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GRAMMAR, MECHANICS

& USAGE REVIEW

PART3 OF3

PUNCTUATION

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Lesson Objectives:

Demonstrate an understanding of and be able toproperly use the following:

Period Exclamation Point

Colon & Semicolon

Comma Dash & Hyphen

Quotation Mark

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Punctuation

The purpose of punctuation isto help the reader negotiate

your written words. Proper

use keeps the reader fromlosing track of your meaning.

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PeriodsUse to end any sentencethat is not a question and withcertain abbreviations.

Question MarksUse after anydirect question that requires ananswer.

Exclamation PointsUse after highly

emotional language. Seldom used inbusiness.

Periods, Question Marks &

Exclamation Points

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Colon

Use after the salutationin a businessletter.

Use at the end of a sentence or phraseintroducing a list or quotation.

Use to separate the main independent

clause and another sentence elementthat explains, illustrates or amplifiesthe first.

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Colon - Examples

Our findings included the threemost critical problems: insufficient

capital, incompetent management,and inappropriate location.

Management was unprepared for

the union demands: this fact aloneaccounts for their arguing into thenight.

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Colon - Examples

No colon is required when the list,quotation, or idea is a direct object of theverb or preposition. This applies whether

the list is set off or run in:We are able to supply

stapleswood screws

nails

If the sentence reads We are able tosupply the following: a colon is required.

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Semicolon

I have grown fond of semicolons in recent years.. . . It is almost always a greaterpleasure to come across a semicolon than a

period. The period tells you that that is that;if you didn't get all the meaning you wanted orexpected, anyway you got all the writerintended to parcel out and now you have to move

along. But with a semicolon there youget a pleasant little feeling of expectancy; there ismore to come; read on; it will getclearer.

__ Lewis Thomas

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SemicolonThree main uses:

Separate two closely related independentclauses.

Use instead of a comma when the items in aseries have commas within them

Use to separate independent clauses when thesecond one begins with a conjunctive adverbsuch as however, therefore, or nonethelessor aphrase such asfor example or in that case

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Semicolon - Examples

The outline for the report is due within a

week; the report itself is due at the end of the

month.Our previous meetings were July 9, 2014;

July 16, 2014;and July 22, 2014.

His test scores were low; however, he brings

significant experience to the position.

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CommaUse a comma to separate

items in a series.He hit the ball, dropped

the bat, and ran to firstbase.

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CommaUse a comma to separateindependent clauses that are

joined by a coordinatingconjunction(and, but, or or):

She spoke to the sales staff,and he spoke to the productionstaff.

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CommaUse a comma to set off

introductory elements:

Running toward third base, he

suddenly realized how stupid helooked.

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CommaUse a comma to set off parenthetical

elements:

Conley, a freelance designer, also

produces websites for severalnonprofit corporations.

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CommaCommas are used between

adjectives modifying the samenoun:

She left Monday for a long,difficult recruiting trip.

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DashesUse dashes to surround a comment that is asudden turn in thought:

Membership in the IBSA-its expensive butworth it-may be obtained by applying to ourNew York Office.A dashseparates and emphasizes words,

phrases, and clauses more strongly thancommas or parentheses can;ahyphenties two words so tightly that theyalmost become one word.

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DashesDashes can be used to emphasize

a parenthetical word or phrase:

Third quarter profits-in excess of$2 million-are up sharply.

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DashesUse dashes to set off a phrase that

contains commas:

All four of them-Jeff, David,

Maria, and Brett- did well incollege.

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HyphensHyphens are used to separate partsof compound words beginning with

such prefixes as:self, ex, quasi, and all

Examples: Self-assured, all-important, and quasi-official.

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HyphensUse hyphens in some

types of spelled-out

numbers and fractions:

twenty-one

Ninety-nineTwo-thirds

One-Sixth

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HyphensUse in some compoundnouns & adjectives:

Secretary-treasurerCity-stateInterest-bearingWell-informed

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HyphensUse to divide words at the

end of a typed line:

Isabella and Ronald sin-

cerely believed they werecorrect.

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HyphensTips on dividing words at the end ofa typed line:

1. Dont divide one-syllable words2. Divide words between syllables3. Make sure at least 3 letters are

moved to the second line

4. Divide between double letters-unless the word ends in doubleletters.

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Quotation MarksUse quotation marks to surroundwords that are repeated exactly as

they were said or written:The letter ended by saying, The

assumption of your lease is nowcomplete.

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Quotation MarksUse to indicate special treatment

for words or phrases:

Our management team spends

more time complaining thanworking.

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Quotation MarksUse to set off the title of a

newspaper story, magazinearticle, or book chapter:

You should read LegalAspects of the CollectionLetter in Todays Credit.

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Quotation MarksUse when you are defining a

word:

The abbreviation etc.meansand so forth.

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Quotation Marks

Use of the single quotation mark:

Only use for quotes within quotes:

Baldev encouraged the team bysaying Weve all seen the results to

date, but you need to read StrategicOutcomes to turn this around.

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Quotation MarksHints for usage:

1. When the quoted material is acomplete sentence, the firstword is capitalized.

2. The finalcomma or periodgoes inside the closingquotation marks.

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THE END?