A M E L I A O L T O N

Grammar Book

Table of Contents

1.Nationalities 2.Stem Changers3.Para4.Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6.Gustar7. Affirmative and Negative 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands/ irregular/ pronoun placement11. Negative tu command/irregular/pronoun placement 12.Sequencing events

Nationalities

Jugar U>UE

Juego Jugamos

Juegas Jugaís

Juega Juegan

Pedir e>I

Pido Pedamos

Pides Pedaís

Pide Pieden

Dormir O>UE

Duermo Dormimos

Duermes Dormaís

Duerme Duerman

Pensar E>IE

Pienso Pensamos

Piensas Pensaís

Piensa Piensan

Para

Common uses of Para: Para is often confused with Por which is a rarely interchanged word for for.

Where Para is used:

To mean "in order to": When used in this way, it is followed by an infinitive.

To indicate purpose or need

With estar to mean : “to be ready to”

To mean "no later than" or "by”

Indirect Object Pronouns

Me Nos

Te Os

Le Les

Indirect Object Placement 1. Before the conjugated verb 2.Attached to an infinitive3.Attached to a gerund

*The Pronouns Le and Les sometimes refer to different indirect objects. To clarify

the difference, they are accompanied by a noun, name, or pronoun.

Example:Mi madre te compró un libro. (My mother bought you a book.)

Pronoun Placement

1.Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command.

4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb.

Gustar

Singular

Me (Gusta) Nos (Gusta)

Te (Gusta) Os (Gusta)

Le(Gusta) Les (Gusta)

Plural

Me (Gustas) Nos (Gustas)

Te (Gustas) Os (Gustas)

Le (Gustas) Les (Gustas)

-Even if attached to more than one infinitive, it will remain singular. You often need to read the sentence backwards: Me gusta el gato. The cat is liked by me.

*The form of gustar matches the noun, not the speaker.

Affirmatives and Negatives

Algo – something

Alguien -Someone

*Algún/Alguno -some

Siempre -always

También- tampoco

*Alguno must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify.

Nada-NothingNadie- No one*Ningun/ Ninguno- None, Not anyNunca- NeverTampoco- Neither, eitherNingun must also match thegender of the noun theyreplace or modify.

A double negative is required in spanish when no preceeds the verb, except if the negative word comes before a verb, a second verb is notneeded.

Superlatives

Isímo Isímos/Isímos Isímas

Added to adjectives and adverbs, Equivalent to extremely or very and is placed before an Adjective or verb .

An adjective that is ending in –n or –r are formed by adding cisímo

Adjectives that end in C,G or Z change spelling to que, gu, and c. -Feliz- Felizcisimo

Reflexives

Reflexive verbs are something that one does to themselves such as brushing ones teeth or hair.

Ex: Pepa se lava el pelo. - Pepa washes her hair- Ex: Me levantó - I wash my self

- Reflexive pronouns are used with or without reflexive verbs. When there is no reflexive pronoun, the person doing the act

Position of reflexives :

1.. In front of conjugated verb2. Attached to infinitive3. Attached to Gerund4. Attached to infinitivecommand.

Affirmative tú commands/irregulars/pronoun placement

Affirmative Commands

Give instructions or commands to someone by using Affirmative tu commands of regular verbs

Caminar/ Camina/ ¡Camina en el parque!

Placement :When using an object pronoun, attach the pronoun to the end of the command

Cruza el parque > ¡Cruzalo!

Irregular Commands

Primero haz los quehaceres

First do the chores

InfinitiveDecir

Tu commandDi

Hacer haz

Ir Ve

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Tener Ten

Venir Ven

Negative tú commands/ irregular/ pronounplacement

Formed by: Taking you form of the present tense, dropping the o and adding theappropriate ending.

Infinitive Yo form Negative tu command

Hablar Hablo No Hables!

Volver Vuelvo No vuelves

Venir

Irregular (Yo Form)

Infinitive: Dar (doy) Command: No le des mi direccion a nadie - Dont give my adress to anyone.

Infinitive: Estar Command: No estés triste

-don’t be sad

Placement:

Pronouns precede the verb in negative commands

How to form Tú commands

1. Affirmatives : Drop the –s

2. Put in Yo form, cange vowel, add-s

3. Affirmative irregulars: Di , Haz, Ven, Pon, Sal, Se, Ten, Ven

Irregular Commands:

Tener No Tengas

Venir No Vengas

Dar/ Decir No des/ digas

Ir No vayas

Ser No seas

Hacer No Hagas

Saber/ Salir No sepas/ salgas

Sequencing events

Used to show what events are in what specific order.

Primero- First

Entonces- after

luego/después-/ Por Fin then/after / Finally

Antes de/ después de- before that/ after that

Por la mañana/ tarde/ Noche- In/ during the-( no specific time given)

Los lunes etc.- on Monday, or any other day