GRAMMAR FOR WRITING

1. Write a new sentence with the same meaning, containing the word in capitals and a participle clause.

a As it was a public holiday, there was a lot of traffic on the roads. being

b When I opened the letter, I realized it was from Professor Alton. on

c The palace was destroyed by fire during the war but later reconstructed. though

d As Carol walked from the room, tears streamed from her eyes. streaming

e I broke the camera as I tried to remove the memory card. in

f My hair has become soft and shining since I've used Glosso shampoo. using

g Jan was taken to hospital after she was knocked down by a car. being

h After he had been shown to his room, George lay down on the bed and slept. having

2. Complete the sentence wit h a word or phrase from the list.

abandoned although being by if it there though while without

a ............................................ feeling dizzy, Sarah managed to play on until the end of the match.b ............................................a powerful swimmer, George reached the island in less than an hour.c ............................................waiting for a reply, the mysterious stranger vanished into the night.d ............................................being a Friday, everyone in the office was in a good mood.e ............................................ walking across the field, Rita noticed something glittering by the path.f ............................................by its owner, the old dog sat by the side of the road and howled.g ............................................shocked by what he had seen, Martin tried to keep calm.h ............................................being no chance of escape, the two men gave themselves up to the police.i ............................................ using a fan-assisted oven, reduce cooking time by half an hour.j ............................................signing your name here, you agree to the conditions listed below.

3. If possible, change the relative clause in these sentences to an -ing, past participle or being + past participle clause as appropriate. If it is not possible, write X after the sentence.

1. The people who are being asked to take early retirement are all over the age of 60.

2. The book that she wanted to borrow wasn't available in the library.

3. The eye hospital has recently obtained new equipment which will allow far more patients to be treated.

4. The children who are being moved to another school all have learning difficulties.

5. The man who died in the accident came from Bulgaria.

6. An agreement has been signed to protect the forests which are being cut down all over the world.

7. I ran through the crowd of people who were hurrying to get to work.

8. If you know of anyone who would like to buy Maggie's car, let me know.

9. The trees that were blown down in last night's storm have been moved off the road.

10. The woman who visited us last week has sent us a present.

4. Add reduced versions of these adverbial clauses to the following sentences (adapted from a newspaper article about problems in London's Underground railway system).

although it manages as if they were trying until they make sure while they waitedalthough they were frustrated once it has been broken since it opened

Example: While waiting in line for buses during a recent one-day train strike, London's commuters displayed remarkable patience with their struggling Underground.1 ......................................................most people just shrugged and went back to their newspapers, .................................... to ignore this latest inconvenience.2 .................................... in 1863, the Underground has grown into a sprawling network of tracks, some of which are in desperate need of repair.3 ............................................................ to cover its operating costs from fares, the Underground never seems to have enough money for long-term investment and maintenance.4 The government's argument is that, ....................................into several private companies, each of the system's smaller parts will be better able to attract new investment.5 Opponents of the government's plan to sell parts of the Underground say that they should not be allowed to proceed...................................................................that all existing lines are safe for passengers.

5. Insert not+participle or without+gerund.

1. Dr. Wallace filled a pipe from the bowl on his desk, then put it down ……………....................... it. (to light) (Stone) 2. ……………....................... what he wanted, he looked slowly about the room. (to find) (Priestley) 3. Zee drew a breath and leaned against the birch for a moment ……………....................... anything. (to say) (Aldridge) 4. I won't go abroad ……………....................... you. (to see) (Gatsworthy) 5. ……………....................... what.to reply, I remained silent. (to know) (Maugham) 6.... on the street he would look directly at friends ……………....................... them. (to see) (Stone) 7. Only then, ……………....................... what further to say, had he become silent. (to know) (Stone) 8. We walked ……………....................... for a short while, (to speak) (Hansford Johnson) 9. Would she have gone away ……………....................... you if she loved you? (to see) (Heym) 10. Then she saw Lise and turned away, ……………....................... to talk with her. She went hastily to cross the road ……………....................... and was almost run over by a bus. (to want, to look) (Lindsay) 11. ……………....................... to leave him in the club, I offered to take him home to my wife, or to go with him to his own house, deserted now. (to like) (Snow) 12. He returned the salutes of several privates ……………....................... them. (to see) (Jones) 13. He stopped, ……………....................... how to continue and stood shifting from one foot to the other. (to know) (Greene) 14. Miss Casement stood for a moment, ……………....................... whether to be pleased or not at this unforseen familiarity. (to know) (Murdoch) 15. He sat down, ……………....................... his mackintosh. (to take off) (Snow)