GRAMMAR BOOK

By: Carla Shockey

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preterite

Demonstrative Adjectives/Pronouns

Ordinal Numbers

Prepositions

Future

Imperfect

Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives

Reflexives

PRETERITE

Trigger Words

A pretérite is a perfected

action in the past.

Snake Verbs

Dormir

Snakey Verbs

Leer

Dormí Leí

Dormimos Leimos

Dormiste Leiste

Durmió Leyó

Dumieron Leyeron

Snake verb: Repetir, Pedir, and Dormir

Snakey Verbs: Creer, Destuir, Construir

Andar Anduv-

Estar Estuv-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Querer Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

-e -imos

-iste -isteis

-o -ieron

Dar (give) /

Ver (see)

Di

Vi

Dimos

Vimos

Diste

Viste

Dio

Vio

Dieron

Vieron

Ir (go) /

Ser (be)

Fui Fuimos

Fuiste

Fue Fueron

Hacer ( do /

make)

Hice Hicimos

Hiciste

Hizo Hicieron

Spock Verbs

Cucaracha

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES/ PRONOUNS

These words demonstrate and point out nouns.

They also agree with the gender and number of modified nouns.

Masculine Feminine

this; these Este Esta

That; those Ese Esa

That; those

(over there)

Aquel Aquella

Singular

Masculine Feminine

this; these Estos Estas

That; those Esos Esas

That; those

(over there)

Aquellos Aquellas

Plural AQUI

ALLI

ALLÁ

*This and these get the “T”*

The adjective or

pronoun used relies

on the distance from

speaker, and the

proximity to listener.

•Demonstrative Pronouns have an accent of the first

e:é

•Demonstrative Pronouns are used when identity of

noun has already been established.

* 3 Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns*

Esto

Eso

Aquello

Not Male or

Female

(NEUTRAL)

ORDINAL NUMBERS

When you talk about the

order of items, you use

ordinal numbers.

When used with nouns

they must agree in

number and gender.

Primero and tercero drop

the “o” before a masculine

singular noun.

PREPOSITION

encima (de)

Debajo (de)

Dentro (de)

Fuera (de)

arriba

abajo•You can talk about the

location of things using

prepositions.

•Other prepositions include:

cerca (de), entre (de), delante

(de), detrás (de), izquierda

(de), derecha (de), al lado (de),

and lejos (de).

*Use de only

when a specific

location follows

the expression.* *The words

abajo and

arriba are

never followed

by de.*

FUTURE

One way to talk about the future is to do:

ir + a + infinitive

You can use the present tense when the context makes it clear that you are

talking about the future.

You can also use the future tense by adding a special set of endings to the

infinitive.

Infinitive Future stem

Decir Dir-

Hacer Har-

Poner Pondr-

Sali Saldr-

Tener Tendr-

Valer Vald-

Venir Vendr-

Poder Podr-

Querer Querr-

Saber Sabr-

Endings

é

ás

á

emos

éis

án

You still use the

same future

tense endings.

IMPERECT

A past tense can include imperfect.

*Here are the only verbs that don’t follow the regular pattern*

-ar

Cantar

-er

Tener

-ir

Salir

Canteba Tenia Salia

Cantabas Tenias Salias

Cantaba Tenia Salia

Cantabamos Teniamos Saliamos

Cantabais Teniais Saliais

Cantaban Tenian salian

ser ir ver

era iba veia

eras ibas veias

era iba veia

éramos íbamos veiamos

erais ibais veíais

eran iban veian

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS/ADJECTIVES

All possessive adjectives agree in gender

and number with the nouns they describe.

Also, they have a long form which is more

expressive.

REFLEXIVES

Reflexives are used to describe people doing things for themselves.

In the reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.

The subject, the pronoun and the verb are all in the same form.

Ex: Yo me levanto a las ocho de la mañana.

Form the verb

Levantarse

Conjugate the verb…

me levanto nos levantamos

te levantas es levantáis

se levanta se levantan