiq-

si erTvis rogorc fuZeucvlel, ise fuZeSi xmovanmonacvle saxelebsac: ƒer

`qva~ _ mr. r. ƒer-bibibibi...

qiT `tiki~ _ mr. r. qaTbibibibi...

-bi sufiqsi iCens Tavs erovnebisa da profesiis aRmniSvnel saxelebSi: ba-

cav `bacbi~ _ mr. r. bacbibibibi.

dabwxov `mwyemsi, batknis mcnobi (Tu romeli cxvrisaa)~ _ mr. r. dabwxo-

bibibibi.

es sufiqsi vlindeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis sax. br. formaSi: o ìs~

_ mr. r. obibibibi, i || e ès~ _ mr. r. ibibibibi || ebibibibi, is ìs~ (SenTan axlos myofi) ibsi

< isbibibibi (Р. Р. Гагуа, Основные вопросы..., gv. 203).

-arararar warmodgenilia: 1) ramdenime arsebiT saxelSi: vaS™ `Zma~ _ mr. r. va-

Jarararar, �aS™ `da~ _ mr. r. �aJarararar mravlobiTis formebSi (vaJJJJar, �aJar) yuradRe-

bas iqcevs JJJJ-s gamJRereba. gazan `Txa~ _ mr. r. gazarararar.

2) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis ergativsa da irib brunvaTa formebSi: obi

ìsini~ _ erg. mr. r. oƒarararar, mic. oƒararararn... ebi èseni~ _ mr. r. erg. eƒarararar, mic.

eƒararararn... ibsi èseni~, ìsini~ (II pirTan myofi) _ mr. r. erg. icxarararar < isƒarararar, mic.

icxararararn...

-erererer < || -aaaa��rrrr˜̃̃̃: nus `rZali~ _ mr. r. naserrrr || nasaaaa��rrrr˜̃̃̃, Tof `Tofi~ _ mr.

r. Tafaaaa��rrrr˜̃̃̃...

27

SnS. -aaaa��riririri > arararar+iiii.

-aaaa��rCrCrCrC || > -erCerCerCerC, aaaa��lClClClC || elCelCelCelC (rrrr-Tanxmovnian fuZeebSi): Tašbu `dakodili

cxvari~ _ mr. r. Taba��rCrCrCrC, ƒaŸƒŸ `mtredi~ _ ƒaƒa�rCrCrCrC || ƒaƒerCrCrCrC...

kur `kvamli~ _ kurelC || kuriS,

-{aaaa}rCrCrCrC: Ca `daTvi~ _ mr. r. CarC...

-rSrSrSrS: mxolod erT sityvaSi: ƒa `Rori~ _ mr. r. ƒarSrSrSrS

-uuuu��rrrr: h´ik `saxeluri~ _ mr. r. h´akuuuu��rrrr, muR `kudi~ _ mr. r. maRuuuu��rrrr...

-nininini sufiqsi nazalur xmovnebze daboloebul saxelebSi Cans: qarsan `To-

ki~ _ mr. r. qarsni...

SnS. -nininini sufiqsSi nnnn fuZis kuTvnilebaa, zogan nnnn analogiiTac Cndeba (r.

gagua).

-uuuu�� sufiqsia sityvasTan kil `quTuTo~ _ mr. r. kil-uuuu��.

SnS2 -u� sufiqsSi u(<o) istoriulad fuZiseulia: kil < kilo _ mr. r.

kiloooo�� → kiluuuu�� (r. gagua).

-mimimimi sufiqsi gvaqvs ramdenime saxelSi: dok `guli~ _ mr. r. dakmiiii, qorTo

`Tavi~ _ mr. r. qorTmimimimi.

SnS.1 istoriulad mmmm, SesaZlebelia, ukavSirdebodes Tanxmovnis labiali-

zacias (dok-is SemTxvevaSi) zogan m ← b: bos `feri~ _ mr. r. basmiiii || < basbiiii.

saxelis brubrubrubrunenenenebabababa rTulia. gamoiyofa oTxi ZiriTadi brunva: saxelobiTi,

ergativi, naTesaobiTi da micemiTi. akuzativi ar dasturdeba. bacburisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia adgilobiT da Tandebulian brunvaTa simravle. vlindeba

erT da orfuZiani bruneba, fuZis fleqsia.

ZiriTadi brunvebidan s a x e l o b i T i s funqciaa g a r d a u v a l zmneb-

Tan subieqtis aRniSvna (stakstakstakstak vaR™ `kakakakacicicici modis~), gardamaval zmnebTan ki _

pirdapiri obieqtisa (da�s ƒalin yaryaryaryarfuzfuzfuzfuz `daim SeWama sasasasazamzamzamzamTroTroTroTro~); e r g a t i -

v i subieqtis brunvaa: a) gardamaval da b) zog gardauval zmnebTan (I da II

pirSi) (g i g o s w e n b u � Tegod™ `gigigigigogogogo saxlebs aSenebs (zedmiw.) akeTebs~,

a s v u � t a s `me mivdivar~).

28

n a T e s a o b i T i brunvis ZiriTadi funqcia kuTvnilebis gamoxatvaa

(d a d e n Jagn `m a m i s wigni~); m i c e m i T i brunva iribi da ubralo damate-

bis funqciiT gvxvdeba (nan b a d r e n let— `deda Svils exmareba~, d a d e n

háS ve’en `m a m a s T a n stumari movida~).

-VvVvVvVv- niSniani e r g a t i v i i n s t r u m e n t a l i s T a n saziaro formaa.

maTTvis amosavalia i n s t r u m e n t a l i s i s mniSvneloba.

martivi (resp. erTsufiqsiani) brunvebia: g a m s W v a l v i T i, g a r d a -

q c e v i T i, T a n a o b i T i, m i m a r T u l e b i T e b i (martivi, mimarTulebiTi

I, mimarTulebiTi II), a d g i l o b i T i. zogi maTgani adgilisa da mimarTule-

bis Cvenebis garda sxva (zogad) mniSvnelobasac gamoxatavs. es brunvebi fun-

qciiT axlos dganan micemiT brunvasTan.

g a m s W v a l v i T i (x-sufiqsiani, romelic mx. ricxvSi saxelobiTs, mr.

ricxvSi ki brunvisniSniseuli TanxmovanCamoSrrebul naTesaobiTis formas da-

erTvis) brunva iribi damatebisa da ufro iSviaTad ubralo damatebis fun-

qciiT gvxvdeba (d a d a x xatín `mamas hkiTxa~).

m i m a r T u l e b i T i I-s (-go-sufiqsians) kauzativTan Semsrulebeli,

iribi obieqtis funqcia aqvs (o ƒ u � g o bavin™ don a ƒ i T e n `mas m a s da-

karguli cxeni azRvevines~).

g a r d a q c e v i T i (-R- sufiqsiani) ubralo damatebis funqcias asru-

lebs (e qoj™ � a h> o R berwin ès cocxi q a l i S v i l a d iqca~).

m i m a r T u l e b i T i II mxolod garkveuli semantikis saxelebSi dastur-

deba (krebiT, nivTierebaTa... saxelebSi) Cveulebriv mr. ricxvSi da aRniSnavs

mimarTulebas (aTx húlno < h ú n l ™) du�t™ dasag™ _ Cven tyeSi mivdi-

varT SeSaze...

T a n a o b i T - m i m a r T u l e b i T i brunva (_cicicicin-sufiqsiani) erTad an

erTdroul, Tanadroul moqmedebas da agreTve moqmedebis mimarTulebas aR-

niSnavs:

hén �aSas sen v a S e c i n ‘amod™ _ Seni da Cems ZmasTan erTad swavlobs...

Ca�mCecin Txil Camlin da _ CamiCTan Txili gemrieli aris (q. l.)...

29

obi socin baxken _ isini (kacebi) CemTan movidnen...

m i m a r T u l e b i s gamomxatveli martivi forma (mimarTulebiTi III) e, i

(ufro iSviaTad( u, a xmovnebze bolovdeba. es xmovnebi xSirad emTxveva naTe-

saobiTi brunvisniSniseul xmovnebs, magram fuZe zogjer gansxvavebulia: Sdr.

naT. xaken (xak `tomara~) _ mimarTulebiTi martivi forma _ xake → || x‰k...

magram naT. alu�na� → || alvinen (alu�na `alvani~) _ mimarTulebiTis marti-

vi forma _ alu�n˜...

naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniseuli xmovnisgan SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos

mimarTulebiTis martivi formis daboloeba: naT. br. bulyeeeen (bulay `Wa~) _

mimarTulebiTi martivi _ bulyiiii...

a d g i l o b i T i martivi brunvis SemTxvevaSic analogiuri viTareba

gvaqvs, oRond aq hhhh ´́́́ _ aris dakarguli or da met marcvlian sityvebSi da iiii

SenarCunebulia, erTmarcvldianebSi ki hhhh ´́́́-c dasturdeba: xak `tomara~ _ naT.

xakeeeen, adgilob. xakeeee... Sdr. erTmarcvliani sityva dro `dro~ _ naT. dru�n _

adgilob droh´...

garda erTafiqsiani adgilobiTi brunvebisa, bacburSi gvxvdeba rTuli

Sedgenilobis sufiqsebiani adgilobiTi brunvebi da Tandebuliani brunvebi.

-rerererennnn || -lelelelennnn Tandebuli daerTvis naTesaobiTis formas rogorc mxoloo-

biT, ise mr. ricxvSi, rerererennnn || lelelelennnn _ Tandebuliani sityva miugebs kiTxvaze `sai-

dan?~, `risgan?~ (axmetren ve’en Txen vaS™ _ axmetidan movida Cveni Zma...) (-rerererennnn

|| -lelelelennnn zedsarTav saxelebsac awarmoebs: maTxoren `mziani~...).

-xixixixinnnn Tandebuli mr. ricxvSi, Cveulebriv, naT. br.-is TanxmovanCamoSore-

bul formas daerTvis, mxoloobiTSi naT. brunvisniSniseuli xmovani reduci-

rebulia, upasuxebs kiTxvaze `saidan?~ (o vaR™ kolxoz gamgeoba�xin _ is kol-

meurneobis gamgeobidan modis...).

-mcimcimcimcinnnn Tandebuliani forma upasuxebs kiTxvaze `sanamde?~ (maclomcin do

Riplip? _ sanamde ixmaureb?..)

30

-mcimcimcimcinnnn-Si SeiZleba gamoiyos cicicicinnnn TanaobiT-mimarTulebiTi brunvis niSani: -

mcimcimcimcinnnn < mmmm + cicicicinnnn, mmmm ki qarTulis -mdis TanzebulTan kontaminaciis Sedegad iyos

ganviTarebuli (bacburSi qarTulTan integraciis Sorswasuli procesi gvaqvs,

afiqsebis sesxebac ki dasturdeba).

-gugugugu��hhhh ´́́́ Tandebuli (SnS. Sedgeba go+h´+i, goh´i > go�h´ > gu�h´. i naTesao-

biTi brunvis niSnidan momdinareobs (a. Sifneri Versuch...) qarT. -ken Tandebu-

lis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba (vaSa�gu�h´(a) Ros _ Zmisken mivdivar...)

eeeennnn da iiiinnnn naT. br. niSnebi gamoiyofa agreTve -rerererennnn || -lelelelennnn, - R R R Reeeennnn (qarT. -ebr,

-ebur sufiqsis fardia), -xixixixinnnn, xixixixinnnn, mcimcimcimcinnnn elementebSi. - R R R Reeeennnn sufiqsi zedsarTav

saxelebs awarmoebs, -rerererennnn || -lelelelennnn, sufiqsis erT-erTi funqciac zeds. sax.

warmoebaa, am elementebSi naTes. br. daboloeba moulodneli ar aris, -en da

in zedsarTav saxelebSic dasturdeba. danarCen afiqsebSi naT. br. niSnebis Se-

dgeniloba sakvlevia.

-gggg™™™™ da -llll™™™™ _ segmentebiani brunvebisagan iwarmoeba Tandebuliani for-

mebi.

-gggg™™™™-ian brunvis formas daerTvis sxvadasxva elementebi: 1) adgilobiTis

martivi sufiqsi hhhh ´́́́: gogogogo + hhhh ´́́́ > gohgohgohgoh ´́́́ || gogogogo. -gogogogo{hhhh ´́́́}-iani brunvis forma dadadada `aris~

zmnasTan `maqvs~, `myavs~ mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs: CiTgTh´ Toyal Sorla �a _

CiTs sakmarisi sigane aqvs. egeve forma vnebiTi gvaris mniSvnelobis mqone or-

valentovan zmnebTan realuri subieqtis funqcias asrulebs: knaTego{h´}

marl‘™ wegbalin _ biWs cxviri gauwiTlda.

2) Tandebuli -rerererennnn: -go+rennnn > gorennnn > || grennnn: gaTigorennnn herw™ de’nas _

gaTisagan movitane qvabi.

3) -mcimcimcimcinnnn Tandebuli: go+mcinnnn > gomcinnnn: sogomcinnnn _ Cemamde.

4) -rerererennnn + dahdahdahdah ´́́́ Tandebulebi: go+rennnn+dah´ > gorenda{h´} || grenda{h´}:

oƒu�gorenda{h´} �aR™ e ambu� _ misgan modis es ambavi.

-lolololo ɺɺ ɺɺ-ian brunvis formas daerTvis igive elementebi, (-ren+dah´-is gamokle-

31

biT), rac -gogogogo-ian brunvas: 1) adgilobiTi martivis sufiqsi hhhh> : llll™™™™ + hhhh> >

lohlohlohloh> || lolololo: xilo{h´} `wyalSi~ (zedmiw. wylisken + wyalSi _ `wyliskenSi~...

lošflo{h´} kab deni’ ah>laq�alin sogo{h>} _ lafSi kaba sulmTlad amomesva-

ra (q. l. 68)...

2) -rerererennnn: llll™™™™ + rerererennnn → lolololorerererennnn || lrelrelrelrennnn: xiloren _ wylidan (zedmiw. `wyal-

Sigan~)

3) (-mcin: -lolololo + -mcimcimcimcinnnn > -lomlomlomlomcicicicinnnn: macmacmacmac-lomlomlomlomcicicicinnnn stexos h´o! _ rodemdis ge-

lodo Sen!

garda aRniSnuli elementebisa, -lolololo- segmentian brunvis formas daerTvis

agreTve -xxxx || RRRR + -dahdahdahdah>: -llll™™™™ + xxxx + dahdahdahdah> || -lolololo + RRRR + dahdahdahdah>: alzneloRdah> vo-

tur o stak _ alaznis gavliT midioda is kaci...

ararararsesesesebiT sabiT sabiT sabiT saxelxelxelxelTa bruTa bruTa bruTa brunenenenebabababa

sinqroniul doneze SeiniSneba brunvis niSanTa simravle: ergativis niSne-

bia VvVvVvVv, vvvv; VsVsVsVs, ssss; naTesaobiTisa _ VVVVnnnn, nnnn; micemiTis _ VnVnVnVn, nnnn... xmovnian brunvis

niSnebSi, Cveulebriv, erTi da igive xmovani meordeba: e, i, u, o; zogjer para-

digmaSi sxvadasxva xmovania warmodgenili.

s a x e l o b i T i fuZis saxiT gvxvdeba, uniSnoa, w r f e l o b i T i, a b -

s o l u t i v i.

gvaqvs e r T f u Z i a n i da o r f u Z i a n i bruneba.

SnS. orfuZian brunebaSi meore fuZe an determinantiani fuZea, an erga-

tivis formaa warmoSobiT.

brunebisas saxelis fuZe SeiZleba iyos u c v l e l i an c v a l e b a d i:

1. fuZeze xmovnis an xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsis darTva iwvevs: a) aaaa, eeee,

iiii, oooo, uuuu xmovnebis srul reduqcias, difTongebis _ nawilobriv kumSvas; b) iiii

da uuuu xmovnebis epenTeziss, maSin rodesac fuZeSi gvaqvs aaaa, eeee, oooo xmovnebi.

2. dasturdeba fuZiseuli xmovnebis monacvleoba _ saxelobiTisa, erTi

32

mxriT, da danarCen brunvebSi, meore mxriT: aaaa _ oooo(uuuu), aaaa _ iiii, oooo _ aaaa.

fuZisa da brunvis niSanTa saxeobebis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos

b r u n e b i s Semdegi j g u f e b i:

I. brunvis niSnebia: mx. r. sax. -Ø, erg. -evevevev, naT- -eeeennnn, mic. -enenenen, gamsW. -exexexex, mi-

marT. I -gggg™™™™, gardaqc. -RRRR, Tanaob. -cicicicinnnn; mr. r. sax. -iiii... erg. -vvvv, naT. -aaaannnn, mic. -nnnn,

gamsW. -x, mimarT. g™, gardaqc. R, Tanaob. cicicicinnnn TanxmovanfuZiani.

a) erTfuZiani fuZeucvleli erTmarcvliani sityvebi

mx. r. sax. knaT `biWi~ gamsW. knaT-ex mr. r. sax. knaT-i

erg. knaT-ev mimarT.

I

knaT-eg™ erg. knaT-i-v

naT. knaT-en gardaqc. knaT-eR naT. knaT-an

mic. knaT-en Tanaob. knaT{e}-

cin

mic. knaT-in...

b) erTfuZiani fuZecvalebadi or- da metmarcvliani sityvebi

mx. r. sax. bubuk `yvavili~ gamsW. bubk-en

erg. bubk-eeeev <*bubuk-ev mimarT. I bubk-eg™

naT. bubk-eeeen gardaqc. bubk-eR

mic. bubk-eeeen Tanaob. bubk-ecin || bubk-cin

mr. r. sax. bubk-i

erg. bubk-i-v

naT. bubk-an

mic. bubk-i-n

33

fuZecvalebadi, xdeba xmovnis epenTezisi

mx. r. sax. at´iv `bedi~ gamsW. a�t¾v-ex

erg. a�t´v-ev<*ativ-ev mimarT. I a�t¾v-eR

naT. a�t´v-en gardaqc. a�t¾y-eg™

mic. a�t´v-en Tanaob. a�t¾v-ecin

SnS. 1. TanaobiT brunvaSi orive xmovnis erTdrouli reduqcia ar

gvxvdeba, an ikargeba brunvisniSniseuli e, an fuZiseuli xmovani.

2. saZebnia xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani sityva am jgufis brunebisa (sax.

bo, erg. bo-ev, naT. bo-en, mic. bo-en, gams. bo-ex, gardaqc. bo-eR, mimarT. I bo-

eg™, Tanaob. bo-ecin).

2. orfuZiani bruneba

xmovanfuZiani (istoriulad xen <*xen)

mx. r. sax. xen `xe~ gamsW. xen-ex

erg. xen-ev mimarT. I xen-eR

naT. xen-en gardaqc. xen-eg™

mic. xen-en Tanaob. xen-{e}cin

mr. r. sax. xen-bi gamsW. xenb-ax

erg. xen-b-an mimarT. I xen-bi-R

naT. xen-bi-v gardaqc. xen-bi-g™

mic. xen-bi-n Tanaob. xen-bi-cin

SnS. meore fuZeSi savrcobia nnnn, istoriulad _ fuZis kuTvnileba.

34

II. brunvis niSnebia: mx. r. sax. Ø, erg. VsVsVsVs, naT. eeeennnn, mic. enenenen... ramdenime si-

tyva ganekuTvneba.

mx. r. sax. br. dad gamsW. död-ax

erg. dad-as gardaqc. dad-eR

naT. dad-en

mic. dad-en

mr. r. sax. dad-i afeqt. dadöx

erg. dad-i-v gardaqc. dad-i-R

naT. dad-an

mic. dad-i-n

SnS. istoriulad en < a�n –r. g.) naTesaobiTisa da micemiTi brunvis da-

boloebebSi.

III. brunvis niSnebia: mx.r. sax. Ø, erg. -iviviviv, naT. -iiiinnnn, mic. -inininin...

1. erTfuZiani bruneba

a) fuZeucvleli xmovanfuZianebi erTmarcvliani

mx. r. sax. br. fSa `yinuli~

erg. fga-�v

naT. fSa-�n

mic. fSa-�n

ormarcvlianebi:

mr. r. sax. da�qna `sikeTe~

erg. da�qna-�v > || da�qn-ev

naT. da�qna-�n < || da�qn-en

mic. da�qna-�n > || da�qn-en

35

TanxmovanfuZianebi, fuZeucvleli

mx. r. sax. daxk™ `Tagvi~

erg. daxk-iv

naT. daxk-in

mic. daxk-in...

mr. r. sax. daxk-erC

erg. daxk-erC-v

naT. daxk-erC-in

mic. daxk-erC-n...

SnS. es saxeoba mxolod ori sityviT Semoifargleba (aseve ibrunvis

qorT™ `Tavi~) da warmoSobiT xmovanfuZiania: qorT™ < qorTo, daxk™ < daxko.

IV. sax. Ø, erg. VsVsVsVs, naT. iiiinnnn, mic. inininin

erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZecvalebadi reducirebulia fuZiseuli xmovani:

mx. r. sax. bacav `wova-TuSi~ gamsW. bacv-ax

erg. bacv-as || bacv-es gardaqc. bacva�-R || bacv-e-R

naT. bacv-a+�n || bacv-en

mic. bacv-a�n || bacv-en

mr. r. sax. bac-bi gamsW. bac-b-ax

erg. bac-bi-v gardaqc. bac-bi-R

naT. bac-b-an mimarT. I bac-bi-g™

mic. bac-bi-n Tanaob. bac-bi-cin

36

orfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli. a) xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani, am sa-

xeobas saxelTa mcire jgufi ganekuTvneba:

mx. r. sax. xa `barZayi~ gamsW. xa-vn-ix...

erg. xa-vn-iv

naT. xa-vn-in

mic. xa-vn-in

mr. r. sax. xa-�vn-i ||

xa-vn-u� ||

xa-vn-i

naT. xa-�vn-an

xa-vn-on

b) TanxmovanfuZianebi:

mx. r. sax. qoj™ `cocxi~ gamsW. qoj-n-i-x...

erg. qoj-n-iv

naT. qoj-n-in || qoj-u�n

mic. qoj-n-in

mr. r. sax. qoj-erC || qoj-n-i gamsW. qoj-erC-ax

erg. qoj-erC-v gardaqc. qoj-erC-aR...

naT. qoj-erC-an

mic. qoj-erC-n

37

V. brunvis niSnebia: erg. _ avavavav, naT. _ iiiinnnn, mic. _ inininin

erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZecvalebadi, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani;

fuZiseuli xmovnis monacvleobiT

mx. r. sax. moooot´ `ena~ gamsW. mat´-iS-ax

erg. maaaat´-av gardaqc. mat´-iS-R

naT. mat´-in

mic. mat´-an

mr. r. sax. mat´-iS gamsW. mat´-iS-ax

erg. mat´-iS-v gardaqc. mat´-iS-R

naT. mat´-iS-an ||

mat´-an

mic. mat´-iS-n

VI. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, erg. -ovovovov, naT. -on, mic. -on,

erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani

mx. r. sax. mawr™ `Srati~ gamsW. möwr-ox

erg. mawr-ov gardaqc. mawr-oR

naT. möwr-on

mic. mawr-on

mr. r. sax. mawr-u� gamsW. mawr-£x

erg. mawr-u�-v gardaqc. mawr-u�-R

naT. mawr-£n

mic. mawr-u�-n

38

SnS. istoriulad oooo fuZiseulia: mawr™ <*mawro

fuZecvalebadi, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani, fuZiseuli difTongi

reducirebulia:

mx. r. sax. a�rlu˜ `yoCi~ gamsW. arl‘-ox

erg. arl‘-ov gardaqc. arl‘-oR

mic. arl‘-on

naT. örl‘-on

mr. r. sax. arl‘-u� gamsW. arl‘-£x

erg. arl‘-u�-v gardaqc. arl‘-u�-R

mic. arl‘-u�-n

naT. arl‘-£n

SnS. istoriulad difTongi meoreulia sax. brunvaSi, amosavali fuZe

sxva brunvebSi unda iyos (arl‘) Semonaxuli.

orfuZiani bruneba, xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani

mx. r. sax. ƒo `wiva~ gamsW. ƒu-�n-ox || ƒu-x

erg. ƒu-�n-ov < ƒo-�n-ov gardaqc. ƒu-�n-oR

mic. ƒu-�n-on

naT. ƒu-�n-on

mr. r. sax. ƒu-�S

39

VII. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, erg. -uv, mic. -un, naT. un

erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani. erTmarcvliani:

mx. r. sax. kmat `klde~ gamsW. kmat-ux

erg. kmat-uv gardaqc. kmat-uR

mic. kmat-un

naT. kmat-un

mr. r. sax. kmat-ni gamsW. kmat-n-ax

erg. kmat-ni-v gardaqc. kmat-n-iR

mic. kmat-nin

naT. kmat-an

fuZecvalebadi. TanxmovanfuZiani. ormarcvliani, reducirebulia fuZise-

uli xmovani:

mx. r. sax. taTeb `fuli, vercxli~ gamsW. taTb-ux

erg. taTb-uv gardaqc. taTb-uR

mic. taTb-un

naT. taTb-un

mr. r. sax. taTb-u� gamsW. taTb-ox

erg. taTb-u�-v gardaqc. taTb-u�R

mic. taTb-u�-n

naT. taTb-on

40

VIII. brunvis niSnebia: sax. -Ø, naT. n, erg. -v, mic. n

naTesaobiTi brunva sxva brunvaTa fuZes xmovnis anazalobiT upirispir-

deba.

SnS. nazaluri xmovnebi momdinareoben xmovani + nnnn Tanxmovnisagan, amde-

nad, naTes. br. niSnad gvqonda nnnn Tanxmovani.

erTfuZiani bruneba. fuZeucvleli. xmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani:

mx. r. sax. fh>e `sofeli~ gamsW. fh>-e-x

naT. fh>en gardaqc. fh>-e-R

erg. fh>e-v

mic. fh>e-n

mr. r. sax. fh>-iS, fh>e-�S gamsW. fh>-iS-ax, fx>e-ax

naT. fh>-iS-an gardaqc. fh>-iS-R

erg. fh>-iS-v

mic. fh>-iS-n

IX. naT. iiiinnnn, erg. vvvv, mic. nnnn

orfuZiani bruneba. TanxmovanfuZiani. fuZeucvleli:

mx. r. sax. nÄap `Zili~ gamsW. nÄapar-x

naT. nÄap-r-in gardaqc. nÄapar-R

erg nÄap-ar-v

mic. nÄap-ar-n

mr. r. sax. n-Äapa�r˜...

SnS. aq naTesaobiTis daboloebad in gvaqvs, mxovniani, erg., mic.-Si brun-

41

vis daboloebad mxolod Tanmxovania.

TanxmovanfuZiani fuZecvalebadi

mx. r. sax. �obst `miwa~ gamsW. abst-ar-x

naT. abst-r-in gardaqc. abst-ar-R

erg abst-ar-v

mic. abst-ar-n

X. naT. in, erg. -av, mic. -an || -n, mimarT. I ag™, -go

erTfuZiani bruneba, fuZeucvleli, TanxmovanfuZiani, erTmarcvliani.

mx. r. sax. mar `qmari~ gamsW. mör-a-x

naT. mar-in gardaqc. mar-a-R

erg mar-a-v

mic. mar-a-n || mar-n

42

zedsarTavi saxelizedsarTavi saxelizedsarTavi saxelizedsarTavi saxeli

bacburSi gamoiyofa z e d s a r T a v i s a x e l i specifikuri semantikiT,

funqciiTa da warmoebiT.

dasturdeba viTarebiTi da mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi.

viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebi, Cveulebiv, azalur xmovnebze _ iiiinnnn, , , , eeeennnn, , , ,

oooonnnn, , , , uuuunnnn, , , , aaaannnn,,,, iSviaTad difTongebze bolovdeba. xmovanTagan aaaannnn metwilad

danarCen xmovnebs enacvleba zogjer mr. ricxvSi, ramdenime saxelTan igi

mxoloobiTSic iCens Tavs: Reliiiin _ susti, �arWiiiin _ Savi... dax´eeeen _ grZeli,

Razeeeen _ kargi, yaeeeen _ mware... WaRoooon _ magari, daƒoooon _ didi... laxuuuun _

dabali... zoraaaan _ mamaci, xalaaaan _ sawyeni, samwuxaro... ku�u�u�u�n _ TeTri...

mx. ricxvSi zedsarTavi saxeli oooon xmovanze bolovdeba, mr. ricxvSi _ aaaan-

ze:

mx. ricxvi daƒoooon `didi~ _ mr. r. daƒaaaan;

mx. ricxvi kawkoooon `patara~ _ mr. r. kawkaaaan...

iSviaTia iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebSi

nazaluri boloxmovani ar aris warmodgenili: duƒ _ bevri, bax _ mdidari.

m i m a r T e b i T i zedsarTavi saxelebi iwarmoeba -rerererennnn, , , , -ririririnnnn, , , , -rurururunnnn, , , , -lelelelennnn, , , , -

lilililinnnn, , , , -lulululunnnn, , , , -ReReReRennnn, , , , -wiwiwiwinnnn sufiqsebiT: diTxorerererennnn `xorciani~, Curerererennnn _ Sinauri...

mawririririnnnn _ tkbili, gogririririnnnn _ mrgvali... yarolelelelennnn _ wvimiani... Camlilililinnnn _

gemrieli, niwylilililinnnn _ Zlieri... Txalulululunnnn _ dRevandeli... badreReReReRennnn _

bavSviseburi, bavSvuri, SuReReReRennnn _ Tqveneburi... aT´wiwiwiwinnnn _ uZroxo, badrewiwiwiwinnnn _

uSvilo...

mimarTebiTi zedsarTavebis s u f i q s e b i c nazalur xmovnebze (eeeennnn, , , , iiiinnnn, , , ,

uuuunnnn) bolovdeba (ix. aqve, zemoT).

iseTi SemTxvevebic gvxvdeba, rodesac mimarTebiT zedsarTavebs awarmoebs

43

oden nazaluri xmovnebi: xieeeen _ wylis, wyliani, maTxeeeen _ rZiana... uniiiin _

tyis, tyiuri, maTxiiiin _ mzis, mziuri... Tumca zedsarTavebis aseTi (oden

nazaluri xmovnebiT) warmoebisas paraleluri -rerererennnn-sufiqsini formebic

dasturdeba: xieeeennnn || ciererererennnn, unininininnnn || unarerererennnn... �ualilililinnnn, �ualrerererennnn...

viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis daboloebebs _ nazalur xmovnebs

naTesaobiTi brunvis formebisagan momdinared miiCneven (p. uslari, i.

deSerievi...) (bacburSi nazaluri xmovnebi gvaqvs naTesaobiTi brunvis

niSnebad). aseTi genezisi moiTxovs dasabuTebas: dgeba viTarebiTi

zedsarTaveis fuZis sakiTxi, istoriulad ras warmoadgens is. gasarkvevia

agreTve mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis sufiqsTa (-reeeen, -liiiin...), romlebic

agreTve nazalur xmovnebze bolovdeba, mimarTeba maTTan (viTarebiTi

zedsarTavi saxelebis nazalur boloxmovnebTan). asaxsnelia amasTanave -eeeennnn ||

-rerererennnn paraleluri formebis povniereba mimarTebiT zedsarTav saxelebSi (ix.

zemoT). mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelis sufiqsi -rerererennnn, romelic emTxveva

erTTandebuliani gamosvliTi brunvis daboloebas, SesaZlebelia, masTan

saerTo warmomavlobisa iyos (r. gagua, i. deSerievi), -ReReReRennnn sufiqsSi RRRR-s

gardaqceviTi brunvis RRRR- daboloebas ukavSireben (r. gagua).

viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis daboloebaTa naTesaobiTi brunvis

niSnebTan dakavSirebis TvalsazrisiT interess moklebuli ar unda iyos is,

rom bacburSi dasturdeba substantiuri gansazRvreba (x en � a � b k e v

qakdi�en murab _ x i s k o v z i T mouria muraba).

qarTulidanaa nasesxebi mimarTebiTi zedsarTavis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi

-ur: dalur _ RvTaebrivi, lamzur _ lamazi...

ramdenime viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelSi dasturdeba cocxali cocxali cocxali cocxali _ _ _ _ moqmedi moqmedi moqmedi moqmedi

grgrgrgramatikuli klasis niSaniamatikuli klasis niSaniamatikuli klasis niSaniamatikuli klasis niSani: : : : d-aƒon _ didi (dddd-aƒon bader _ didi bavSvi, vvvv-

aƒon stak _ didi kaci, ��-aƒon �o _ didi gogona, bbbb-aƒon don _ didi cxeni),

ddddawin _ mZime; dddd-utyin _ wvrili, Txeli; ddddaxen _ grZeli; duyin _ sqeli,

xSiri; ddddavig _ msubuqi; dddd-acun _ mlkde; ddddasen _ carieli...

44

garda gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT cvlilebisa, zedsarTavi saxelebi,

viTarebiTi da mimarTebiTic, icvleba brunvaTa brunvaTa brunvaTa brunvaTa da ricxvis ricxvis ricxvis ricxvis mixedviT.

bacburSi, CaCnur-inguSurisagan gansxvavebiT, damokidebuli da

damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxelebi erTi formiTaa warmodgenli saxelobiT

brunvaSic.

damokidebuli zedsarTavi saxeli msazRvrelis gansazRvrebis funqcias

asrulebs. sazRvrulTan erTad msazRvrelis brunebisas ori formaa garCeuli

_ saxelobiTisa da danarCeni brunvebis rogorc mxoloobiT, ise _

mravlobiT ricxvSi:

mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi

sax. matematematematennnn atam _ mwife atami matenimatenimatenimateni atm-i

erg. matematematemate----CCCC™™™™ atme-v matematematemate----CCCC™™™™ atm-iv

mic. mateC™ atme-n mate-C™ atm-in

naT. mate-C™ atmen... mate-C™ atm-an...

damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxelic ibruneba, saxelobiTs upirispirdeba

-Co-afiqsiani meore fuZe:

mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi

sax. matematematematennnn matenimatenimatenimateni

erg. matematematemate----CoCoCoCo-v matematematemate----Cu�SCu�SCu�SCu�S-v

mic. mate-Co-n mate-Cu�Sn

naT. mate-Con... mate-Con...

aseve ibruneba msazRvreli (zedsarTavi), Tu is mosdevs sazRvruls,

Tumca postpoziciuri msazRvreli bacburSi Zalze iSviaTad dasturdeba.

meore fuZiseul -CoCoCoCo- elements sxvadasxvagvar geneziss uZebnian

(deSerievi, imnaiSvili), ufro sarwmuno Cans misi (-Co-s) nacvalsaxeluri

warmomavloba (k. WrelaSvili, r. fareuliZe).

viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebs (iSviaTad mimarTebiTebsac) ewarmoeba

ufroobiTi (SedarebiTi) xarisxis formaxarisxis formaxarisxis formaxarisxis forma. . . . šššš////vxvxvxvx, , , , x x x x sufiqsebiT, romlebic

daerTvis bolo xmovnis nazalizaciaCamoSorbul zedsarTavis fuZes.

45

vxvxvxvx, , , , x x x x < x x x xšššš < xu xu xu xu-sagan. eeeennnn da i i i innnn- boloxmovnian zedsarTavebSi u u u u

boloxmovnis metaTezisis Semdeg u u u u < < < < šššš(v)-Si. -en-ze daboloebul zedsarTav

saxelebSi eeee > iiii-s š-sTan mezoblobaSi daviwroebis Sedegad: davin `msubuqi~,

ufr. xarisxi _ davivxvxvxvx ùfro msubuqi~, TiSin `Zveli~, (ufr. xarisxi _

TiSivxvxvxvx _ ùfro Zveli~... wegen `wiTeli~ _ ufr. xarisxi _ wegivxvxvxvx < wegevxvxvxvx

ùfro wiTeli~, Razen `kargi~ _ ufr. xarisxi Razivxvxvxvx (|| Raziššššxxxx), Raze�vxxxxšššš <

Razevxxxxuuuu, Razexuxuxuxu ùfro kargi~.

uuuun-boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelebSi xu xu xu xu sufiqsidan uuuu metaTezisis

Semdeg erwymis zedsarTavi saxelis nazalobaCamoSorebul uuuu-boloxmovans da

uuuu-s saxes iRebs, aseve oooon-boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelebSi uuuu-s oooo xmovanTan

Serwymis Sedegad gvaqvs uuuu: dacun `mokle~ _ dacux < dacušxš ùfro mokle,

SedarebiT mokle~; laxun `dabali~ _ laxux `SedarebiT ufro dabali~; daƒón

`didi~ < _ daƒúx < daƒóšxš1 `(SedarebiT) ufro didi~; kawkon `patara~ _

kawkux1 `(SedarebiT) ufro patara~...

amrigad, uuuunnnn da oooonnnn-boloxmovnian zedsarTav saxelTa SedarebiTi xarisxis

mawarmoeblad -xxxx sufiqsi daCndeba. iiiinnnn da e e e ennnn-boloxmovnianebisaTvis _ -vxvxvxvx

sufiqsi, magram aqac (in da en _ boloxmovnianebTan) xxxx sufiqsic gvxvdeba

paralelurad: laƒen `maRali~ _ laƒi-x ùfro maRali~, stamin `sqeli~ _

stamix ùfro sqeli~...

xxxx iCens Tavs agreTve TanxmovanfuZian zedsarTav saxelebis SedarebiTi

xarisxis formebSi: lamzur `lamazi~ _ lamzurx < lamzuurx < lamzurxš <

lamzurxu ùfro lamazi~; juRur ùSno~ _ juRurx ùfro uSno~...2

bacburi xuxuxuxu sufiqsi saerTo Cans SedarebiTi xarisxis mawarmoebel CaCn. -

x…o, ing. -Ra sufiqsebTan.

1 d. da n. qadagiZeebis `wova-TuSur-qarTul-rusul leqsikonSi~ (Tb., 1984, romelic

Sedgenilia XIX s.-is dasawyisSi, dasturdeba daƒodaƒodaƒodaƒoššššxxxxšššš (ufro didi) da kawko xuWkawko xuWkawko xuWkawko xuW (ufro

patara, umciresi) formebi.

2 SeiniSneba -WWWW da -ka‡ka‡ka‡ka‡ nawilakebiT (aRmatebiTi (-WWWW elementiT), odnaobiTi (-ka‡

elementiT) xarisxis formebis Camoyalibebis tendencia.

46

ricxviTi saxeliricxviTi saxeliricxviTi saxeliricxviTi saxeli

bacburSi ganirCeva raodenobiTi raodenobiTi raodenobiTi raodenobiTi da rigobiTi rigobiTi rigobiTi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi.

agebulebis mixedviT raodenobiT ricxviT raodenobiT ricxviT raodenobiT ricxviT raodenobiT ricxviT saxelebSi gamovyofT martiv

(Zireul) da warmoqmnil (Sedgenil) ricxviT saxelebs.

martivia: 1) erTidan aTis CaTvliT ricxviTi saxelebi$ ca _ 1, Si _

2, ƒo _ sami, d„ivØ _ 4, fxi _ 5, �eTx _ 6, vorlÀ _ 7, barlÀ _ 8, is´ _ 9,

it´ _ 10; 2) nasesxebi ricxviTi saxelebia: azar (spars.) aTas (qarT.) _ 1000,

milvan (qarT.) _ milioni.

warmoqmnili ricxviTi saxelebi TerTmetidan Tvrametis CaTvliT,

Sedgenilia erTeulis aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebisa da aTisagan cait´ _

11 < ca _ 1 + it´ _ 10...); Siit´ _ 12, ƒoit´ _ 13, d„evait´ _ 14, fxiit´ _

15, �eTxait´ _ 16, vorlÀait´ || vorlÀeit´ _ 17, barlÀait´ || barlÀeit´ _ 18;

erTeuli pirvel adgilzea, mas daerTvis aTis aRmniS#vneli ricxviTi saxeli

_ �t´. 14-idan 18-is CaTvliT erTeulebis aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebi

aTTan aaaa, eeee kavSiriTaa SeerTebuli (d„evait´ d„ev 4 + aaaa + it´ _ 10).

Taviseburi Cans tyexw (19) ricxviTi saxelis Sedgeniloba. SesaZlebelia,

19 bacburSi (da agreTve CaCnur-inguSurSi) oci + erT(iT) naklebs niSnavdes

(iv. javaxiSvili i. oxdoevi).

bacburSi gvaqvs ocobiTi T v l i s s i s t e m a, iseve rogorc CaCnur-

inguSurSi.

tya (`oci~) fuZes ukavSireben it´ (`aTi~) + tyo‡ (`kidev~) fuZeebs (iv.

javaxiSvili, i. deSerievi).

oceulebis aRmniSvneli rTuli ricxviTi saxelebi 20-is Semdeg

Sedgenilia erTeulis saxelisa, romelic pirvel adgilze dgas da ocisagan,

maerTad gvevlineba saerTo naxuri wawawawa (> wwww), zzzz < zuzuzuzu _ jerobis sufiqsi. maTi

ganawileba ricxviT saxelebSi am enisaTvis niSandobliv fonetikuri

cvlilebebis wess eqvemdebareba: Sa-uzuzuzuz-tya _ 40, ƒo-uzuzuzuz-tya _ 60, d„e-uzuzuzuz-tya

_ 80, fxa-uzuzuzuz-ty(a) _ 100; �ex-wawawawa-tya _ (�eTxwatya) _ 120; vorlÀ-wawawawa-tya _

47

140; barlÀ-wawawawa-tya _ 160, is´-wawawawa-tya _ 180, it´-wawawawa-tya (iwatýa) _ 200...

800-s zemoT ricxviTi saxelebi erT rTul fuZes ar warmoadgenen _

gviandeli warmoeba Cans (Sa-wwww tyauztya `rvaasi~ (zedmiw. òrjer oTxasi~).

rTul ricxviT saxelebSi martivi fukZeebis (ricxviTi saxelebis(

ukavSiro SeerTebac (mirTva) vlindeba. saxeldobr, 20-iT, 20-ze daboloebuli

ricxviTebiTa da erTeulebiT Sedgenil ricxviTebSi: 21 _ týaca (týa

(òci~) + cp (èrTi~)... 41 _ Sauztttt ´́́́yayayayaca (Sauz+týa (òrmoci~) + ca

(èrTi~)... 121 _ �exwatttt ´́́́yayayayaca (�exwatýa (àsoci~) + ca (èrTi~).

30, 50... 20-ze, 40-ze... 10-is mirTviT iwarmoeba: 30 _ týait´ (týa

(òci~) + it´ (àTi~)... Sesabamisad 31, 51... agreTve _ 20-ze, 40-ze 11-is, 12-

is... mirTviT: 31 _ týa cait´ (týa (òci~) + cait´ (`TerTmeti~)...

rigobiTi ricxviTi rigobiTi ricxviTi rigobiTi ricxviTi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi iwarmoeba raodenobiTi ricxviTi

saxelebisagan _ lRelRelRelRennnn sufiqsiT (fci-lRen (`mexuTe~): fxi _ 5 + lRen

sufiqsi...).

`p i r v e l i~, qarTulis msgavsad, `p i r~-(piri) fuZisgan aris nawarmoebi:

du�ren `pirveli~, Sdr. Ju `piri~ (mWreli iaraRisa), doqot™ `pirisaxe,

piri~: du < doi(?), paralelurad �oqot™-ic gvxvdeba amave mniSvnelobiT.

SesaZlebelia, inguSurSic �uera (`pirveli~) �u-idan (`piri~) iyos

nawarmoebi, Tumca �u aq `piris~ mniSvnelobiT calke ar dasturdeba.

moqmedi gramatikuli klasis gramatikuli klasis gramatikuli klasis gramatikuli klasis niSani dddd-„ivØ (òTxi~) ricxviT saxelSia

warmodgenili da yvela im rTul ricxviT saxelSi, romlis SemadgenlobaSic

d-„ivØ ricxviTi saxeli Sedis (dddd-„ev„ev„ev„evait´ _ 14, dddd-„eu„eu„eu„euztya _ 80...).

ricxviTi saxelebi bacburSi ibruneba ibruneba ibruneba ibruneba r a o d e n o b i T i r i c x v i T i

saxelebi 4444-idan 10101010-is CaTvliT TanxmovanfuZian arsebiT saxelTa naTesaobiT

brunvaSi -en-niSnian brunebas misdevs: sax. d„ivØ (òTxi~), naT. d„iv-enn... es

ricxviTi saxelebi TanxmovanfuZianebia fxi-s (`xuTi~) gamoklebiT.

48

gansxvavebulad ibrunvis 1 2 3 ricxviTi saxelebi, romelTa fuZe xmovanze

bolovdeba: naTesaobiTis daboloebad iiiinnnn Cans (ca (èrTi~) _ naT. can-in...),

sxva brunvebSi (ergativis msgavsad) brunvis daboloebis win aaaa xvaonia: erg.

can-a-v, gardaqc. can-a-R xmovani brunvis daboloebis win ar aris

dadasturebuli mic. da gardaqc. brunvebSi _ mic. can-n (|| can-na),

gardaqc. can-R (|| can-a-R).

mic. brunvis niSnad arqauli -nananana (|| nnnn) gvevlineba ca da Si (òri~)

nacvalsaxelebTan: ca _ mic. can-nananana; Si _ mic. Sin-nananana.

`sami~ nacvalsaxelis meore fuZeSi amosavali aaaa-xmovani iCens Tavs,

naTesaobiTis daboloebasa da meore fuZeSi amosavali aaaa xmovania,

naTesaobiTis daboloebasa da meore fuZeSi e e e e xmovani daCndeba: sax. ƒo

(`sami~), naT. ƒaaaa-en, erg. ƒaaaa-eeeev, mic. ƒa-eeeen...

msazRvreli raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arsebiT saxelTan arsebiT saxelTan arsebiT saxelTan arsebiT saxelTan erTad

brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas ar ibruneba (-sax. fxi fxi fxi fxi stak (`xuTi kaci~), erg. ffffxixixixi stakov...). am

mxriv gamonaklisia 1, 2, 3 ricxviTi saxelebi, romlebic or formas avlenen

arsebiT saxelTan erTad brunebis dros:

sax. ccccaaaa stak (èrTi kaci~) _ naT. cccca�na�na�na�n stako

SiSiSiSi stak (òri kaci~) _ naT. SinSinSinSin stakon

ƒo stak (`sami kaci~) _ naT. ƒa ƒa ƒa ƒa stakon...

msazRvreli rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arsebiT saxelebTan erTad iseve

ibruneba, rogorc _ zedsarTavi saxeli (ix. zemoT).

jerobas jerobas jerobas jerobas awarmoebs wwww nawilaki (ƒowwww `samjer~, tyaw òcjer~...).

ganawilebiTis ganawilebiTis ganawilebiTis ganawilebiTis funqcias asrulebs fuZis gaorkeceba (SiS (< SiSi) òr-

ori~, cac (< caca) `TiTo-TiTo~...).1

1 gvxvdeba ricxviTi saxelebisagan nawarmoebi saxelebi: caven `marto(d)~, ccccaaaana

òrSabaTi~; èrTxel~ SinSinSinSinlin òriani~, mmmmaaaaTx òrmagi~...

49

nacvalsaxelinacvalsaxelinacvalsaxelinacvalsaxeli

bacburSi gamoiyofa nacvalsaxelTa Semdegi jgufebi: piris, CvenebiTi,

kiTxviTi, kuTvnilebiTi, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi, ukuqceviTi, saurTierTo,

gansazRvrebiTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi, uaryofiTi, mimarTebiTi.

moqmedi gramatikuli klasis niSani SeiniSneba mxolod erT gansazRvre-

biT nacvalsaxelSi _ dddd-ani‡ `yvela~.

nacvalsaxelebi metwilad brunebadi saxelebia.

I da II piris nacvalsaxelebis bruneba

sax. so `me~ o `Sen~ Txo `Cven~ (eqsk.) Su `Tqven~

naT. sen, sa�n en, a�n Txen, Txa�n Sun, Su�n

erg. as , a™ Txon, Txon a�S, a�Sš

mic. son, son on, on Txon, Txon Sun, Sun

gamsWv. sox og™ Txog™ Sug™

mimarT. I sog™ og™ Txog™ Sug™

gardaqc. soR oR TxoR SuR

Tanaob. socin ocin Txocin Sucin

I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa brunebisas Ziriseuli ssss (I pirSi) da (II p.)

ucvlelad aris SenarCunebuli: amosavali fuZiseuli difTongia …a…a…a…a (d.

imnaiSvili, a. qurqievi): …a > o, rasac SeiZleba mowmobdes qisturSi

dadasturebuli so `me~ da Txo `Cven~ nacvalsaxelebis micemiTis formebi:

s…an, Txuan.

I p. eqskluziuri nacvalsaxelisagan gansxvavebiT (ix. aqve zemoT), mr.

ricxvis inkluziuri nacvalsaxeli va�va�va�va� erTi formiTaa saxelobiT brunvasa da

ergativSi: sax. va� `Cven (inkl.). erg. va�, mic. va�-n, naT. va-�n, gardaqc. ve-R,

gamsWv. ve-x... (a. Sifneri, r. gagua).

50

saxelobiTsa da ergativs erTierTierTierTi formaformaformaforma aqvs agreTve III piris

gansazRvrebiT _ ukuqceviT nacvalsaxelSi Sa�rvan; (>) Saron `TviTon, Tavad~:

ivseb Sa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvannnn vaxen axmit ìosebi Tavad wavida axmetaSi~; o SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn liv˜ Sarax

ìs TviTon laparakobs Tavis Tavze~; am winadadebebSi gardauval zmnebTan _

vaxevaxevaxevaxennnn, , , , livlivlivliv˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ Sa�Sa�Sa�Sa�rvarvarvarvannnn, SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn saxelobiTi brunvis formaa, gardamaval zmnasTan

alalalalÀ™ À™ À™ À™ SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn ergativis funqciiT iCens Tavs Semdeg winadadebaSi: oƒus SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn

aloÀ™ Sarax ìs TviTon ityvis Tavis Tavze~...

aqve warmovadgenT Sa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvannnn, SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn nacvalsaxelis sxva brunvis formebsac:

SargoreSargoreSargoreSargorennnn xa‡in son `TviT misgan gavige~, son SargSargSargSarg™ ™ ™ ™ le‡— alÀan `me TviT mas

msurs vuTxra~, Sarna‡Sarna‡Sarna‡Sarna‡ co xe‡— oƒu�n `TviTon ar icis man~, da�vTes badri

SaraxSaraxSaraxSarax du�wnor ... `daviTs bavSvebi TviTon auyolebia...~

zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebidan Cans, rom Sa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rvaSa�rva, SaroSaroSaroSaronnnn nacvalsaxeli

winadadebaSi gvxvdeba rogorc gansazRvrebiTi, ise _ ukuqceviTi

nacvalsaxelis funqciiT.

kiTxviTikiTxviTikiTxviTikiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebisnacvalsaxelebisnacvalsaxelebisnacvalsaxelebis memememennnn? ? ? ? `vin?~, vuxvuxvuxvux `ra?~ brunebisas oris

gansxvavebuli fuZe iCens Tavs: erTi _ saxelobiTsa, meore _ ergativis da

irib brunvaTa, mrmrmrmr. . . . ricxvSiricxvSiricxvSiricxvSi mxolod saxelobiTissaxelobiTissaxelobiTissaxelobiTis formebia garCeuli:

sax. memememennnn? `vin?~ vuxvuxvuxvux? `ra?~

erg. aaaannnn stestesteste-v

mic. anananan ste-n

naT. a-�n ste-in > st-in

gardaqc. an-R *sten-R

gamsWv. an-x sten-x...

III pIII pIII pIII p.... nacvalsaxelisanacvalsaxelisanacvalsaxelisanacvalsaxelisa da sinqroniulad martivi CvenebiTi

nacvalsaexelebis saxelobiTisa da ergativis da irib brunvaTa fuZeebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba ƒuƒuƒuƒu segmentiT, romelic warmoCndeba ergativsa da

51

irib brunvaTa formebSi: mx. r. oooo ìs~, erg. o-ƒƒƒƒ-u-s, mic. o-ƒu�-n, naT. o-ƒu-�n,

gardaqc. o-ƒu-R, gamsWv. o-ƒu-x... mr. ricxvSi ƒuƒuƒuƒu-s enacvleba ƒarƒarƒarƒar segmenti: o-bi

ìsini~, erg. o-ƒar, mic. o-ƒar-n, naT. o-ƒr-in...

is (èg~) nacvalsaxelis ergativsa da irib brunvebSi ƒu-s adgilas

daCndeba cxu < sƒu (r. gagua, k. WrelaSvili): is èg~, erg.. i-cxu-s, mic.

i.cxu�-n, naT. i-cxu-�n, gardaqc. i-cxu-R...

CoCoCoCo segmentisagan gansxvavebiT (ix. qvemoT), ƒuƒuƒuƒu mxolod nacvalsaxelebSi

dasturdeba.

mx. da mr. ricxvSi saxelobiTi gansxvavebulia danarCen brunvaTa

formebisagan CoCoCoCo segmentiT kuTvnilebiT, CvenebiT, ukuqceviT, gansazRvrebiT,

ganusazRvrelobiT, kiTxviT, kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi, romelTac

zedsarTauli semantika da funqcia aqvT.

kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: mx. r. sen `Cemi~, en `Seni~, oƒu�n `misi~;

mr. r. Txen `Cveni (eqskl.), va�n `Cveni~ (inkl.), Su `Tqveni~, oƒrin `maTi~.

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi emTxveva piris nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi

brunvis formas.

bacburSi dasturdeba CvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTi nacvalsaelebi: eStrun àseTi~, iStrun

ègeTi~, oStrun ìseTi~.

ukuqceviTukuqceviTukuqceviTukuqceviT nacvalsaxelTa jgufs ganekuTvneba: mx. r. sa�n `Cemi (Tavisi)~,

a�n `Seni (Tavisi)~, Sarin `Tavisi~; mr. r. Txa�n `Cveni (Tavisi~) eqskl., va�n

(inkl.), Sun `Tqveni~ (Tavisi), oƒrin `maTi~ (Tavisi); ukuqceviTi

nacvalsaxelebi warmoSobiT piris nacvalsaxelTa naTesaobiTi brunvis formaa:

naTesaobiTis daboloeba -en < -a�n. en || a�n paralelurad dasturdeboda: maTi

funqciuri diferenciacia gviandeli faqtia (a. Sifreni, r. gagua).

52

kiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviT----kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: a�n? `visi?~ stin? `risa?~

kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis miRebulia kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis _

men?, vux? naTesaobiTi brunvis formebidan.

gansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebidan gvxvdeba ƒena `sxva~1

ganusazRvrelobiTganusazRvrelobiTganusazRvrelobiTganusazRvrelobiT nacvalsaxelTa jgufs qmnian: memli `vnme~, vum `rame~,

menax `viRaca~, vunax `raRaca~; aqedan ubrunvelia memlimemlimemlimemli da vumvumvumvum

nacvalsaxelebi.

brunebis nimuSebad nacvalsaxelTa TiToeuli jgufidan mogvyavs TiTo

magaliTi:

kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis sesesesennnn `Cemi~ bruneba

mx. r. sax. sen `Cemi~, erg. se-CoCoCoCo-v, mic. se-CoCoCoCo-n, naT. se-Con, gardaqc. se-Co-

R, gamsWv. se-Co-x...

mr. r. sax. Txen `Cveni~, erg. Txe-Co-v, mic. Txe-Co-n, naT. Txe-Co-n, gardaqc.

Txe-Co-R...

CvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTiCvenebiTi nacvalsxelis eStrueStrueStrueStrunnnn `aseTi~ bruneba

mx. r. sax. eStrun `aseTi~, erg. eStru-Co-v, mic. eStru-Co-n, naT. eStru-

C-on, gardaqc. eStru-Co-R...

ukuqceviTiukuqceviTiukuqceviTiukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelis sa�sa�sa�sa�nnnn `Cemi~ (Tavisi) bruneba

mx. r. sax. sa�n `Cemi~, erg. sa�-Co-v, mic. sa�-Co-n, naT. sa�-C-on, gardaqc.

sa�-Co-R...

1 sakvlevia Saron, Sa�rva, agreTve su�va, u�va `TviTon~, mr. r. Txu�va, Su�va `TviTon~

nacvalsaxelTa romel jgufs ganekuTvneba.

53

mr. r. sax. Txa�n `Cveni~, erg. Txa�-Co-v, mic. Txa�-Co-n, naT. Txa�-C-on,

gardaqc. Txa�-Co-R...

kiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviTkiTxviT----kuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTikuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis a�na�na�na�n? `visi~? bruneba

mx. r. sax. a�n? `visi~? erg. a�n-Co-v, mic. a�n-Co-n, naT. a�n-C-on,

gardaqc. a�n-Co-R...

gansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTigansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelis ƒenaƒenaƒenaƒena `sxva~ bruneba

mx. r. ƒena `sxva~, erg. ƒe-Co-v, mic. ƒe-Co-n, naT. ƒe-C-on, gardaqc. ƒe-Co-R.

mr. r. sax. ƒen-I `sxvebi~, erg. ƒe-Cu-�S-v, mic. ƒe-Cu-�S-n, naT. ƒe-C-on,

garcaqc. ƒe-Cu-�S-R...

mr. ricxvSi Cu < Co-sgan �-sTan mezoblobaSi (o� >u�): ƒe-Cu-�S-v < ƒe-Co-

�S-v...

ganusazRvrelobiTiganusazRvrelobiTiganusazRvrelobiTiganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis menaxmenaxmenaxmenax `viRaca~ bruneba

mx. r. sax. menax `viRaca~, erg. anax-Co-v, mic. anax-Co-n naT. anax-C-on,

gardaqc. anax-Co-R, gamsWv. anax-Co-x

mr. r. sax. menax-Si, erg. anax-Cu-�S-v, mic. anax-;Cu-�S-n naT. anax-C-on,

gardaqc. anax-Cu-�S-R...

aqac mr. ricxvSi Cu < Co (ix. aqve, zemoT).

bacburSi dsturdeba mimarTebiTi (mena� `vinc~, vune� `rac~, menuxa�

`romelic~, melÀe� `ramdenic~) da uaryofiTi (comena `aravin~, com

`araferi~...) nacvalsaxelebi (d. imnaiSvili). meore fuZeSi Cosegmenti

daCndeba mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis _ menuxa� brunebisas: mx. r. sax. menuxa-�

`romelic~, erg. menxu-�-Co-v-a-� mic. menxu-�-Co-n-a-�... mr. r. sax. menxu-�-a

`romlebic~, erg. menxu-Cu-�S-v-a-� (< menxu-Co-�S-v-a-�), mic. menxu-Cu-�Sn, menxu-

Cu-�S-in...

54

uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi Sesabamisi dadebiTi nacvalsaxelebis (saidanac

uaryofiTi formebi iwarmoeba) brunebas misdevs.

saurTierTo naxvalsaxelia vaS{ba} `erTmaneTi~, romelic ibrunvis:

saxelobiTi brunvis, ergativisa da naTesaobiTis saerTo formaa vaS{b}an,

micemiTisa _ vaSbin, gvxvdeba gamsWvalviTi brunvis formac _ vaSax da

lokatiur brunvebSi: vaS{b}ig™, vaS{b}icin.

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli melmelmelmelÀ À À À `ramdeni?~ arsebiTi saxelis brunebis erT-

erT models misdevs: sax. mel{—} `ramdeni~ erg. melÀe-v, mic. melÀe-n, gardaqc.

melÀe-R...

55

zmna. I zmnuri kategoriebi

bacburis zmna sakmaod rTul sistemas warmoadgens rogorc

gramatikuli kategoriebis, ise uRlebis TvalsazrisiTac.

zmnur kategoriaTagan bacburSi gamoiyofa: gramatikuli klasis

kategoria, aspeqtis, gramatikuli ricxvis, kauzativis, kilos,

potencialisis kategoriebi.

gramatikuli klasis kategoria bacburSi reliefurad aris

gamoxatuli, saxezea ganviTarebuli gramatikuli klasebis sistema

(gramatikuli klasis Sesaxeb zogadad ix. arsebiTi saxeli).

zmnebi, martivi da rTuli, iyofa or jgufad: uklasniSno da

klasniSnian zmnebad. mag., martivi uklasniSno zmnebia: abar -{Se}ekerva,

aTar -{da}nayva. axar- {mo}xvna, eyar-moSla (moiSleba), ecar _ aReba

(aiRebs)... martivi klasniSniani zmnebi: d-axar _ wasvla (wava): knaT v-axen

_ biWi wavida, cokal d-axen _ melia wavida, nan Á-axen, axrub _ b-axen _

Toxli wavida; d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba ({ga}dneba), d-aWar _ RrRna (RrRnis),

d-acar _ Tibva ({ga}Tibavs), d-ar _ Seqmna (Seqmnis), keTeba (akeTebs),

d-aJar _ Zova (Zovs)...

bacburSi warmodgenilia klasniSniani da uklasniSno r T ul i

zmnebic: klasniSniani rTuli zmnebis SemadgenlobaSi gvaqvs ori an erTi

martivi klasniSniani zmnis fuZe; uklasniSnoebia martivi uklasniSno

zmnebisagan zmniT makar-SeZleba (SeuZlia) da laTe (xolme-s

mniSvnelobiT) segmentiT Sedgenili zmnebi.

mag., rTuli uklasniSno zmnebi: co-a l ‘ m a k — -ver ityvis (ar SeuZlia

Tqvas)... levan l a T — _ ambobs xolme... rTuli klasniSniani zmnebi: eg-d-

ar _ gareva ({ga}revs, {ga}urevs), Sdr. egar _ gareva, d-ar- _ keTeba... d-aS-

d-ar _ {ga}dnoba, Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba, d-ar _ keTeba; d-ak-d-ar dawva

({da}wvavs), Sdr. d-akar _ wva (iwvis), d-ar _ keTeba... d-aS-d-ar _ {ga}dnoba,

Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba, d-ar _ keTeba; d-ak-d-ar dawva ({da}wvavs), Sdr.

d-akar _ wva (iwvis), d-ar _ keTeba...

erTi da igive zogi zmna uRlebis sxvadasxva formebSi klasniSniT

da uklasniSnod warmoCndeba (ix. aspeqti).

56

zmnaSi aisaxeba ZiriTadad arsebiTi saxelis (iSviaTad _

zedsarTavisa da ricxviTi saxelebis) gramatikuli klasis zmnaSi

warmoCenili gramatikuli klasis niSnis mixedviT irkveva, romel

gramatikul klass ganekuTvneba saxeli) _ saxelobiT brunvaSi

gardauvali zmnis subieqtisa da gardamavali zmnis uaxloesi obieqtis,

agreTve saxelisa saxelobiTSi grZnoba-aRqmis aRmniSvnel datiuri

konstruqciis zmnebTan (ix. arsebiTi saxeli, gardamavloba, sintaqsi).

gramatikuli klasis niSnebiT zmnaSi saxelis g r a m a t i k u l i

r i c x v i c aRiniSneba, rac meoreuli faqtis Cans, Tumca am enis

teqstebi XVII saukunemde (isic fragmentulad) ar mogvepoveba:

raodenobrivma cvlilebam socialuri Rirebulebis Secvla gamoiwvia (??),

ix. gramatikuli ricxvis kategoria).

gramatikuli klasis niSani zmnaSi prefiqsia martiv zmnebsa (mag.,

d-efxar _ Cacma, d-e-lar _ siciliT...) da rTul zmnebSi, rodesac misi

(rTuli zmnis) pirveli fuZe klasnisnian zmnad gvevlineba (mag., d-Šfx—d-

ar – Cacma (acmevs), Sdr. d-efxar _ Cacma (icvams), _ d-aJ-d-ar _ Zoveba

(aZovebs), Sdr. d-aJar _ Zova (Zovs)...).

gramatikuli klasis niSani i n f i q s i a rTul zmnebSi, Tu maTi

meore fuZe (an fuZec, pirvel fuZesTan erTad) klasniSniania (mag., ak-d-ar

_ anTeba (anTebs), Sdr. akar_anTeba (anTia); at-d-ar _ {ga}Cumeba

({ga}aCumebs), Sdr. atar _ gaCumeba ({ga}Cumdeba)... d-aS-d-ar _ {ga}dnoba

({ga}adnobs), Sdr. d-aSar _ {ga}dnoba ({ga}dneba), d-ar _ keTeba; d-av-d-ar _

{da}kargva ({da}kargavs), Sdr. d-avar _ dakargva ({da}ikargeba), d-ar _

keTeba...

gramatikuli klasis niSnebi sufiqsis saxiTac gvxvdeba dar `keTeba~

meSveli zmnis awmyos formaSi, metwilad d™, Á™, b™, v™ _ d, Á, b, v

gramat. klasis niSnebis labializebuli fonetikuri variantebi (zogjer

d, Á, b, v gramatikuli klasis niSnebic daCndeba). mag.: Ãori akod™™™™ _

vaSlebs yrian, e knaT akov™™™™ _ im biWs akankalebs, memcxoriv Je daJod™™™™ _

mecxvareebi cxvars aZoveben, fu TeÃob™™™™ _ ZaRls miaTreven...

gramatikuli klasis niSnis infiqsad, miT ufro sufiqsad warmoCena

bacburSi meoreuli faqtia: martiv zmnebSi mxolod prefiqsi SeimCneva.

b infiqsis Sesaxeb ix. aspeqti.

57

aspeqti. bacburi enis mTeli rigi zmnebisaTvis niSandoblivia

aspeqtis gramatikuli kategoriis mixedviT dapirispireba, gamoiyofa

sruli da usruli aspeqti (r. gagua, d. imnaiSvili, d.-e. holiski). maT

gverdiT mniSvnelovani raodenobiT dasturdeba uaspeqto zmnebic.

I. garCeulia aspeqti

1. a s p e q t i a n i formebi fuZiseuli xmovniTaa gansxvavebuli, fuZis

fleqsiasTan gvaqvs saqme: zmnis sruli aspeqtis formaSi a o i xmovnebia

warmodgenili, usrulSi _ e an eb (f, p):

sr. asp. a usr. asp. e, eb (f, p)

Ãalár Ãelár _ daxurva

karCar kerCar _ gagoreba

laTar leTar _ brZola

laqdar leqdar _ gadagdeba, mogdeba

laWydar leWydar _ damalva

TaT´dar TeT´dar _ gaweva

Tasar Tefsar _ dagdeba...

lasar lesar _ gacra1

xarcar xercar _ gacvla1

sruli aspeqti o usruli aspeqti e, eb (f, p)

dofcar defcar _ wvna

doTár deTár _ sxma

doxkar dexkar _ gayidva

oTár eTár _ dadgoma

1 CaCnuris (dialeqt.) am fuZeebSi sr. asp. o………… _ usr. ‹‹‹‹, i xmovanTmonacvleoba gvaqvs:

sr. lo…………sa _ usr. l‹‹‹‹san _ gacra, sr. xo………… _ usr. x‹‹‹‹ca _ gacvla; (bacburis x a r c

fuZeSi r Tanxmovnis sakiTxic dgeba).

bacb. afSar _ ReWva uaspeqto zmnaSi fuZiseuli f-s adgilas CaCn. (dialeqt.) o…………

iCens Tavs: ‘o…………San.

58

otár etár _ dageba (loginisa)

dowar depwar _ dabma

doRar debRar _ dageba

Ãosar Ãefsar _ gasrola

Toxar Tefxar _ dartyma1

sr. asp. i usr. asp. e, eb (f, p)

xitar xetar _ gawyveta2

Titar Tetar _ gaWra2

dillar deblar _ dadeba3

Tillar Teblar _ darqmeva3

Til‘ar Teflar _gacdena (ascdeba), gaZroba3

2. a) sruli aspeqtis forma klasniSniania, usrulisa – uklasniSno.

amasTanave fuZiseuli xmovnebi sxvadasxvaa, erTi mxriT, srulsa da, meore

mxriT, usruli aspeqtis formebSi, Tumca oden xmovanTa monacvleobiT

dapirispirebul srul da usrul aspeqtSi warmodgenil xmovanTagan

gansxvavebuli: usr. aspeqtis e xmovani sruli aspeqtis formaSi, nacvlad

sr. aspeqtis a xmovnisa, da piriqiT, usr. aspeqtis e xmovnis adgilas usr.

aspeqtSi – sr. aspeqtis a xmovani daCndeba:

sr. asp. usr. asp.

1 d. imnaiSvili calke saxeobad gamoyofs: 1) sr. asp. ab (p, f) _ usr. asp. eb (-p, f)

Ã-a-ptan `miwvdoma (xeliT)~ _ Ã-e-ptan `wvdoma (xeliT)~; y-a-pyan `daquxeba~ _ y-e-pyan

`quxili~, ‘a-fSan `daReWva~ _ ‘e-fSan _ `ReWva~; safsan àfueba~ _ s-e-f-san `fuvili~.

2) sr. asp. ob _ usr. asp. eb: d-o-fxan `Cacma~ _ d-e-fxan (Ca)cma (icvams); d-o-fsan `gaberva~

_ d-e-fsan `(ga)berva~ (ibereba).

SesaZlebelia, aq aspeqtis oden ablautiT warmoebasTan gvqondes saqme, py, pt, fS,

fx... ki fuZiseuli TanxmovanTa jgufebi iyos (Sdr. Áopy _ nacari, Áofx _ ofli...), Tumca

b (f, p)-s gamoyofac garkveuli funqciiT (mravlobiTobis, mravalgzisobis) gamoxatva

(d. imnaiSvili) gamoricxuli ar aris.

2 bacb. xitar formis Sesatyvisia CaCn. xado _ gawyveta, bacb. T i t a r -isa –

d a t o – gaWra, sruli (erTgzisi) aspeqtis fuZeSi a xmovniT, bacburis i xmovnis

adgilas. usrulSi (mravalgzisSi) CaCnurSicö e xmovania: xed-ar – wyveta, et-o – Wra.

3 bacb. dill-, Till-, Til‘ da CaCn. dill-ar (id.), (we)Till-a (id.), tex-Til-a (id.)

fuZeebi saerToa bacburisa da CaCnurisaTvis: i xmovani gvaqvs bacburisa da

CaCnurisTvisac. usruli (erTgzisi) aspeqtis forma gansxvavebulia.

59

d-exkar axkar _ kvra

d-eyar ayar _ gayofa

d-ekar akar _ cvena

d-ekdar akdar _ kankali

b) usr. aspeqtis formaSi sruli aspeqtis formis gramatikuli

klasis niSnis momdevno Tanxmovania gansxvavebuli, SesaZlebelia, misi

fonetikuri varianti iyos:

sr. asp. usr. asp.

d-Äevar �avar _ kvla, xocva

d-Äogar yegar _ texa, mtvreva

g) usr. aspeqtis uklasniSno formaSi klasniSniani sr. aspeqtis fuZe

meordeba, oRond sr. aspeqtis formis gramatikuli klasis niSnis

(Tanxmovnis) adgilas Tavs iCens sxva Tanxmovani:

sr. asp. usr. asp.

d-eqar Ã-eqar _ Zaxili, yvirili

d-erwar -erwar _ triali, dabruneba

d-al‘ar micema T-el‘ar _ Zleva, Wmeva

d-aar -eÃar _ zidva, waReba, fuZiseuli

/Ã TanxmovanTa monacvleobiT.

d) dagar _ danaxva, dagin _ dainaxa zmnis sruli aspeqtis fuZeSi a

xmovania, usr. aspeqtis gu _ xedavs zmnis fuZeSi SeiniSneba nulovani

gaxmovaneba, aseve: sr. asp. dalar _ sikvdili _ usr. asp. la _ kvdeba.

xmovanTa monacvleoba (ablauti) dasturdeba rogorc uklasniSno

(Ãalar _ Ãelar `daxurva~...), ise klasniSnian (dofcar _ defcar `wvna~...)

zmnebSic (ix. zemoT): ablauti aspeqtis warmoebaSi Zvel movlenad unda

miviCnioT.

60

klasis niSnis mixedviT garCeuli aspeqtis formebidan (sr. asp.

d-exkar _ usr. asp. axkar ({Se}kvra) klasis niSani usr. aspeqtis formebSia

dakarguli (usr. aspeqti ufro gamoxatavs zogad mniSvnelobas, amasTanave

aq _ usrul aspeqtSi fonetikuri garemoc unda yofiliyo klasis niSnis

_ dakargvis xelSemwyobi faqtori).

ufro adrindeli Cans aspeqtis warmoeba a b l a u t i T: sr. asp. a, o _

usr. asp. e (sr. asp. laTar – usr. asp. leTar `brZola~; sr. asp. oTTar –

usr. asp. eTTar `d{a}dgoma~...). sxva SemTxvevebi, sr. asp. i _ usr. asp. e, sr.

asp. e _ usr. asp. a (sr. asp. xitar – usr. asp. xetar `gawyveta~... sr. asp.

deyar – usr. asp. ayar `{ga}yofa~...) formaTa aRrevis Sedegi unda iyos.

sr. aspeqtis warmoeba p r e v e r b e b i T qarTulidan nasesxeb zmnebSi

iCens Tavs qarTulis msgavsad, (sr. asp. datkepnaddar _ usr. asp.

tkepnaddar `{da}tkepna~), mcire gadaxvevebiT. aseT zmnaTa gavleniT

qarTulTan interferenciis Sedegad Cveulebrivi gaxda sr. asp. warmoeba

bacburi preverbebiT sakuTriv bacbur sityvebSi (sr. asp. CuoTár – usr.

asp. eTár `{da}dgoma~), ablautTan erTad. mxolod CakiTxvisas SeiZleba

warmoCndes preverbi paralelurad bacb. zmnis usr. asp. formebSi da,

piriqiT, sr. asp. formebi – upreverbod.

bacburSi sr. da usr. aspeqti SeiZleba iyos dapirispirebuli zmnis

s u p l e t u r i formebiT (sr. asp. Ãalár _ usr. asp. dayar `Wama~).

gamoiyofa u a s p e q t o zmnebic. uaspeqtoa s t a t i k u r i zmnebi

(d. imnaiSvili) an aspeqti zmnis supleturi formebiTaa garCeuli): dawan-

devna, Ãawan _ {Camo}kideba...

uaspeqtoa rigi sxva znebic: 1) zogi m a r t i v i z m n a: abar _ kerva,

dÄapar _ {da}grexa, aTar _ nayva, ÃaCar _ miRweva... stexar _ lodini,

lefsar – {a}dRveba, defcar _ mboba... 2) -dar, -dalar, -iTar... segmentebiT

n a w a r m o e b i z m n e b i: kawkar-dalar _ dapataraveba, dav-dar _

dakargva, darJ-dar _ {ga}Sla... arl-iTar _ galewvineba, dafx-iTar _

gaxdevineba...

s t a t i k u r da z o g sxva u a s p e q t o zmnebSi -dolin da -

doldalin elementebi awarmoeben srul aspeqts: (Ãirl‘ èSinia~ - sr. asp.

Ãerl‘-d-olin `SeeSinda~, ax— `yefs~ _ axa-d-olin `daiyefa~ _ axa-b-ol-b-

alin àyefda~...), romlebic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodnen d-ol-d-ar (grdm.)

61

da d-ol-d-alar (grduv.) `dawyeba~) zmnebs.

bacburSi ise, rogorc CaCnursa da inguSurSi gamoiyofa kauzatiuri

formebi. kauzativis sakiTxi am enaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis gareSe ar

darCenila (a. Sifneri, i. deSerievi, r. gagua...).

kauzativis mawarmoebelia -iT-, romelic warmodgenilia masdarsa da

infinitivSic: ax-iT-ar, ax-iT-an) `sirbili, rbena~.

-iT awarmoebs kauzativs gardamavali da gardauvali martivi da

agreTve -dar, -dalar segmentebiT Sedgenili zmnebisagan: ax-iT-ar

`moxvnevineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. ax-ar `xvna~ (martivi gardamavali zmna);

{�}it-iT-ar `rbenineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. {�}itar `rbena~ (mativi

gardauvali zmna), le-d-iT-ar `akrefineba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. le-d-ar

`krefa~ (dar-iT nawarmoebi gardamavali zmna); daÃ-d-al-iT-ar `{ga}zrda,

{ga}zrdis SesaZlebloba~ (kauzativi), Sdr. daÃ-d-alar `{ga}zrda~

(-dalar-iT nawarmoebi zmna).

ar aris gamoricxuli, -iT- d - i T a r `datoveba; daTmoba~ zmnisgan

mimdinareobdes (n. iakovlevi, r. gagua, r. fareuliZe).

gardamavali zmnebisagan -iT- afiqsiT nawarmoebi formebi, rogorc

saerTod kauzativi, gamoxatavs obieqtis mier subieqtis nebiT, iZulebiT,

TxovniT... Sesasrulebel moqmedebas:

oÃus oÃuÁg™ maÃox naCx x e r c - i T - ™ _ is mas purze yvels

a c v l e v i n e b s (Sdr. oÃus maÃox naCx x e r c ™ _ is purze yvels

cvlis).

-iT afiqsiT gardauvali zmnebisagan gardamavali zmnebi iwarmoeba

ramdenadme gansxvavebuli semantikiTac: dadas Sarin knaT v-ax-iT-iÁen _

mamam g a u S v a Tavisi vaJi (Sdr. knaT Sarn v - a x e n _ vaJi w a v i d a...).

subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTmimarTeba gardauvali da

gardamavali zmnebisagan -iT afiqsiT nawarmoeb zmnur formebSi

gansxvavdeba maTTvis amosaval gardamaval da gardauval zmnebSi

dadasturebuli mimarTebebisagan. orive SemTxvevaSi zmnur konstruqciaSi

Cndeba erTi wevriT meti, oRond: 1) gardamavali zmnisgan nawarmoeb

kauzatiur zmnasTan Tavs iCens saxeli – obieqti mimarTulebiT brunvaSi,

romelic moqmedebis Semsrulebelia, subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi. rCeba

62

da moqmedebis `SemkveTia~ (nana-s Jagn™ xet´™ _ deda wigns kiTxulobs,

Sdr. nanas b a d r e - g ™ Jagn™ xet´-iT-™ _ deda bavSvs wigns akiTxebs);

2) gardauvali zmnisgan nawarmoeb kauzativTan konstruqcias emateba

saxeli – subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi, ar icvleba gardauvali zmnis

subieqti _ saxelobiT brunvaSi, igi aq, kauzatiur konstruqciaSi,

obieqtad gvevlineba. moqmedebis Se:msrulebeli SeiZleba iyos rogorc

saxeli – subieqti ergatiul brunvaSi, ise _ saxeli _ obieqti

saxelobiTSi (stak naymaq l‰T´— _ kaci gzaze dgas, Sdr. dadas stak (nay

maq) l‰T´-iT-™ _ mama kacs nebas aZlevs (gzaze) idges.

kilo. bacburis gramatikuli kilos Seswavlas mniSvnelovani adgili

eTmoba specialur literaturaSi (a. Sifneri, i. deSerievi, d. imnaiSvili,

r. gagua...), kiloTa sxvadasxva raodenobas asaxeleben).

bacburSi dasturdeba TxrobiTi, brZanebiTi da kavSirebiTi kilo.

II p i r i s brZanebiTi kilo iwarmoeba: 1) nulovani sufiqsiT,

emTxveva zmnis sawarmoebel fuZes dil´! `dadevi!~ Sdr. inf. dil´-an, masd.

dil´-ar; verw! `mibrundi!~ Sdr. inf. verw-an, masd. verw-ar).

nulovani sufiqsis adgilze a xmovani daCndeba inlautSi

gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi: a) e kavSiris (ata-e!... `gaCumdi da!..~); b) -ge

nawilakis (daata-ge! `gaCumdi-Ra!~); g) mravlobiTis afiqsis T-s (xeca-T!

`gauSviT!~); d) TxovniTi brZanebiTis niSnis -l————-s win (ÁaÃa-l—! `amoiRe-

ra!);

a brZanebiTis niSnad gvaqvs CaCnurSi. safiqrebelia, brZanebiTi

kilos mawarmoebeli a sufiqsi bacburSi reducirebuli iyos auslautSi,

am poziciaSi a xmovnis mokvecis bacburisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

fonetikuri procesis Sedegad.

2) anomaliur zmnebsa (li-b! `mieci!~ Sdr. dal‘an `micema~) da -dar, -

dalar segmentebiT nawarmoeb zmnebSi (Tag-d-e-b! `gaakeTe!~, Sdr. Tag-dar

`gakeTeba~) _ b sufiqsiT;

3) -l{————}, -l{™™™™} sufiqsebiT (d-oTa-l————! `Caasxi-ra!~ Sdr. d-oT´-ar

`Casxma~), m a x v i l i a xmovanze moudis (k. WrelaSvili).

III p i r i s brZanebiTsac -l{™™™™}, -™l{————} afiqsebi awarmoebs (d-oT´a

63

-l{™™™™}! `Caasxas! Sdr. doTár `Casxma~).

bacburSi gavrcelebulia I p. brZanebiTis m r. r i c x v i s forma

qarTulidan SeTvisebuli T sufiqsiT (r. gagua, k. WrelaSvili).

bacburSi gvxvdeba brZanebiTis u a r y o f i T i formebic:

brZanebiTis uaryofiTi formebis sawarmoeblad TxrobiTi kilos awmyos

an myofadis formas daerTvis uaryofiTi nawilaki ma `nu~ (ma Á a y ™ ! `nu

Wam!~ Sdr. Á a y ™ `vWam, Wam, Wams~ _ awmyo). CaCnurSi uaryofiTi

brZanebiTis sxvagvari warmoeba dasturdeba (r. fareuliZe). am SemTxvevaSi

bacburSi q a r T u l i s gavlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme.

k a v S i r e b i T i kilos sufiqsebia -lo, -le (lete-l™™™™ `rom

Seewios~, Sdr. letar `Svela, `Sewevna~). kavSirebiTi kilos sufiqsebi

saerToa zemoT aRniSnul brZanebiTis -l————, -l™™™™ sufiqsebTan. brZanebiTis

sufiqsebi (-l————, -l™™™™) kavSirebiTis sufiqsebisagan unda momdinareobdes

(Sdr. k. WrelaSvili), rogorc cnobilia, analogiuri viTarebaa

qarTvelur enebSi kavSirebiTi kilosa da brZanebiTis urTierTmimarTebis

TvalsazrisiT.

potencialisi da gvari. p o t e n c i a l i s i analizuri warmoebisaa,

mawarmoebelia makar `SeZleba~ zmna (romelic calkec gvxvdeba da

cvalebadia nakvTebis mixedviT); -dar da -iTar elementebiT nawarmoeb

zmnebSi makar a w m y o - m y o f a d i s formas daerTvis da aqac icvleba

zmnis nakvTebSi (co T a g - d o-mak———— `ver akeTebs~, Sdr. T a g - d o || <

Tago-d™ àkeTebs~; co T a g - i T o -makin `ver gaakeTebina~, Sdr. Ta-giT™

àkeTebinebs~). martiv zmnebTan awmyos (myofadis) nakvTebis mawarmoebeli

xmovnis dakargvis Sedegad potencialisis formebi organuli warmoebis

saxes iRebs (co l e l - mak———— `ver dadis~, Sdr. lel-———— (< lel-e) `dadis~;

co al‘-mak— `ver vityvi~, Sdr. a l ‘-™™™™ (al‘-o) `vityvi~).

potencialisis mniSvnelobiT dalar-segmentiani warmoebac

SeiniSneba. dalar-is adrindeli mniSvneloba CvenTvis ucnobia.

dalar drois sxvadasxva nakvTebSi dal da la-s saxiT Cndeba (ax-la

ìxvneba~, Sdr. ax™ `xnavs~; ax-d-alin `moixna~, Sdr. ax-in `moxna~), Sdr.

dalar `kvdoma~ zmna, romelic dronaklia (dalin `mokvda~ da la

64

`{mo}kvdeba~).

-la da -dal segmentebi daerTvis awmyos (myofadis) formas

(a l ‘- l a < a l ‘o -la ìTqmeba~, Sdr. al‘™ àmbobs~, ìtyvis~ a l‘-dal-in

ìTqva~).

dalar _ segmentiani formebi dinamikuri gardauvali zmnebia,

romlebic SeiZleba gamoxatavdnen uneburobis, potencialisis, gvaris,

qcevis mniSvnelobas.

gardamavali zmnebisagan dalar-iT nawarmoeb zmnis formebs

u n e b u r o b i s (p o t e n c i a l i s i s) mniSvneloba aqvT (stakgo Áobst

axla `kacs miwa exvnevineba~, Sdr. glexiv Áofst ax™ `glexebi miwas

xnaven~).

bacburSi martivi gardamavali da misgan dalar-iT nawarmoebi

gardauvali zmna qmnian aqtiv-pasivis dapirispirebas. -dalar- segmentiani

formebi iZenen vnebiTi gvaris gagebas. as xil™ Ãer Tefsos `me wyalSi

qvas vagdeb~. Tefsos _ `vagdeb~ gardamavali zmnis formaa, masTan

sintaqsur kavSirSia subieqti-qvemdebare as `me~ ergatiul brunvaSi,

romelic zmnaSi (SemasmenelSi) aCens s subieqtis piris niSans (s < as) _

Tefs-o-as > Tefso-s: Ãer pirdapiri obieqti-damatebaa. (dalar >)la-

segmentiani zmniT winadadebaa: Ãer Tefsla `qva vardeba~, romelSic

gardamavalzmniani winadadebis damateba-obieqti Ãer subieqtad aris

warmoCenili, misi niSani zmnasTan ar daCndeba. amdenad, T e f s l a

T e f s o s zmnis k o n v e r s i u l formad SeiZleba miviCnioT,

T e f s o s -s moqmedebiTi gvaris semantika aqvs. la vnebiTi gvaris

mawarmoeblis funqcias asrulebs.1 bacburSi g v a r i s gramatikuli

kategoriis C a s a x v i s p r o c e s T a n gvaqvs saqme, risTvisac xeli

unda Seewyo subieqturi piris kategoriis gaCenas am enaSi, subieqtis

gaaqtiurebas.

preverbebi. Sedgenilobis mixedviT bacburSi dasturdeba m a r t i v i

da r T ul i preverbebi. m a r t i v i preverbebia: da- `ga-~, a-; `Ca-~,

al- à-~, maq- à-~, Cu- `Ca-~, so- `mo-~, nÄaÁ‘- `ga-~, d-ux-2 `Semo-~, ùkan~. Cu-

1 k. WrelaSvili -la || -l-s vnebiTi gvaris niSnad miiCnevs.

2 d-ux preverbSi d moqmedi gramatikuli klasis niSania.

65

mniSvnelobiT da masalobrivad emTxveva svanuris Cu- preverbs

(r. faruliZe).

specialur literaturaSi cnobilia umTavresad martivi preverbebi,

rTuli preverbebi saZebnia. rTuli preverbebia: soda- `momi-~, ala-

`-ze-qve~ (r. gagua, d.-e. holiski), Cu-al- `-qvevidan zemoT~.

martivi preverbebis ZiriTadi funqciaa, sxva enebis msgavsad,

moqmedebis sivrceSi lokalizaciis gamoxatva (ix. zemoT). gancalkevebiT

dgas so `aqeT~ da da `iqiT~ preverbebi (so-voten _ gadmovida, da-voten

_ gadavida), romlebic sivrceSi orientacias aRniSnaven.

preverbebis semantikuri niuansebi Sesaswavlia.

bacburSi preverbebi sityvawarmoebis funqciiTac iCens Tavs (dadar

`micema~, `Cuqeba~, Sdr. dar `keTeba~, `qmna~).

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zmna. II. dro-kiloTa sistema

bacbur (wova-TuSur) enaSi zmnuri formacvalebis sistema _ uRleba

rTulia.

uRleba bacbrSi k l a s n i S n i a n z m n e b S i SeiZleba iyos:

klasovani da pirovani; u k l a s n i S n o z m n e b S i _ n e i t r a l u r i

da pirovani.

klasovan uRlebaSi zmna icvleba g r a m a t i k u l i k l a s e b i s

mixedviT: v-aR™ _ movdivar, modixar, modis (m a m a k a c i); Á-aR™ _

movdivar modixar, modis (q a l i), b-aR™ _ modis (Z r o x a); d-aR™ _ modis

(k v i c i)...

g a r d a m a v a l zmnaSi o b i e q t i s klasia asaxuli,

g a r d a u v a l S i _ s u b i e q t i s a.

p i r o v a n uRlebaSi p i r i s n i S n e b i piris nacvalsaxelebi an

nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis sufiqsebia, daerTvis zmnas I-sa da II pirSi

rogorc mxoloobiT, ise _ mr. ricxvSi, oRond mr. ricxvis pirvel

pirSi _ mxolod eqskluziur pirs.

III piri gauformebelia.

S n S. nacvalsaxeluri warmoSobis piris niSnebs romlebic piris

nacvalsaxelebisagan momdinareoben, ganucdiaT garkveuli kanonzomieri

fonetikuri cvlilebebi.

klasovani da neitraluri bruneba pirovani da klasovan-pirovani

uRlebis paralelurad a m J a m a d a c gavrcelebulia.

piris niSnebi Ziriadad, subieqturi pirisa dasturdeba. maT zmnaSi

aCens g a r d a m a v a l i zmnis s u b i e q t i c, g r a m a t. k l a s i s

niSnebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic mxolod g a r d a u v a l i zmnebis

s u b i e q t s aRniSnaven.

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piris niSnebiT zmnaSi, pirdapiri obieqtis piric aRiniSneba (a.

Sifneri, n. qadagiZe, k. WrelaSvili). amdenad, piris niSani zmnaSi

s a x e l o b i T i s a an e r g a t i v i s formiT warmodgenili saxelis

pirs gamoxatavs.

s u b i e q t u r i piris niSnebi g a r d a u v a l zmnebsa (Cveulebriv,

statikur zmnebSi) da o b i e q t u r i piris niSnebig a r d a m a v a l

zmnebSi (orive SemTxvevaSi saxeli, romelic piris niSans aCens zmnaSi,

s a x e l o b i T brunvaSi dgas) Semdegia:

mx. r. mr. r.

1. -s™™™™ (< so) -Tx (< Txo) eqskl.

2. -™™™™ (< o) -ÁSšššš, -Sšššš (< Su)

S n S. 1. Sdr. qarTulSi II s u b i e q t u r i da III o b i e q t u r i

piris niSnebi.

2. piris niSnebi saxelobiT brunvaSi mdgomi Sesabamisi piris

nacvalsaxelebidan momdinareoben. sityvis bolokiduri xmovnebi

reducirdeba.

gardamaval zmnebSi subieqturi piris niSnebi (subieqturi piri

e r g a t i v S i dgas) Semdegia:

mx. r. mr. r.

I II I II

1. -as -s (< as) -aTx -Tx (< aTx)

2. -a -{} (< a) -aÁS -ÁS (< aÁS)

S n S. piris niSnebi an ergativis formis piris nacvalsaxelebia, an

maTi fonetikurad saxecvlili variantebi.

I rigis piris niSnebi gvxvdeba I da II pirTan awmyoSi (myofadSi: as

al‘o-s _ me getyvi).

aq II piris (mx. r.) niSani ikargeba mravalmarcvlian sityvebSi,

saTanado forma xmovnebze bolovdeba.

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I rigis piris niSnebi r da n boloTanxmovnian formebSia (mag. as

aÁolna-s `me vTqvi“).

gardauvali klasniSniani zmnis diSar `wola“ awmyos formebi

mx. r. mr. r.

I p. v(S)-iS-u-s™™™™(S) b(S)-ifS-u-TxS

II p. v(S)iS-u(S)-™™™™(S) b(S)-ifS-u-(S)ÁS

III p. v(S)-iS-šššš b(S)-ifS-š

gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis dÄevar `mokvla~ awmyos formebi:

mx. r. mr. r.

I p. d(O)-Äevo-s(S) I p. d(O)-Äev-o-Tx(S)

II p. d(O)-Äevo-{}(S) II p. d(O)-Äev-u-ÁS(S)

III p. d(O)-Äev™ III p. d(O)-Äev™

S n S. erTiapiani klasniSniani zmnis uRlebisas zmnaSi aRiniSneba

subieqtis klasi da piri, k l a s i s n i S a n i c a da p i r i s

n i S a n i c e r T i d a i g i v e s a x e l s g a m o x a t a v s.

gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis uRvlebisas, rodesac o b i e q t i

i c v l e b a, obieqturi wyoba gvaqvs.

gardamavali klasniSniani zmnis uRleba, rodesac s u b i e q t i

i c v l e b a, subieqtur wyobas warmoadgens.

S n S. 1. am SemTxvevaSi k l a s i s n i S a n i obieqtze miuTiTebs,

p i r i s n i S a n i subieqtze. klasis niSani p o l i f u n q c i u r i a, is

saxelis klassac gamoxatavs da pirsac ragvarobis mixedviT, obieqturi

piris niSania. amgvarad, aseT zmnebSi ori piri aRiniSneba _ obieqturi _

69

klasis niSniTa da subieqturi _ piris niSniT. SeiZleba vilaparakoT

polipersonalizmze (k. WrelaSvili) Tu ara, mis Canasaxze mainc.

2. fuZeSi dadasturebuli f o n e t i k u r i p r o c e s e b i zmnis

uRlebisas imave xasiaTisaa, rac saxelTa brunebaSi vlindeba.

m r a v l. ricxvi: 1) klasovan uRlebaSi klasis niSniT gamoixateba,

romelic amasTanave saxelis saTanado klaszec miuTiTebs: mx r. va™ va

`Zma aris“ _ mr. r. vaJar b-a; mx. r. nan Á-a `deda aris“ _ mr. r. nani d-a, mx.

r. fu b-a `ZaRli aris“ _ mr. r. fah´arC d-a.

2) pirovan uRlebaSi mr. ricxvi da piri erTi da imave elementiT _

saTanado p i r i s n a c v a l s a x e l e b i T mr. ricxvSi an imave

nacvalsaxelebiT, romelTac ganucdiaT fonetikuri cvlileba,

gadmoicema (so maÁl‘n-as `me davlie“, aTx maÁl‘n-aTx _ Cven davlieT).

3) usruli aspeqtis formiTac SeiZleba iyos g a m o x a t u l i

mravlobiTi ricxvi: sr. aspeqti – as Á-ofc-™ `me v w n a v (nawnavs)~“, usr.

asp. _ aTx Á-efc-™ `Cven v w n a v T (nawnavs).

4) qarTulidan nasesxebi T sufiqsi mr. ricxvis niSania (b-aRo-T vaÁ!

_ wavideT (Cven qalebi)!~

T sufqsi gvxvdeba TxrobiTi kilosa da brZanebiTis formebSi.

S n S. d. i m n a i S v i l i s azriT, T sufiqsi gramatikuli klasis d

niSnisagan aris miRebuli.

araerTi enaTmecnieri (a. S i f n e r i, i. d e S e r i e v i, d.

i m n a i S v i l i, r. g a g u a, d.-e- h o l i s k i) warmogvidgens bacburi

zmnis uRlebis sistemas. mocemul sistemebSi SeiniSneba sxvadasxvaoba:

gamoyofen drois (mwkrivis) formebs, romelTaTvisac amosaval fuZed

miiCneven awmyosa da namyos formebs (a. S i f n e r i, r. g a g u a), awmyos,

70

myofadisa da namyos formebs (k. W r e l a S v i l i), brZanebiTis formas

(i. d e S e r i e v i).

gvaqvs namyos mwkrivTa (nakvTTa) mniSvnelobis sxvadasxvagvari gageba,

Sesabamisad terminebic (TurmeobiTebi _ SedegobiTebi, namyo winare

warsuli, I namyo, II namyo...).

e. w. wesieri uRlebis zmnebSi mwkrivTa gamoyofa xdeba sayrdeni

fuZisa da misi zogadi semantikis safuZvelze. rigi mwkrivis

mniSvnelobis dadgena metad rTulia, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnaven

mkvlevrebi, gansakuTrebiT namyo drois mwrikvebSi, Tumca miaxloebiTi

mniSvnelobis dadgena mainc SesaZlebelia.

fuZeTa mixedviT mwkrivebis dajgufebisas amosaval fuZeebad

gvevlineba awmyos, myofadis, namyos formebi.

I (awmyos) jgufi (seria)

magaliTad: abar `kerva“ zmnis, romelic a s p e q t s a r

g a n a r C e v s, a w m y o s a da m y o f a d i s mwkrivebs saerTo fuZe da I

da II j g u f s saerTo formebi aqvs. mogvyavs I piris formebi:

awmyo _ ab-o-s `vkerav“

namyo usr. _ abra-s (< abora-s) `vkeravdi“

TurmeobiTi _ abra-lo-s (< abora-lo-s)

T u r m e o b i T i s f u Z e a n a m y o u s r u l i s f o r m a.

zmnebSi, romlebic s r u l da u s r u l a s p e q t s g a n a r C e v e n,

II (myofadis) jgufi s r u l i a s p e q t i s formebia (mag. awmyo _ Á-efx-

o-s (usr. asp.) `vicvam (kabas...)“,

myofadi _ Á-ofx-o-s (sr. asp.) `Cavicvam (kabas...)“.

III (namyos) jgufi

namyo I _ aÁb-na-s (< ab-in-as) `Cavicvi (kaba)“

namyo II _ aÁb-ra-s (< ab-in-ra-s) `Cavicvi (kaba)“

namyo III _ aÁb-ra-lo-s (< ab-in-ra-lo-s) `Camicvams (kaba)“

71

III (namyos) jgufSi SeiZleba gvqondes rogorc s r u l i, ise _

u s r u l i a s p e q t i s formebi.

S n S. kiloebi (ix. kilo), brZanebiTic ki (i. d e S e r i e v i). zog

mkvlevars uRlebis sistemaSi Seaqvs.

mwkrivTa daboloebani s u f i q s e b i a da m a T T a n e r T a d fuZis

f l e q s i a c daCndeba aspeqtis mixedviT dapirispirebul formebSi (ix.

aspeqti).

I jgufis mwkrivebSi o, u, e, i, erTeul SemTxvevebSi a daboloebania

dadasturebuli. SeiniSneba gardamavlobis mixedviT sufiqsebis erTgvari

ganawileba: gardamaval zmnebTan metwilad o daboloeba iCens Tavs,

gardauvalTan _ e.

-darda -dalar-iT Sedgenili zmnebis uRvlebisas iuRvleba -dar da

-dalar Sesabamisad maTi damoukideblad uRlebisa. awmyosa da myofadis

mwkrivebSi ZiriTadi zmnis daboloebanic povnieria, namyos mwkrivebSi

dabolobebi reducirebulia bacburSi cnobili reduqciis Tanaxmad.

rTul zmnebad Camoyalibebis procesi jer kidev dasrulebuli ar aris.

bacburSi gamoiyofa Taviseburi uRlebis zmnebi:

1. r i c x v S i monacvle (mag.: daÃin `waarTva“ _ daxin `waarTva

bevri“).

2. m w k r i v S i monacvle (mag.: liv˜ `ambobs“ _ al‘™ `ityvis“).

72

zmnisarTi

zmnisarTi, misi warmoeba da funqciebi bacburSi met-naklebi sisru-

liT ganxiluli aqvT an. Sifners, d. imnaiSvils, i. deSerievs, r. gaguas _

d.-i. holiskis, k. WrelaSvils, l. sanikiZes agreTve m. miqelaZes, v. Coqa-

evs...

bacburSi ise, rogorc rig sxva enebSi gamoiyofa pirveladi _ marti-

vi (resp. aramotivirebuli( da nawarmoebi (resp. motivirebuli) zmnisarTebi.

I. pirveladi _ martivi zmnisarTebia:

bÄa (bÄarCe‡) _ mudam, yovelTvis; garg _ axlos; duÃ _ bevrad;

{�}eÁrTvan, {�}aÁrTvan _ blomad, mravlad; eh>aT _ maSin; vux, Áux _ ukan;

vÄala{‡} _ srulad, srulebiT; Txa, Txe _ dRes; ie, ine? _ axla? Sifn. 64;

inc-axla; ise _ aq; isev _ aqeT; iSna, uÁSna _ aq, iq; iSt _ ase; macan? _

rodis? mawy _ xan, zogjer; mel‘? _ ramdeni? miC? _ saiT? moh> _ rogor?

mo‡ _ mainc, daaxloebiT; mÄal _ ziarad, saziarod; nifs _ sworad. aseve;

nÄaÁ‡{˜} _ gareT; nÄaiv _ gareT; oÁSt, uÁSt _ ise; palo _ mexuTe dRes;

so àqeT~; tyo‡ – kidev, kvlav; tyo‡lo _ momavalSi; uÁs˜, osi, oÁs _ iq;

palo _ dReidan mexuTe dRes; ulo – dReidan meoTxe dRes; fsare{h>} _

guSin; qasten _ Cqara, swrafad; qiqo‡ _ adre, winaT, uwin; Cax _ Sors; wye _

erTxel; Ãan _ xval; Ãen _ Semdeg, mere; h>aT{e‡} _ maSinve, myisve; h>aTx{—} _

win; jer _ dasawyisSi, jer...

aq moyvanil martiv zmnisarTTagan zogi warmoSobiT nawarmoebia:

eh>aT _ maSin: e+h>aT, Sdr. h>aT, h>aTe‡ _ maSinve, myisve; ise _ aq: i+se, Sdr.

uÁsi < oÁsi < o+si _ iq; iSna _ aq: i+Sna; uÁSna _ iq: uÁSna < u+iSna < u-

iSna: iSt _ ase: i+St, Sdr. uÁSt < oÁSt < o-iSt ìse~, romelTaTvisac sa-

erToa i, e, o anlautSi, romlebic SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes nacvalsaxe-

lur Zirebs _ e ès~, is èg~, o ìs~. s warmodgenilia so _ aqeT zmnisar-

73

TSic. nacvalsaxelur ZirebTan kavSirze ganxilul zmnisarTebSi pirve-

lad miuTiTebs a. Sifneri.

lo Tandebuli SeiZleba gamoiyos zmnisarTebSi: tyo‡-lo – momaval-

Si, Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, kvlav; pal™ _ mexuTe dRes –dReidan (zedmiw. xuT

dReSi) Sdr. fxa < bxa `xuTi~(?)

Áuh>a-lo _ pirdapir, Sdr. Áuh> _ piri, pirisaxe.

zmnisarTebs n a x e v r a d f o r m a c v a l e b a d sityvebs ganukuT-

vneben. igi SeiZleba Segvxvdes: 1. moqmedebiTi da gamsWvalviTi brunvis

formebSi; 2. erT-, or- da iSviaTad sam- Tandebulian brunvaTa formebSi.

zmnisarTi g a m s W v a l i T i s formiT: h>aT-x, h>aT-x-a! _ win! (вперед!)

h>aT-x— _ uwin, maSin, Sdr. h>aT _ maSinve; tyo-ax _ Cveulebriv, Sdr. tyo‡

_ kidev. kvlav : miC-ux? – sad? Sdr. miC? – sad? saiT? maca-x _ erTxel,

odesRac, Sdr. macan? _ rodis? icax _ amasobaSi (a. Sifneri, gv. 64), Sdr.

ise (?).

zmnisarTi m o q m e d e b i T i brunvis formiT:

is-ev – aqeT, Sdr. ise – aq; es-ev _ iqiT, iqiTken; os-iv _ iqiT, iqiTken,

Sdr. uÁsi < osi _ iq; nÄa-iv _ gareT, gareTa mxares, gareTken, Sdr. nÄaÁ‡

< nÄa‡i (nÄa‡ih> fuZea nÄa‡i) _ gareT.

-r en - T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:

ese-ren, ise-ren _ aqedan; oÁs-ren _ iqidan; miC-ren? _ saidan? Sdr. miC?

_ sad?

-h> _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:

ese-{h>}, ise-{h>} _ aq; osi-{h>} _ iq; osi-{h>} _ iq; garge-h> _ axlos;

tyuÁ-h> _ ukan, Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, kvlav, ukan; sibsre-h> (sifsr-{h>}) _

guSinwin, Sdr. fsare-{h>} _ guSin; miCa-h>? Sdr. miC—? – sad?

74

-mcin _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi

ise-mcin _ aqamde; osim-mcin _ iqamde

-dolin _ T a n d e b u l i a n i zmnisarTebi:

inc-dolin _ amis Semdeg, dReidan, Sdr. inc _ axla; {e}h>aT-dolin _

iqidan moyolebuli, im droidan; qiq-dolin _ didi xnidan, odiTgan, Sdr.

qiqo‡ _ adre, winaT;

e r T T a n d e b u l i a n i a agreTve zogi zmnisarTi, romelic -iv, -R, -

x- segmentebze bolovdeba:

garg-iv-h> _ axlos; iÃs-iv-h> _ aqeTken: laÃ-iv-h> _ zemoTken; miC-iv-h>?

_ saiTken? os-iv-h> _ iqiT, iqiTken, miRma, Sdr. os-iv _ iqiT, iqiTken.

garge-R-da{h>} _ axlos, Sdr. garge-R siaxloves; isi-R-dah> _ iqidan.

garge-x-dah> _ axlodan; miCxdah>{a}? saidan? Sdr. miCx-ma‡ _ yvelgan

(miC? – sad? ma-ara, zedmiw. sad ara? – yvelgan).

zmnisarTi o r T a n d e b u l i a n i brunvis formiT

h> + dah> Tandebuliani

tyuÁ+h>+dah> _ uknidan (aqeT), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan; tyui-h>— _ ukan;

ren+dah> _ Tandebuliani

ise-ren-dah> _ aqedan, Sdr. ise{h>} _ aq, ise-ren _ aqedan; uÁs-ren-dah> _

iqidan, Sdr. osi{h>} _ iq, oÁs-ren _ iqidan; miC-re-dah>? _ saidan? Sdr. miC—?

_ sad? miC-ren? _ saidan?

lo+mcin _ Tandebulianebi

mac-lo-mcin? _ sanamde? rodemde? Sdr. macan _ rodis? maca-x _ er-

Txel, odesRac; i{n}c-lo-mcin _ aqamdis (am dromde), Sdr. inc-axla;

h>aTlo(mci¹) _ aqamde (am dromde), Sdr. h>aT _ maSinve; exaT-lo-mci¹ _ iqa-

mde (im dromde), Sdr. eh>aT— _ maSin;

75

-i v s e g m e n t z e d a b o l o e b u l i zmnisarTebidan o T a n d e b u -

l i a n i brunvis formebi:

garg-iv-h>-re¹ _ axlodan (axlo adgilidan)

miC-iv-h>-re¹? _ saidan? (romeli mxridan?)

zmnisarTi s a m T a n d e b u l i a n i brunvis formiT tyuÁ-h>-re{n}-{d}ah>

_ uknidan (aqeT), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan, Sdr. tyuÁ-h> _ ukan.

gvxvdeba agreTve zmnisarTis aseTi formebic h>aT-x-ren-dah> _ wini-

dan, Sdr. h>aT-e‡ _ maSinve, myisve; h>aT-x- _win;

tyuÁ-h>-iv-h> _ ukan (ukana mxridan), Sdr. tyo‡ _ kidev, ukan, Sdr.

tyuÁ-h> _ ukan.

kikel-dah>-iv-x _ qvemoT (qvemoT mxares), Sdr. kikel _ qvemoT, qveS.

II. nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi

1. zmnisarTis mawarmoebelia –S, -iS sufiqsebi, aseTi -iS-sufiqsiani

zmnisarTebi, Cveulebriv, iwarmoeba z e d s a r T a v i saxelebisagan: ni-

wyli-S _ Zalian, Zlier, Sdr. niwyli¹ _ Zlieri; neTxi-S _ Txlad, Sdr.

neTxi¹ _ Txeli; moÁ-S (<moi-S) > muÁS _ cudad, Sdr. mosÁi¹ _ cudi, dav-iS

_ msubuqad, Sdr. davi¹ _ msubuqi; daxe-S _ grZlad, Sdr. daxe¹ _ grZeli;

darst-eS – msuqani, Sdr. darste¹ _ msuqnad dacu-S _ mokled, Sdr. dacu¹

_ mokle; laxu-S _ dabla, Sdr. laxu¹ _ dabali... Zviro-S – Zvirfasad,

Sdr. Zviro¹ _ Zvirfasi; Sxiro-S _ xSirad, Sdr. Sxiro¹ _ xSiri...

zora-ÁS _ < zora-iS Zalian, Sdr. zora _ Zlieri; at´-ÁS (< at´a-iS) _

advilad, Sdr. at´a¹ _ advili.

i¹, e¹, o¹, u¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavi saxelebisagan nawarmoeb

zmnisarTebSi -S segmenti daerTvis n (n)-CamoSorebul zedsarTavis formas

(niwyli¹ _ Zlieri, Sdr. niwyli-S... ix. zemoT), an-ze daboloebulebSi –iS

segmenti _ agreTve n (n)-CamoSorebul zedsarTavis formas (zora¹ _ Zlie-

ri, Sdr. zora-ÁS _ Zalian... ix. zemoT).

76

-S < -iS: -iS sufiqsis i xmovnisa da (n>)¹-TanxmovanCamoSorebuli zed-

sarTavi saxelis boloxmovnis Serwymis Sedegad i + i > i, e + e > e, u +

i > ui > uÁ > u, o + i > oi > oÁ > o. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa,

rom -e¹¹¹¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavebisagan nawarmoeb zmnisarTTagan -iS

sufiqsi Semonaxulia laÃe-ÁS (<laÃeiS) > || laÃ-iS-maRla (Sdr. laÃ-e¹ _

maRali); Raze-ÁS (< Raze-iS) || > Raz-iS _ kargad (Sdr. Raz-e¹ - kargi)

zmnisarTebSi.

eÁ (< ei) difTongma bacburSi SeiZleba mogvces e || i xmovnebi.

-iS sufiqsi gamoiyofa o¹-ze daboloebuli zedsarTavisagan nawrmoeb

daÃuÁS (< daÃo-iS) _ didad (Sdr. daÃo¹ _ didi) zmnisarTSic.

iS bacburSi absolutivsac awarmoebs, igi zmnisarTisa da absoluti-

vis saerTo sufiqsi Cans (zmnisarTi da absolutivi, rogorc cnobilia,

semantikur-funqciurad axlos dganan erTmaneTTan).

2. bacburSi dasturdeba a r s e b i T i da r i c x v i T i saxelebisagan

nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi brunvis an Tandebuliani brunvis formiT: Cu-h> _

saxlSi, Sin, Sdr. Cu{v}a _ Tavisi saxli, bina; at´-ex – marjvniv, Sdr. at´i¹

_ marjvena... ch>an-R _ erTad, Sdr. ch>a – erTi.

3. u a r y o f i T i zmnisarTebi co _ ara, ma _ nu nawilakebis darT-

viT miiReba: co-macne _ arasodes, Sdr. macne _ rodesac; co-miCe _ arsad,

Sdr. miC{a} _ sad? ma-miCe _ nursad, Sdr. miC{a} sad? mawy{—} _ zogjer,

Sdr. wye _ erTxel...

4. m i m a r T e b i T i zmnisarTebi kiTxviTi zmnisarTebisgan aris na-

warmoebi e a nawilakebis darTviT: macn-e? (< maca¹+e) _ rodis?

z m n i s a r T i miiReba martivi z m n i s a r T i s g a o r k e c e b i T

mawymawy _ xandaxan, Sdr. mawy _ zogjer; bed-bed{a} _ cal-calke, Sdr.

bed _ calke;

CaÃi¹ CaÃ CaÃren CaÃ _ SoriSors, Sdr. CaÃ _ Sors

wyege‡wye Sdr. wye _ erTxel

77

gargmarge _ axlomaxlo, Sdr. garg _ axlos.

gaorkecebulia zmnisarTis T a v k i d u r i m a r c v a l i: kaZkaZik _

Sdr. kaZik _ cota; q a s q a s t e {S} _ xSirad, Sdr. q a s t e ¹ _ xSirad;

wÄerwÄerqva¹ _ sruliad moulodnelad, Sdr. wÄaÁrqva¹ _ moulodne-

lad;

wyerwyeÁrlo _ ucbad, Sdr. wyaÁrqva¹, wyaÁrqo¹ _ ucbad, moulodne-

lad.

zmnisarTi warmoadgens saxelebis gaorkecebas:

xp xaneh> _ drodadro, Sdr. xa¹ _ dro, xani, de denih> _ dRiTidRe,

Sdr. de _ dRe.

zmnisarTi m a r t i v i z m n i s a r T e b i s a g a n Sedgenili kompozi-

tia:

so-da{h>} _ aqeT-iqiT, Sdr. so _ aqeT, da{h>} _ -gan Tandebuli _ zmni-

sarTi (aqedan iqiTa mimarTulebas aRniSnavs _ iqiT).

busu-busu _ RamRamobiT, Sdr. buÁsa (>busu) _ Rame

zmnisarTi Txabus _ wuxel Sedgenilia Txa _ dRes da buÁsš

(< buÁsa) _ RamiT zmnisarTebisgan.

r i c x v i T i s a x e l e b i s a g a n Sedgenili kompoziti zmnisarTi:

ch>aSinR _ erTiorad, Sdr. ch>a _ erTi, Si _ ori; ch>aÃaeR _ erTisamad,

Sdr. ch>a _ erTi, Ãa _ sami...

gvxvdeba f r a z e o l o g i z m i zmnisarTis mniSvnelobiT: mel‘— de

daR™ _ yoveldRe (zedmiw. `ramdenic dRe modis~).

gvaqvs qarTulidan n a s e s x e b i zmnisarTebi rogorc martivi, ise _

nawarmoebi.

martivi zmnisarTebi: jer _ jer; Àa¹ _ xval(?)

nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi qarTuli sufiqsebiT: laÁmzr-aT _ lamaz-ad;

sanaÁdr-od _ sanadirod...

nawarmoebi zmnisarTi zogjer Sedgeba b a c b u r i da q a r T u l i

fuZeebisagan: stemaferad _ yoveli mxriv, Sdr. bacb. sten (> stem, asimi-

laciis Sedegad), vux? _ ra? nacvalsaxelis meore sabrunebeli fuZe +

ferad, stemaferad (zedmiw. ra(ginda ra) ferad _ yvelanairad _ yoveli

mxriv.

78

z m n i s a r T i da sxva m e t y v e l e b i s n a w i l e b i

zmnisarTs SeiZleba hqonoda z e d s a r T a v T a n s a e r T o f o r m a

(Sdr. CaCn.-inguSuri da sxv. enebi). bacburSi aseTi SemTxvevebi saZebnia.

specialuri literaturidan cnobilia erTi sityva _ duÃ _ 1. bevri; 2.

bevrad, _ zedsarTavisa da zmnisarTis mniSvnelobiT.

SesaZlebelia gamoiyos kide mÄal forma, romelsac zedsarTavisa _

ziari, saziaro da zmnisarTis _ ziarad, saziarod mniSvneloba aqvs:

oÃargoh> m Ä a l baR ba _ mao saziaro baRi aqvT... Ãav m Ä a l dive¹ _ ya-

na ziarad daTeses...aseve _ wyartun, wyarton 1. xalasi, wminda; 2. sruli-

ad, erTianad: w y a r t u C ™ taTbe¹ CaÁ¹ �aibki icnor _ x a l a s i ver-

cxlis kovzebi uyidia.

e daTxur w y a r t u¹ daTe¹ da _ es xaviwi e r T i a n a d erboa. zmni-

sarTicaa da zedsarTavic agreTve e Á r T v a¹, a Á r T v a¹ _ 1. bevri;

2. blomad, mravlad: bacbigo{h>} e Á r T v a¹ Je da _ wova-TuSebs b e v r i

cxvari hyavT (cxvari blomad hyavT).

zmnisarTebi formiT emTxveva bolonazalurxmovnian zedsarTavebs:

wÄaÁrqva¹, wÄaÁrqvo¹, wÄirqva¹ _ ucbad, moulodnelad, qaste¹ _ Cqara...

zedsarTavebSi V¹ daboloeba warmoSobiT ar unda iyos naTesaobiTi

brunvis niSani.

zmnisarTebis n a c v a l s a x e l e b T a n s a e r T o segmentebis Sesa-

xeb ix. zemoT.

zmnisarTebi da T a n d e b u l e b i (resp. zmniswinebi, ix. qvemoT).

l e q s i k u r i m n i S v n e l o b i s mixedviT z m n i s a r T e b i SeiZ-

leba davajgufoT v i T a r e b i T da g a r e m o e b i T zmnisarTebad.

v i T a r e b i T i zmnisarTebia: at´aÁS˜ _ advilad; daxeS _ grZlad,

darsteS _ msuqnad; dacuS _ mokled; zoraÁS _ Zalian; daviS _ msubuqad;

iafad (satabo}h>) naCx ÁaviS Áexkla _ Semodgomaze yveli iafad iyideba)...

mo’ _ ise, ubralod daaxloebiT: iSt _ ase; uÁSt _ ise; bed-bed _ cal-

79

calke; qast-qasteS _ Cqara-Cqara; kaZ-kaZik _ cota-cota; ch>anR _ erTad;

saub-eSuS- metnaklebad; laÁmzraT _ lamazad...

g a o r k e c e b u l i zmnisarTebi i n t e n s i v o b a s gamoxataven (qas-

te¹ - Cqara, Sdr. qast-qasteS – Cqar-Cqara...).

-S, -iS sufiqsebiT nawarmoei zmnisarTebi ganarCeven xarisxis for-

mebs.

g a r e m o e b i T i zmnisarTebi

a d g i l i s: oÁs{˜}, uÁs{˜} _ iqiT; osi _ iq; ise{h>} _ aq; iSna _ aq;

uÁSna _ iq; CaÃ _ Sors; garg _ axlos; nÄai‡ _ gareT; isev _ aqeT; esev,

osiv _ iqiT, iqiTken; tyuÁh> _ ukan; isemci¹ _ aqamde; osimci¹ _ iqamde,

h>aTx _ win; gargeRa _ axlos, `siaxloveSi~; isiRdah> _ iqidan; gargivh>re¹

_ axlodan; uÁsrendah> _ iqidan; tyuÁh>ivh> _ ukan (mxarisken); kikeldah>ivx

_ qvemoTken; sodah> _ aqeT-iqiT...

d r o i s: wye – erTxe; Txa _ dRes; bÄa _ yovelTvis; inc-axla; qiqo’ _

uwin, adre; eh>aT _ maSin; h>aTe‡ _ maSinve myis{ve}; lamo’ _ zeg; jer _

jer; macax _ erTxel, odesRac; h>aTx{—} _ uwin; tyo‡lo – momavalSi; in-

cdoli¹ _ amieridan; sifsreh> _ guSinwin; inclomci¹ _ aqamde (am dromde);

mawymawy _ zogjer; de denih> _ dRiTi dRe; xa xaneh> – drodadro; Txabus

_ wuxel...

k i T x v i T i zmnisarTebi

mel½? _ ramdeni? moh>? _ rogor? miC{e}? _ sad? vu¹? _ ratom? maca¹? _

rodis? miCqre¹? _ saidan? miCux? _ sad? miCih>? _ saiTken? miCxdah>? _ sai-

dan (romeli mxridan)? miCi{v}h>? _ saiTken? miCredah>? _ saidan? maclom-

ci¹? _ sanamde? rodemde?

80

u a r y o f i T i zmnisarTebi

comiC{h>}e _ arsad; comacne, comacme _ arasodes; comiCrena _ arsai-

dan

mamiCe – nursad; mamiCrena _ nursaidan...

uaryofiTi zmnisarTebi nawarmoebia dadebiTisagan co _ ar an ma _

nu uaryofiTi nawilakebis darTviT anlautSi.

m i m a r T e b i T i zmnisarTebi

miC{h>}a, miC{h>}e _ sadac; macne, macme _ rodesac; moh>e _ rogorc...

mimarTebiTi zmnisarTebi miRebuli aris kiTxviTi zmnisarTebisagan e,

a _ c nawilakebis darTviT.

uaryofiTi da mimarTebiTi zmnisarTebi bacburSi qarTulTan inter-

ferenciis Sedegia, Sdr. CaCnur-inguSuri (CaCnuri enis qisturi dialeqtis

gamoklebiT), sadac uaryofiT da mimarTebiT zmnisarTebs ver vadastu-

rebT (d. imnaiSvili).

81

Tandebuli

Tandebuli bacburSi postpoziciuria, saxels mosdevs. Tandebulebi

aq, sxva enebis msgavsad, damoukidebeli sityvebisagan momdinareoben. gamo-

iyofa p i r v e l a d i (saxelTan S e r w y m u l i) da m e o r e u l i (c a l -

k e m d g o m i) Tandebulebi.

pirveladia Tandebulebi, romelTa kavSiri zmnisarTsa da saxelTan

met-naklebad daCrdilulia. meoreuli Tandebulebi ramdenadme inarCune-

ben zmnisarTisa (da saxelis) mniSvnelobasac.

pirvelad Tandebulian formebs brunvis formebad miiCneven. brunvaTa

Tandebuliani formebis gamoyofa brunvisniSnian formaTagan rTulia, Tu

maTs mniSvnelobebsac gaviTvaliswinebT; maTi funqciebi Sesaswavlia, amis

gamo Tandebulian brunvaTa sxvadasxva raodenobas iTvlian specialur

literaturaSi.

pirveladi Tandebulebi, brunvis niSnebis msgavsad, meore sabrune-

bel fuZes daerTvian, meoreuli Tandebulebi _ micemiTis, naTesaobiTisa,

absolutivisa (saxelobiTis) da gamsWvalviT brunvaTa formebs.

p i r v e l a d i – s a x e l T a n S e r w y m u l i Tandebulebi

-R || < -Ra (Sdr. g™ < go, l™ < lo) gamoxatavs mimarTulebas Teyi-

la-Ra – salocavis gavliT... gavrcelebulia qarTuli viTarebiTi brun-

vis niSnis analogiuri funqciiT: o Ãere-R verwi¹ _ is qvad iqca...

duÁxtre-R xil‘ar _ eqimad yofna...

-x: gvxvdeba damatebasTan: xi-x val‘e¹ _ wyalze gavida...

-g™™™™ < go aRniSnavs moqmedebis mimarTulebas: aT´i-g™ _ ZroxasTan...

gvxvdeba damatebasTan: as badre-g™ xi daÁTnas _ me bavSvs wyali movata-

nine...

-l™™™™ < lo gamoxatavs mimarTulebas (krebiT, nivTierebaTa... saxeleb-

Tan): vene-l™ _ RvinoSi...

-ci¹¹¹¹ aRniSnavs Tanaobasa da mimarTulebas: naybiste-ci¹ _ amxanagTan

erTad... mami-ci¹ vuÁt… _ mamidasTan midis...

82

-re¹¹¹¹ || le¹¹¹¹ -gan Tandebulia: skole-re¹ _ skolidan...

-xi¹¹¹¹ aRniSnavs mimarTulebas, viRacisgan an raRacisgan gamoyofiT:

fstu mar-ci¹ bed Áal‘e¹ _ coli qmars gaeyara (qmrisgan calke gavida)...

masTxove-xi¹ ch>aÁn˜ h>exe{h>} qorT™ �ofbiÁe¹ _ mtrisagan erT gamoqvabuls

Seafara Tavi...

-mci¹¹¹¹-s -m d i s Tandebulis mniSvneloba aqvs: ise-mci¹ _ aqamdis...

m e o r e u l i (c a l k e m d g o m i) Tandebulebi

maq _ zed{a}: tiv-en m a q va _ xidze(da) aris...

kikel _ qveS: tiv-en k i k e l Áaixnas _ xidis q v e S vseirnob...

h>aTx _ win: o don-en h>aTx laT´— _ is cxenis win dgas.

Áuye _ Sua; SuaSi: bÄark-i-n Áuye mar‘l™ ba _ Tvalebs Sua cxviria...

fex || fenix _ gverdiT: wen-in fenix kakal xa‡ÁiÁe¹ _ saxlis gverdiT

kakali dargo...

laÃiS _ maRla: ben-en laÃiS _ budis maRla...

laxuS _ dabla: oÃu-Án laxuS _ imis dabla...

garg _ axlos: ben-in garg _ budis axlos...

Áux _ Ziras: xe-n Áux _ xis Ziras...

gogex _ garSemo: naJtr-en gogex _ binis garSemo...

tyuÁh> _ ukan: wen-in tyuÁh> Je daJ— _ saxlis ukan cxvari Zovs...

r T u l i _ ori da meti Tandebuli saxelis formebSi

ori an meti Tandebulisagan Sedgenili rTuli Tandebuli ama Tu im

TandebuliT gamoxatul mniSvnelobas ufro akonkretebs. bacburSi fuZes-

Tan Serwymul Tandebuls SeiZleba daerTos sxva Tandebuli, romelic

agreTve gvxvdeba saxelis fuZesTan Serwymuli saxiT -re¹¹¹¹, -Ra, -h>, -x...) da

agreTve mci¹, ar aris dadasturebuli calke (zmnisarTis saxiT). analogi-

uri viTareba gvaqvs calke mdgom Tandebulian formebSi, maTTanac igive

Tandebulebi iCenen Tavs.

83

brunvis formasTan Serwymuli r T u l i T a n d e b u l e b i

-go-re¹¹¹¹: qoc-go-re¹ _ qvevridan...

-go-mci¹¹¹¹: fh>e-{go}-mci¹ _ soflamde...

-go-x: h>una-go-x _ tyesTan da mis aremareSi...

-go-R: lamu-go-Ra _ mTasTan gavliT...

-go-{h>}: h>are-go-{h>} _ wisqvilTan...

-lo-re¹¹¹¹: Ãave-lo-ren _ yanidan (`yanaSidan~)...

-lo-mci¹¹¹¹: stab-lo-mci¹ _ Semodgomamde...

-lo-x: Ãevbi-lo-x _ xeobebis SemogarenSi...

-lo-Ra: h>un{a}-lo-Ra _ tyeSi gavliT...

lo-R-da{h>}: xi-lo-R-da{h} _ wyalze gavliT...

h>aTx-re¹¹¹¹: lamun h>aTxe-re¹ _ mTis winidan...

h>aTx-Ra: qocon hoaTx-Ra _ qvevris Sinidan gavliT...

kikl-ere¹¹¹¹: wenin kikle-re¹ _ saxlis qvemodan...

kakle-Ra: xenen kikl-eRa _ xis qveS gavliT...

Áuy-re¹¹¹¹: Ãagen Áuy-re¹ _ yanis Suidan...

84

nawilakebi

bacburSi SeiniSneba, msgavsad CaCn.-ing. da sxva enebisa, calkeuli

bgerebi, bgeraTa jgufebi da sityvebic nawilakis funqciiT. nawilaki

prepoziciuri da postpoziciuricaa, _ sityvasTan Sezdilic da calke

mdgomic. mniSvnelobis mixedviT nawilakTa sxvadasxva jgufebi gamoiyofa:

m i T i T e b i T i nawilakebi:

e, eh> _ es: e wa daÃo¹ da _ es saxili didia...

i, ih> _ es

o _ igi; is: o lam _ is mTa...

k i T x v i T i nawilakebi

-i: xi d a Ã Ã o n -i dar? _ mdinare didi iyo?

-a’ (gvxvdeba CakiTxvisas, SeiZleba iyos emfatikuri xmovani): fh>u-a’? _

ZaRli?...

Wik: vaÁ do¹ W i k be‡noli? _ Cveni cxeni x o m ar mosula?..

xum: dayar x u m Ãeqdo? _ saWmels x o m amzadeb?..

Tur _ nuTu

m i g e b i T i nawilakebi

dadebiTi:

ha‡‡‡‡ _ diax, xo, ki

uaryofiTi:

co _ ara

ma _ nu

g a n u s a z R v r e l o b i T i nawilakebi

-me, -mi, -m: miC-me _ sad-me... moh>-mi _ rogor-me... vu-m (< vu-x) _ ra-me...

-ge‡‡‡‡, -ge, -g _ -Ra: Ãen-g e ‡ _ mereRa...

85

s i t y v a s i t y v i T i nawilakebi

-aÁn{™™™™} _ -o

g a Z l i e r e b i T i nawilakebi

-i, -e < aÁ, uÁ _ -c: nana-Á Cuh> Áa _ dedac saxlSia...

-c _ -c: natuÁ-c lo…m h>al vaxen™ _ natoc mTaSi asula...

bacburSi sakuTari nawilakebis gverdiT da paralelurad qarTuli-

dan SeTvisebuli nawilakebic gvxvdeba (ix. xemoT _ Wik, xum, -i, -e, c...).

86

sintaqsisintaqsisintaqsisintaqsi. . . . IIII. . . . saxeluri Sesityvebissaxeluri Sesityvebissaxeluri Sesityvebissaxeluri Sesityvebis

((((atributuli sintagmisatributuli sintagmisatributuli sintagmisatributuli sintagmis) ) ) ) analizianalizianalizianalizi

bacburbacburbacburbacbur enaSi sazRvruli (arsebiTi saxeli, mimReoba, masdari) da masTan

dakavSirebuli msazRvreli saxeli (zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxeli,

nacvalsaxeli, arsebiTi saxeli...) warmoadgens atributul sintagmas, saxelur

Sesityvebas:

z e d s a r T a v i saxeli msazRvrelad-gansazRvrebad

wegen ba�rax _ wiTeli bairaRi; dax´en lark _ grZeli yuri; Razen aTx— _

kargi salesavi; ku�in don _ TeTri cxeni; �arWin ven _ Savi Rvino...

mawrin qaniz _ tkbili yurZeni; mutoren tot _ WuWyiani xeli; toRwig

kambeC _ utolo, ucalo kameCi...

zedsarTavis x a r i s x i s formac gvxvdeba msazRvrelad: mos´i…x bu�sa _

ucudesi Rame; kawku{v}x knaT _ umcrosi biWi; Razivxš xi _ saukeTeso wyali.

r i c x v i T i saxeli msazRvrelad (gansazRvrebad)

ca bader _ erTi Svili; ƒo ƒor _ sami vaSli; is´ cark _ cxra kbili.

SilRen klas _ meore klasi; fxilRen fxakal _ mexuTe kurdReli;

tyalRen de _ meoce dRe...

n a c v a l s a x e l i gansazRvrebad

sen Tur _ Cemi xmali; sa�in nan _ Cemi deda; en mar _ Seni qmari; Txa�in

ma�ƒ˜ _ Cveni (sakuTari) puri; Txen wa _ Cveni saxli...

87

e wa _ es saxli; i stak _ is kaci; o ag _ is bebia

oSt{r}un stak _ iseTi kaci;

molun kowol? _ rogori nawnavi? menux don? _ romeli cxeni? miCren

�o? _ sadauri qali? melÀ tark? _ ramdeni TiTi?

a�n Jagn™? _ visi wigni?

st‹n �abik? _ risi kovzi?

ƒenƒena‡ daJri _ sxvadasxva balaxebi...

a r s e b i T i saxeli gansazRvrebad s a x e l o b i T brunvaSi ca Tofr

fsun _ erTi Tofra qeri;

ca Tof fanlen _ erTi Tofi bambazia...

m i m R e o b a gansazRvrebad

baT´in™ wod™ _ Semwvari mwvadi; Txu�n˜ �o _ mtirali qali;

maqxe‡u�n˜ kex _ sajdomi unagiri; davdi�en™ Je _ daxocili cxvari; davdi�en™

Jagn™ _ dakarguli wigni...

a r s e b i T i s a x e l i gansazRvrebad atributul msazRvrelad

naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT gvxvdeba mx. ricxvSi da mravlobiTSic:

lamun angloz _ mTis angelozi; xin bulay _ wylis Wa; a�mriken qa�rcx˜

_ mitklis tanisamosi; Cxindran (mr. r.) a�xni _ windebis narTi...

msazRvreli (gansazRvreba) arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba iyos saxelobiT

brunvasa da naTesaobiTSi paralelurad: oqron (oqru�n) (oqroqroqroqr™™™™ saxelis

naTesaobiTi brunvis forma) tard _ oqros beWedi da oqr{™} saaT _ oqros

saaTi (deSerievi): oqr{™} sax. brunvis formas warmoadgens. amosavalia

naTesaobiTis forma atributul sintagmaSi.

88

atributuli sintagmis mTavari wevria mTavari wevria mTavari wevria mTavari wevria s a z R v r u l i saxeli.

gramatikul klasniSnian msazRvrelSi (gansazRvrebaSi) sazRvruli arsebiTi

saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSani warmoCndeba: dddd-axen lark _ grZeli yuri

(Sdr. lark (mx. ricxvSi dddd klass ganekuTvneba) dddda _ yuri aris); bbbb-avin mu _

msubuqi tvirTi (Sdr. mu mx. ricxvSi bbbb klass ganekuTvneba) bbbba _ tvirTi

aris; vvvv-aƒon knaT _ didi vaJi, ��-aƒon �o _ didi gogona; dddd-aƒon wa (Sdr. wa

mx. r. dddd klass ganekuTvneba) _ didi saxli; bbbb-aƒon xen (Sdr. xen, mx. r. bbbb klass

ganekuTvneba) _ didi xe.

atributul sintagmaSi gansazRvreba metwilad pirvelpirvelpirvelpirvel adgilze dgas.

brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas brunebisas msazRvreli ori formiori formiori formiori formiTTTT iCens Tavs: _ erTi _ saxelobiTis saxelobiTis saxelobiTis saxelobiTis

da meore meore meore meore _ _ _ _ danarCeni danarCeni danarCeni danarCeni (ergativis, micemiTis, naTesaobiTis...) brunvebisa.

meore formaSi C{™} `savrcobi~ gvaqvs: zedsarTav saxelebTan sax. ku�in don _

TeTri cxeni. erg. ku�C™™™™ donev, mic. ku�C™™™™ donen _ naT. ku�CCCC™™™™ donen... sax.

wegen fstu _ wiTeli xari, erg. wegeC™™™™ fstarav, mic. wegeCCCC™™™™ fstaran, naT.

wegeCCCC™™™™ fstaran...

-CCCC{™™™™}- `savrcobiT~ ibruneba agreTve r i g o b i T i r i c x v i T i

saxelebi da zogi C v e n e b i T i n a c v a l s a x e l i, romelTac zedsarTavi

saxelis forma aqvT: r i g o b i T i ricxviTi saxelebi, -ReReReRennnn sufiqsiT

nawarmoebi (Sdr. zeds. saxelTa mawarmoebeli -ReReReRennnn sufiqsi: vaSa�-Ren Zmuri,

Zmiseburi...): sax. SilRen klas _ meore klasi, erg. SilReCCCC™™™™ klasev, mic.

SilReCCCC™™™™ klasen, naT. SilReC™ klasen) da uuuun-boloxmovniani C v e n e b i T i

nacvalsaxelebi (Sdr. uuuun-boloxmovniani zedsarTavi saxelebi: gamuuuun `mrude~,

dacuuuun `mokle~...): sax. oStu bader _ iseTi bavSvi, erg. oStuCCCC™™™™ badrev, mic.

oStuCCCC™™™™ badren, naT. oStuCCCC™™™™ badren... -CCCC™™™™ `savrcobiT~ ibruneba mimReoba: sax.

aTin™ Tu�x˜ _ danayili marili, erg. aTinC™ Tuxov, mic. aTinC™ Tuxon, naT.

89

aTinC™ Tuxon... -CCCC{™™™™} `savrcobi~ iCens Tavs n a T e s a o b i T S i dasmuli

msazRvreli ars. saxelis brunebisas meore sabrunebel fuZeSi: sax. xin (naT.

br. xixixixi `wyali~ saxelisa) bulay _ wylis Wa erg. xiCCCC™™™™ bulyev, mic. xiCCCC™™™™

bulyen...

sazRvrulTan erTad m s a z R v r e l i saxeli n a T e s a o b i T

b r u n v a S i ibruneba CCCC{™™™™} `savrcobissavrcobissavrcobissavrcobis~ gareSecgareSecgareSecgareSec. ganirCeva sami SemTxveva:

1) msazRvrelSi naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania brunvis niSnis n Tanxmovania m o k v e c i l i: sax.

stakiiiinnnn SalT _ kacis xanjali; erg. ssssta�kta�kta�kta�k˜̃̃̃ (< stakiiii < stakiiiinnnn < stakiiiinnnn) SalTev;

mic. sta�k˜ SalTen... 2) n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s daboloeba mTlianad daboloeba mTlianad daboloeba mTlianad daboloeba mTlianad

ikveceba ikveceba ikveceba ikveceba da m e o r e f u Z e e m T x v e v a s a x e l o b i T s: sax. dadeeeennnn Jagn _

mamis wigni, erg. daddaddaddad (< dadeeeennnn) Jagnov, mic. dad Jagnon... Sdr. saxelobiTi

d a d `mama~; 3) n a T e s a o b i T i b r u n v i s daboloebadaboloebadaboloebadaboloeba mokveciliamokveciliamokveciliamokvecilia, meore

fuZe (aq SesityvebaSi) saxelobiTis formisaa da ukumSveli; sax. badren iS _

bavSvis xma, erg. bader bader bader bader aSirv, mic. bader bader bader bader aSirn... maSin rodesac saxelis

damoukideblad brunebisas meore fuZed SekumSuli forma gvaqvs (sax. bader bader bader bader

`bavSvi~, Sdr. erg. badrev badrev badrev badrev (< baderev), mic. badren badren badren badren iseve, rogorc msazRvrel-

sazRvrulis saxelobiTi brunvis formaSi _ badrebadrebadrebadrennnn iS.

msazRvrelis aseTi forma bacburSi qarTvelur enaTa qarTvelur enaTa qarTvelur enaTa qarTvelur enaTa SesityvebaSi

m s a z R v r e l i s a n a l o g i u r i c v l i l e b i s (ix. arn. Ciqobava,

T. uTurgaiZe, a. kiziria) Sedegi unda iyos.

-CCCC{™™™™} `savrcobiT~ ibrunvis d a m o u k i d e b e l i zedsarTavi saxeli,

rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli, kiTxviTi da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi.

magaliTad, damoukidebeli zedsarTavi saxeli m a w r i n ibrunvis ase:

mx. r. sax. mawrin `tkbili~

erg. mawriCoCoCoCov

mic. mawriCoCoCoCon

naT. mawriCoCoCoCon

moqm. mawriCoCoCoCov...

90

m s a z R v r e l - s a z R v r u l i s brunebisas ergativsa da irib brunvebSi

mxolod -CCCC{™™™™} savrcobiani meore sabrunebeli fuZea meore sabrunebeli fuZea meore sabrunebeli fuZea meore sabrunebeli fuZea warmodgenili.

naTesaobiTis formiani msazRvreli arsebiTi saxelis -CCCC{™™™™} savrcobiT

bruneba (ix. zemoT) ufro gviandeli Cans, naTesaobiTSi msazRvreli arsebiTi

saxelis atributul saxelebTan gaTanabrebis Sedegi. CaCnursa da inguSurSi

naTesaobiTi brunvisniSniani msazRvreli saxeli, Cveulebriv, ucvlelad

gvxvdeba yvela brunvaSi (iakovlevi, z. malsagovi).

kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic piris nacvalsaxelebis

naTesaobiTi brunvisagan momdinareoben, msazRvrelis funqciiT sazRvrulTan

erTad brunebis dros -CCCC™™™™ `savrcobis~ gareSe ibrunvian da meore, _

naTesaobiTis daboloebis nnnn _ TanxmovanCamoSorebuli, _ f u Z i s s a x i T

daCndebian ergativsa da irib brunvebSi (aseTive viTareba gvaqvs raodenobiT

ricxviT saxelebsa da CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebSi).

magaliTad, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad:

sax. sen Tur _ Cemi xmali, Sdr. sen _ Cemi

erg. sesesese Turevevevev erg. seCoCoCoCov

mic. sesesese Turenenenen... mic. seCoCoCoConnnn...

calke unda SevCerdeT m i m R e o b a z e s a z R v r u l i s funqciiT _

`mimReobur gansazRvrebaze~.

sazRvrulad mimReoba Cveulebriv gvxvdeba `mimReobur gansazRvrebaSi~,

rodesac masTan Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia msazRvreli saxeli: msazRvreli

saxeli + mimReoba sazRvruli (sazRvruli ← mimReoba → msazRvreli) +

sazRvruli arsebiTi saxeli.

wova-TuSur enaSi, rogorc cnobilia, mimReobas axasiaTebs saxeluri da

zmnuri niSnebic, msgavsad sxva enebisa: saxelis gramatikuli kategoriebidan _

bruneba, ricxvi; zmnuridan _ aspeqti, dro; saxelisa da zmnisTvis saerTo

gramatikuli klasisa da ricxvis kategoriebi.

91

mimReobis zmnuri niSnebidan wova-TuSuri enisaTvis specifikuria

SesityvebaSi _ substantiuri msazRvreli + mimReoba + sazRvruli saxeli _

zmnuri funqcia: igi marTavs saxels (substantiur msazRvrels) brunvaSi

iseve, rogorc misTvis amosavali gardamavali zmna (Sdr. wova-TuSuris

monaTesave enebis _ CaCnuris, inguSurisa da agreTve daRestnuri enebidan

didouris... analogiuri viTareba), meore mxriv, mimReobaSi aisaxeba saTanado

saxelis substantiuri msazRvrelis gramatikuli klasi.

mimReoba, nazmnari zedsarTavi saxeli, arsebiT saxelTan msazRvrelis

funqciiT gvxvdeba: dacin™ ƒav _ gaTibuli yana (ix. zemoT).

es wesi im SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, rodesac sazRvrul mimReobasac

axlavs substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli: sax. as aTin™ Tu�x˜ (Cemi danayili

marili), erg. as aTinC™ Tuxov, naT. as aTinC™ Tuxon...

aseT konstruqciaSi, rodesac mimReobasTan warmodgenilia prepoziciuri

substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli da mimReoba misi sazRvrulia, igi (mimReoba-

sazRvruli) avlens zmnur Tvisebas. mimReoba marTavs msazRvrel saxels iseve,

rogorc misTvis amosavali gardamavali zmna (msgavsi viTareba SeiniSneba

CaCnur-inguSursa1 da agreTve zog daRestnur enaSi2), Sesabamisad aris

warmodgenili masSi (mimReobaSi) saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSnebi.

(msazRvrel mimReobaSi sazRvruli saxelis gramatikuli klasis niSnis

warmoCenisa da sazRvrulTan brunvaSi Sewyobis Sesaxeb ix. zemoT).

es wesi im SemTxvevebzec vrceldeba, rodesac sazRvrul mimReobas axlavs

Tavis mxriv substantiuri msazRvreli saxeli: sax. as aTinaTinaTinaTin™™™™ Tu�x˜ _ Cemi

danayili marili, erg. as aTinCaTinCaTinCaTinC™™™™ Tuxov, naT. as aTinCaTinCaTinCaTinC™™™™ Tuxon... msazRvrel

mimReobas, Cveulebriv axlavs msazRvreli, romelTanac axla ukve igive

mimReoba sazRvrulis funqciiTaa da sazRvruli mimReoba Seiwyobs msazRvrel

1 msgavsi konstruqciis Sesaxeb ix. О. В. Чапанов, Основные типы словосочетаний в ингушском

языке, krebulSi Вопросы вайнахского синтаксиса, Грозный, 1980, gv. 63, 88.

2 n. ardoteli, nazmnari saxelebi didour enebSi, Tb., 2009, gv. 163.

92

saxels saxelobiT brunvaSi an ergativSi: gardamavali zmnisgan nawarmoebi

mimReoba erTdroulad moqmedebiTi (aqtiuri) da vnebiTi (pasiuri) gvaris

mniSvnelobisaa, omonimia. mniSvnelobaTa gamijvna xdeba sintaqsur doneze.

SesityvebaSi _ mimReoba sazRvrulad msazRvreliT + sazRvruli saxeli

ormxrivi daqvemdebareba gvaqvs. dasturdeba ori saxis mimReoburi

konstruqcia: I. nanas Tetu�n˜ ma�ƒ˜ `dedis (dedam) dasaWreli puri~; II. ma�ƒ˜

Tetu�n˜ nan `puris {da}mWreli deda~. orive konstruqciisaTvis amosavalia

gardamavali zmnis konstruqcia _ nanas Tet™ ma�ƒ˜ `deda Wris purs~:

gardamavali zmnis konstruqciam orgvari mimReoburi konstruqcia SeiZleba

mogvces: I _ obieqti obieqti obieqti obieqti sazRvrulad, II _ subieqtisubieqtisubieqtisubieqti sazRvrulad.

I konstruqciidan _ nanas Tetu�nnanas Tetu�nnanas Tetu�nnanas Tetu�n˜̃̃̃ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ SesityvebaSi (msazRvrel-

sazRvruli) Tetu�nTetu�nTetu�nTetu�n˜̃̃̃ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ ma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ _ ma�ƒ˜ sazRvrulia, am mimReoburi

konstruqciisaTvis amosaval zmnur konstruqciaSi, _ nanas Tet™ ma�ƒ˜, _

ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ obieqti-damatebaa, amdenad _ pasiuri. mimReobur konstruqciaSi

rogorc sazRvruli, igi Seiwyobs Tavis msazRvrel mimReobas da mas pasiuri

mniSvnelobis mqoned xdis. mimReoba inarCunebs zmnur niSans _ marTavs

mxolod saxels, _ substantiur msazRvrels, romelic momdinareobs zmnuri

konstruqciis subieqtidan (qvemdebaridan) ergativSi (nanasnanasnanasnanas), zmnuri

konstruqciis obieqti (damateba) ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜̃̃̃) masTan sazRvrulad daCndeba da ar

aris marTuli mimReobisagan: msazRvreli mimReoba daqvemdebarebulia

sazRvruli saxelisadmi, Seewyoba mas atributuli msazRvrelis formiT (ix.

zemoT).

II konstruqciaSi, _ ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜̃̃̃ Tetu�nTetu�nTetu�nTetu�n˜̃̃̃ nannannannan, _ nannannannan sazRvrulia, aqtiuri,

subieqti, zmnuri konstruqciidan. mimReobas (Tetu�n˜) igi aqtiur Sinaarss

sZens. msazRvreli mimReoba ver marTavs Tavis sazRvruls nannannannan-s. Tetu�inTetu�inTetu�inTetu�in˜̃̃̃,

Tavis mxriv, sazRvrulia substantiuri msazRvrelisa ma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒma�ƒ˜ da mas marTavs

saxelobiT brunvaSi, rogorc saTanado zmnuri konstruqciis zmna. aqac

substantiuri msazRvreli (ma�ƒ˜) pirvel adgilzea, sazRvruli mimReoba

(Tetu�n˜) _ meoreze.

93

mimReoba z m n u r m a r T v a s inarCunebs nawilobriv: erTi mxriv,

rogorc sazRvrulisazRvrulisazRvrulisazRvruli, oRond z m n u r i b u n e b i s a, msazRvrelsmsazRvrelsmsazRvrelsmsazRvrels m a r T a v s

brunvaSi, magram meore mxriv, TviTon S e e w y o b a sazRvrulssazRvrulssazRvrulssazRvruls, rogorc

msazRvrelimsazRvrelimsazRvrelimsazRvreli.

sazRvrulad SeiZleba Segvxvdes masdaricmasdaricmasdaricmasdaric, romelsac mimReobis msgavsad

aqvs zogi zmnuri niSani. am SemTxvevaSi igi mimReobis analogiurad masTan

dakavSirebul msazRvrel saxels marTavs brunvaSi ise, rogorc saTanado zmna:

Sur ��‰Tár `rZis sxma~, d-‰Tár zmna gardauvalia da saxelobiTSi Seiwyobs

subieqts: qoco{} �arWin vevevevennnn da�Tda�Tda�Tda�T ´́́́šššš `qvevrSi Savi RvinoRvinoRvinoRvino asxiaasxiaasxiaasxia~. masdarTanac

� a T ´ a r misi msazRvreli (zmnis subieqti) Sur (rZe) saxelobiT brunvaSia,

zedmiw. `rZe sxma~.

fstu �ikar `colis (zedmiw. coli) moyvana~ (q. l.); fstu ƒelar `colis

(zedmiw. coli) SerTva (q. l.).

�ol (sax. br.) qeq�ar `Tivis (zedmiw. Tiva) damzadeba~

admian (sax. br.) dalar àdamianis (zedmiw. adamiani) sikvdili~

masdarTanmasdarTanmasdarTanmasdarTan msazRvreladmsazRvreladmsazRvreladmsazRvrelad naTnaTnaTnaT. brbrbrbr.-SiSiSiSi mdgomi arsebarsebarsebarseb. saxelicsaxelicsaxelicsaxelic gvxvdeba,

SesaZlebelia, q a r T u l i s g a v l e n i T: (davdi�enC™) ƒava�n (ƒav `yana~ _

ars. saxelis naTesaobiTi br.-is forma) aƒar _ (gafuWebuli) yanis zRveva.

msazRvrel-sazRvrulis ricxvSiricxvSiricxvSiricxvSi SeTanxmebaSeTanxmebaSeTanxmebaSeTanxmeba.

m s a z R v r e l i (zedsarTavi saxeli, mimReoba, nacvalsaxeli, saxeli naT.

brunvaSi) s a z R v r u l sazogado saxelTan, romelic mravlobiT mravlobiT mravlobiT mravlobiT ricxvSia,

mxoloobiT mxoloobiT mxoloobiT mxoloobiT ricxvSi gvxvdeba: duƒ (mx. r.) ašgri (ošgri) mr. r.) _ bevri

agurebi; daydalin™ (mx. r.) xenbi (mr. r.) _ gamxmari xeebi; sen (mx. r.) du�

(mr. r.) _ Cemi cxenebi; ƒaven (mx. r.) qorTmi (mr. r.) yanis TavTavebi, qa�nzen

(mx. r.) akidu� (mr. r.) _ yurZnis akidoebi...

94

krebiT krebiT krebiT krebiT sazRvrul saxelebTanac msazRvreli mxoloobiT ricxvSi daismis:

Teyin˜ (mx. r.) nax nax nax nax (mx. r.) _ mTxovneli xalxixalxixalxixalxi...

sazRvruli mravlobiT ricxvSi msazRvrels zogjer g a o r k e c e b u l i

fuZiT iTanxmebs: � a f x - � a f x e gagnigagnigagnigagni (mr. r.) _ c x e l - c x e l i

kvercxebikvercxebikvercxebikvercxebi:::: R a z - R a z e n dayri dayri dayri dayri (mr. r.) _ k a r g - k a r g i saWmelebisaWmelebisaWmelebisaWmelebi...

ricxviTricxviTricxviTricxviT saxelssaxelssaxelssaxels (erTis gamoklebiT) msazRvrelad sazRvruli mxoloobiT

ricxvSi ukavSirdeba: ƒa a�Ta‡™ (mx. r.) _ sami naTlia; aTas Je (mx. r.) _

aTasi cxvari; Siƒ qoc™ (mx. r.) _ ori qvevri.

erT sazRvrulTan SeiZleba gvqondes r a m d e n i m e e r T g v a r i an

a r a e r T g v a r i msazRvreli: kawkokawkokawkokawkonnnn, , , , RazeRazeRazeRazennnn b a d r i _ patarapatarapatarapatara, , , , kargi kargi kargi kargi

b a v S v e b i; e e e e �iriiriiriirinnnn S a l T i _ e s b a s r i x a n j l e b i...

araerTgvar msazRvrelebs araerTgvar msazRvrelebs araerTgvar msazRvrelebs araerTgvar msazRvrelebs Soris Tavis mxriv myardeba sintaqsuri sintaqsuri sintaqsuri sintaqsuri

kavSirikavSirikavSirikavSiri: : : : Raze�C™ xin bulay _ kargi wylis Wa. Raze�C™ meore sabrunebeli

fuZea, is eqvemdebareba Tavis sazRvruls _ xin, romelic naTesaobiTi brunvis

formaa xi xi xi xi saxelisa da masTan msazRvrelic (Raze�C™) naTesaobiT brunvaSi

(meore sabrunebeli fuZea) dgas.

95

predikatuli sintagmapredikatuli sintagmapredikatuli sintagmapredikatuli sintagma

predikatuli sintagma, atributuli sintagmisagan gansxvavebiT, Sedgeba

zmnisa da saxelisagan (atributul sintagmaSi zmna ar monawileobs).

maSasadame, Tu zmna da saxeli sintaqsurad aris dakavSirebuli, saqme gvaqvs

predikatul sintagmasTan. aseTi sintagma SeiZleba kompleqssac warmoadgendes,

romlis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris sintaqsuri kavSiria. ara aqvs mniSvneloba,

predikatuli sintagma orwevraa Tu mravalwevra, predikatuli sintagmis

birTvs zmna warmoadgens. swored `zmnis morfologiur Taviseburebazea

damokidebuli, pirvel yovlisa, predikatuli sintagmis Tavisebureba~ (arn.

Ciqobava).

moviyvanoT predikatuli sintagmis nimuSebi wovaTuSuridan. aseTia,

magaliTad:

mux doJen `muxa waiqca~;

badri skoli du�tš `bavSvebi skolaSi midian~;

maTxov ma�Txa �efxo�™ `mze qveyanas aTbobs~;

dok deTTla `guli Zgers~;

knaTev fh´aran Tefx™ `biWi ZaRls scems~;

lav daR™ `Tovli modis~;

alax we laTin `Tivas cecxli waekida~;

Warego(h´) lašyCi �a `Tevzs layuCebi aqvs~;

sogo(z´) Si vaS™ va `me ori Zma myavs~.

msjeloba dakavSirebulia predikatul sintagmasTan. Tavis mxriv, msjeloba

Seexeba faqts, romelsac amtkiceben (an uaryofen). maSasadame, msjelobaSi

unda gamoiyos subieqti da predikati. dok deTTladok deTTladok deTTladok deTTla `guli Zgers~ sintagmaSi

dokdokdokdok `guli~ subieqtia, deTideTideTideTiTTTTlalalala `Zgers~ _ predikati. winadadebaSi baye‡ baye‡ baye‡ baye‡

96

RaziS labwir knaTiRaziS labwir knaTiRaziS labwir knaTiRaziS labwir knaTi `marTla kargad TamaSobdnen biWebi~ knaTiknaTiknaTiknaTi `biWebi~ aris

realuri subieqti, baye‡ RaziS labwirbaye‡ RaziS labwirbaye‡ RaziS labwirbaye‡ RaziS labwir `marTla kargad TamaSobdnen~

predikatia. Sdr., agreTve:

taranin vu�ttaranin vu�ttaranin vu�ttaranin vu�tšššš Sarenmaq moƒ boS Sarenmaq moƒ boS Sarenmaq moƒ boS Sarenmaq moƒ boS `taranina midis quCaSi simReriT~,

sadac tatatataraninraninraninranin (sakuTari saxelia) subieqtia, danarCeni sityvebi predikatuli

sintagmis Semadgenlebs warmoadgenen. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom

msjelobis terminebi (subieqti, predikati) logikis kvlevis sagania, xolo

winadadebis wevrebs (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli, damateba, gansazRvreba,

garemoeba) gramatika Seiswavlis, logikuri subieqti da predikati orwevrian

winadadebaSi SeiZleba efardebodnen gramatikul (sintaqsur) qvemdebares da

Semasmenels.

winadadebis uSualo SemadgenelTa Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT qvemdebare _

damatebis nacvlad ixmareba realuri subieqti da realuri obieqti.

zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli realuri subieqti wovaTuSurSi

sxvadasxva brunvaSi dgas. realuri subieqtis brunvis forma damokidebulia

zmnaze, zmna marTavs saxels (subieqtsac da obieqtsac) brunvaSi.

wovaTuSurSi realuri subieqtis brunvebi Semdegia:

1. saxelobiTi

2. ergativi

3. micemiTi

4. instrumentalisi

5. adgilobiTi

nominatiuri konstruqcianominatiuri konstruqcianominatiuri konstruqcianominatiuri konstruqcia. . . . realuri subieqti saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas

gardauval zmnasTan. aseT SemTxvevaSi subieqti gadmocemulia ars. saxeliT an

III piris nacvalsaxeliT (o `is~, obi `isini~) orive ricxvSi. magaliTad:

fxakalyure marfxakalyure marfxakalyure marfxakalyure mar----fstu daxralfstu daxralfstu daxralfstu daxral™™™™ `fxakalyureSi Turme col-qmari

cxovrobda~;

muxex fiTr hmuxex fiTr hmuxex fiTr hmuxex fiTr h ´́́́arCnor arCnor arCnor arCnor `muxas fiTri Semoexvia~;

lamf xellamf xellamf xellamf xel———— `lamfa qreba~;

97

o skoli vu�to skoli vu�to skoli vu�to skoli vu�tšššš ìs (biWi) skolaSi midis~;

obobobobi miC daxei miC daxei miC daxei miC daxennnn ìsini sad wavidnen?~

subieqtis brunvis mixedviT aseT konstruqcias nominatiurs eZaxian.

maSasadame wovaTuSurSi zogi gardauvali zmna, sxva naxur enebTan

SedarebiT, Taviseburebas gviCvenebs. zogi mkvlevaris azriT, gardauval

zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi ergativSi

dganan, e. i. aRniSnul nacvalsaxelebs zogi gardauvali zmna marTavs

ergativSi. msgavsi movlena, rogorc iTqva, CeCnuri enis dialeqtebsa da

inguSur enaSi SeniSnuli ar aris. akdar akdar akdar akdar `kankali~, dalar dalar dalar dalar `mokvdoma~, dakar dakar dakar dakar

`wva~, doJar doJar doJar doJar `vardna~ zmnebi gardauvalia, miuxedavad amisa, es zmnebi I da II

piris nacvalsaxelebsac marTaven saxelobiT (da ara ergatiul) brunvaSi.

gardauval zmnasTan realuri subieqtis ergativSi Sewyobis nimuSebia,

magaliTad:

as as as as qalqih´ vu�taaaassss `me qalaqSi mivdivar~;

aTxo aTxo aTxo aTxo labwi `Cven vTamaSobT~;

ahahahah ´́́́ miC vu�tahhhh ´́́́ `Sen sad midixar?~

a�Si a�Si a�Si a�Si miC daxer `Tqven sad waxvediT?~

aRsaniSnavia, rom I piris inkluziuri nacvalsaxeli vvvvaaaa� � � � wovaTuSurSi ar

ganarCevs saxelobiTsa da ergativs, va� va� va� va� `Cven~ aRniSnul brunvebSi

gauformebelia. Sdr.:

zmna gardauvalia: Txa húnl™ RoT va� `dRes tyeSi wavideT Cven

(bevrni)~.

zmna gardamavalia: va� Txa Camlin matr dayin `Cven dRes gemrieli sadili

vWameT~.

sainteresoa, rom RoT RoT RoT RoT formaSi -T sufiqsi subieqtis simravles

aRniSnavs. Sdr. RRRRo va� o va� o va� o va� `wavideT Cven (orni)~ da RoT va� RoT va� RoT va� RoT va� `wavideT Cven

(bevrni)~. pirvel formas (Ro va�) CeCnurSi Seesatyviseba Ro va�Sa Ro va�Sa Ro va�Sa Ro va�Sa `wavideT

Cven (orni)~, Ro va� Ro va� Ro va� Ro va� ki niSnavs amas: `wavideT Cven (uklebliv yvela)~. va�Sa va�Sa va�Sa va�Sa

ase daiSleba: va� va� va� va� `Cven~ da Sa Sa Sa Sa (< Si' òri~), e. i. Sa Sa Sa Sa ukavSirdeba ricxviT

98

saxels SiSiSiSi'''' `ori~. igive ricxviTi saxeli Cans CeCnurSi II piris

nacvalsaxelTanac. Sdr.: S ‘ S i' `Tqven (orni)~. aseTi formebi wovaTuSurSi

ar Cans. diferencireba `Cven~ da `Cven Cven Cven Cven (orni)~ formebs Soris gansxvavebuli

zmnuri formebiT aris miRweuli da ara gansxvavebuli nacvalsaxeluri

formebiT, rogorc es CeCnurSia.

maSasadame, gardauvali zmnis Taviseburebas wovaTuSurSi, sxva naxur

enebTan SedarebiT, warmoadgens I da II piris nacvalsaxelTa ergativSi dasma

(inkluziuri va� va� va� va� `Cven~ formis gamoklebiT), rac sxva naxuri ena-

kiloebisaTvis ucxoa, niSandoblivi ar aris.

garda amisa, nominatiur konstruqciaSi realuri subieqti, Tu zmna

klasniSniania, marTavs zmnas klasSi. magaliTad:

sen �aS�aS�aS�aS™™™™ alni � alni � alni � alni �-u�tš `Cemi da alvanSi midis~;

boWk dah´ b-ate-n- `kasri gaskda~;

xen kikel duƒ ƒori d-ater `xis Ziras bevri vaSlebi eyara~...

CamoTvlil magaliTebSi gramatikuli klasis niSnebi �- (�u�tš),

b- (baten), d- (dater) gamoxataven realuri subieqtis klass. maSasadame, msgavs

zmnebTanac realuri subieqti sax. brunvaSi dgas. klasniSnian zmnur formebSi

gramatikuli klasis niSani subieqtis klasis niSnis mixedviT Seicvleba,

magaliTad, ase: v-u�tš, �-u�tš, b-u�tš, d-u�tš...

Tavis mxriv, subieqti _ qvemdebare saxelobiT brunvaSi zmnas _

Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi:

ricxvSi SeTanxmeba aSkaraa maSin, rodesac saxeli mxoloobiTsa da

mravlobiT ricxvSi sxvadasxva gramatikul klass ganekuTvneba:

danlobi bdanlobi bdanlobi bdanlobi b-axken _ cxenosnebi cxenosnebi cxenosnebi cxenosnebi movidnen

donlov (mx. v _ mr. b) _ cxenosani

du� ddu� ddu� ddu� d-aR™ _ cxenebi modian

(don _ b d)

bazzi bbazzi bbazzi bbazzi b-avin _ bazazebi bazazebi bazazebi bazazebi daikargnen (aRar arian)

(bazaz _ v. b)

99

ergatiuli konstruqciaergatiuli konstruqciaergatiuli konstruqciaergatiuli konstruqcia.... ergatiul konstruqcias qmnis gardamavali

zmna. es aris gardamavali zmnis erTaderTi konstruqcia (danarCen

konstruqciebs gardauvali zmnebi qmnian).

ergatiuli konstruqcia warmoadgens predikatul sintagmas, romelic,

sul mcire, sami wevrisagan Sedgeba. ergatiuli konstruqciis sintagmis

wevrebs warmoadgenen: gardamavali zmna-Semasmeneli da masTan Sexamebuli ori

saxeli _ realuri subieqti da realuri obieqti. moviyvanoT saTanado

magaliTebi:

oƒus zaral aƒin `man zarali zRo~;

oƒar davin™ asi lex™ `isini dakargul xborebs eZeben~;

knaTiv yuv lecov™ `biWebi qurds iWeren~;

sen �aSas atam leW™ badruna�n™ `Cemi da atams fcqvnis bavSvebisaTvis~;

fisos daxk™ labwob™ `kata Tagvs aTamaSebs~;

yodla‡os TanTi day™ `kodala WianWvelebs Wams~...

gardamaval zmnasTan Sewyobili realuri obieqti dgas saxelobiT

brunvaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gardamaval zmnasTan Sewyobili realuri obieqti

yvela kavkasiur enaSi saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas. garda amisa, klasniSnian

gardamaval zmnebSi klasis niSniT gamoxatulia realuri obieqti (da ara

realuri subieqti, rogorc es mosalodneli iyo). am niSnis mixedviTac

kavkasiuri enebi, da maT Soris wovaTuSuric, msgavsebas amJRavneben. orive

saxelis brunvaTa formebi (ergativi realuri subieqtisa da saxelobiTi

realuri obieqtisa) Taviseburia kavkasiur enebTan SedarebiT. TviT kavkasiur

enebSi, rogorc es gaziarebulia specialistebis mier, gardamavali zmnis

bunebidan gamomdinareobs masTan Sexamebul saxelTa brunvebis formebi, zmna

marTavs saxelebs brunvaSi.

ergatiuli konstruqciis zmna-Semasmenels ricxvSi iTanxmebs saxelobiTi

brunvisformiani saxeli obieqti obieqti obieqti obieqti damateba:

makas yarwen falzi dfalzi dfalzi dfalzi d-i�eg _ makam Wreli fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi moqsova.

100

falzi a™ cu� dddd-arJ-dddd-ina�S? _ fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi fardagebi ar CamofineT?

fsteiv atlasen kabi �kabi �kabi �kabi �-efxor _ dedakacebi atlasis kabebs kabebs kabebs kabebs icvamdnen.

subieqti-qvemdebare brZanebiTi kilos zmna-Semasmenels iTanxmebs ricxvSi,

am SemTxvevaSi mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsia TTTT:

ƒefsa-T! _ dayareT!

maxkar, kawkon bakal ƒalo-TTTT vai (inkl. forma)! _ qalebo, cota puri

SevWamoT!

Ro-TTTT va�! _ wavideT!

Tu zmna klasniSniania, mravlobiToba ormagad (klasis niSniTa da

mravlobiTobis TTTT _ niSniT) iqneba gamoxatuli: bbbb-aSliba-TTTT! gaiparseT! maxkar,

baxtrinl™ temaq dddd-alÀu-TTTT va�! _ qalebo, baxtrionis ferdobze avideT!

datiuri konstruqciadatiuri konstruqciadatiuri konstruqciadatiuri konstruqcia. . . . datiur konstruqcias wovaTuSurSi, rogorc

sxva enebSi, qmnian grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi. aseT zmnebTan realuri subieqti

dgas datiur brunvaSi, xolo realuri obieqti saxelobiT brunvaSia.

maSasadame, datiuri konstruqciis predikatuli sintagmac, sul cota, sami

wevrisagan Sedgeba, rogorc ergatiuli konstruqciis predikatuli sintagma,

romlisgan gansxvavebiTac datiuri konstruqciis zmna gardauvalia. rogorc

sxva enebSi, grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebi wova-TuSurSic mcirericxovania. moviyvanoT

saTanado magaliTebi:

kotin (mic. br.) daxk™ (sax. br.) b-agin `katam Tagvi dainaxa~;

badren nan �-agin `dedam bavSvi dainaxa~;

aleqsin chá�n˜ larkex dawiS˜ xawdanor àleqsis erT yurSi mZimed

esmoda~;

son ƒor b-ew— `me vaSli minda~;

o vahón e �oh´ �-ew— ìm vaJs es qali uyvars~;

lošmren �-aRoS Ta�lzi dicdalin son `mTidan wamosvlisas xurjini

damaviwyda~...

101

dasaxelebul magaliTebSi realuri obieqtia klasniSnian zmnasTan klasSi

SeTanxmebuli, e. i. am konstruqciaSic moqmedebs wesi, romlis mixedviTac zmna

klasSi eTanxmeba saxels, romelic saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas.

datiur konstruqciasTan dakavSirebiT wovaTuSurSi saintereso masalas

iZleva i. deSerievi. kerZod, igi asaxelebs magaliTebs, sadac datiuri

konstruqciis zmnasTan realuri subieqti dgas rogorc dativSi, ise

ergativSi. Sdr., magaliTad:

1. mitu�n (mic. br.) hó (sax.) gu

mitos (erg.) hó gu `mito Sen gxedavs~;

2. oƒu�n (mic. br.) kort(b)i— i boTx

oƒus (erg.) kort(b)i— i boTx ìmas mobezrda es samuSao~...

realuri subieqtis msgavsi paraleluri formebis arseboba datiur

konstruqciaSi wovaTuSuris Taviseburebaa. analogiuri formebi CeCnur-

inguSurSi jerjerobiT gamovlenili ar aris. aRsaniSnavia, rom CeCnuri enis

pirvel saanbano wignSi (q. dosovi,.. ix. ikew, t. VI, 1979) xaxaxaxa''''a a a a `codna~

zmnasTan, romelic amJamad datiuri konstruqciisaa, II piris nacvalsaxeli

ergativSi aris Sexamebuli. am rigis sxva SemTxvevebi CeCnur inguSurSi ar

Cans.

posesiuri konstruqciaposesiuri konstruqciaposesiuri konstruqciaposesiuri konstruqcia. . . . winadadebaSi chchchch ´́́́a doa doa doa donnnn ba se ba se ba se ba sennnn èrTi cxeni myavs

me~ sesesesennnn so so so so `me~ nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTis formaa. dodododonnnn `cxeni~ realuri

obieqtia, romelic warmoadgens realuri subieqtis kuTvnilebas. sxvagvarad:

realuri subieqti aris realuri obieqtis mflobeli. subieqtis brunvis

mixedviT (sen `Cemi~) aseT konstruqcias posesiur konstruqcias eZaxian. garda

amisa, zmna klasSi eTanxmeba realur obieqts, rogorc ergatiul da datiur

konstruqciebSi. realuri obieqti am SemTxvevaSic saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas.

posesiuri konstruqciis nimuSebia, magaliTad, qok bestin™ hén `Sen fexi

dagisivda~ da misT.

analogiur magaliTebSi logikuri (realuri) subieqti SeiZleba idges

erT-erT lokatiur brunvaSic. Sdr.:

102

sogosogosogosogo((((hhhh ´́́́) ) ) ) qok lawir `me fexi mtkioda~

uƒgouƒgouƒgouƒgo((((hhhh ´́́́) ) ) ) qorT la�w˜ `mas Tavi stkiva~ da misT.

posesiuri da, gansakuTrebiT, lokatiuri konstruqciebi wovaTuSurSi

SedarebiT iSviaTia.

vlindeba neitralurineitralurineitralurineitraluri bunebis zmnuri fuZeebi, romlebic subieqts _

qvemdebares marTaven rogorc saxelobiT brunvaSi, kerZod, winadadebaSi

gardauvali zmnis mniSvnelobiT, ise _ ergatiul brunvaSi winadadebaSi

gardamavali zmnis funqciiT. am SemTxvevaSi amasTanave pirdapir (uaxloes)

obieqt-damatebas zmna-Semasmeneli saxelobiT brunvaSi marTavs

mox aƒin _ qarma dauberadauberadauberadaubera

mox _ subieqti, saxelobiT brunvaSi

oƒus urem burblin taut aƒiaƒiaƒiaƒinnnn _ urmis Tvlebs taoti wausvawausvawausvawausva

oƒus _ subieqti, ergatiul brunvaSi; taut _ obieqti _ saxelobiT

brunvaSi

nik™ ve‡eve‡eve‡eve‡ennnn _ niko movidamovidamovidamovida

nik™ _ subieqti _ saxelobiT brunvaSi

naybistev Jagn™ de‡ede‡ede‡ede‡ennnn son _ amxanagma wigni momitanamomitanamomitanamomitana

naybistev _ subieqti ergatiul brunvaSia; Jagn™ _ obieqti _

saxelobiT brunvaSi.

bacburSi zmna icvleba ara mxolod g r a m a t i k u l i k l a s e b i s,

aramed g r a m a t i k u l i p i r e b i s mixedviTac, rac SedarebiT axali

movlenaa.

gram.klasebis mixedviT cvlis dros zmnas marTavs saxeli, romelic

saxelobiT brunvaSi dgas, gardauval zmnasTan _ subieqti-qvemdebare,

gardamaval zmnasTan _ pirdapiri, uaxloesi obieqti _ damateba.

zmnis cvla pirispirispirispiris mixedviT xdeba I da II pirSi.

sxva viTareba gvaqvs pirebis garCevis SemTxvevaSi: I da II piris gardamaval

103

zmnas marTavs pirSi subieqti ergatiul brunvaSic, igi zmnaSi aCens niSans,

warmoSobiT piris nacvalsaxels, romelic piris niSnad Camoyalibebis

procesSia:

(aTxaTxaTxaTx) duƒ qaniz �a�yn-aTxaTxaTxaTx _ bevri yurZeni vWameT

(asasasas) don naybisteg™ gagbiTo-ssss _ cxens amxanags vanaxvineb.

amasTanave saxelobiT brunvaSic gardauvali zmnis subieqti da

gardamavali zmnis obieqti zmnas marTavs pirSi:

(sosososo) ayr viSra-ssss™™™™ _ gulaRma viweqi

zmnaSi erTdroulad SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili rogorc klasis, ise

piris niSanic. ganirCeva ori SemTxveva: 1) rogorc klasis, ise piris niSanic

erTi da imave saxels (subieqts an obieqts) miemarTeba:

asasasasqalaqi{} vvvv-u�t-asasasas _ me qalaqSi mivdivar

aaaa miC vvvv-u�t-aaaa? _ Sen sad midixar?

Su� dSu� dSu� dSu� d-a�-SSSSšššš? _ Tqvena xarT?

a�S a�S a�S a�S vux Teg-dddd-u�Su�Su�Su�S-˜ _ Tqven ras akeTebT?

2) prefiqsuli klasis niSani da sufiqsuri piris niSani sxvadasxva

saxels _ subieqtsa da obieqts ukavSirdeba: klasis niSani obieqts aRniSnavs,

piris niSani _ subieqts:

kawkon �o�o�o�o � � � �-il�o-s s s s _ patara gogos vban

Cxindren dudududu dddd-il´n-asasasas _ windis qsova daviwye (zedmiw. `wveri davde~).

dodododonnnn b b b b-av-bbbb-in-as as as as _ cxeni davkarge

pirdapiri obieqti pirdapiri obieqti pirdapiri obieqti pirdapiri obieqti _ damateba, qarTvelur enaTa msgavsad, bacburSi

winadadebis mTavarimTavarimTavarimTavari wevria _ pirmimarTi obieqti pirmimarTi obieqti pirmimarTi obieqti pirmimarTi obieqti _ danarCeni damatebebi,

qarTvelur enaTa iribi obieqtis mniSvnelobiTac, pirmiumarTavi obieqti _

ubralo damatebaa: calmxrivi sintaqsuri kavSiri dasturdeba _ mxolod

zmnaSemasmeneli zmnaSemasmeneli zmnaSemasmeneli zmnaSemasmeneli marTavs obieqtsobieqtsobieqtsobieqts----damatebas damatebas damatebas damatebas sxvadasxva brunvaSi. obieqts

damatebas ar uTanxmdeba zmna-Semasmeneli (gramatikul klasSi, arc ricxvSi).

ubralo damatebis funqciiT gvxvdeba: 1) micemiTi micemiTi micemiTi micemiTi brunva 2) -xxxx, -gggg™™™™ <

104

----gogogogo, -cicicicinnnn, -lolololo -elementebiani, iSviaTad agreTve rTulTandebuliani formebi

(rTuli TandebulebiT metwilad garemoebebi iwarmoeba).

1) oƒu�n oƒu�n oƒu�n oƒu�n Cui SalTa malÀ�en _ mucelSi xanjali Casca.

oƒarn oƒarn oƒarn oƒarn dadol debalalÀin _ imaT (daxocilebs) upatronono.

vaxen Sa�r naybistnaybistnaybistnaybisten en en en _ wavida Tavis amxanagTan

ann ann ann ann malÀ�ien SalT? _ vis Casca xanjali?

yalCaRa�lÀnor as al qeqdoes ona�lona�lona�lona�lÀÀÀÀnor nor nor nor _ gudaso me mogimzadebo

Sen

bakaltakli ffffarana arana arana arana ƒasin _ naWer-nuWrebi ZaRls gdauyares...

2) oTxi{} Cu dotuS qok dafxiTi�en knaTiknaTiknaTiknaTi----gggg™™™™ _ oTaxSi Sesvlisas fexze

gaaxdevines biWebs.

ca�n˜ meurmemeurmemeurmemeurme----gggg™™™™ dos daƒeiTis alvin˜ _ erT meurmes SeSas

vazidvineb alvanSi

yonoC™ naxnaxnaxnax----gggg™™™™ dakmi daƒdiTar dewe _ axalgazrda kacebs waTamameba

esaWiroeba

o feSrefeSrefeSrefeSre----gggg™™™™ alÀin, naybiste-gggg™™™™ _ im biWs uTxra, amxanags

al™ defcin oƒu�-g™ _ mouyva mas.

dos TetCoTetCoTetCoTetCo----xxxx, , , , oƒuoƒuoƒuoƒu----x x x x xatin _ SeSis mWrels, imas hkiTxa

o stakostakostakostako----x x x x b„arvaxen _ im kacs Sexvda

o wkipowkipowkipowkipo----x x x x b„ark ƒa‡biin _ im wkipos Tvali mohkra.

moe �aSe�aSe�aSe�aSe----xxxx, , , , u�St TeS so-x-a-�lÀnor! _ rogorc das, ise mende meo!

oƒaroƒaroƒaroƒar----cicicicinnnn Cu baxen _ maTTan Sevidnen

Sa�rCu var oƒu�-go{}... _ Rame iqa hyavda imasimasimasimas...

o Tur dah Teƒ— oƒoƒoƒoƒ----gogogogo{{{{} } } } _ is xmali misTravs imas

bader datdi�en TxoTxoTxoTxo----gogogogo{{{{} } } } _ bavSvi mogvtaces CvenCvenCvenCven

ca ku�x vagur TxoTxoTxoTxo----gogogogo{{{{} } } } koxiv _erTi kaxuri soflidan gveria Cven Cven Cven Cven

kaxeli

105

go < go + -sgan xSirad, rTuli (go+) formidan momdinareobs.

go-s saxiT aris warmodgenili `yofna~ zmnasTan, rodesac igi `qonis~

mniSvnelobas iZens:

ogo Tof �a _ Sen Tofi gaqvs

zogi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom -xxxx, -gggg™™™™, -gogogogo{{{{}}}} elementebi Tandebulebia.

arsebobs sxva azric, romlis Tanaxmadac –x, -go- elementebiani formebi

runvis formebia.

m. m i q e l a Z e -xxxx, -gogogogo-s micemiTi brunvis niSnebad miiCnevs, romlebic

micemiTi brunvis nnnn niSanTan erTad erTmaneTTan damatebiTi distibuciis

mimarTebaSi ariano: `qarTuli micemiTis funqciebi wova-TuSurSi oTx

sxvadasxva brunvasSoris aris ganawilebuli. adgili aqvs brunvis formaTa

konkretizacias Sinaarsobriv niuansebTan dakavSirebiT~.

Tumca aseTi konkretizacia swored ufro TandebulebisTvisaa damaxasia-

Tebeli. sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas moiTxovs:

qarTuli Tavisufali Targmani albaT kriteriumad ar gamogvadgeba, unda

amovdiodeT garkveuli enis (bacburis) zedmiwevniTi Targmanidan.1

1 am mxriv sainteresoa, rom CaCnurSic msgavsi viTareba gvaqvs (magaliTad, -go elementis

SemTxvevaSi).

106

bacburi bacburi bacburi bacburi t e q s t e b it e q s t e b it e q s t e b it e q s t e b i

andazebiandazebiandazebiandazebi

qastdaliqastdaliqastdaliqastdalinnnn xixixixinnnn xil xil xil xil co co co co ignorignorignorignor....

Cqari wyali wyalSi ar gaerevao

itinitinitinitin™™™™ itwiitwiitwiitwinnnn co co co co disnordisnordisnordisnor....

morbenali urbenali ar darCenila,

ƒeƒeƒeƒeÀÀÀÀinininin˜̃̃̃ ƒawiƒawiƒawiƒawinnnn co co co co d„i‡nord„i‡nord„i‡nord„i‡nor....

mwevari dauwevari ar darCenila.

zora�Czora�Czora�Czora�C™™™™ ( ( ( (itiCitiCitiCitiC™™™™) ) ) ) ddddon on on on Svet Svet Svet Svet co co co co �ew�ew�ew�ew....

karg (morbenal) cxens maTraxi ar sWirdeba (unda)

bbbb„„„„agu�rmaq agu�rmaq agu�rmaq agu�rmaq ((((bac maqbac maqbac maqbac maq) ) ) ) ma k„avlama k„avlama k„avlama k„avla!!!!

beltze (balaxze) nu koWlob!

fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC fstu�nCox fstu�no RaziC badriv badriv badriv badriv Tu�lnorTu�lnorTu�lnorTu�lnor....

qalisTvis qals kargi SvilebiT ejobna

gamocanebigamocanebigamocanebigamocanebi

�u�u�u�u ( ( ( (�ux�ux�ux�ux)))) ____ WolikWolikWolikWolik, , , , Si m„aSi m„aSi m„aSi m„aÀÀÀÀ™™™™ ( ( ( (makartamakartamakartamakarta))))

piri _ joxi, ori rqa (makrateli)

107

�uye �uye �uye �uye dalindalindalindalin™™™™ diS diS diS diS™™™™, , , , sivsivsivsiv----divdivdivdiv leTxan ix leTxan ix leTxan ix leTxan ix™™™™ ( ( ( (marmarmarmar½½½½lolololo----b„arkib„arkib„arkib„arki))))

SuaSi mkvdari wevs, aqeT-iqiT cekvaven (cxvir-Tvali)

Cu dexkoes Cu dexkoes Cu dexkoes Cu dexkoes _ _ _ _ dadadadalellellellel————, , , , dadadadaxecoes xecoes xecoes xecoes ____ Cu Cu Cu Cu laTTlaTTlaTTlaTT———— ( ( ( (janijanijanijani))))

Sevkrav _ dadis, gavxsni (gavuSveb) _ dgas (qalamnebi)

aTx aTx aTx aTx _ _ _ _ sukisukisukisuki, , , , tyu�tyu�tyu�tyu� _ _ _ _ gaga‡gaga‡gaga‡gaga‡™™™™ ((((wikwikwikwik))))

win _ zurgi, ukan _ muceli (kanWi)

ku�ku�ku�ku�nnnn baso baso baso basonnnn _ _ _ _ naCx naCx naCx naCx co �asco �asco �asco �as™™™™

TeTri var _ yveli ara var

muR muR muR muR �e�w�e�w�e�w�e�w™™™™ sogo sogo sogo sogo, , , , daxko co basdaxko co basdaxko co basdaxko co bas™™™™ ((((bbbboooolka‡lka‡lka‡lka‡™™™™))))

kudi mabia me, Tagvi ara var (boloki)

ccccenenenen˜̃̃̃ erwni Culierwni Culierwni Culierwni Culinnnn fsti fsti fsti fsti le�pwle�pwle�pwle�pw˜̃̃̃ ((((xinkxinkxinkxinklililili))))

erT qvabSi orsuli qalebi TamaSoben (xinklebi)

kecad bosekecad bosekecad bosekecad bose, , , , co co co co kecadbomakso kecadbomakso kecadbomakso kecadbomakso ((((niyniyniyniy))))

vkece da ver davkece (gza)

TetoseTetoseTetoseTetose, , , , co co co co Tetmakso Tetmakso Tetmakso Tetmakso ((((xixixixi))))

vWeri da ver gavWeri (wyali)

108

ambebi ambebi ambebi ambebi bacbebis cxovrebidanbacbebis cxovrebidanbacbebis cxovrebidanbacbebis cxovrebidan

bacbi qiqdolin d‰xno nax bar

(dar). ufr™ Jex bawur, cavCon Je

gagdar co xilÀur, eƒu�n dallö

melÀmen naybist vaSbar Roer

naJtara �exkor. naJtrego Sarin

vaƒux var. nidag, oStun stak

xilÀur vaƒu�CoR, ango-a� sošb

(doƒux) Je dar. naStar vaƒu�Cov

naybistax (naybistin) angriS (�or)

TelÀor Sar¡ Saw. sanam Je

daq¡qalar doe �e ƒen stab£,

macne loumre Je adaRor bare.

naStren boTx naybistigo

sodabeyin˜ bar. an¡ vux dewer

Tagdan, xeÀer. Sarin boTx

alcoTagbi�en™ stak (Turqad

vor) baqad vor. naStre Jeg™

aWuS ixor baSbar naybisti.

daaxloebiT fxauzty JelreCox

ca stak evvor. uStme ca�n RaziC

naStre aTas Je mainc dewer xilÀan.

eaT naJtre it¾ego stak

erwalaTer (erwir). daƒu�C

�afuR dar naybistes (naybistiv)

vaSbiwin ma�ƒ˜ �ayar, ma�ƒ˜ caR

bacbebi odiTganve mesaqonle

xalxi iyo. ufro cxvars (mecxvare-

obas) misdevdnen, martoka cxvars

ver upatronebda, amis gamo ramde-

nime amxanagi erTad wavidoda da

binas daidebda (kravda). binas Ta-

visi ufrosi hyavda. ra Tqma unda,

iseTi kaci iqneboda ufrosad, vi-

sac meti (ufro bevri) cxvari hyav-

da. binis ufrosi amxanagebs anga-

riSs abarebda (ukeTebda) weliwad-

Si orjer. sanam cxvari daiZvrebo-

da gazafxulze da mere _ Semo-

dgomaze, roca mTidan cxvari Camo-

vidoda barSi. binis saqme amxana-

gebs ganawilebuli hqondaT. visac

ra unda ekeTebina, icodnen. Tavis

saqmes rom ar akeTebda (ar gamke-

Tebeli), kacs (lanZRavdnen) kicxav-

dnen. binaSi cxvris misaxedad midi-

odnen erTad amxanagebi. daaxloe-

biT as cxvarze erT kacs iyvandnen.

ase rom, erT karg binaSi aTasi

cxvari mainc unda yofiliyo. maSin

binaSi aTiode kaci trialebda

xolme (trialebda). didi sircxvi-

109

�ewer �ayan, mo¡ naJtrego daric

dilén™. bacbigo naJtre dilén™

dar ƒekdien™ diTx sodaayor.

li iyo amxanagis (amxanagebis) mier

erTmaneTis gareSe puris Wama, pu-

ri erTad unda eWamaT, rogorc bi-

naSi aki iyo miRebuli (dadebuli).

bacbebs binaSi miRebuli hqondaT

moxarSuli xorcis erTmaneTSi

ganawileba.

duƒ ambu�ar bacbigo co dar.

duƒ ambu�n™ stak mot¾baxbi�enC™

_ laqaT stakoR lerÀlor.

bevri laparaki bacbebma ar

icodnen (iyo). bevri molaparake

kaci enawagrZelebul _ ybed kacad

iTvleboda.

Jen dadas qirbadvi�enC™ sta-

kon (�unan) Tel½or baTán Si Jel-

re (RaziCon _ Si …isTx™, eSuSka‡

stakon u�sTxa� axroba� le Si ax-

rob. Tegardar baT´biTa� dinC™

Sarva�. Sarav Tegvi�enC™ stakon

sošb™ka‡ max TelÀor, tyait´

u�sTxgomcin. ye‡ stak ca�n˜ na-

Jtre ne‡ co valÀuS mawy it´ Saren

vaxer, iStuC™ zora�Ce golniC™

stakox Jen dad (daxnon dad_ Teg-

lar. ƒen o xazeinegore ne‡

valÀuer, Sarin naJtara axkor. mag-

ram naJtar �exkar atán saqm co

�ar. �alvni saZovri co qorlar,

cxvris patroni daqiravebul

kacs (mwyemss) aZlevda TveSi or

cxvars (kargs _ or nerbs, cotaTi

nakleb kacs _ nerbsa da Toxls an

or Toxls). urigdebodnen Tveobi-

Tac da mTeli wliTac. wliT gari-

gebul kacs cota met fass (anazRa-

urebas) aZlevdnen, ocdaaT nerba-

mde. Raribi kaci erT binaSi gareT

gamousvlelad zogjer aTi weli

cxovrobda, aseTi yoCaRi da gonie-

ri kacisagan cxvris patroni (sa-

qonlis patroni) xdeboda (keTde-

boda), Semdeg im patronisgan gadi-

oda (midioda) Tavis binas daideb-

110

TiSiC™ xazeinig™ saZovri qore

�alir, dalbarin xazeinob qor

daar Znelbalar.

da. magram binis dadeba advili sa-

qme ar iyo. alvanSi saZovrebi ar

iyo (iSoveboda), Zvel patronebs

saZovrebi ekavaT. sawylebs mepat-

roneobis xelSi Cagdeba uZnelde-

bodaT.

*

* *

aTascxraas Sauzt´yaƒa Saren

dimitrovban koletivn Je Sirqilen

daqeqadalin Àalvu�C naJtrigu�.

so eaT koleqtiv TavmjdomareR

varas™. tyu�reC™ naJtrex

va�wras. eƒ naJtren brigadir

daqran zurab bar. �uv bar: bRujra

ga�bral, aWyuran cim™... Txocin

tyo‡ var koleqtiven aRmricxvel

paCran lev.

*

* *

aTacxraas ormocdasam wels

dimitrovis saxelobis koleqtivis

cxvari Siraqidan daiZra alvanis

binebisaken. me maSin kolmeurneo-

bis Tavmjdomared viyavi. ukana bi-

nas mivsdevdi. am binis brigadiri

daqaanT zurabi iyo. mwyemsebi iy-

vnen: bRujoanT (uSarauli) gabrie-

li, ajayianT (WrelaSvili) cimo...

CvenTan kidev iyo kolmeurneobis

aRmricxveli paCoanT leo.

ca�n „urden naJtre „ebax-

keTx, ma�ƒ˜ co ƒal´in�aTx. ga�bra-

les dayar eqod™, vedre va�Tlar

ƒexkob. warmaq Jeqonen va�Tlar

ƒexk—. eƒ dro aS TaTriv ve‡en

(//aS de‡en) Txo: vaSbin marSol

�e�lÀnaTx. TaTriv ga�bralq fenix

xa‡en. SinvaÀ Te�Trlen˜ laƒin. as

erT dilas binaSi vsxedvarT,

puri ar gvqonda naWami. gabrieli

saWmels amzadebs, vedroSi

va�Tlars xarSavs. cecxlze

cxvrisqonis vaiTlari ixarSeba. am

dros stumari TaTari mogvivida.

Cven: erTmaneTs mivesalmeT

(gamarjoba vuTxariT). TaTari

111

levu�n˜ fenix ‡evaRer divka‡.

w„irqon levu�go velar dalÀen. so

TaTrul coxawer (co ƒeTer), le-

vox xat´va�lnas: {v}u vilaa�no?

moecvilasa�n™! alÀin levos, a

va‡ar xiynoerTxon, flav ƒexkdi-

�enodaraTxa�n™, liv˜ ga�bral Ta-

iTrua�go. Ta�Truas ma (magram)

alÀin: eƒ maciC™ dro e xilÀara

�aƒon saqm�a�n™. levu�go tyo‡ ve-

lar dalÀen. tyo‡ xa�t´nax: stev

velvo, �ev™? moecvilas™,

ga�brales alÀin: baye‡da, mosin

dro �a va�go, magram a va‡ar

xa‡invaxeroTxo, dayrelo ƒain qon

co �en�araTxo. Ta�Tr…as alÀin:

barÀl So dageg— as ƒa bayu�n˜.

ga�bralen com alÀmakingeg˜,

daatarvalin; daaWenes ga�bra-

legu�, ohö so aWe sogu�, Tan

b„ark Toxbi�eson. daTolinc sox,

�ev™, e farin kaw TaTriv!

gabrielis gverdiT dajda. orive

TaTruls mieZalnen (miewebnen). me

leos gverdiT vijeqi, cota iqiT.

uceb levans sicili waskda. me

TaTruli ar mesmoda (ar vicodi),

leos vkiTxe: ras icinio? rogor

ar vicinoo! Tqva leom, Seni

mosvla rom gagvego, flavs

movxarSavdiTo, eubneba gabrieli

TaTars. TaTarma ki uTxra: am

SimSilobis dros amis qonac didi

saqmeao. leos isev sicili waskda.

isev vkiTxe: ra gacinebs, Wo?

rogor ar vicino, gabrielma Tqva:

marTalia, cudi droa CvenTvis,

magram Seni mosvla rom gagvego,

saWmel(Si)s Roris qons ar

gavukeTebdiT. TaTarma uTxra: rva

welia TiTqmis me Roris xorcs

(Rors) vWam. gabrielma veraferi

ver Tqva, gaCumda; gavixede

gabrielisken, manac Cemken gamoixe-

da, Tan Tvali Camikra. majoba, Wo,

am ZaRlis lekvma TaTarma!

112

*

* *

menSevika dro ƒkolix

aleqsigo naJtar qaCalgorex

lev�or. oƒu�n aSeR ixralo

axalqalaqi baxin™ inglisba afic-

r¢. aliqs oƒarn RaziS b„ar ixra-

l™, dok dagdoral™, Tu�x˜-meƒ

darJdoral™, moegu oƒarna vewa-

volin aliqs. wye aa vol Txon

aSeR, e�lÀnor inglisbiv.

*

* *

menSevikebis dros zafxulSi

aleqsis bina qaCalgoraze yofila

(amboben). mis stumrad midiodnen

Turme axalqalaqSi mcxovrebi ingli-

seli oficrebi. aleqsi maT Zalian

kargad xvdeboda (TvalSi mosdioda),

gulianad xvdeboda, pur-marils

(maril-purs) uSlida Turme.

rogorc Cans, maTac SeuyvardaT

aleqsi. erTxelac Senc modi CvenTan

stumrad, uTqvamT ingliselebs.

aSeR v‹xnor aliqs. alÀinC™

d�nlu�n aliqs donev axalqaliq

aSeR vexnor inglisbin. oƒar

dakreS miRebadvinor. maƒmaq (mat-

remaq) aficrigo Su�n fsti�aTan

levdor. ma�ƒ �ayoS, ca�n˜ afic-

rev besibinor aleqsigo, menux �o

lamzurx�a�no? aleqsis ca�ngu�

tark laƒbinoer _ is �a lamzurx,

e�lÀnor. vun da�n™, gakvirbada�lnor

vomay. oƒu�n dalla, me, a�lÀnor

aleqsis: koxix �a Tar½len™.

stumrad wasuliyo aleqsi.

daTqmuli dRisTvis aleqsi cxeniT

axalqalaqSi stumrad wasuliyo

ingliselebTan. maT gulianad mieRoT,

purobisas (sadilze) oficrebs Ta-

vianTi colebic Tan hyolodaT.

puris Wamisas erTi oficeri gaxum-

rebia aleqsis, romeli gogoa, ufro

lamazio? aleqsis erTisken TiTi

gauSveria _ es aris ufro lamazi,

uTqvams. ratomo, gakvirvebula

yvela. imisTvis, rom, uTqvams aleq-

sis: qarTvels hgavso (qarTvelis

aris msgavsi).

113

*

* *

s— nanvaS™ cixlura aleqs

davalin aTas cxraas Sauzty Sare

ƒouztya�Tx Sarlun. u�St me, inc

o vewer xilÀa d„euztyabar½lait´

Sarlun.

*

* *

Cemi biZa (dedis Zma)

cixeliSvili aleqsi gardaicvala

aTas cxraas ormoc wels

samocdaaTi wlisa. ase rom, axla

is unda yofiliyo (yofnad)

oTxmocdaTvrameti wlisa.

cixlura aliqs bacbigo

ma�xv�en™ var zora�C™ stakoR.

vor½l stak var uhgo v„evin™,

bani‡ masTxu�. miCu�Sn˜ co vewer,

nax bavbi�en™ va�n™. duƒiC Jen dad

var. fstu-bader Jego Sarcin (Tan)

leldor. baƒon karav lelb£ral™,

fstu-bader kraotax difSdoral™.

doe Je ƒŠlor aleqsis Trila�T.

qaCal gorexe �ar naJtar. aleqsigo

doaxgard ƒo furguna bar daƒan

kamCi doJin™. eƒ furgniv leldor

fstu-bader �e owin™ naCx, keWa�

furgniv ƒeor qala�q˜. stabo Je

bar akir. qalqiRa a dalen™ Je

Siriq aoRor. melÀax || melÀme

naJtar �ar aleqsigo Sirqi.

�uala lec™�or „alu�n˜

afsta�r daJrena�n™.

cixeliSvil aleqsis bacbebi

miiCnevdnen (dafasebuli hyavdaT)

yoCaR kacad. Svidi kaci hyavda imas

mokluli, yvela mtrebi. zogs ar

uyvarda, xalxis mkvleli ariso.

bevri cxvris patroni iyo. col-

Svili cxvarSi TavisTan (Tan)

dahyavda. didi karavi dahqonda

Turme, col-Svils sawolze

awvenda. gazafxulze cxvari

mihyavda aleqsis TrialeTSi. qaCal

goraze hqonda bina. aleqsis

cxenebis garda sami furgunic

hqonda didkameCebSebmuli. am

furgunebiT atarebda col-Svils

da (mowvelili) yveli, matylic

furgunebiT mihqonda qalaqSi.

Semodgomaze cxvari barSi

Camodioda (cvioda), qalaqze

114

Cavlili cxvari SiraqSi Cadioda.

ramdenime bina hqonda aleqsis

SiraqSi. gaRma ikavebda alvanSi

miwebs saZovrebad.

aTas cxraas tyafxi Sare

aleqsis Sarin Je dadoxkin. Telve

Razen wa ecin. �oa bacva�n �al½in.

Se�r fstu�ncin Telve

alvolvalin vaxan. itég™ Saren

vaxin Telve. ƒen Telveren wa

dadoxkin˜, �acin siZecin

sodaxken alvu�n d‰xan. aliqs

davalin sovu�tCedolin fxi Saren

dolin, aTas cxraas Sauzty Saren.

aTas cxraas ocdaxuT wels

aleqsim Tavisi cxvari gayida.

TelavSi kargi saxli iyida.

qaliSvilic bacbs misca. Tavis

colTan erTad TelavSi daiwyo

cxovreba. aTiode weli icxovra

TelavSi. mere Telavis saxli

gayida, qaliSvilTan da siZesTan

gadmovidnen alvanSi sacxovreblad.

aleqsi gardaicvala gadmosvlis

Semdeg xuTi wlis Semdeg, aTas

cxraas ormoc wels.

aliqsin �o nat™ dakax lawiS

�ar. nat nanego, eva�g™, a�lÀnor

du�xtriv, natu�n Sineƒ baTán

beden co �axmaki�n™. dok„erd„avin-

C™ nanas ca�n˜ bu�s qorT b„evin

womal malÀenCov. ba‡e‡, Sineƒ

baTádolin nat™ da�alin. iSt

�axen cixlura aliqs fstu-badren

saqm.

aleqsis qaliSvili nato

guliT avadmyofi iyo. natos

dedisTvis, evasTvis, eTqvaT eqimebs,

nato or-sam Tveze mets (garda)

ver icocxlebso. gulmkvdarma

dedam erT Rames Tavi moikla wam-

liT (wamlis daleviT). marTlac,

ori-sami Tvis Semdeg nato

gardaicvala. ase wavida cixeli-

Svili aleqsis col-Svilis saqme.

115

da�qran (abaSiZe) lev RaziS

dakovason. dinCo fev ma�xvor

moe golnin stak. du�relun

fstu�n™ da�alini ƒen SilRena

�iken, du�reluC fstu�nCocin Si

�o xilÀen, SilReCo fstu�nCcin _

it´ bader: vor½l knaTa ƒo �oa�.

Sa�r knaTigo da�qran levos

al�amdiTen. miCu�S umaRlesa�S

�axin. levu�n kawkox knaT iC™ Txa

profesoreR va, vaƒux knaT gig™

docenteR va.

abaSiZe (daqaanT) leo kargad

maxsovs, mTeli sofeli afasebda

rogorc gonier kacs. pirveli

coli moukvda da Semdeg meorec

moiyvana, pirvel colTan ori

qaliSvili gauCnda, meore colTan

_ aTi bavSvi: Svidi biWi da sami _

gogo. Tavis biWebs abaSiZe leom

ganaTleba misca (aswavla). zogma

umaRlesebi daamTavra. leos

umcrosi biWi iCo dRes

profesorad aris, ufrosi biWi

gigo docentad aris.

levu�go duƒ Je levdor.

�u�n˜ zora�S Razen levvor.

eaTluC �u�v inca veweS™

ebvalaT lev™. ka�ra ivnes,

menxume monamglaT v‰xral™ �a�l

naJtrax, busu-busu yoruR �aJ�an

la�Tnor levu�go. ca�n˜ bu�s™

donmaq ƒa�Ànoer le™ yu�rRen gogo

ba�ƒnor. vux gu ese? oƒu�n farxen

gogex, �uymaT™ yu�rRe, duwin˜ Je

dat—, fenix ma (magram) kawkon

�arWin ivane laT´—, qore Sarax

�axivx RoW laci�en™, leos

alao b„arkbu�wnor ivnex �e

leos bevri cxvari hyoloda

(?) mwyemsad Zalian kargs ambob-

dnen. maSindeli mwyemsebi axlac

siyvaruliT ixseneben leos. kaianT

ivane, romelic monamgled cxov-

robda Turme zamTris binebSi, Ram-

RamobiT yoruRSi mosaZoveblad

(cxvrisa) dauyenebia leos. erT Ra-

mes cxenze Semjdariyo leo yoru-

RisTvis gars Semouvlia. ra Cans

aq? misi farexis irgvliv, Sua yo-

ruRSi, maZRari cxvari yria, gver-

diT ki patara Savi ivane dgas,

xelSi masze ufro grZeli joxi da-

116

marSola xa�tńor. mo va£ ivan—,

mo baxiS, Je (daxn) goni da

Sugo, stemas xum co qoT´bu�Sš,

xum com �iSun? ivnen vux co

la�vma�knor, dist ƒer bol´balin-

san daT´ral™. leos don gogex

berwnbinoer Sarna va�xnor.

da�efxeTinC™ ivnes la�xknoer

Sarin Je aTx Cu co oTdoS, Sa�r

naJtri alomalÀdinor. udrood

Je daxkdarev knaTi qoki maq

oT´binor. vux ambu�a en

qu�rTmaqa�n™, xa�tńor. ivnes

aldifcnor, vune de oT´di�en

levos. vune �efdilén Sarn ivnen,

RoW Cu laqinoer _ knaTig™

a�lÀnor: a�, Su Je, a� _ Su�e, as

Txadolin Jex co vowlages,

a�lÀnor. iSt Tewinor da�qra

leos gon ka�ra ivneg™.

uWiravs, leos auTval-CauTvalie-

rebia ivane da misalmebia. rogora

xar, ivane, rogor cxovrob, cxvar

(saqoneli) kargad gyavT Tqven, ra-

me xom ar gawuxebT, rame xom ar

gakliaT? ivanes veraferi uTqvams.

pirSi qvaCadebuliviT mdgara. le-

os cxeni gamoubrunebia da (Tavis-

Tvis) wasuliyo. Sercxvenil ivanes

gaereka Tavisi cxvari win SeuCe-

reblad, Tavis binaSi amoereka. ud-

rood cxvris morekvam biWebi fex-

ze wamoayena. ra ambavia Sens Tavso,

ukiTxavT. ivanes mouyolia, ra dRe

daayena leom. rogor Searcxvina

TviTon ivane.joxi gadaegdo _ bi-

WebisTvis eTqva: a�, Tqveni cxvari,

ai Tqven, me dReidan cxvars aRar

gavyvebio, uTqvams. ase eswavlebina

daqaanT leos Wkua ka�anT ivanes-

Tvis.

*

* *

Cxu�r (Zev) yen stak levvor.

o dallavovi�enCog™ Cu lawiS

fstu�n˜ �eaRral. vaSa�xin bed-

va�l½noer ca oTax wenina ƒa�Cnor

lapin fenix, dir laƒ�alin™.

*

* *

Cxuiri Raribi kaci yofila. am

sacodavs (kacs) Sin avadmyofi

coli hyavda (esva). Zmisgan gamoyo-

fila, erTi oTaxi saxlisa rgebia

kibis gverdiT, diregamoSverili.

117

wye macax i(e) ojax(kur) naTes-

viv qu�rwlex bixnor: raki fstu�-

n˜ lawiS �ar, Cxorin xil½en qu�r-

wlex vaxar. xat maq aTx— daana-

�n™ fstu�nCox taTeb d‹xnor.

fstu�nCov xurd de�l½nor: SinSo-

urlin˜, ƒaSourlin˜, abzilin˜, Cxo-

ris a�lÀnor: o Tumnili oqro so-

libalson, jibe dal´al sogo, stak

vaciso, stakox Tar½len™! fstu�n™

W„eRlaral™, magram Cxoris Sari

Tagdinor, oqr™ jibi du�l´nor.

erTxel, odesRac es ojaxi na-

Tesavebs qorwilSi daupatiJebiaT:

raki coli avad iyo, Cxoris mou-

wia qorwilSi wasvla. xatis win

dasadebad cols fuli sTxova.

cols xurda miucia: orSauriani,

samSauriani, abaziani. Cxoris uT-

qvams: is Tumniani oqro momeci-ra,

jibeSi medos. aki kaci var, kacad

viTvlebi! coli uZaliandeboda

Turme, magram Cxoris Tavisi gau-

tania, oqro jibeSi Caudvia.

qu�rwlex macne xat deÀen, may-

ri aTx ixan ba�lÀnor. bax naxv ab-

zex so…b co TelÀar™. malÀ-ƒalÀeno

Cxu�ra dau�Tnor aTx vaxan. kna-

Ti buRa ba�lÀnor, gari, Cxu�r

vaR™. aSenbalibal, Cxu�r aSenba-

libal, Cxu�r, viwvaƒalinC™ Cxoris

jiberen taTeb alda�ƒnoer, wegen

Tumnili oqr™ langarmaq xat aTx

Cu laqdinor. nef-winusgo qo

da�ƒnoer, ijfegoren maWrelen Ca-

rqa‡™ sole�cnor, dalocad

va�lnoer (dalocadinoer) nef-wi-

nus, saduxcodaƒoS aloma�lÀnor.

qorwilSi rodesac xati moi-

tanes, mayrebi win wamomdgaran

Turme. mdidar xalxs abazze meti

ar miucia Turme. SezarxoSebuli

Cxoric amdgra misasvlelad. vaJebs

yvirili aRmoxdomiaT, aba, Cxori

modis, aSendes Cxori aSendes, Cxo-

ri. gaamayebul Cxoris jibidan fu-

li amoeRo Turme, wiTelTumniani

oqro langarze xatis win daegdo.

mefe-patarZlisTvis xeli Camour-

Tmevia, TamadisTvis Rviniani Careqa

gamourTmevia, daulocavs Turme

mefe-patarZali, sulmouTqmelad

daulevia Turme.

118

qorwil cer dalÀen. Cxu�r

Sarn veÀen. gagu�gomcin lav

dilńor (deÀnor) uƒ bu�s. fSe-

liC™ oTxe maWrev vofxuen™ Cxu�r

Toral™ div ka‡, ma maTé lawiS

fstu�n™ �aTxral™. i yeCo margo

jiba dayinoer, macne oqr™ co xe-

Tin, natya�r˜ co laco� ma�knoger.

„urden fstu�nC™ �aTxrev awamvi-

nor Cxu�r, magram vux alÀor! Sa-

rin danaSaul aTx laTér! vux we

va� daxrex, dosa‡™ co da va�go we

�„�ayu�n, vux co laveS alƒiTno-

er Cxu�r, n„eÀa va�lÀnor. lavego-

ren da com gural™, karik dasin

co xiTnor. vux dor, alicnoer

dik, lapigo leƒla�n˜ dir Tetana

va�lÀnor. Cu�renda fstu�n˜ �iq-

nor, �uRral™: vux Tegdo, naxax

cu� �efxeT´™?!

qorwili damTavrda. Cxori

Sin wasula. muxlebamde Tovli da-

debula (mosula) im Rames. gayi-

nul oTaxSi Rvinisgan gamTbar

Cxors dauZinia moSorebiT, login-

Si ki avadmyofi coli tiroda

Turme. mas Raribi qmris jibeSi Ca-

uyvia (xeli), rodesac oqro ver

(ar) ipova, cremlebis Sekaveba ver

SeZlo. diliT colis tirilisgan

gaRviZebia Cxoris, magram ra eTqva!

Tavisi danaSauli aSkara iyo (win

idga)! ra hqvia Cvens cxovrebas, Se-

Sa ara gvaqvs cecxlis dasanTebad,

usityvod amdgara Cxori, gareT ga-

sula. Tovlisgan araferi Canda,

fiCxi SeSac ver ipova. ras izamda,

auRia culi, kibis gamoSverili

diris Wras Sedgomia. Sinidan

cols uyviria, uRrialia: ras ake-

Teb, xalxis ara grcxvenia?!

119

leqsebileqsebileqsebileqsebi

**** **** ****

�arWiC™ �amura guvalÀur

don, dafxarx bilobi�eno,

gagu� v…�xval en, voalo!

son dalla Cqerbadbieno.

**** **** ****

Sav RameSi gamoCndeboda

cxeni, oflad daRvrili (oflSi nabanebi),

muxlebi mogtydes (Cagengres) netav,

Sen (Seni), biWuna!

CemTvis gametebuli!

**** **** ****

dolaT, maxkar, ixoT va�,

daxna vaSbar laxvoT va�,

qone RaWbi ecoT va�,

lomreC naymaq oT´uT va�,

baxtriln™ temaq dalÀuT va�,

osi Cua T�uT (xabJoT) va�,

kawkon bakal ƒaloT va�,

wye-Saw garmon ToxoT va�,

RaziS leTxan daRoT va�!

**** **** ****

modiT, gogonebo, viaroT (wavideT),

saqoneli erTad gavrekoT.

xelSi joxebi aviRoT,

mTebis gzas gavudgeT!

baxtrionis serze avideT,

iq davisvenoT (davsxdeT),

erTi (cota) lukma SevWamoT,

erTi-orjer garmoni davukraT,

kargad vicekvoT!

**** **** ****

va� labwino gogri e‡

t„akuRa �erwa�alino,

va�a deficino daxen doS

du�tyCoa xitandalino.

va�a ledieno kik-bubuk

qerigo maxna dalÀino!

**** **** ****

Cven rom vTamaSobdiT, is

Cveni (naTamaSebi) mrgvali mindori

talaxad qceula,

Cveni naTqvami (moyolili) grZeli sityva

wvril adilas (wvrilSi) gamwydara.

Cveni dakrefili mZiv-yvavili

naqeralasTan qarisTvis gagvitanebia

(migvicia).

120

**** **** ****

sagar baRo sag-saga�no,

winus �aRo JRar-JRara�no,

nefe vaRo tyar-tyara�no!

Cawerilia axmetis raionis sofel zemo

alvanSi 1962-63 w.w. mTqmeli _

bacbi (wova-TuSi) giorgi maCabli-

Svili (ma�Cran giu�rg˜), 50-51

wlisa.

**** **** ****

sagoravi qva modis raxraxiT,

patarZali modis JRarun-JRaruniT,

mefe modis medidurad!

**** **** ****

badri fe afsdinas, obi

uln™ dexnor. oSti‡ mindri

derwin.

SilReC™ deni qaliq daxen. obi

Telvi dadixCe aga-bab™ adaxke.

ƒo-d„iv deni vuma‡ axmit daxe.

2008 w.

**** **** ****

baSvebi sofelSi gavagzavne, isini tyeSi

wasulan. isev mindorSi dabrundnen.

meore dRes qalaqSi gaemgzavrnen. maTi

CasvlisTanave bebia-babuac Camovidnen.

sam-oTx dReSi yvelani axmetaSi wavidnen.

**** **** ****

molecin ca stak vaxen. mol,

va�n babu�n bab™ men var? xet´™

stakov. adam-pa�sxabadien molas.

va� agen ag-ge? _ ev. a va� naTesvi

ban™-ba va�. a, a a� qonben ca

day son dewe dal½an! daqin da _

al½ine molas �arWin taTeb daa

paptdien. mol, e vux da? dinC™

**** **** ****

molasTan erTi kaci wavida. mola, Cveni

babuis babua vin iyo? ekiTxeba kaci. adami

_ upasuxa molam. Cveni bebiis bebia? _

eva. maS, Cven naTesavebi vyofilvar _

(varT Cven). maS, Sen Seni qonebis erTi

nawili me unda momce! kargi (aris) _ upa-

suxa molam da Savi fuli gauwoda. mola,

es ra aris? mTeli Seni qonebidan mxolod

es Savi fuli argune Sens naTesavs?

121

en qonbeloren daCo e �arWin

taTebi ƒaCdina ha�n naTesven?

_ daat! coek e ƒeC™

naTesvin xa�wCe, on i �arWin

taTeba co ƒa�Cš!

Cawerilia zemo alvanSi 2008-2009 w.w.

mTqmeli _ mamulaSvili ciuri, 64

wlisa.

_ gaCumdi! Torem es sxva naTesavebma

rom gaigon, Sen es Savi fulic ar gergeba!

a v t o r i ioseb longiSviliioseb longiSviliioseb longiSviliioseb longiSvili (bacbi _ wova-TuSi)

tbaTnirna zurit vaxaratbaTnirna zurit vaxaratbaTnirna zurit vaxaratbaTnirna zurit vaxara

tbaTanidan zurotbaTanidan zurotbaTanidan zurotbaTanidan zuros gorze wasvlas gorze wasvlas gorze wasvlas gorze wasvla

madel mo‡ baral wye tyo‡a

tbaTnirna zurit vaxana;

nayaa alxakvalinCov

wyaru� xia mal½ana.

madli iqneboda erTxed kidev

tbaTanidan zuros gorze wasvla.

gzaze mowyurebulis mier

wyaros wylis daleva.

quC-xerbiloCu TivenCov

kawkon RiRina al½ana;

nayre-nay marwyo bayoSa

SavsofleRa alvaxana.

buCq-xeebSi svenebiT

mcire RiRini;

gzadagza marwyvis WamiT

SavsofelSi asvla.

Rarmaqan kaprSaT soƒefsu�n

veZena xia mal½ara.

guben laxSurna eT´-eT´iS

zurita daguval½ana.

Rarebze yviTlad (kapraSad) amoxeTqili

veZinis wylis daleva,

gubis qvemodan sveneb-svenebiT

zuros goraze gasvla.

122

lu�ngRarin ivseb ve‡enen,

naxae n„a dal½ara;

mo vao, RaziS cu� vau�n?

bacban fsteiva al½ana.

longianT iosebi movidao,

xalxis gareT gamosvla;

rogor xar, kargad ar xaro?

bacbi qalebis SekiTxva.

qorT CuboS oTxi Cuvaxan,

CamliSa meƒa �ayana.

weni gogxirna xawana

kawkeC badrana yayana.

Tavis CaRunviT oTaxSi Sesvla,

gemrielad puris Wama.

saxlis garSemo mosmena

patara bavSvebis Jriamulisa.

veSgurRar Silos kecmaqa

kalten daTxura Tagbana.

mWedluran natos w„erqona

daT´neren cua qakbara.

veSgurianT Silos kecze

xaWos xaviwis gakeTeba.

mWedlianT natos mier swrafad

erboiani qumlis mozela.

baZran Tamrosa laWy-laWyoS

aryelen boTl Cu�a‡ara.

lemzraT ToxinCon garmonmaq

ca-Si moƒ aloalÀana.

baZoanT Tamros mier malva-malviT

aryiani boTlis Semotana.

lamazad dakrul garmonze

erTi-orjer damRereba.

RaziS gunebaq oT´eno

oSti‡ tbaTin davaxara.

magram co xawic dalena

ivseben dakin al½ara.

1998 w.

karg gunebaze damdgaris

isev tbaTanaSi wasvla.

magram ar esmis RmerTsa

iosebis gulisTqma.

123

baRbaRbaRbaR----bostabostabostabostannnn morwyadar morwyadar morwyadar morwyadar baRbaRbaRbaR----bostnis morwyvabostnis morwyvabostnis morwyvabostnis morwyva

qoT´de�ln baR-bostan morwyadan

alovolvelnas �urdena,

du�relun xia daxiTnas

zore�S qoT´balinC gulbena.

daRonebuli baR-bostnis morwyva

daviwye diliT,

Tavidan wyali mivuSvi

Zalian daRonebul gulabze.

ƒen xi daxiTnas kat-ketkoS

Wermen, msxalena, ƒorena,

xix W„aRoS dawyafadbalin

prowlen lamzura ƒo xenna.

Semdeg wyali mivuSvi nel-nela

Weramze, msxalsa da vaSlze.

wyals Zlier dawafebula

broweulis lamazi xeca.

alawamdalin w„erqona,

Zire xi oT´en qliava,

alo baxiTen totigu�

laSxurna fSelin niava.

gaiRviZa uceb (yvelam).

ZirSi wyali Caudga qliavs,

auSva zemoT totebisken

qvemodan civi niavi.

alo owbalin laƒiS-ka‡

Wigox ƒeT´bisen lebiva.

CqerbalaS almorwyadalin

atman gogrina xenbia.

odnav zemoT aiwia

Wigos mokidebulma lobiom,

uxvad moirwya mTlianad

atmis da gogris xeebi.

kitrov, kombostov, badrijnev

dakreSa xia mal½ena,

xaxu�n kvalaxa fSelin xi

ZarRvax wigsana lalena.

kitrma, kombostom, badrijanma

wyali gulianad (gulianad wyali) dalies.

xaxvis kvlebSi civma wyalma

ZarRvebSi sisxliviT gaiara.

124

alawam�alin◦ fsarlu�nen◦

�urden CuToin nakveTa.

malvalis, alo macvalis◦,

fstu�nCov kecmaq daT´ katleta.

gaiRviZa saRamos(ken)

diliT mZinare nakveTma.

daviRale, momSivda kide,

coli katlets kecze miwvavs.

cervel½nas, xia axicnas,

aldexnas dani‡ ficria.

qoT´�alin nakveT enne�ec!

oƒu�n xil½ala inc xia.

2000 w.

movrCi, wyalic gavuSvi,

amoviRe sul mTeli (yvela ) ficrebi.

daRonebuli nakveTebi sxvebic xom aris!

maT miuvides (maTTvisac iyos) axla wyali.

125

bacburbacburbacburbacbur-qarTuli leqsikoniqarTuli leqsikoniqarTuli leqsikoniqarTuli leqsikoni

aaaa

abarabarabarabar grdm. kerva

abuabuabuabu˜̃̃̃nnnn˜̃̃̃, abaabaabaabannnndewindewindewindewin˜̃̃̃ Sesakeri

agagagag�, d bebia

aguraguraguragur ��, � àguri~

admiaadmiaadmiaadmiannnn d d adamiani

admianReadmianReadmianReadmianRennnn, admienReadmienReadmienReadmienRennnn àdamianuri~

dddd-avavavav-dddd-arararar grdm. 1. kvla, xocva, 2. dakargva

avRriavRriavRriavRri �� aRviri

avSriavSriavSriavSri � mr.

azazazazöööörrrr Zv. àTasi~

aTar aTar aTar aTar grdm. nayva; begva

aTasaTasaTasaTas àTasi~

aTu�naTu�naTu�naTu�n˜̃̃̃ 1. dasanayi (nigozi...). 2. mnayveli

aTwaTwaTwaTwiiii daunayveli

a�Ta‡a�Ta‡a�Ta‡a�Ta‡™™™™ d d naTlia

a�mrika�mrika�mrika�mrik adadadad mitkali

a�prel a�prel a�prel a�prel b. aprili

a�rqela�rqela�rqela�rqel v b egzarxosi

a�ra�ra�ra�r½½½½llll bbbb dddd yoCi, erkemali

a�a�a�a�ttttnononono d d siCume

atatatat ´́́́vevevevennnn bednieri, iRbliani

a�ya�ya�ya�y˜̃̃̃ b i sipi qva

akarakarakarakar 1. cvena; 2. danTeba

a�a�a�a�xxxxnnnn££££ moxnuli, naxnavi

a�a�a�a�˜̃̃̃ d nawlavi, weli

126

akakakak-dddd-ar ar ar ar grdm. 1. Camoyra; TrTola, kankali- 3. anTeba

akvaakvaakvaakvannnn d d akvani

akidakidakidakid™™™™ d d Wido (yurZnisa)

dalardalardalardalar grduv. gardacvaleba

alaralaralaralar grdm. Tqma

ambu�ambu�ambu�ambu� � mr. ambavi

angelozangelozangelozangeloz d angelozid-ani‡ yvela, yvelaferi

anwanwanwanw d d anwli

apyarbasiapyarbasiapyarbasiapyarbasinnnn nacrisferi

arkearkearkearkennnn mkvaxe

arkum arkum arkum arkum d mxali

arlararlararlararlar grdm. lewva

arliarliarliarlinnnn marcxena

dddd-arstarstarstarst-dddd-arararar grdm. gasuqeba

artaxartaxartaxartax d d artaxi

aaaastistististinnnn � � xeleCo, eCo

asasasasa‡a‡a‡a‡™™™™ d d dekeuli

assassassass———— d d xbo

asasasas ´́́́™™™™ � � Tasma

ataratarataratar grduv. gaCumeba

afuSafuSafuSafuS b d tyuili, sicrue

aRriaRriaRriaRri � mr. aRviri

afeafeafeafennnn mwvane

auauauaušššš d xvela

ayarayarayarayar grdm. gayofa

axaxaxax naxevari

axaraxaraxaraxar grdm. xvna

ööööCarCarCarCar grdm. mityepa, mibegva

127

axaxaxax-dddd-arararar motyueba

axkaraxkaraxkaraxkar bma grdm. 1. dabma; 2. Txra; 3. grduv. bma.

ahahahah ´́́́arararar grdm. 1. parva; 2. fqva

aaaa, aaaa™™™™ zmns. qveviT

aƒaƒaƒaƒ, aƒ aƒ aƒ aƒ———— d d nadiri

öööösarebsarebsarebsareb aRsareba

bbbb

bag bag bag bag b d baga (patara venaxi)

baderbaderbaderbader d d `bavSvi~

baderdarbaderdarbaderdarbaderdar Soba

badbadbadbad™™™™ v b; � d oboli

badrewibadrewibadrewibadrewinnnn `uSvilo~

baz baz baz baz d d samarile

baTbaTbaTbaT ´́́́win win win win umTvaro (Rame)

baiylabaiylabaiylabaiylaØ™Ø™Ø™Ø™ bayila, norCi xe

ba�Waba�Waba�Waba�WaØ™Ø™Ø™Ø™ d d `baWia~

bbbb––––kalkalkalkal b d lukma

bakbakbakbak-dddd-arararar dawva

bbbbaaaalkolkolkolkonnnn b d aivani

barkal barkal barkal barkal b d kvirti (uvargisi matyli); naWeri

bbbbaaaarlim rlim rlim rlim b d barnela rZis sadRvebi joxi

barodbarodbarodbarod-dddd-arararar grdm. dabarva

barbarbarbar½½½½llll rva

bbbbaaaatatatatannnn b d iataki (miwis, Tixis)

batrbatrbatrbatr � d tuCi

baqbaqbaqbaq b � piri

128

baqaddarbaqaddarbaqaddarbaqaddar grdm. lanZRva

baqaraxabaqaraxabaqaraxabaqaraxašššš d d sagobi

baye‡baye‡baye‡baye‡ marTali, namdvili

baybaybaybay™™™™ d d kvici

bbbbööööSarSarSarSar � unari

baStbaStbaStbaSt b d gomuri

bbbbööööSforTSforTSforTSforT d d pasporti

bacabacabacabaca � mTa-TuSeTSi wova-TuSebis sacxovrebeli adgilis saxelwodeba

b‰xb‰xb‰xb‰x didari

bajbajbajbaj v b qvisli

baƒobaƒobaƒobaƒonnnn didi

bedbedbedbed calke

beTbeTbeTbeT ´́́́TarTarTarTar b d mewveli cxvari, Zroxa...

be�ba‡be�ba‡be�ba‡be�ba‡™™™™ � d bebia qali

bejbejbejbej � � Tma

biZza�biZza�biZza�biZza� � d bicola

bebebebennnn b d bude

bbbblllluvuvuvuv v b; � d munji

bobobobo b d niori

boTxboTxboTxboTx b d saqme (ZiriTadad qalisa)

bbbboooo�t�t�t�t˜̃̃̃ d d boti

borS borS borS borS d d mozveri

bosbosbosbos d feri

borcborcborcborc b d fetvi

botbotbotbot b d comi

bbbboooot t t t umi, mouxarSavi an naklebad moxarSuli

bbbb££££RurRurRurRur b d palo

bohbohbohboh ´́́́ d d cikani

bragbragbragbrag d d weraqvi Zv.

129

bubukbubukbubukbubuk d d yvavili

buTbuTbuTbuT ´́́́ b d 1. mTvare. 2. Tve.

bu�bu�bu�bu� b � 1. muSti. 2. muWa, peSvi.

bu�ReSbu�ReSbu�ReSbu�ReS ucxo enaze

bu�hbu�hbu�hbu�h d d bu

bulaybulaybulaybulay b d Wa

bunagbunagbunagbunag d d WurWeli

buybuybuybuy b d weli

bucbucbucbuc � balaxi

bbbbuuuuxxxx 1. Ziri, fskeri; 2. naZirali

bubububuhhhh ´́́́ b Cxubi, omi

b„ab„ab„ab„annnn b d wveri

b„akab„akab„akab„akannnn � � guda

b„arkb„arkb„arkb„ark b � Tvali

b„b„b„b„arkiwiarkiwiarkiwiarkiwinnnn brma

b„arweb„arweb„arweb„arwennnn ix. b„arkiwin

b„arwob„arwob„arwob„arwonnnn d d jori

b„okb„okb„okb„ok b d vaci

babbabbabbab™™™™vvvv b papa, babua

gggg

gagagagagagagagannnn � � kvercxi

ggggaaaaga‡ga‡ga‡ga‡™™™™ d d 1. muceli; 2. kuWi

gavgavgavgav d d Sulo

gazagazagazagazannnn b d Txa

galgalgalgal � � aryis xe

galagalagalagalannnn � � gunda

gamgamgamgam-dddd-arararar gamrudeba

130

gargegargegargegarge axlos

garfgarfgarfgarf � � SeWamadi, xarSo, salafavi

ga…g…ga…g…ga…g…ga…g… b � muxli

gaƒinodgaƒinodgaƒinodgaƒinod-dddd-arararar grdm. gaWedva, gaglesa

girgamgirgamgirgamgirgam b d gvirgvini

goggoggoggog™™™™ b d 1. rgoli; 2. wre

gogrigogrigogrigogrinnnn mrgvali

golgolgolgol � � fiWi

gogogogonnnn � � Wkua, goneba

gorCgorCgorCgorC � � filTaqva

guga‡guga‡guga‡guga‡ � � Tojina

guTaguTaguTaguTannnn � � guTani

gulgulgulgul � � gunda (damrgvalebuli comi...).

gurgurgurgurgurgurgurgur d grgvinva, guguni

dddd

daddaddaddad v b 1. mama; 2. d d patroni

dadadadadadadadannnn mamapapiseuli (qoneba, Cveuleba)

dadbuydadbuydadbuydadbuy b STamomavloba

dadvaSdadvaSdadvaSdadvaS™™™™ v b biZa (mamis Zma)

dadidadidadidadi mama-papani, winaprebi q.

daddaddaddad-nannannannan d mSoblebi, ded-mama

dadoldardadoldardadoldardadoldar patronoba

dazepaddazepaddazepaddazepad-dddd-arararar mZimed datvirTva

dabadabadabadabaRRRR d d yabaxi

daTdaTdaTdaT ´́́́eeeennnn d d erbo

daTxurdaTxurdaTxurdaTxur b d xaviwi (erboSi moSuSuli xaWo an fqvili)

dakardakardakardakar-dddd-arararar grdm. daTvla

131

daklavardaklavardaklavardaklavar 1. fiqri; 2. grduv. dafiqreba.

daklidaklidaklidaklinnnn guladi

daldaldaldal, daldaldaldal———— v RmerTi

ddddaaaallllocaddarocaddarocaddarocaddar dalocva

dalu�dalu�dalu�dalu� d mr. safuari

ddddaaaaJJJJarararar d d saZovari balaxi, moli

dardaxardardaxardardaxardardaxar, dardaƒardardaƒardardaƒardardaƒar grdm. daniSvna (qal-vaJisa)

darvadarvadarvadarva � � patara ru

darjikdarjikdarjikdarjik d d xinklis guli

daqeqaddaqeqaddaqeqaddaqeqad-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. ganZreva

daqidaqidaqidaqinnnn Zv. kargi

daydaydayday d d 1. wili, xvedri

dayardayardayardayar d d saWmeli, sanovage

daymaldaymaldaymaldaymalÀÀÀÀarararar d d saWmel-sasmeli

daydaydayday{™™™™} d d cxedari

daSmattlidaSmattlidaSmattlidaSmattlinnnn enamWevri, enawyliani

daZmdaZmdaZmdaZm d d naTesavi

daxe‡daxe‡daxe‡daxe‡; daxdaxdaxdax amitom, imitom

daxkdaxkdaxkdaxk™™™™ b d Tagvi

daxndaxndaxndaxn———— d d saqoneli

dededede d d dRe

debu�svadebu�svadebu�svadebu�sva d d dRe-Rame

de�nde�nde�nde�n˜̃̃̃, d‹nd‹nd‹nd‹n˜̃̃̃ 1. cocxali; 2. saRi, mTeli

dekardekardekardekar-dddd-arararar Tvla

deni‡deni‡deni‡deni‡ mTlad, sruliad

deRdeRdeRdeR d d tani

deRlideRlideRlideRlinnnn tanadi

dedededennnn-dddd-arararar, dendendenden-dddd-arararar grdm. morCena, gamTeleba

dibdibdibdib b fici

132

divdivdivdiv{————} iqiT

dikdikdikdik d d culi

dokdokdokdok d d guli

donyuz (xarixa (risame gadasaRobad gadebuli joxi)

dosdosdosdos d SeSa

doSdoSdoSdoS d d sityva

doxkdoxkdoxkdoxk d d Rrubeli

dodododoaaaa � � gazafxuli

dodododoqotqotqotqot™™™™ d d prisaxe

duriduriduridurinnnn mlaSe

durkdurkdurkdurk d d kasri

durdurdurdur nabadi

dustardustardustardustar d d sazomi

duxkaduxkaduxkaduxkannnn d d sartyeli (qalisa, ganieri, naqsovi)

duƒduƒduƒduƒ bevri, mravali

eeee

eeeennnn d d Crdili, grilo

dddd-ebJarebJarebJarebJar grduv. waqceva, vardna.

ebwarebwarebwarebwar, epwarepwarepwarepwar1 grdm. 1. gaweva; 2. wvela

ebwarebwarebwarebwar, epwarepwarepwarepwar2 grdm. wona (wonis)

egaregaregaregar grduv. Careva, Sereva

eeeevvvv-dddd-arararar grdm. 1. aReba; 2. yidva

dddd-eTeTeTeT ´́́́dddd-alaralaralaralar2 grduv. farTxali, Zgera.

dddd-eTeTeTeT ´́́́arararar grdm. wvela

{{{{eeee}}}}�rTva�rTva�rTva�rTvannnn''''aaaa�rTva�rTva�rTva�rTvannnn blomad, mravlad

dddd-elarelarelarelar sicili

dddd-eptareptareptareptar grdm. ylapva, sr. d-optar.

133

dddd-erwarerwarerwarerwar grduv. mobruneba, mibruneba, dabrundeba; datrialeba. usr. erwar

esevesevesevesev———— aqeT, aqeTken

dddd-estarestarestarestar grduv. dasiveba

etaretaretaretar grduv. gaskdoma, gabzarva

eeeetttt ´́́́iTariTariTariTar grdm. Rebineba

dddd-efsarefsarefsarefsar grduv. gaberva

dddd-efSarefSarefSarefSar grduv. dafSvna, dafxvna

dddd-efcarefcarefcarefcar grdm. 1. dawvna; 2. moyola

dddd-efxefxefxefx-dddd-alaralaralaralar gacxeleba, gaTboba

dddd-eqareqareqareqar grdm. Zaxili, yvirili

dddd-eyareyareyareyar grdm. gayofa

eSareSareSareSar grduv. kleba

dddd-eSareSareSareSar grdm. dapireba

ecececec-dddd-alaralaralaralar frena

ecarecarecarecar grdm. 1. aReba, miReba; 2. yidva

dddd-ewarewarewarewar grduv. siyvaruli

dewardewardewardewar d d satrfo, sayvareli

dddd-eWareWareWareWar grdm. CeCva

dddd-exarexarexarexar Txovna

dddd-exexexex-dddd-arararar ngreva, Sla

exkarexkarexkarexkar grdm. Txra

ehaTehaTehaTehaT———— maSin

dddd-eeeeaaaarrrr grdm. moparva

e‡e‡e‡e‡ � � mindori

134

vvvv

vavavavaddddoooonnnn 1. mavne, mawyinari; 2. mkacri, ukmexi

va�ReSva�ReSva�ReSva�ReS Cveneburad (wova-TuSurad)

vastvastvastvast d d seri

vaSvavaSvavaSvavaSvannnn, vaSbavaSbavaSbavaSbannnn erTmaneTi

vevevevennnn d d Rvino

venqmeƒvenqmeƒvenqmeƒvenqmeƒ purmarili (Rvino-puri)

vaSvaSvaSvaS™™™™ v b Zma

vedrvedrvedrvedr d d vedro

venaƒvenaƒvenaƒvenaƒ � � venaxi

viryanWviryanWviryanWviryanW WriWina, kalia

vTvTvTvT v b vaJi

vuma‡ vuma‡ vuma‡ vuma‡ yvela, yvelaferi

vuvuvuvunnnn ratom?

vuxvuxvuxvux???? ra?

v„ala‡v„ala‡v„ala‡v„ala‡ sruliad

zzzz

zarzarzarzar d d lasti

zarozarozarozaro mocxari (roWos yurZeni)

zayzayzayzay ´́́́ d d bzari

zorazorazorazorannnn guladi, uSiSari; mkacri

zosterzosterzosterzoster qamari

zoqzoqzoqzoq � � niskarti

zrinadzrinadzrinadzrinad-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. zmuili

zzzzoqoqoqoq � � niskarti

135

TTTT

TaTaTaTabwbwbwbw d d Subi

TagTagTagTag-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. gakeTeba; galamazeba

TaTaTaTaTaTaTaTannnn � � xmauri, xma

Ta�lziTa�lziTa�lziTa�lzi d mr. xurjini

TakarTakarTakarTakar grdm. dakereba

TarsarTarsarTarsarTarsar grduv. Wixvini

TarqTarqTarqTarq-dddd-arararar darweva

TarlTarlTarlTarl½½½½-dddd-arararar 1. mimsgavseba; morgeba

TasTasTasTasarararar grdm. dagdeba, Cagdeba

TaTaTaTaššššbbbbšššš d d Wedila

TebarTebarTebarTebar grdm. Tqma, Txroba

TetarTetarTetarTetar grdm. 1. Wra; 2. mka

TetinTetinTetinTetin™™™™ 1. moWrili; 2. daWrili

Tetu�nTetu�nTetu�nTetu�n˜̃̃̃ mWreli

TefTefTefTef � � borcvi

TefsarTefsarTefsarTefsar grdm. dagdeba, Camogdeba

TeyarTeyarTeyarTeyar grduv. xvewna, vedreba

TeSarTeSarTeSarTeSar grduv. dajereba

TeZTeZTeZTeZ-CavjiCavjiCavjiCavji barZayi

TewTewTewTew-dddd-arararar grdm. swavleba, miswavleba

TeƒarTeƒarTeƒarTeƒar grduv. Treva cocva

TivarTivarTivarTivar grduv. dasveneba; damSvideba

TilTilTilTil ´́́́arararar grdm. (saxelis) darqmeva

TiSiTiSiTiSiTiSinnnn Zveli, adrindeli

TolTolTolTol d d derefani

TolarTolarTolarTolar grduv. moreva, damarcxeba

ToxarToxarToxarToxar grdm. 1. cema; 2. dakvra

136

TohTohTohToh ´́́́ar ar ar ar grduv. Zili

Tu�xTu�xTu�xTu�x˜̃̃̃ d d marili

TurTurTurTur d d xmali

TursTursTursTurs uzani (xea)

iiii

dddd-iiiivarvarvarvar 1. Tesva; 2. rgva

dddd-iTiTiTiT ´́́́arararar grdm. recxva

dddd-iiiiTTTT ´́́́u�u�u�u�nnnn˜̃̃̃ 1. mrecxavi; 2. {ga}sarecxi

dddd-ikarikarikarikar grdm. wayvana; garekva

isisisis eg, ege

dddd-isarisarisarisar grduv. darCena

isevaisevaisevaiseva � � 1. saaqao; 2. aqauroba

iseiseiseise � � aq{a}

iskampiskampiskampiskamp b d wkipurti

isaisaisaisa cxra

itaritaritaritar �itaritaritaritar grduv. rbena, sirbili

itititit ´́́́ aTi

iSiSiSiS � � xma, hangi

dddd-iSiSiSiS-dddd-arararar daxeTqveba, dartyma

iStiStiStiSt ase, agre

iStuiStuiStuiStunnnn aseTi

ixarixarixarixar grduv. svla, dena

137

��

�al�al�al�al½½½½arararar grduv. SeZlebis, Zalis qona.

�aS�aS�aS�aS™™™™ � d da

�eg�eg�eg�eg d d ludi

�eT�eT�eT�eT ´́́́ b b Zroxa

�exk�exk�exk�exk � � savarcxeli

�obst�obst�obst�obst, �ofst�ofst�ofst�ofst � � miwa

�ol�ol�ol�ol � � Tiva

�opy�opy�opy�opy � � nacari

�ofx�ofx�ofx�ofx � sicxe, siTbo

ioioioio � d qali, qaliSvili

�ub�ub�ub�ub � � sadgisi

�uy�uy�uy�uy � � weli

�u�u�u�u � � saxe, pirisaxe

�„e‡�„e‡�„e‡�„e‡ � � tari; TiTistari

kkkk

kavkavkavkav d d xorbali

kaTaTvkaTaTvkaTaTvkaTaTv b d mkaTaTve

kalavkalavkalavkalav v b mklavi

kkkkalaxalaxalaxalax � � bexreki

kaltkaltkaltkalt � � xaWo

kamarkamarkamarkamar 1. grduv. qavili; 2. d d muni

kkkk ´́́́ararararkkkkara‡ara‡ara‡ara‡™™™™ d � yba

karCarkarCarkarCarkarCar grduv. gagoreba

karcxilkarcxilkarcxilkarcxil d d rcxila

katkatkatkat-dddd-arararar grdm. darbileba

138

katekatekatekatennnn rbili, Cvili

katkoSkatkoSkatkoSkatkoS, katkuSkatkuSkatkuSkatkuS nela, Cumad

kaSkaSkaSkaSkaSkaSkaSkaS kiskisi

kaZakkaZakkaZakkaZak, , , , kaZikaZikaZikaZikkkk cota

kawkawkawkaw———— d d lekvi

keskeskeskes sipi (qva)

keW�axarkeW�axarkeW�axarkeW�axar grdm. aduReba

kikelkikelkikelkikel qveS

kokkokkokkok � � tyapuWi

korkorkorkor b naxSiri

kotarkotarkotarkotar grduv. mobezreba

kotorkotorkotorkotor � � qada

kurkurkurkur d kvamli

kurbungalkurbungalkurbungalkurbungal b d korianteli `bolomtveri~

kurkkurkkurkkurk™™™™ � � rko

kuWkuWkuWkuW b d gorakis Tavi, mTis wveri, 2. grova

k„avek„avek„avek„avennnn koWli

k„akk„akk„akk„ak b� qusli

k„akamk„akamk„akamk„akam b d abedi

llll

labJarlabJarlabJarlabJar grduv. dasxltoma, fexis dacurva

lbwarlbwarlbwarlbwar grduv. TamaSi

lagazlagazlagazlagaz � � mocvi

lavlavlavlav d d Tovli

lavarlavarlavarlavar 1. daZaxeba; 2. gamolaparakeba

laTarlaTarlaTarlaTar 1. mikvra, miwebeba; 2. daWideba, waWideba

laTlaTlaTlaT ´́́́ d d nagavi

139

laTlaTlaTlaT ´́́́arararar grduv. dgoma

lalarlalarlalarlalar grduv. davla, Semovla

lamlamlamlam b d mTa 2. bca

lmlmlmlm™™™™ � zeg

laplaplaplap b d kibe

lara‡lara‡lara‡lara‡ ukve, uceb

larklarklarklark d � yuri

larkarlarkarlarkarlarkar grdm. gakreWa

lardarlardarlardarlardar grdm. CamoTvla

lasarlasarlasarlasar grdm. gacra

lastlastlastlast-dddd-arararar gaqneva

latarlatarlatarlatar grduv. Svela, daxmareba

lafsarlafsarlafsarlafsar grduv. gaSroba

lacarlacarlacarlacar grdm. daWera

lawarlawarlawarlawar 1. grduv. tkivili; 2. d d tkivili

laWylaWylaWylaWy-dddd-arararar damalva

laxarlaxarlaxarlaxar grdm. moZebna

laxkarlaxkarlaxkarlaxkar grdm. garekva

laxulaxulaxulaxunnnn dabali; mdare

la‡arla‡arla‡arla‡ar grduv. survili, mowadineba

lahlahlahlah ´́́́ b d gveli

laƒe�Slaƒe�Slaƒe�Slaƒe�S˜̃̃̃ maRla, aRma

lelelele an, anu

lelarlelarlelarlelar grduv. siaruli

lekarlekarlekarlekar kreWa, parsva

lesarlesarlesarlesar grdm. cra

lefsarlefsarlefsarlefsar grduv. Sroba

lelelele-dddd-rrrr krefa; Segroveba

140

lelelelearararar dabraleba

lolololo, lalalalašššššššš 1. Sesatanebeli; 2. xaWo

mmmm

ma�Txama�Txama�Txama�Txa � samzeo, qveyana

ma�ma�ma�ma�˜̃̃̃ � � puri

ma�xma�xma�xma�x-dddd-arararar dafaseba

makarmakarmakarmakar grduv. SeZleba

malimalimalimalinnnn Tbili

malmalmalmal½½½½arararar 1. grdm. Sesma, daleva; 2. d d sasmeli

maJmaJmaJmaJ-dddd-arararar grdm. moSveba, darbileba

maJdarmaJdarmaJdarmaJdar b mWadis fqvili

mmmmaJuaJuaJuaJunnnn rbili

marmarmarmar v b qmari

marlmarlmarlmarlØ™Ø™Ø™Ø™ b d cxviri

marSolmarSolmarSolmarSol � mSvidoba

masTxovmasTxovmasTxovmasTxov v b; d d mteri

matematematematennnn mwife

maqremaqremaqremaqren n n n zed

maSmaSmaSmaSöööö � � sinaTle

maSmaSmaSmaS———— b d Sali

macmacmacmac-dddd-arararar damSeva

macamacamacamacannnn rodis

mawmawmawmaw b d tili

mawrimawrimawrimawrinnnn tkbili

maWmaWmaWmaW � � ulvaSi

maxmaxmaxmax b d fasi

m‰xm‰xm‰xm‰x b d nemsi

141

maxkmaxkmaxkmaxk-dddd-arararar daRvra, dafantva

mamamama b d iabo

memememennnn 1. vin; 2. zogi

mercarmercarmercarmercar grdm. trusva

meyarmeyarmeyarmeyar grduv. darCena

meƒmeƒmeƒmeƒ b d taxti

milmilmilmil-dddd-arararar Seciveba

m‹Cm‹Cm‹Cm‹C sad? saiT?

moTmoTmoTmoT ´́́́ b d logini

moTmoTmoTmoT ´́́́arararar grduv. miCneva

mowmowmowmow d Tafli

moxmoxmoxmox b d qari

moxkmoxkmoxkmoxk1 b miwa, dedamiwa

moxkmoxkmoxkmoxk2 d d fili, rodini

moƒmoƒmoƒmoƒ b d simRera

momomomo, mumumumu nawlavi (gamxmari)

mu�tmu�tmu�tmu�t˜̃̃̃ b d WuWyi, usufTaoba

murjimurjimurjimurjinnnn mRvrie

muRmuRmuRmuR � � kudi

muymuymuymuy b d tari, vada

mumumumu b d tvirTi

m„a�rm„a�rm„a�rm„a�r˜̃̃̃ b� frCxili

m„alm„alm„alm„al———— saziaro, saerTo

m„m„m„m„a‡a‡a‡a‡™™™™ � � rqa

142

nnnn

nannannannan � d deda

nannannannaneeeeSSSS™™™™ � d deida

nanvaSnanvaSnanvaSnanvaS™™™™ v b dedis Zma, biZa

naJtarnaJtarnaJtarnaJtar � � bina (adamianisa, saqonlisa)

nastnastnastnast Zlivs, Znelad

nanananatya�rtya�rtya�rtya�r˜̃̃̃ � Cirqi, wirpli

naybistnaybistnaybistnaybist v b; � d; d d amxanagi

naxnaxnaxnax d xalxi

naƒnaƒnaƒnaƒ b d xaxa, sasa

neTxineTxineTxineTxinnnn Txeli

neknekneknek d d dana

nitnitnitnit ´́́́ b d WinWari

nifsornifsornifsornifsor toli

niyniyniyniy bb; b d gza

nnnn¢¢¢¢wywywywy b Zala, Rone

oooo

oToToToT ´́́́arararar grduv. dadgoma, gaCereba

o�so�so�so�s, u�s u�s u�s u�s iq

o�Sto�Sto�Sto�St, u�Stu�Stu�Stu�St ise

olokolokolokolok � � idayvi

dddd-oJaroJaroJaroJar grduv. waqceva

orkulorkulorkulorkul d d gorgali

dddd-otarotarotarotar grduv. wasvla

otarotarotarotar grdm. dageba, dafena

dddd-ofxarofxarofxarofxar grdm. Cacma

143

dddd-owarowarowarowar grdm. mibma

dddd-ŒxkarŒxkarŒxkarŒxkar gayidva, miyidva

ohohohoh ´́́́ nawlavi

o‡o‡o‡o‡ b d marcvali

pppp

paipaipaipai b d kocna, ambori

palpalpalpal™™™™ dReidan mexuTe dRe

paraskparaskparaskparask d d paraskevi

pepelpepelpepelpepel d d Rili

pirpirpirpir b d fara

obobobob b d sadgomi

JJJJ

JabJabJabJab™™™™ kreb. Zroxa

JaJaJaJaggggnnnn d d wigni, werili

JeJeJeJe d d kreb. cxvari

JerJerJerJer™™™™ � d; v b qvrivi (qali, kaci)

JiJiJiJinnnn b d Tirkmeli

JomeJomeJomeJomennnn mcire, patara

JorJdarJorJdarJorJdarJorJdar grdm. faTuri

rrrr

raRraRraRraR � � jeri, rigi

ricxvricxvricxvricxv d d ricxvi

rurururu{{{{vvvv}}}} � � ru

144

ssss

sasasasa d d suli

sagsagsagsag b, d iremi

sakersakersakersaker � � kiseri

samuƒlsamuƒlsamuƒlsamuƒl � � Salvari

sansansansan™™™™ � � ezo

sanTsanTsanTsanTxxxx™™™™ b d saRmrTo

sansansansaniiii d mr. karebi

sartarsartarsartarsartar grduv. wyevla

sasasasaššššbbbb{{{{šššš}}}} meti, Warbi

safssafssafssafs-dddd-arararar afueba

saSorisaSorisaSorisaSorinnnn sulgrZeli

sixqoTinsixqoTinsixqoTinsixqoTin™™™™ nerviuli. ficxi

sosososo me

stakstakstakstak v v mamakaci

stastastastaššššxkxkxkxkšššš SarSan

stastastasta � � Zewvki; jaWvi

stostostosto d d saWreteli, satexi

su�su�su�su� b d nakvercxali

tttt

tatatata d d beWi, mxari

tavtavtavtav d d xis toti, wylis toti

taTebtaTebtaTebtaTeb d vercxli, fuli

tamartamartamartamar-dddd-arararar grdm. gaToSva

tartartartar b d ZuZu

145

tardtardtardtard d d beWedi

tarktarktarktark � TiTi

tartartartar™™™™ d d sila

tatatatatttt-dddd-arararar grdm. dasveleba

tatetatetatetatennnn sveli

tafleƒartafleƒartafleƒartafleƒar gaelveba

tetetete � xseni

teateateatea mTis seri

terkterkterkterk � � xvanjari

tivtivtivtiv1 xidi

tivtivtivtiv2 d d laviwi

tkmeltkmeltkmeltkmel b mtveri

toliktoliktoliktolik d d uxeSi qeCis nabadi

tot tot tot tot d� xeli

tontrtontrtontrtontr™™™™ � � wirpli

totkiklatotkiklatotkiklatotkikla � � iRlia

toRtoRtoRtoR d d toli

toRwitoRwitoRwitoRwinnnn utolo{d}, ucolo{d}

trayaltrayaltrayaltrayal troyi axmaxi

tumtumtumtum � � 1. Zvlis tvini; 2. nigozi

tuttuttuttut b d buzi

tya tya tya tya oci

tyexwtyexwtyexwtyexw cxrameti

tyo‡tyo‡tyo‡tyo‡ kidev

tyutyutyutyu��sinsinsinsinlllluuuunnnn ukanaskneli

t„akt„akt„akt„ak b d talaxi

t„e�rt„e�rt„e�rt„e�r˜̃̃̃, t„‹rt„‹rt„‹rt„‹r˜̃̃̃ b d varskvlavi

146

uuuu

ugundaqnaugundaqnaugundaqnaugundaqna bodva, Zilburani

uTouTouTouTo-dddd-dardardardar, uTauTauTauTa-dddd-dardardardar grdm. gauToeba

uTxuTxuTxuTx™™™™ � � naWeri; natexi

u�lu�lu�lu�l ´́́́-dddd-isarisarisarisar grduv. {ga}modeba

u�su�su�su�s˜̃̃̃, o�so�so�so�s˜̃̃̃ iq

u�sTxu�sTxu�sTxu�sTx˜̃̃̃ b d nerbi, dedali cxvari

dddd-u�tu�tu�tu�t-dddd-aRaraRaraRaraRar, dddd-o�to�to�to�t-dddd-aRaraRaraRaraRar grduv. misvla-mosvla, aqeT-iqiT siaruli

u�qmu�qmu�qmu�qm˜̃̃̃ d d uqme

dddd-u�u�u�u�tartartartar, dddd-u�u�u�u�textextextex pirqve

ukdavebukdavebukdavebukdaveb � ukvdaveba

unZraxunZraxunZraxunZrax umZraxad

urivurivurivuriv, uuuu�rov�rov�rov�rov v b uria, ebraeli

urumurumurumurum, uremuremuremurem b d uremi

urZurZurZurZ™™™™ b mWvartli

dddd-ustar ustar ustar ustar grdm. zomva

dddd-ustiTarustiTarustiTarustiTar grdm. {ga}zomvineba

dddd-utyiutyiutyiutyinnnn wvrili

dddd-uRuRuRuR-dddd-akarakarakarakar grduv. wivil-kivili

dddd-uRaruRaruRaruRar grduv. yvirili, kivili, bRavili

dddd-uyaruyaruyaruyar grdm. SerWoba, darWoba

dddd-uyuyuyuy-dddd-arararar grdm. 1. SerWoba; 2. gasqeleba

dddd-uyiuyiuyiuyinnnn sqeli, xSiri, Sededebuli

uCaruCaruCaruCar-dddd-arararar grdm. dabneleba

uCiuCiuCiuCinnnn � sibnele

dddd-uwaruwaruwaruwar grduv. avseba

dddd-uwinuwinuwinuwin™™™™ 1. savse; 2. maZRari

dddd-uxuxuxux ukan

dddd-uxe�uxe�uxe�uxe�{˜̃̃̃} ukuRma

147

dddd-uxliuxliuxliuxlinnnn ukuRmarTi, jiuti

dddd-uxuxuxux-waRmwaRmwaRmwaRm waRma-ukuRma

uhamuruhamuruhamuruhamur 1. usiamovno; 2. briyvi

dddd-uuuua�a�a�a�lilililinnnn d ukuRmarTi, jiuti

dddd-uuuua�a�a�a�{vvvv} ukuRma, pirukuRma

ffff

falfalfalfal b d zRapari

falazfalazfalazfalaz b d fardagi

fargulfargulfargulfargul d d farguli, gulispiri

farTidfarTidfarTidfarTid gamWol

fafaRfafaRfafaRfafaR b d fafaxi

faSkutfaSkutfaSkutfaSkut b d fSukura, gudafSuta

fefefefe b d 1. gverdi, ferdi; 2. mxare

fezukfezukfezukfezuk d d paiWi

feTefsarfeTefsarfeTefsarfeTefsar grdm. mkerdis aqceva

fersfersfersfers™™™™ � � ferso

fesfesfesfeskakakakannnn d d wvivi

feSqarfeSqarfeSqarfeSqar, feSkarfeSkarfeSkarfeSkar d d biWuna

fifinarfifinarfifinarfifinar iribad, almacerad

folocfolocfolocfoloc pirferi

fsafsafsafsa b d qeri

fsadfsadfsadfsad d wiTela

fsarefsarefsarefsare guSin

fsofsofsofsonnnn � mx. fsoni

fsfsfsfsttttuuuu1 � d coli

fstufstufstufstu2 b d xari

148

fstu�nfstu�nfstu�nfstu�n™™™™ � � dedakaci; gaTxovili qali

fstunanfstunanfstunanfstunan � d sidedri

fstunlifstunlifstunlifstunlinnnn coliani

fukfukfukfuk � � narCeni (naCeCi matylisa); matylis kvirti

fuSfuSfuSfuS � � kopi

fuSkadfuSkadfuSkadfuSkad-dddd-arararar d b pepvla

fSafSafSafSa b d yinuli

fSelfSelfSelfSel, fSelfSelfSelfSel™™™™ � � sicive

fSelfSelfSelfSel-dddd-arararar gaciveba

fSelifSelifSelifSelinnnn civi

fxuvfxuvfxuvfxuv � � xufi, sarqveli

fxafxafxafxa b d ZarRvi

ffffarsarsarsars b � mklavi

ffffaSaSaSaS{————} d d sudara

ffffeeee b d sofeli

ffffitititit b d bayayi

ffffoooo b d saxelo

fffforororor d d vaxSami

ffffuuuu b d ZaRli

qqqq

qa�jbera™ d d oboba

qazdar � � miwa

qaqaqaqakkkk-dddd-arararar moreva

qakeqakeqakeqakennnn wvrili

qamzokqamzokqamzokqamzok™™™™ � � qama soko

qanizqanizqanizqaniz � � yurZeni

149

qarsaqarsaqarsaqarsannnn � � Toki

qastqastqastqast-dddd-arararar aCqareba

qalvardqalvardqalvardqalvard d d kopi, bebera

qatarqatarqatarqatar grduv. Civili

qaSqaSqaSqaSnnnnurururur d d qaSanuri

qaCqaCqaCqaC b d sayelo

qevxqevxqevxqevx v b qevxa (mamasaxlisi)

qekqekqekqek-dddd-arararar1 dawvrileba, dakuwva, daWra

qqqqeeeekkkk-dddd-arararar2 {mo}reva

qerqerqerqereeeeWWWW � d qereWi (sqeli qerqi xisa)

qesarqesarqesarqesar grduv. Sroma, muSaoba

qeq qeq qeq qeq aaaadddd-dddd-arararar {gan}Zreva, rxeva

qeqilqeqilqeqilqeqil �a�a�a�avvvvaaaa-rrrr amowyveta, amowydoma

qeSel qeSelaqeSel qeSelaqeSel qeSelaqeSel qeSela, didmucliani

qiTqiTqiTqiT d d tiki, tikWora

qiTiqiTiqiTiqiTinnnn � � qviTini

qqqqiiiindla‡ndla‡ndla‡ndla‡™™™™ d fafa

qirqirqirqir � � Srati

qirjodqirjodqirjodqirjod-dddd-arararar Zageba

qiqo‡qiqo‡qiqo‡qiqo‡ adre, winaT

qiCilqiCilqiCilqiCil d d Ciqila

qoqoqoqo d xeli

qodarJdqodarJdqodarJdqodarJdarararar guluxvoba

qodasqodasqodasqodas ´́́́eeeennnn 1. xelcarieli, 2. xelmokle.

qoTqoTqoTqoT ´́́́-dddd-arararar 1. daviwroeba; 2. Seviwroeba

qoTqoTqoTqoT ´́́́iiiinnnn 1. viwro; 2. duxWiri

qokqokqokqok b� fexi

qokƒe‡barqokƒe‡barqokƒe‡barqokƒe‡bar fexis wakvra, waborZikeba

qokdoqokdoqokdoqokdoššššfxfxfxfxšššš, qokd�fxqokd�fxqokd�fxqokd�fxšššš d d fexsacmeli

150

qolTqolTqolTqolT d d saxeluri, tari

qolatqolatqolatqolatdardardardar xelis SeSveleba, daxmareba

qoloSqoloSqoloSqoloS Tanabrad, Tavisuflad

qomoqomoqomoqomonnnn xvadi, mamali

qorqorqorqor1 d d sarkmeli; saTofuri

qorqorqorqor2 d d xelTaTmani

qorqorqorqor-dddd-aaaaarararar grdm. xelSi Cagdeba, damorCileba

qorTqorTqorTqorT™™™™, qorTqorTqorTqorT b d Tavi

qosmelqosmelqosmelqosmel d d qosmeni

qocqocqocqocaveaveaveavennnn martoxela

qoW„aRoqoW„aRoqoW„aRoqoW„aRonnnn xelmoWerili

qsivqsivqsivqsiv qsu, qsuvi

qqqqeqeqeqeq-dddd-arararar momzadeba, damzadeba

RRRR

RaRaRaRa d� ferdi, sazarduli

RagRagRagRag b d sasTumali

RazeRazeRazeRazennnn kargi

RazolRazolRazolRazol � � sikeTe

Ra�rRa�rRa�rRa�r � � 1. kona, 2. jgufi, 3. xrova.

RRRRaaaa�fSebad�fSebad�fSebad�fSebad-dddd-arararar layboba

RalRalRalRal-dddd-arararar vargisad miCneva

RamRamRamRam™™™™ gadasafarebeli (tyavisa)

RaRaRaRannnn d d sizmari

RarRarRarRar ��; �d Rari

RarSa�nRarSa�nRarSa�nRarSa�n™™™™ cxadad, aSkarad

RafangRafangRafangRafang �i xafangi

151

RawRawRawRaw d d bzari, naprali

RelRelRelRel-dddd-arararar dasusteba

ReliReliReliRelinnnn susti

RernalRernalRernalRernal v b generali

RvTisrisxRvTisrisxRvTisrisxRvTisrisxvvvvaaaa � d RvTisrisx RvTis risxva.

RvTisSobeRvTisSobeRvTisSobeRvTisSobellll, RTiSobelRTiSobelRTiSobelRTiSobel � � RvTismSobeli

RozRozRozRoz b d wneli

RorRorRorRor1 � � didi sicive, yinva

RorRorRorRor2 � � Rvari

RosxeTarRosxeTarRosxeTarRosxeTar, RozxeTarRozxeTarRozxeTarRozxeTar grduv. gaxareba

RoWRoWRoWRoW � � joxi

RrantRrantRrantRrant �aƒar grdm. krintis daZvra, xmis amoReba

RruvRruvRruvRruv � � Rru

yyyy

yayayaya b d codva

ya�nya�nya�nya�n˜̃̃̃ beberi

yakyakyakyak � d uro

ya�tya�tya�tya�tšššš d d duqardi

yalaryalaryalaryalar grduv. Cxvleta

yalyala‡yalyala‡yalyala‡yalyala‡À™À™À™À™ � � yaryara

yanyanyanyan-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. dabereba

yaryaryaryar � � wvima

yartalyartalyartalyartal Wreli

yarRyarRyarRyarR™™™™ d d lerwami

yyyyaaaaryuriryuriryuriryuri � mr. laqlaqi

yarweyarweyarweyarwennnn Wreli

yasadotenyasadotenyasadotenyasadoten™™™™ uqoneli, sacodavi

152

yastyastyastyast-dddd-arararar {Ca}moSoreba

yat�aryat�aryat�aryat�ar grdm. gaxela (Tvalisa)

yatyatyatyat-dddd-arararar dabCena; gaReba

yaR yaR yaR yaR �i yaRi

yawimyawimyawimyawim d d yawimi

yaWyaWyaWyaW d d Zafi, yaWi

yaxeTar yaxeTar yaxeTar yaxeTar grduv. Secodeba

yayayaya-dddd-arararar gamwareba

yayayayaeeeennnn mware

yegaryegaryegaryegar grdm. mtvreva, texa

yeyeyeyennnn 1. Raribi; 2. gamxdari

yepyaryepyaryepyaryepyar grduv. Weqa, quxili

yepy�aryepy�aryepy�aryepy�ar grdm. moTmena

yestyestyestyest-dddd-arararar moSoreba

yexkyexkyexkyexk-dddd-arararar dabrkoleba

yivyivyivyiv � � yloti

yivolyivolyivolyivol, yiolyiolyiolyiol � i 1. sigamxdre; 2. siRaribe

yintyintyintyintrrrroooonnnn axladamosuli, norCi, qorfa

yityityityit � � wvintli

yolyolyolyol d d qurdoba

yolyolyolyol™™™™ b d xarSo

yomralyomralyomralyomral yomrali, lega

yonoyonoyonoyononnnn axalgazrda

yopy yopy yopy yopy � mx. fifqi

yo‡yo‡yo‡yo‡ b d yvavi

yuyuyuyu{vvvv} v, b qurdi

yunadyunadyunadyunad-dddd-arararar RrRna

yuruyuruyuruyurunnnn yru

153

SSSS

SaloSaloSaloSalo � i xanjali

Sava�nSava�nSava�nSava�n££££ siCume, simyudrove

SaTSaTSaTSaT™™™™ � � dorbli, nerwvi

SanarSanarSanarSanar wynari, mSvidi

SarSarSarSar d d do

SarSarSarSar-dddd-arararar moSandakeba, gasworeba

SareSareSareSarennnn 1. swori, gluvi; 2. Tavisufali, Seuferxebeli

SatSatSatSat1 d d fiwali

SatSatSatSat2 b d kvanZi, naskvi

SeSeSeSe � � mtkaveli

SetraƒSetraƒSetraƒSetraƒ � � 1. sabeli; 2. nawnavi

SvetSvetSvetSvet �i maTraxi; Solti

SvrivSvrivSvrivSvriv d d Svria

SiSiSiSi ori

SiSiSiSinnnn b d curi

SiSliqSiSliqSiSliqSiSliq d d SiSligi

SiCSiCSiCSiC———— SinSi (mxolod deidaSvili)

SoSoSoSo d d weliwadi

SorSorSorSor-dddd-arararar gaganivreba

SorbSorbSorbSorb � � Sorba

SoriSoriSoriSorinnnn ganieri, vrceli

SoSarSoSarSoSarSoSar d d nestari

Su Su Su Su Tqven

SurSurSurSur � � rZe

SuraleSuraleSuraleSuralennnn rZiani

SuSuaSuSuaSuSuaSuSuannnn TavTavisi, TavTavianTi

154

CCCC

CaCaCaCa b d daTvi

CCCCööööbJirodbJirodbJirodbJirod-dddd-arararar Camtvreva, Calewva

CavarCavarCavarCavar-dddd-arararar arCeva

CaTkokCaTkokCaTkokCaTkok™™™™ Cadkoko

CakCakCakCak™™™™ d d skami

CalmaliCalmaliCalmaliCalmalinnnn rbili

CamCamCamCam b gemo

CaƒCaƒCaƒCaƒ Sors

CeCilCeCilCeCilCeCil d d bulula

CilaCilaCilaCila �i ube

CimCimCimCim b d ferfli

CeCilCeCilCeCilCeCil d d bulula

CimCimCimCim b d ferfli

CoCoCoCo b d bewvi, Tma, balani

CuaCuaCuaCua � � Tavisi bina (Sin)

CuvCuvCuvCuv � � faSvi, Sigani

Cu�xCu�xCu�xCu�x˜̃̃̃ d batkani, kravi

CuCuCuCullllaqaqaqaq-dddd-arararar dagdeba, mogdeba

CulCulCulCul-dddd-arararar damakeba; daorsuleba

CuliCuliCuliCulinnnn make; orsuli

CupCupCupCup �i Cumpe (daSvebuli muceli)

CureCureCureCurennnn Sinauri

Cutu�Cutu�Cutu�Cutu� � mr. nawlavebi

CuCuCuCu Sin

CqafdiTarCqafdiTarCqafdiTarCqafdiTar grdm. Cqafuni

CqCqCqCqeeeerbadrbadrbadrbad-dddd-arararar gameteba, ardazogva

CxabadCxabadCxabadCxabad-dddd-arararar jRabna

155

CxamCxamCxamCxamCxama‡oCxama‡oCxama‡oCxama‡o, CxamCxamCxamCxamCxamCxamCxamCxam saknatela

CxikCxikCxikCxik{vvvv}, CxikCxikCxikCxik d d Cxikvi, jafara

CxindurCxindurCxindurCxindur d d winda

CxintCxintCxintCxint � Cxinti

CxirCxirCxirCxir b d Cxiri

CxCxCxCxooootttt b d CanCqeri

CCCCogogogog d moTali yveli

cccc

calcalcalcal d d cali, cxenze orive mxares gadasakidi Sekruli bargis erTi mxare

carkcarkcarkcark � � kbili

caccaccaccac b d saceri

celucelucelucelunnnn wlevandeli

cenexcenexcenexcenex wels

cercercercer � � napiri

cccceeeerlerlerlerlennnn ganarira

cilcilcilcil eWvi

ciccicciccic d d kata

cica‡cica‡cica‡cica‡™™™™ d d mweri

cixcixcixcix � � cixe

cocococo ara

cokalcokalcokalcokal d d mela

comcomcomcom1 araferi

comcomcomcom2 comi

coqeseScoqeseScoqeseScoqeseS gaurjelad

cruvcruvcruvcruv amayi, Tavmomwone; kopwia

cucucucu b d qumeli

cu�ncu�ncu�ncu�n˜̃̃̃ mSrali

156

cqafcqafcqafcqaf cqafi, cqviti

cxavcxavcxavcxav b d cxavi

ccccaaaa erTi

ccccaveaveaveavennnn marto

ccccaaaa{nnnn}RRRR erTad

ZZZZ

ZabZabZabZab b d simi, alya

ZabrZabrZabrZabr � � Zabri

ZagrodZagrodZagrodZagrod-dddd-alaralaralaralar grduv. dawafeba

ZviroZviroZviroZvironnnn Zviri

ZirkvZirkvZirkvZirkv � � Zirkvi, jirkvi

Zirxvna‡Zirxvna‡Zirxvna‡Zirxvna‡™™™™ d d orovandi

ZuZuZuZu{vvvv} Zu

ZuZuZuZu{vvvv}2 � � Zua

wwww

wawawawa d d saxli

w�liw�liw�liw�li b d wali (wlinaxevris dedali Txa)

wa�nwa�nwa�nwa�n˜̃̃̃ wminda, sufTa

wakwakwakwak™™™™, wawawawaúúúúkkkk™™™™ d d kudusuni

walamwalamwalamwalam b d walami

waltwaltwaltwalt d d waldi

wamwamwamwam-dddd-arararar gawmenda, gasufTaveba

wandilwandilwandilwandil b d wandili

157

warakwarakwarakwarak d d orRobe

wastwastwastwast d d spilenZi

waqwaqwaqwaq d d isari

waxkwaxkwaxkwaxk d d ganakawri, nafxaWni

we � � 1. cecxli 2. saxeli

wegwegwegweg-dddd-arararar gawiTleba

wegewegewegewegennnn wiTeli

wevarwevarwevarwevar d d mwevari

weTweTweTweT ´́́́ d mx. saxeli, dideba

we�gwe�gwe�gwe�g{˜̃̃̃}, w‹gw‹gw‹gw‹g{˜̃̃̃} d d sisxli

weltiweltiweltiwelti d mr. axali weli

wemwemwemwem-dddd-arararar grdm. {ga}wmenda

werqoxawerqoxawerqoxawerqoxa samzadi saxli (cecxlis qoxi)

wibwibwibwib wmindani

wikwikwikwik �� wvivi, kanWi

winwinwinwin˜̃̃̃ axali

winwinwinwin™™™™ d d SiSaqi

winuswinuswinuswinus � d 1. patarZali; rZali; 2. bicola

wipwipwipwip d d xinkali

wipworikelawipworikelawipworikelawipworikela nemsi

wirwirwirwir{™™™™}, wirvwirvwirvwirv � � wirva

wiwaywiwaywiwaywiway d d WuWrutana

wwwwiiiiwka‡wka‡wka‡wka‡™™™™ d d; b d wiwkana

wkunadwkunadwkunadwkunad-dddd-alaralaralaralar wkmutuni

wnilwnilwnilwnil b d mwnili

wnorwnorwnorwnor d d wnori

wokwokwokwok, wawawawašššškkkk{šššš}, wo wo wo wošššškkkkšššš 1. mwikvi 2. d d kudusuni, kudi

wonilwonilwonilwonil d d mwvanili

wowkarwowkarwowkarwowkar d d; b d wkepla

158

wuTwuTwuTwuT � � wuTi

wupwupwupwup-dddd-arararar wuwna, wova

wurwurwurwur b d 1. mwkrivi, striqoni 2. b d furis Sardi

wurblawurblawurblawurbla‡‡‡‡™™™™ d d wurbela

wyartuwyartuwyartuwyartunnnn, wyartowyartowyartowyartonnnn xalasi, wminda

wyewyewyewye erTxel

wywywywyuuuurwurrwurrwurrwur d d wurwuri

w„a�rqvaw„a�rqvaw„a�rqvaw„a�rqvannnn, w„irqow„irqow„irqow„irqonnnn ucabd, moulodnelad

w„eraw„eraw„eraw„erannnn � � wero

w„verw„verw„verw„ver b d wveri, mwvervali

w„ow„ow„ow„opppp d d wveri

WWWW

WagarWagarWagarWagar d d jagari

WadWadWadWad � � Wde

Wa�nWa�nWa�nWa�n˜̃̃̃ Wani (cudad dakodili cxoveli)

WalWalWalWal d d Wala

WalkWalkWalkWalk™™™™ � � Cliqi

WamaRWamaRWamaRWamaR d � loya, Rawvi

Wanib Wanib Wanib Wanib Txoris wibo

WanikWanikWanikWanik � � nikapi

WanWurWanWurWanWurWanWur d d WanWuri

WarWarWarWar d d kani, piri

WarWarWarWar———— b d Tevzi

WarkeWarkeWarkeWarkennnn � � mokle joxi

WarkoWarkoWarkoWarkonnnn � � mixveul-moxveuli

WarxalWarxalWarxalWarxal b d Warxali

159

WaRƒeTinWaRƒeTinWaRƒeTinWaRƒeTin™™™™ WaRaragareuli

WWWWaaaaSnikSnikSnikSnik d WaSniki

WWWWaaaaxrakxrakxrakxrak b d Waxraki

WekWekWekWek b d 1. urduli 2. b mwvane lobio.

WeramWeramWeramWeram d d Werami

WirWirWirWir-dddd-ikarikarikarikar grdm. dartyma, daSena

WWWWiiiiyolyolyolyol d Ritini

WotWotWotWot ´́́́ d d Woti

WoWWoWWoWWoW b d 1. piri; 2. kriWa

Wu�Wu�Wu�Wu� d d cxemli

WukWukWukWuk d d yanwi

WyempWyempWyempWyemp™™™™ b� yeli

WyvinadWyvinadWyvinadWyvinad-dddd-alaralaralaralar brWyviali

W„aRW„aRW„aRW„aR-dddd-arararar, WaRWaRWaRWaR-arararar gamagreba, daxSva

W„aRoW„aRoW„aRoW„aRonnnn magari, Zlieri

xxxx

xaxaxaxa d � barkali, TeZo, barZayi

xabroxabroxabroxabronnnn Zunwi

xaborxaborxaborxabor b obi

xabJarxabJarxabJarxabJar grduv. dasxdoma

xaverdxaverdxaverdxaverd d d xaverdi

xavsxavsxavsxavs d mx. xavsi

xazxazxazxaz d d xazi

xazixazixazixazinnnn � � xazina

xazodxazodxazodxazod-dddd-arararar xazva

xaTrxaTrxaTrxaTr b d xaTri

160

xa�lzexa�lzexa�lzexa�lzennnn xalisiani

xa�saTxa�saTxa�saTxa�saT � � xasiaTi

xakxakxakxak d d tomara

xakxakxakxak-dddd-arararar mowyureba

xalaxalaxalaxalannnn samwuxaro, arasasiamovno (ambavi)

xalarxalarxalarxalar grduv. gaqroba, Caqroba

xalxxalxxalxxalx � mx. xalxi

xaxaxaxannnn � � xani, dro, Jami

xanluxanluxanluxanlunnnn xnieri, moxuci

xxxxarazarazarazaraz xarazi

xarTuTxarTuTxarTuTxarTuT � � xarTuTa

xarisxxarisxxarisxxarisx � � xarisxi

xarixxarixxarixxarix b d xalxa, grZeli keti

xartulxartulxartulxartul d d xaratuli

xarc xarc xarc xarc araswori, mcdari

xarcarxarcarxarcarxarcar grdm. gacvla, Secvla, gadacvla

xxxxarcarcarcarc-dddd-arararar grdm. gamocvla

xarjxarjxarjxarj � � xarji

xasxasxasxas � d xasa

xatxatxatxat d d jvari

xatxatxatxat ´́́́arararar1 grdm. 1. SekiTxva; 2. wakiTxva

xatxatxatxat ´́́́arararar2 grduv. akravs, midgmulia

xaxaxaxašššškkkk-dddd-arararar, xoxoxoxošššškkkk-dddd-arararar grduv. wyurvili

xaSxaSxaSxaS d d xaSi

xawarxawarxawarxawar grduv. smena; gageba

xaxaxaxaxkarxkarxkarxkar grdm. gaWeneba

xaxxaxxaxxax™™™™ b d xaxvi

xa‡arxa‡arxa‡arxa‡ar grduv. gageba, SemCneva

x‰arx‰arx‰arx‰ar, xa‡ar xa‡ar xa‡ar xa‡ar grduv. dajdoma

161

xeTarxeTarxeTarxeTar grduv. povna

xeibarxeibarxeibarxeibar xeibari

xelaTxelaTxelaTxelaT, ƒelaTƒelaTƒelaTƒelaT xelad, axlave

xelarxelarxelarxelar grduv. qroba

xeldaxelxeldaxelxeldaxelxeldaxel xeldaxel

xelda‡xelda‡xelda‡xelda‡™™™™, ƒelda‡ƒelda‡ƒelda‡ƒelda‡™™™™ � � xelada

xelfasxelfasxelfasxelfas b d xelfasi

xelCafxelCafxelCafxelCaf � � xelCafi

xelwerilxelwerilxelwerilxelweril d d xelwerili

xexexexennnn b d xe

xeptarxeptarxeptarxeptar grduv. srutva

xergxergxergxerg � � xergi

xercar xercar xercar xercar grdm. cvla

xetyxetyxetyxety d mx. xetye

xecarxecarxecarxecar grdm. {ga}Sveba, gaTavisufleba

xexadxexadxexadxexad-dddd-arararar grdm. xexva

xexilxexilxexilxexil � mx. xexili

xvniSxvniSxvniSxvniS, xv xv xv xvrrrriSiSiSiS �i xvriSi

xixixixi d mx. wyali

xizlalxizlalxizlalxizlal d d xizilala

xilxilxilxil½½½½arararar qona, yola

xkarxkarxkarxkar d d yore

xkexkexkexke{aaaa} � � xeoba

xkoxkoxkoxko d d zafxuli

xkorxkorxkorxkor d d buSti

xmiadxmiadxmiadxmiad � � xmiadi

xobsxobsxobsxobs, xofsxofsxofsxofs b d namceci

xodxodxodxod xvadi

xo�xo�xo�xo� b � kona

162

xoptarxoptarxoptarxoptar {Se}srutva

xoroSahxoroSahxoroSahxoroSah ´́́́arararar grdm. msxvilad fqva

xorSa‡xorSa‡xorSa‡xorSa‡{™™™™} � � cieba, cieb-cxeleba

xotxotxotxot ´́́́arararar grdm. mikvra, gadabma

xsnilxsnilxsnilxsnil d mx. xsnili

xulxulxulxul d d xula

xumxumxumxum xom

xumwxumwxumwxumw b d xunwi

xupalxupalxupalxupal½½½½arararar grdm. Sexvrepa

xurmxurmxurmxurm � � xurma

xursxursxursxurs d d nasicxi, msxmo, zRmurdli

xursTaƒarxursTaƒarxursTaƒarxursTaƒar grdm. waZineba, Tvalis motyueba

xucurxucurxucurxucur xucuri

xxxxuuuurxurrxurrxurrxur d mx. xvrinva

ƒƒƒƒ

ƒadalƒadalƒadalƒadal b d faSati cxeni, Waki cxeni

ƒavƒavƒavƒav d d yana

ƒalƒalƒalƒal ´́́́arararar Wama

ƒaƒaƒaƒannnn xval

ƒƒƒƒaptaraptaraptaraptar xelis gawodeba

ƒƒƒƒasarasarasarasar grdm. da gdeba, yra.

ƒastarƒastarƒastarƒastar Semovla

ƒaƒaƒaƒaššššppppšššš � � matli

ƒaƒaƒaƒaššššƒƒƒƒšššš b d mtredi

ƒafsarƒafsarƒafsarƒafsar grdm. fxana

ƒaCarƒaCarƒaCarƒaCar 1. grduv. misvla, miRweva 2. rgeba

163

ƒaCƒaCƒaCƒaC———— b d sagzali

ƒawarƒawarƒawarƒawar grduv. dakideba

ƒaWƒaWƒaWƒaW b d naWeri, wili

ƒa‡arƒa‡arƒa‡arƒa‡ar grduv. daweva

ƒahƒahƒahƒah ´́́́arararar grdm. kbena

ƒaƒaƒaƒaƒaƒaƒaƒannnn b d tyavi

ƒaƒaƒaƒaƒƒƒƒolololol b d Rababi

ƒeTƒeTƒeTƒeT ´́́́arararar adgoma

ƒelƒelƒelƒel b mx. 1. wesi, adaTi, Cveuleba 2. samarTali

ƒeƒeƒeƒennnn mere

ƒerƒerƒerƒer b d qva

ƒerlƒerlƒerlƒerl½½½½arararar grduv. SeSineba

ƒetƒetƒetƒet � � niCabi

ƒoƒoƒoƒo1 sami

ƒoƒoƒoƒo2222 � � wiva

ƒogƒogƒogƒog � � muxudo, cercvi

ƒoTƒoTƒoTƒoT ´́́́arararar grdm. dasxma, mopkureba

ƒorƒorƒorƒor b d vaSli, vaSlis xe

jjjj

jajajajannnn d d qalamani

jomardjomardjomardjomard jomardi, guladi

joyarjoyarjoyarjoyar � � kaWaxi

juRurjuRurjuRurjuRur ulamazo

jijaƒjijaƒjijaƒjijaƒ � � bibilo

jRarTjRarTjRarTjRarT d d CxarTvi

164

hhhh

ha�rha�rha�rha�r˜̃̃̃ � � wisqvili

halhalhalhal ´́́́oooonnnn mSvidi, wynari

haptihaptihaptihaptinnnn qorfa, axali (xorci, Tevzi, mwvanili)

herwherwherwherw™™™™ d d qvabi

hikhikhikhik � � tari, saxeluri

himhimhimhim™™™™ d d lokokina

huvhuvhuvhuv d d Tesli

aaaa maS!

adbadbadbadb d d baga

aTe‡aTe‡aTe‡aTe‡ maSinve, saCqarod

aTxe‡aTxe‡aTxe‡aTxe‡ winaT, uwin

a�ra�ra�ra�ršššš d d fqvili

a�Wa�Wa�Wa�W˜̃̃̃ � mx. suni

ama‡ama‡ama‡ama‡ yvela

apapapap-dddd-arararar dakecva, daxuWva

arCarCarCarC-dddd-arararar Semoxveva

arwararwararwararwar rTva, darTva

aRaRaRaR b jibri, Suri

aRaraRaraRaraRar yorani

aSaSaSaS———— d d stumari

acacacac-dddd-arararar gamZaReba

awukawukawukawuk d d Citi

aWaraWaraWaraWar Sexedva, yureba

165

aWoreaWoreaWoreaWorennnn suniani, myrali

aWyaraWyaraWyaraWyar grdm. gawurva, moWera

haƒarhaƒarhaƒarhaƒar grmd. 1. wasma; 2. xveta

edaredaredaredar grduv. dagvianeba

evarevarevarevar grdm. moTelva, moqna (tyavisa), zela

erCarerCarerCarerCar grduv. xvevna

erwarerwarerwarerwar grduv. triali, brunva

etaretaretaretar grduv. mirbena

ewamewamewamewam-dddd-arararar gaRviZeba

eWeWeWeWarararar grduv. yureba, cqera

eWyareWyareWyareWyar grdm. 1. moWera, gawurva

orSarorSarorSarorSar, orCarorCarorCarorCar dagoreba

oƒaroƒaroƒaroƒar grdm. Cveneba, danaxveba

uuuunnnn � � tye

„„„„

dddd-„apar„apar„apar„apar grdm. grexa, dagrexa, daZaxva

dddd-„a‡ar„a‡ar„a‡ar„a‡ar grdm. anTeba

dddd-„evar„evar„evar„evar grdm. mokvla; dakvla

dddd-„e�p„e�p„e�p„e�p-dddd-isarisarisarisar grduv. momwyvdeva; darCena

dddd-„iar„iar„iar„iar, dddd-„i‡ar„i‡ar„i‡ar„i‡ar grduv. darCena

dddd-„ogar„ogar„ogar„ogar grdm. gatexa, damtvreva

166

�

�aaaa d d 1. zamTari 2. orTqli, oSxivari

�abikabikabikabik b d kovzi

�avaravaravaravar grdm. kvla, xocva

�amaramaramaramar grdm. daCveva, SeCveva

�anaranaranaranar � mx. oxSivari

�afliafliafliaflinnnn morcxvi, moridebuli

�eeee-dddd-aaaaRRRRarararar grduv. jdoma

�efefefef d d sircxvili

�iriiriiriirinnnn basri, mWreli

�okokokok � � Rvezeli

�ofofofof-dddd-arararar Sefareba, mofareba

�uuuu � � Rame

�uvuvuvuv v b mwyemsi

�unalunalunalunal d d xelfasi, jamagiri

�urdnaurdnaurdnaurdna � � dila

167

lilililiteteteterarararatutututurararara

gagua 1953 _ r. gagua, zmnis cvla gramatikuli klas-kategoriis niSnis mi-

xedviT bacbur enaSi, ike, IV, Tb., 1953.

deSerievi 1953 _ Д. Ю. Дешериев, Бацбийский язык, М., 1953.

deSerievi 1963 _ Ю. Д. Дешериев, Сравнительно-историческая грамматика

нахских языков, Грозный, 1963.

diumezili 1932 _ Dumezil G., Études comparatives sur les Langues caucasiennes du

Nord-Ouest (Morphologie), Paris, 1932.

imnaiSvili 1942 _ d. imnaiSvili, ZiriTadi da Tandebuliani brunvebi ingu-

SurSi, saq. ssr akad. moambe, t. XII, Tb. 1942.

somerfelti 1934 _ A. Sommerfelt, Études comparatives sur le caucasique du Nord-

Est (Norst Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, B. VII, 1934, B. IX, 1938, B. XIV, 1947.

imnaiSvili 1977 _ Д. С. Имнайшвили, Историко-сравнительный анализ фонетики

нахских языков, Тб., 1977.

trubeckoi 1930 _ N. Trubetzkoy, Die Konsonantensysteme der ostkaukasischen

Sprachen, Caucasica, fasc. 8, Leipzig, 1930.

qadagiZe 1953 _ Н. Д. Кадагидзе, Грамматические классы в цова-тушинском

(бацбийском) глаголе, Автореферат дисс., Тб., 1953.

Ciqobava 1965 _ arn. Ciqobava, iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria,

Tb., 1965.

WrelaSvili 1975 _ k. WrelaSvili, naxur enaTa Tanxmovnebis sistema, Tb.,

1975.

WrelaSvili 2002 _ k. WrelaSvili, wova-TuSuri ena, Tb., 2002.

javaxiSvili 1937 _ iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli da kavkasiuri enebis Tavdapir-

veli buneba da naTesaoba, Tb., 1937.

jolbordi 1978 _ i. jolbordi, a. Sifneri da wova-TuSuri enis fonetikis

sakiTxebi, ike, XX, Tb., 1978.

holiski _ gagua 1994 _ D. A. Holisky-R. Gagua, Tsova-Tush (Batsbi), The Indige-

nous Languages of the Caucasus, Volume 4, Delmar, Niwiork, 1994.

(gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi,...

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