grammar how can i express myself correctly? a. verb tenses b. active vs. passive verbs c. pronouns...
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Grammar
How can I express myself correctly?
A. Verb Tenses
B. Active vs. Passive Verbs
C. Pronouns
D. Correct Sentences
E. Word Usage
F. Things to Avoid
G. Numerals or Words?
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Verb Tenses
1. Published, accepted facts: ----> Use present tense
“Cyclins are essential for cell cycle regulation.”
• New information, what you observedOr found in your data:
----> Use past tense
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New information = what you observed:
In Results & Discussion ----> Past Tense“We observed a significant increase in transcription
after drug treatment.”
In Introduction & Abstract ---> Past Tense“We examined the phenotype of the cdk2 mutant by…”
In Methods i. Actions ---> Past Tense “We collected samples every hour for 2 weeks.”
ii. Permanent qualities ---> Present
Tense“The ST513 plasmid has an EcoR1 site…”
Verb Tenses
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Active vs. Passive Voice
Passive: The action described by the verb is done to the subject.
“The ball was kicked by Juan Carlos.”
Active: The subject does the action described by the verb.
“Juan Carlos kicked the ball.”
Use the active voice wherever possible!
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No: The enzyme was found to be the active agent catalyzing the reaction.
Yes: The enzyme catalyzed the reaction.
No: 6TM and 2TM channels have been shown to form tetramers.
Yes: 6TM and 2TM channels form tetramers.
No: An increased appetite was manifested by the rats.
Yes: The rats ate more food.
Use Active, not Passive Verbs!
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Try reversing the order of clauses:
“The active voice is used by good writers.”
“Good writers use the active voice.”
passive
active
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Clear Pronouns
Be sure your pronouns are unambiguous!
“There are several differences between microtubules and actin filaments;
first, they are larger….”
Which is larger?? ?
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Correct Sentences
(A) A preposition is a poor word to end a sentence with.Better: A preposition is a poor word with which to end a sentence.
(B) Subject/Verb agreementExample: Verbs has have to agree with their subject.
Note: Data ARE plural. Datum IS singular. Though the word data is commonly used as singular.
Ref. R. Day
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Correct Sentences
(C) Complete sentences have a subject and a verb.
INCORRECT: Not to use sentence fragments.
CORRECT: You should be careful not to use sentence fragments.
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Correct Sentences
(D) Sentence Order: Put words and clauses together in a way that makes sense!
Bad example: Lying on top of the small intestine, you will perhaps see a small transparent thread.
Sounds like YOU are lying on top of the small intestine!
CORRECT: You will perhaps see a small, transparent thread lying on top of the small intestine.
Ref. R. Day
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Word Usage: Beware!
Word Remember
Using Be careful! Be aware of what the word “using” is modifying: “Isolation of antigens from monkeys using complement-fixation techniques…” Problem: Sounds like the monkeys are using these techniques!
Significant Should only be used with statistics. Otherwise, use important, marked, noteworthy, substantial.
Few/Less “Few” refers to units, or persons that can be counted.“Less” refers to quantities of mass or volume.
Effect = a NOUN Temperature has an effect on the reaction.
Affect = a VERB Temperature affects the reaction.
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Word Usage:Prepositions
Ref: V. McMillan
– Depends on (Dependent on)– Independent of– Associated with– Variation in– Similar to– Different from– Characteristic of– Compare with– Die of
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Avoid!
• Do not use no double negatives never
Careful! This might be different from Spanish.
• Avoid euphemisms. Be direct.
passed away = died sacrificed = euthanized
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Avoid:Imprecise Writing
• ClichesUse fresh writing!
Avoid cliches “these results were bound to happen.”
“The insects were like a plague!”
• HyperboleWrite accurately!
Do not use hyperbole, like every single writer does.
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Informalities to Avoid!
• Contractions• aren’t are not• can’t -> can not• didn’t did not• isn’t is not• weren’t were not• wasn’t was not
• The words “clearly” and “obviously”• “Etc.” as an abbreviation for the word
etcetera is too vague for scientific writing• “And so on” is also considered vague
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Numerals or words? “5” or “five”?
• For values of one through nine, use words.– “Only three samples demonstrated the
presence of viral DNA.”
• Use # s when referring to values ≥ 10– “There were 14 different polymorphisms.”
Ref: V. McMillan
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Numerals or words?
• Exceptions:– Do not begin a sentence with a numeral.
Write out the word or reorder the sentence.“Twelve PCR reactions were performed.”
OR“We performed 12 PCR reactions.”
– Reporting percentages: (0 to 14%)– Reporting units of measurement: (4 ml, 5 days)– Referring to tables, figures, pages:
(Figure 2, Table 3, page 12)
Ref: V. McMillan