A M E L I A O L T O N

Grammar Book

Table of Contents

1.Nationalities 2.Stem Changers3.Para4.Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6.Gustar7. Affirmative and Negative 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement11. Negative tu command/irregular/pronoun placement 12.Sequencing events

Nationalities

Jugar U>UE

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugaís

Juega Juegan

Pedir e>I

Pido Pedamos

Pides Pedaís

Pide Pieden

Dormir O>UE

Duermo Dormimos

Duermes Dormaís

Duerme Duerman

Pensar E>IE

Pienso Pensamos

Piensas Pensaís

Piensa Piensan

Para

Common uses of Para: Para is often confused with Por which is a rarely interchanged word for for.

Where Para is used:

To mean "in order to": When used in this way, it is followed by an infinitive.

To indicate purpose or need

With estar to mean : “to be ready to”

To mean "no later than" or "by”

Indirect Object Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

Indirect Object Placement 1. Before the conjugated verb 2.Attached to an infinitive3.Attached to a gerund

Example:Mi madre te compró un libro. (My mother bought you a book.)

Pronoun Placement

1.Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command.

4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.

Gustar

Singular

Me (Gusta) Nos (Gusta)

Te (Gusta) Os (Gusta)

Le(Gusta) Les (Gusta)

Plural

Me (Gustas) Nos (Gustas)

Te (Gustas) Os (Gustas)

Le (Gustas) Les (Gustas)

-Even if attached to more than one infinitive, it will remain singular.

Affirmatives and Negatives

Algo – something

Alguien -Someone

*Algún/Alguno -some

Siempre -always

También- tampoco

*Alguno must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify.

Nada-NothingNadie- No one*Ningun/ Ninguno- None, Not any Nunca- Never Tampoco-Neither, either Ningun must also match the gender of the noun they replace or modify.

Superlatives

Isímo Isímos/Isímos Isímas

Added to adjectives and adverbs, Equivalent to extremely or very

Placed before an Adjective or verb

An adjective that is ending in –n or –r are formed by adding cisímo

Reflexives

Reflexive verbs are something that one does to themselves such as brushing ones teeth or hair.

Ex: Pepa se lava el pelo.

- Pepa washes her hair

- Ex: Me levantó

- I wash my self

- Reflexive pronouns are used with or without reflexive verbs. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the act

Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement

Affirmative Commands

Give instructions or commands to someone by using Affirmative tu commands of regular verbs

Caminar/ Camina/ Camina en el parque!

Placement

When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command

Cruza el parque > Cruzalo!

Irregular Commands

Primero haz los quehaceres

First do the chores

InfinitiveDecir

Tu commandDi

Hacer haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

Negative tú commands/ irregular/ pronounplacement

Taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding the appropriate ending.

Infinitive Yo form Negative tu command

Hablar Hablo !No Hables!

Volver Vuelvo No vuelves

Irregular

Infinitive: DAR Command: No le des mi direccion a nadie

Infinitive: Estar Command: No estés triste

Placement:Pronouns precede the verbin negative commands

Sequencing events

Used to show what events are in what specific order.

Primero- First

Entonces- after

luego/después- then/after

Antes de/ después de- before that/ after that

Por la mañana/ tarde/ Noche- In/ during the- no specific time given)

Los lunes etc.- on Monday, or any other day