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Grammar Rules: Avoid these common errorsHere is a list of 5 of the most common grammatical mistakes that are made by English speakers/writers. This list ismerely a quick glance; these matters are dealt with in detail as well, in appropriate sections.

. Subject Verb Agreement: !earners often get confused with using the appropriate form of the "erb with the

sub#ect of the sentence. $or e%ample, &' li"e in 'ndia( and &He li"es in 'ndia( is the correct sub#ect "erb agreement

of the "erb &to li"e(.

. Possessive Nouns: )on*nati"e speakers of the English are unsure about showing possession while writing

or speaking in English. $or e%ample, &The book belonging to the girl( can also be referred to as &The girl(s book(+ee also -ossessi"e )ouns

. Comparison of adjectives: e add &er( to compare short ad#ecti"es and we add &more( for longer ad#ecti"es

like handsome and intelligent.+ee also omparison of 0d#ecti"es

. Punctuation mistakes: -unctuation errors, too, are "ery common, especially in the use of semicolons and

commas.

+ee also -unctuation 1ules. Singular and Plural: 2any new learners make mistakes in forming the plural form of singular nouns.

Punctuation Rules Avoid these common errors-unctuation is a "ery important aspect of writing; good writing presupposes correct punctuation. 'ncorrectpunctuation is the sign of weak writing, or carelessness. 3ut this sort of thing is eminently a"oidable, becausepunctuation is quite simple to master. Here are some basic rules to keep in mind

. E"ery sentence must end with a full stop.

4. -roper nouns names of people, places, brands, etc, i.e. unique instances of a class6 must always be

capitalised.7. hen you use opening quotation marks, do not forget to use closing quotation marks at the end of the

quoted word or phrase.

8. 9uotation marks are when quoting or sometimes to con"ey irony, not for emphasis; emphasis is con"eyed

by emboldening or italicisation, followed by an e%clamation mark.

5. :o not use an apostrophe when you are pluralising a word. The plural of toy is toys, nottoy(s. 0postrophes

are used to form contractions it is it(s6 and indicate possession.


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not the correct punctuation mark of connection. 'n needs to be replaced with a semi*colon &;(6. The sentence

becomes He knew how to dri"e; that he didn(t do it "ery often was matter of ner"es, not inability.

?. @se a comma after the introductory element of a sentence. The introductory element is a word or a phrase

that begins a sentence by pro"iding background, or simply modifies it. $or e%ample, Honestly ' don(t know how '

managed to escape is wrong, because the word &honestly( modifies the sentence. Hence, it should be Honestly, 'don(t know how ' managed to escape.

Contractions in the !nglish "anguage'n the English language, like in many other languages, we frequently shorten some combination ofwords when we speak. hen we write, we substitute the missing bits with an apostrophe. 3elow is a listof the most commonly used contractions in English with their usage.

#$R%S C$N&RAC&!%'$R(

)SAG!

' am '(m '(m going to the music class.

Aou are Aou(re Aou(re late again.

He is He(s He(s a good man.

+he is +he(s +he(s going to learn English.

't is 't(s 't(s raining today.

e are e(re e(re "ery tired.

They are They(re They(re not coming to our house tomorrow.

' ha"e '("e '("e enough work for today.

Aou ha"e Aou("e Aou("e got my bag.

e ha"e e("e e("e decided to go for "acation.

They ha"e They("e They("e gone to meet their grandparents.

' will '(ll '(ll complete the assignment tonight.

Aou will Aou(ll Aou(ll ha"e to come for the party.

He will He(ll He(ll be coming back in fifteen minutes.

+he will +he(ll +he(ll be happy to see you.

They will They(ll They(ll be coming here tomorrow.


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0re not 0ren(t e aren(t sure about the route.

annot an(t ' can(t sol"e this puBBle.

+hould not +houldn(t e shouldn(t enter the building after dark.

2ust not 2ustn(t Aou mustn(t be late for work.

ould not ouldn(t e couldn(t find your house.

:id not :idn(t He didn(t complete his homework.

:o not :on(t ' don(t know his address.

Had not Hadn(t ' hadn(t studied for the English e%amination.

Ha"e not Ha"en(t ' ha"en(t seen him for months.

ill not on(t ' won(t be going to the tennis court today.

ould not ouldn(t 't wouldn(t ha"e been worth the effort.

hat is hat(s hat(s the timeC

hat are hat(re hat(re you doing hereC

ho is ho(s ho(s coming with usC

ho are ho(re ho(re the people standing outside your houseC

here is here(s here(s the coffee shopC

Collocations 0 collocation is a combination of words that are commonly used together; the simplest way of describingcollocations is to say that they ust sound right( to nati"e English speakers. Dther combinations that maymean the same thing would seem &unnatural(. ollocations include noun phrases like stiffwind and weapons of mass destruction, phrasal "erbs such as to get together and other stock phrasessuch asthe rich and famous.'t is important to learn collocations, because they are important for the naturalisation of one(s speech.3esides, they broaden one(s scope for e%pression.Here is a list of collocations to help you get startedHa"e a good time.:o me a fa"our.2ake a difference.Take a break.3reak the law.atch the bus.-ay your respects.


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They(re going home, they are going home.

Can and (a.2any English speakers are confused about the usage of the words &can( and &may(. $or e.g., & an ' drink waterC( is

incorrect. &2ay ' drink waterC( is the correct phrase to use in this case.

The key difference between &can( and &may( is that &can( talks about ability and &may( talks about permission.

CAN

an is used in two casesTo talk about ability.

' can finish my homework by 5 pm. an you finish your homework tonightC

To ask or gi"e permission informally. an ' use your penC To a friend6 Aou can use my pen. To a friend6

(A0

2ay is generally used to ask or gi"e permission formally.

!et us take a situation between a student and a teacher. 2ay ' drink waterC Teacher Aes, you may.

!et us take a situation between two strangers. 2ay ' borrow your penC Aes, you may.

!ffect and AffectTwo words commonly confused by English speakers are GeffectG and GaffectG. &0ffect( is used as a "erband means &to ha"e an influence on( and &Effect( is used as a noun and means &the result(.

0$$E TThe dropped catch did not affect the result of the game.The hea"y rainfall affected the grains kept in the old warehouse.

E$$E TThe effect of the tsunami was de"astating.The side effect of the cough syrup was drowsiness.

,t/s vs ,ts &'ts( and &it(s( are often mistakenly used in written English. 1efer to the article on contractions &it(s( is a contractionfor the words &it is(. Dn the other hand, &its( is a possessi"e noun.

The following e%amples will make the usage clear.

,&1S 2C$N&RAC&,$N '$R 3,& ,S14 ,&S 2P$SS!SS,$N4


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't(s quite hot today. The dog is wagging its tail.

't(s going to be a long day. The baby is sleeping in its cot.

-lease go back to class immediately. 't(s not right to

skip classes.

The table is useless now. 'ts legs are broken.

Since and 'or The words &since( and &for( are often confused by English language speakers. There is a simple rule tofollow to differentiate between the usage of these two words.+') E is used to talk about time from a specific period while $D1 is used to talk about a length oftime .

' ha"e been li"ing in :elhi since ?>4.' ha"e been li"ing in :elhi for twenty years.' ha"e been studying since se"en a.m. today.

' ha"e been studying for eight hours.2y tutor has taught me since anuary this year.2y tutor has taught me for fi"e months.

#ho and #hom2any English speakers confuse the words &who( and &whom(. e tend to use them interchangeably which is oftenincorrect.

3oth &who( and &whom( are interrogati"e pronouns. The key difference between &who( and &whom( is that &who( isused in place of the sub#ect of the sentence and &whom( is used in place of the ob#ect of the sentence.*$ ( 1E-!0 E+ THE +@3 E T D$ THE +E)TE) E

#ho told youC #ho is singingC #ho wants to eatC #ho hit +an#i"C

*$( ( 1E-!0 E THE D3 E T D$ THE +E)TE) E

#hom are you talking aboutC#hom is this food forCith 5hom did you go to the marketC #hom did 1a#i" hitC

#here- #ere and #ear The words GwhereG and GwearG may sound the same but they differ in meaning. 2any people make the

mistake of using one for the other. 1ead this article to find out when to use which one.The word GwhereG is used when asking a question related to a location.

. #here are you goingC

4. #here will we eatC

7. #here did you keep the moneyC

Dn the other hand, the word GwearG has a couple of meanings.'t is used to refer to an article or clothing that a person has put on or is &wearing(. !et us look at somee%amples.


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. hat will you 5ear todayC

4. 0re you sure you are 5earing enoughC

7. #ear something fancy.

The other meaning of the word GwearG is to denote deterioration e%haustion6 or to produce something byfriction. -ast tense* worn6

. ' n such weather, tires 5ear out fast.

4. Those #eans are 5orn out.

7. orking in the blaBing sun can 5ear out a worker.

@sage of eGre and ereTwo other words that sound somewhat similar are Gwe(reG and GwereG. !et us look at how they are used.The word we(re is a contraction of the phrase Gwe areG.

. e are going tomorrow.

#e1re going tomorrow.

4. e are working together.

#e1re working together.

7. There is no point going if we are not going together.

There is no point going if 5e1re not going together.

The word &were( is used to refer to something that happened in the past.

. hat 5ere you doingC

4. #ere you eatingC

7. #ere you in this schoolC

*ave and *as&Ha"e( and &has( are both used to denote possession, form the perfect tense, and the past tense of bothis &had(, but they are used differently.&Ha"e( is used with

the following pronouns ', you, we, they. ' ha"e a pencil. e ha"e a big house. pluralised nouns :octors must ha"e a rough time, dealing with illnesses all the time.

&Has( is used with the third person singular he, she, it6. +he has your money. 0mit has the book.

#as and #ereThe basic difference between &were( and &was( is ob"ious &were( is used when the number of ob#ects orentities e%ceeds one, as in e were late for the dinner; &was( is used when only one ob#ect or entity isbeing referred to, as in ' was late for the dinner.

There are, howe"er, nuances in their use. $or e%ample, E"eryone was well*dressedseems incorrectbecause &e"eryone( refers to more than one person. Howe"er, here the implication of the pronouncomes into play; &e"eryone( refers to all the members of a group indi"idually, as do &none( )one of uswas well*dressed6 and &each( Each of us was well*dressed6. Hence, &was( is used after these wordsinstead of &were(. Dn the other hand, &all( refers collecti"ely to the entire group 0ll of us were well*dressed6.
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This does not mean, howe"er, that &all( and &were( necessarily always go together. hen &all( is used withcountable nouns, it is correct to use &were(, as in 0ll the apples were stale. Howe"er, when it is used withnon*countable nouns, which are in the singular form, &was( must be used, as in 0ll the milk was o"er.hat about The e%amination was failed by all the studentsC This, too, can be confusing. 0fter all, here&all( refers to the collecti"e student body but &was( is used. This is because the "erb &was( acts on the

singular &e%amination(, not on the phrase &all the students(. 'f the sub#ect &e%amination(6 were to bepluralised &e%aminations(6, &was( would ha"e to replaced by &were(.!astly, the use of &were( as the past sub#uncti"e of the present &to be( is important. 0 sub#uncti"e is usedto e%press possibility, hope, supposition, etc, rather than to state a fact. Hence, we say 'f '/he werefamous... instead of 'f '/he was famous...

!ither and Neither 't is important to grasp the meanings and difference between &either( and &neither( and to not beconfused about their usage.3oth words can be used as pronoun, con#unction and ad#ecti"e; howe"er, the use of &either( isconsidered positi"e, while the use of &neither( is considered negati"e.

0s ad#ecti"e

&Either( indicates one or the other, or both. $or e%ample

Aou may use either hand for the purpose. Aou may use your right or left hand for the purpose. There were tall houses on either side of the ri"er. There were tall houses on both sides of the

ri"er.

&)either( indicates not one or the other; none of the two. $or e%ample;)either twin was in"ited to the wedding. )one of the twins was in"ited to thewedding.

0s pronoun

&Either( indicates one or the other. $or e%ample

3oth buses are headed in that direction, you can get on either. 3oth buses are headed in that direction,

you can get on one or the other.

&)either( indicates not one or the other. $or e%ample

3oth pups were pure*breed, but neither displayed the characteristic traits of its breed. 3oth pups were

pure*breed, but not one or the other displayed the characteristic traits of its breed.

0s con#unction

&Either( is used with &or( to imply a choice of alternati"es. $or e%ample

Aou can either play on the computer or watch TI. Aou can do one of two things play on the computer orwatch TI.

&)either( is used with &nor( to negate both parts of a statement. $or e%ample

' can neither play on the computer nor watch TI. ' cannot play on the computer or watch TI.

&Either( is also used as an ad"erb, to mean &also(, following negati"e e%pressions. $or e%ample 'f you don(t go, ' won(t go either. 'f you stay, ' will stay also.


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&)either(, on the other hand, is not used as an ad"erb.

0our and 0ou/re

&Aour( is the second person possessi"e ad#ecti"e, or, in simpler terms, it is used to describe somethingas belonging to you. 't is nearly always followed by a noun. $or e%ample,

's this your walletC Aour presence at the table is "ery much appreciated. hat happened to your footC

&AouGre( is the contraction of &you are( and is often followed by the present participle, ie, "erb form endingin &ing(. $or e%ample,

Aou(re looking ill. Aou(re going to be late. Aou(re a fool.

Could- #ould and Should & ould(, &should( and &could( are au%iliary "erbs, meaning that their function is to assist main "erbs. $ore%ample, in the sentence, &' would like to meet him(, &like( is the main "erb that is assisted by &would(.They can be defined as the past tenses respecti"ely of will, shall and can, but each has many uses thatsometimes e"en e%press the present tense. 't is important to be able to differentiate between the threeso as not to use them incorrectly. e shall discuss some of the common functions of the three wordshere.#ould. To ask questionsould you like to see the doctorC :o you want to see the doctorC. ith &who(, &what(, &when(, &where(, &why(, &how(How would he reactChat would she doC

'n both sentences, &would( is more or less interchangeable with &will(.. To make polite requests' would like more salad, please. ' want more salad, please.. To show a different response if the past had been different' would ha"e done something if ' had known you were in trouble. ' didnGt know that you were in. This iswhy ' did not do anything to help.. To e%plain an outcome to a hypothetical situationere ' to win a million dollars, ' would go on a world cruise. 'f ' win a million dollars, ' will go on aworld cruise.. To show habitual past actionThe dog would howl whene"er its owner would lea"e it alone at home.

Think of &would( as &did(.. To show preference between two choices, used with rather or sooner' would sooner face the punishment than lie and escape it. ' prefer speaking the truth to lying.. To show intentionHe said he would do it. He said it was his intention to do it.


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Should. To ask questions it is generally interchangeable with &ought( in such cases6+hould ' submit my assignment nowC 0m ' supposed to submit my assignment nowC. To show obligationAou should brush your teeth twice a day.

Here, too, &should( can be replaced with &ought to(, but in this conte%t it is used to make a persuasi"estatement.. To e%press a hypothetical situation+hould you wish to do so, you may. 'f you wish to do so, you may.. To e%press what is likely'f you take the highway, you should be there in two hours.

Here &should( means something like &probably will(.Could. 0s the past tense of canThere was ' time when ' could run a mile without breaking a sweat.. To ask questionsould ' submit my assignment nowC 0m ' allowed to submit my assignment nowC

. To show possibilityAou could do a lot better. Aou ha"e the potential to do a lot better.. To e%press tentati"eness or politeness' could be wrong. ' may be wrong.

$f and $ff The words &of( and &off( are used so frequently in modern English that people often confuse them. $ore%ample, the sentence, &He took off without a word( could be mistakenly written as &He took of without aword(, and the meaning would be lost. !et us discuss the distinctions between the two words.The word &of( has se"eral functions, but it is most in use as a preposition that denotes "arious relationsdescribed in the sentence. $or instance, it indicates a point of reckoning &+outh of the border.( 't is alsocommonly used to point out what something is made of or what it contains &Heart of gold( this ismetaphorical, of course6, & up of tea(. 0nother relation frequently described by &of( is that of possession,as in &9ueen of England.(&Dff( is also a "ery common word with large number of functions as well, but it is most frequently used asan ad"erb or a preposition. 0s an ad"erb, it is used usually to describe a state of discontinuance, orsuspension &Turn off the light.( 0s a preposition, it is used to indicate the physical separation or distancefrom a position of rest, attachment or union, as in &Take it off the table( or &The gas station is #ust off thecorner ahead.(

Grammar Lessons,(P$R&AN& +),"%,NG +"$C6S $' GRA((AR

N$)NS 0 noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.E%amples ing, 2ohan, +arita, 2umbai, Table

PR$N$)NS
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0 pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.E%amples He, +he, 't, They

AR&,C"!SThe words &a(, &an( and &the( are called articles. They are used before nouns.

V!R+S 0 "erb is a word that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.E%amples He talks to +ameer, +he sings a song

A%7!C&,V!S 0n ad#ecti"e is a word used to describe a noun.E%amples +eautiful house, &all man A%V!R+S

0n ad"erb is a word which modifies the meaning of a "erb, ad#ecti"e or another ad"erb.E%amples He runs fast ,They fought bravel.8

PR!P$S,&,$NS 0 preposition is a word which shows the relation between the noun or pronoun and other words in the sentence.E%amples The boy is in the room, The book is on the table.

C$N7)NC&,$NS 0 con#unction is a word which #oins to sentences to complete their meaning.E%amples They reached the station but it was too late. He put on his shoes because he was going for a run.

,N&!R7!C&,$NS 0n inter#ection is a word which e%presses sudden feeling or emotion.E%amples HelloJ, 0lasJ, HurrayJ, DhJ

Practice !nglish Grammar English!eap pro"ides you with a huge list of e%ercises which test different grammar concepts. These e%ercise helpyou understand your mistakes and take correcti"e action.English Frammar E%ercises

&ake free grammar testHere are some e%ercises to help you if you are looking to work on a particular grammar building block.-repositions E%erciseIerbs E%ercise

0d#ecti"es E%ercise 0rticles E%ercise

0lso see
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Adjectives 0n ad#ecti"e is a word used to describe a noun.Types of Adjectives$ollowing are the kinds of ad#ecti"es which are commonly used. Adjectives of 9ualit.:

o 0d#ecti"es of 9uality answer the question 3$f 5hat kind1o E%amples !arge, +mall, 'ntelligent, 3eautiful

4. Adjectives of 9uantit.:o 0d#ecti"es of 9uantity answer the question 3*o5 much1o E%amples +ome, !ittle, 0ny, Enough

7. Adjectives of Number:o 0d#ecti"es of )umber answer the question 3*o5 man.1o E%amples Two, +e"en, +econd, Third

8. %emonstrative Adjectives:o :emonstrati"e 0d#ecti"es answer the question 3#hich1o E%amples This, That, These, Those

5. ,nterrogative Adjectives:o 'nterrogati"e 0d#ecti"es are used to ask questions about a noun.o E%amples hat, hich, hose

0d#ecti"e E%ercise 0d#ecti"e E%ercise 4List of Adjectives, Adjective Examples

0bundant Elderly )asty

0ccurate Elegant )aughty

0ddicted Embarrassed )er"ous

0dorable Empty )ew

0d"enturous Encouraging )oisy

0fraid Enthusiastic )utritious

0ggressi"e E%cellent Dbedient

0lcoholic E%citing Dbese

0lert E%pensi"e Dbno%ious
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0loof $abulous Dld

0mbitious $air D"erconfident

0ncient $aithful -eaceful

0ngry $amous -ink

0nimated $ancy -olite

0nnoying $antastic -oor

0n%ious $ast -owerful

0rrogant $earful -recious

0shamed $earless -retty

0ttracti"e $ertile -roud

0uspicious $ilthy 9uick

0wesome $oolish 9uiet

0wful $orgetful 1apid

3ad $riendly 1are

3ashful $unny 1ed

3eautiful Fentle 1emarkable

3elligerent Flamorous 1esponsible

3eneficial Florious 1ich

3est Forgeous 1omantic

3ig Fraceful 1oyal

3itter Frateful 1ude

3iBarre Freat +cintillating


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olorful 'ntelligent Tall

omfortable 'nteresting Tasty

oncerned ealous Tense

onfused olly Terrible

rowded uicy Terrific

ruel u"enile Thick

urious ind Thin

urly !arge Tiny

ute !egal @gly

:amaged !ight @nique

:angerous !iterate @ntidy

:ark !ittle @pset

:eep !i"ely Iictorious

:efecti"e !onely Iiolent

:elicate !oud Iulgar

:elicious !o"ely arm

:epressed !ucky eak

:etermined 2acho ealthy

:ifferent 2agical ide

:irty 2agnificent ise

:isgusting 2assi"e itty

:ry 2ature onderful


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:usty 2ean orried

Early 2essy Aoung

Educated 2odern Aouthful

Efficient )arrow Kealous

Adverbs 0n ad"erb is a word which modifies the meaning of a "erb, ad#ecti"e or another ad"erb.Types of AdverbsThere are se"en classes of commonly used ad"erbs

. Adverbs of &ime: These ad"erbs are used to answer the question 35hen1 .E%amples )ow, Aesterday, Today, Dnce

4. Adverbs of 're uenc.: These ad"erbs are used to answer the question 3ho5 often1 .E%amples +eldom, 1arely, Dften, $requently

7. Adverbs of Place: These ad"erbs are used to answer the question 35here1 .E%amples Dut, 'n, $orward, E"erywhere

8. Adverbs of (anner: These ad"erbs are used to answer the question 3ho51 .E%amples Honestly, 3ra"ely, Happily

5. Adverbs of %egree: These ad"erbs are used to answer the question 3ho5 much1 or 3to 5hat e;tent18E%amples $ully, -artly, 0ltogether, 0lmost


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3adly 'mmediately 1udely

3eautifully 'nnocently +adly

3itterly 'nstantly +afely

3lindly 'nterestingly +eldom

3oldly ealously +elfishly

3ra"ely oyfully +eriously

3riefly indly +ilently

3usily !aBily +lowly

arefully !ess +oftly

ertainly !oudly +ometimes

learly !o"ingly +oon

ourageously !oyally +trictly

ruelly 2adly +uddenly

uriously 2ore +urprisingly

:aily 2ysteriously +weetly

:elightfully )aturally Terribly

Easily )early Thankfully

Enthusiastically )er"ously Thoughtfully

E"entually )e"er Tomorrow

E%actly Dbediently @ne%pectedly

E%citedly Dfficially @nfortunately

E%tremely Dften @rgently


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$airly Dpenly @sually

$aithfully -ainfully Ialiantly

$ast -atiently Iery

$oolishly -olitely Iiolently

$ortunately -oorly ell

$rankly -ositi"ely isely

Fenerally -roperly Aearly

Fenerously 9uickly Aesterday

Fently 9uietly

Fracefully 1arely

Placement of Adverbs 0d"erbs can be used in di"erse ways, which means that they are "ery fle%ible in sentences; they can be mo"edaround quite a bit without causing any grammatical irregularities.Take a look at the following sentence The speaker grimly faced the audience. The ad"erb in this sentence is&grimly(; mo"ing it around a little, we get The speaker faced the audience grimly. There is nothing wrong with eithersentence. hat this goes to show is that an ad"erb can be positioned at multiple points in a sentence, and the

guide below will help you decide where your chosen ad"erb should go Adverbs used to begin sentences


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Aesterday ' was "ery busy, which is why ' was unable to meet you.

Tomorrow ' am lea"ing for alcutta. +ometimes we feel as if we do not belong in this group.

Adverbs in the middle$ocusing ad"erbs&$ocusing ad"erbs( are those ad"erbs that emphasise a part of the clause or sentence to which they belong, andare generally used mid*sentence. $ocusing ad"erbs include ad"erbs of frequency often, rarely, ne"er, always, etc6,ad"erbs of certainty perhaps, probably, certainly, maybe, etc6 and ad"erbs of comment ad"erbs that are used toe%press opinion, such as smartly, responsibly, intelligently, etc6. $or e.g.

Aou are always late. ' will probably be absent at the party. He acted responsibly by informing the authorities about the wallet he had found. )ote 0d"erbs of frequency are used before the main "erb, not the au%iliary "erb. Adverbs to end sentencesThis is the most common position for ad"erbs in sentences.

0d"erbs of manner 0d"erbs of manner are used to describe how something is done, and are generally placed at the ends of sentencesor clauses. $or e.g. He wrote the answers correctly. His stammer caused him to speak haltingly.

0d"erbs of place 0d"erbs of place are used to describe the place where an e"ent occurs, and are also positioned at the ends of

sentences or clauses. $or e.g. $ather is sleeping upstairs. 'n a couple of days ' will be tra"elling north.

0d"erbs of time 0d"erbs of time, as discussed earlier, can also find their ways to the ends of sentences or clauses. $or e.g. ' lea"e tomorrow afternoon.

'orming Adverbs from Adjectives Here are some guidelines on forming ad"erbs from ad#ecti"es

. 'n a large number of the cases, the ad"erb can be formed by simply adding &*ly( to the ad#ecti"e. 0: E T'IE 0:IE13

heap heaply9uick 9uickly+trong +trongly

. 'f the ad#ecti"e ends in with &y(, replace the &y( with an &i( and add &*ly(. 0: E T'IE 0:IE13


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1eady 1eadily2erry 2errilyEasy Easily

. 'f the ad#ecti"e ends with &*le(, replace the &e( at the end with &y(.

0: E T'IE 0:IE13@nderstandable @nderstandably$orcible $orcibly-ossible -ossibly

. 'f the ad#ecti"e ends with &*ic(, add &*ally(. 0: E T'IE 0:IE13'diotic 'dioticallyTragic Tragically3asic 3asically

0n e%ception to this rule is &public(, whose ad"erbial form is &publicly(.

. +ome ad#ecti"es do not change form at all.

0: E T'IE 0:IE13$ast $ast+traight +traightHard Hard

. 'n the case of the ad#ecti"e &good(, the corresponding ad"erb is &well(.

Nouns 0 noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing.Types of NounsThere are four kinds of nouns which are commonly used

. Proper Nouns -roper )oun is the name of a particular person or place. -roper nouns always begin with acapital letter.E%amples +ita, 1a#esh, :elhi, anpur

4. Common Nouns ommon )oun is a name gi"en in common to e"ery person or thing of the group.ommon nouns begin with a capital letter only if it is the first word of the sentence.E%amples Firl, 3oy, ity, Tiger

7. Collective Nouns ollecti"e )ouns are those nouns that denote a group of people, animals, ob#ects,

concepts or ideas as a single entity.E%amples 0rmy of +oldiers, lass of +tudents, rew of +ailors, 3and of 2usicians

8. Abstract Nouns 0bstract )oun is the name of a quality, action or state. Aou cannot see, hear, smell ortaste an abstract noun.E%amples indness, !oyalty, hildhood, +ickness, !aughter


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List of Nouns, Noun Examples)ouns E%ercise

Actor Garden Oil

Advertisement

Gas Orange

Afternoon Ghost Oxygen

Airport Girl Oyster

Am !lance Glass "ainting

Animal Gold "arrot

Ans#er Grass "encil

Apple Greece "iano

Army G!itar "illo#

A!stralia $air "i%%a

&alloon $am !rger "lanet

&anana $elicopter "lastic

&attery $elmet "ort!gal

&each $oliday "otato

&eard $oney '!een

&ed $orse '!ill

&elgi!m $ospital (ain

&oy $o!se (ain o#
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&ranch $ydrogen (aincoat

&rea)fast Ice (efrigerato

r

&rother Insect (esta!rant

Camera Ins!rance (iver

Candle Iron (oc)et

Car Island (oom

Caravan *ac)al (ose

Carpet *elly (!ssia

Cartoon *e#ellery Sand#ich

China *ordan School

Ch!rch *!ice Scooter

Crayon Kangaroo Shampoo

Cro#d King Shoe

+a!ghter Kitchen Soccer

+eath Kite Spoon

+enmar) Knife Stone

+iamond ,amp S!gar

+inner ,a#yer S#eden

+isease ,eather Teacher

+octor ,i rary Telephone


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+og ,ighter Television

+ream ,ion Tent

+ress ,i%ard Thailand

Easter ,oc) Tomato

Egg ,ondon Tooth r!sh

Eggplant ,!nch Tra-c

Egypt Machine Train

Elephant Maga%ine Tr!c)

Energy Magician .ganda

Engine Mancheste

r .m rella

England Mar)et /an

Evening Match /ase

Eye Microphon

e /egeta le

0amily Mon)ey /!lt!re

0inland Morning 1all

0ish Motorcycle 1hale

0lag Nail 1indo#

0lo#er Nap)in 1ire


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0oot all Needle 2ylophone

0orest Nest 3acht

0o!ntain Nigeria 3a)

0rance Night 4e ra

0!rnit!re Note oo) 4oo

Garage Ocean

Collective Nounsollecti"e nouns are those nouns that denote a group of people, animals, ob#ects, concepts or ideas as a singleentity.

These collecti"e nouns are commonly used under the category of people.. 0 class of students.4. 0n army of soldiers.7. 0 choir of singers.8. 0 crew of sailors.5. 0 band of musicians.. 0 gang of thie"es.?. 0 group of dancers.L. 0 team of players.. 0 troupe of artists/dancers.4. 0 pack of thie"es.7. 0 staff of employees.8. 0 regiment of soldiers.5. 0 tribe of nati"es.. 0 gang of labourers.?. 0 flock of tourists.

4L. 0 board of directors.ollecti"e )ouns E%ercise ollecti"e )ouns E%ercise 4The following collecti"e nouns are used for animals.

. 0 catch of fish.4. 0n army of ants.7. 0 flight of birds.8. 0 flock of birds.
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5. 0 haul of fish.. 0 hi"e of bees.?. 0 litter of cubs.

L. 0 host of sparrows.. 0 team of horses.4. 0 troop of lions.7. 0 Boo of wild animals.8. 0 pack of wol"es.5. 0 litter of puppies/kittens.. 0 murder of crows.?. 0 kennel of dogs.

4L. 0 pack of hounds.The following collecti"e nouns are used for things.

. 0 group of islands.4. 0 gala%y of stars.7. 0 wad of notes.8. 0 forest of trees.5. 0 stack of wood.. 0n album of stamps/autographs/photographs.?. 0 hedge of bushes.L. 0 library of books.. 0 basket of fruit.

4. 0 bowl of rice.7. 0 pack of cards.8. 0 pair of shoes.5. 0 bouquet of flowers.. 0 pack of lies.?. 0 range of mountains.

4L. 0 cloud of dust.ollecti"e nouns are endless and these are #ust a list of those used more often. 0s you continue to workon impro"ing your English, you will stumble across many more. 3e sure to add them to your list and use

them as frequently as you can.

)sing Nouns to Sho5 Possession-ossessi"e nouns are those nouns that show possession. -ossessi"e )ouns are used to showownership. 0 noun is possessi"e only when a phrase can be modified to say that an idea or commodity belongs tosomething or someone. -ossessi"e nouns are an integral part of learning English, use them as often asyou can to gain confidence.


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,n the singular form- the possessive case is formed b. adding /s to the noun8 The clothes of the girl.

The girl(s clothes. The toys of the boy.

The boy(s toys. 2ary goes to this school.This is 2ary(s school.ing(s castle, grandfather(s stick, my dog(s bowl and all of the abo"e are formed by adding the Gs.2odify the following sentences by using the apostrophe G6 to show possessionThe king(s ser"ants.The computer(s co"er.2y phone(s charger.

The ser"ants of the king. o"er of the computer. The charger of my phone.

'or certain 5ords- instead of /s- onl. / is used to avoid a hissing noise8 6eep this is mind 5henusing possessive nouns8Some e;amples 5ould be:

3oss( office. :r.3riuss( house. $or goodness( sake.

&here are t5o rules to follo5 in case the noun is in plural form8 'f the noun ends in s then the possessi"e case is formed by adding the apostrophe

E.g. the donkeys( tail, the boys( hostel, the cousins( aunt. 'f the noun does not end in s then the possessi"e case is formed by adding Gs.

E.g. the children(s park, the men(s room.'t(s simple as long as you know the plural form of the noun. The plural form of &god( will be &gods( and so

the apostrophe will be used after GsG gods(6. 'n case of nouns like &woman(, the plural form is &women(and so the apostrophe followed by GsG will be utiliBed women(s6.

0dd the apostrophe in the following sentences. Dur cousins short uncle. 0postrophe can be before or after GsG6 3usinessmens briefcase. 3usinessmen(s6 The ladies washroom. !adies(6

Here are some more e%amples to show you other possible cases. 0le% and -hilip(s shop 8 2&5o nouns are used closel. and sho5ing joint possession=

here- the apostrophe 5ill be used 5ith the second noun4 +hakespeare(s and ordsworth(s works 8 2&5o nouns are used together .et separate

possession is implied thus the apostrophe is used 5ith both nouns4

Nouns as Adjective+ometimes in the English language, a noun is used to describe another noun; in other words, the first nounperforms the function of an ad#ecti"e. !ook at the following e%amples3asketball coach M here the noun basketball is being used to describe the noun coachFarment shop M here the noun garment is being used to describe the noun shop-ainting e%hibition M here the noun painting is being used to describe the noun e%hibition


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Note:

. 'n general, like ad#ecti"es, nouns being used as ad#ecti"es are used in the singular form, although in the

case of certain words, like clothes, customs, sports, etc, an e%ception is made.

4. 2ultiple nouns can also be used as ad#ecti"es, as in school cricket team coach.

Verbs 0 "erb is a word that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.Types of Verbse can di"ide "erbs into transiti"e and intransiti"e "erbs.&ransitive Verbs These "erbs in"ol"e a direct ob#ect.E%ample The boy throws the ball.Here &throws( is the "erb and &ball( is the direct ob#ect.E%ample 4 The man reads the book.Here &reads( is the "erb and &book( is the direct ob#ect

,ntransitive Verbs These "erbs do not in"ol"e a direct ob#ect.E%ample The boy throws.Here the "erb &throws( is used intransiti"ely.E%ample 4 The man reads quickly.Here the "erb &reads( is used intransiti"ely. List of Verbs, Verb Examples

0ccept :isagree Dbey

0chie"e :rag Dffend

0dd :ri"e Dffer

0dmire :rop Dpen

0dmit Earn -aint

0dopt Eat -ay

0d"ise Employ -ick

0gree Encourage -lay

0llow En#oy -ray

0nnounce Establish -rint

0ppreciate Estimate -ull


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0ppro"e E%ercise -unch

0rgue E%pand -unish

0rri"e E%plain -urchase

0sk $ear -ush

0ssist $eel 9uit

0ttack $ight 1ace

3ake $ind 1ead

3athe $ly 1ela%

3e $orget 1emember

3eat $orgi"e 1eply

3ecome $ry 1etire

3eg Father 1ub

3eha"e Fet +ee

3et Fi"e +elect

3oast Flow +ell

3oil Freet +end

3orrow Frow +ing

3reathe Fuess +nore

3ring Harass +tand

3uild Hate +tare

3urn Hear +tart


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3ury Help +tink

3uy Hit +tudy

all Hope +weep

atch 'dentify +wim

hallenge 'nterrupt Take

hange 'ntroduce Talk

heat 'rritate Teach

hew ump Tear

hoose eep Tell

lap ick Thank

lean iss Tra"el

ollect !augh Type

ompare !earn @nderstand

omplain !ea"e @se

onfess !end Iisit

onfuse !ie ait

onstruct !ike alk

ontrol !isten ant

opy !ose arn

ount !o"e ed

reate 2ake eep

ry 2arry ink


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:amage 2easure orry

:ance 2eet rite

:eli"er 2o"e Aell

:estroy 2urder

Regular and ,rregular VerbsThe distinction between regular "erbs and irregular "erbs is a "ery simple oneRegular VerbsThose "erbs that form their past participle with &d( or &ed( are regular "erbs. These "erbs do not undergosubstantial changes while changing forms between tenses.

. ' f the "erb ends with a "owel, only &d( is added. $or e%ample

PR!S!N& &!NS! PAS& &!NS!+hare +hared+care +cared:are :ared

. 'f the "erb ends with a consonant, &ed( is added. $or e%ample

PR!S!N& &!NS! PAS& &!NS!ant anted+hout +houtedill illed

1egular and 'rregular Ierbs E%ercise 1egular and 'rregular Ierbs E%ercise 4,rregular VerbsThose "erbs that undergo substantial changes when changing forms between tenses are irregular"erbs. The changed forms of these "erbs are often unrecognisably different from the originals. $ore%ample PR!S!N& &!NS! PAS& &!NS! Fo ent 1un 1an Think Thought There is no way to tell what form an irregular "erb is going to take in a changed tense; the only optionfor an English speaker is to commit the changes to memory. ith practice, it will become a matter ofhabit.

'inite and Non finite VerbsE%amine the following sentences' dro"e to the concert.He broke the "ase.+he will take it off your hands soon.The "erbs in the abo"e sentences are &dro"e(, &broke( and &take(. These are finite "erbs; "erbs whose form isgo"erned by the sub#ect of the sentence. hat this means is that these "erbs change their form depending onperson first person, second person, third person, singular/plural6 and tense. $or e%ample, &dro"e( is the past tense
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of &dri"e(. Thus, if sentence were to be in the present tense, it would be ' dri"e.... +imilarly, if &'( were to be replacedby &he(, it would be He dri"es. $inite "erbs can form independent clauses, i.e. clauses that can work as completesentences.)on*finite "erbs, on the other hand, are those that do not change form based upon the sub#ect. These are of threetypes

>8 -articiple M this includes the past and present participles of "erbs, which function as ad#ecti"esthe dying man, the sleeping giant, etc6.

?8 Ferund M this refers to "erbs in their Ming form6 that function as nouns the writing on the wall, e%ercising is

a necessary acti"ity for continued good health6.

@8 'nfiniti"e M the "erb in its basic form, often but not necessarily preceded by &to(, functioning as noun to finish

the task without any more hitches was his goal6, ad#ecti"e '(m sorry, ' ha"e much work to do at the moment6, or

ad"erb he called to discuss the matter6.

8 Participles- Gerunds B ,nfinitives8 -articiples, gerunds and 'nfiniti"es are called "erbals. Ierbals are words which are formed from

a "erb but which function as a different part of speech.D8

PAR&,C,P"!E8 0 participle is usually formed by adding Ming or Med to a "erb. ,t functions as an adjective8

E%amples The singing bird was the main attraction at the e"ent. The injured man was waiting for the doctor.

F8 8 G!R)N%>H8 0 gerund is formed by adding Ming to a "erb. ,t functions as a noun8

E%amples +ameer likes reading books.

Smoking is prohibited in the hospital.>>8 >?8 ,N',N,&,V!>@8 0n infiniti"e is formed by using the word &to( plus the "erb in its stem word. ,t functions as a

noun- adjective or adverb8

E%amples He was made to clean his room. +halini lo"es to talk8

> 8

Au;iliar. VerbsThere are 8 au%iliary "erbs in the English language3eHa"eill:o Each of these is followed by another "erb, known as the full "erb, in order to form
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9uestions )egati"e statements ompound tense -assi"e "oice

0u%iliary Ierb E%ercise+e&3e( can be used both as an au%iliary and as a full "erb. 't must first be noted that &be( is an irregular "erb +imple present ' am, he/she/it is, we/they are +imple past '/he/she/it was, we/they were -ast participle been$or compound tense present/past continuous6, use the &*ing( form of the full "erb with the appropriate form of &be(. -resent continuous He is playing outside. -ast continuous He was playing outside. -resent perfect continuous He has been playing outside. -ast perfect continuous He had been playing outside.$or passi"e "oice, use the past participle of the full "erb with the appropriate form of &be(. +imple past/present The damage is/was done.

-resent/past perfect The damage has been/had been done. $uture The damage will be done.*ave&Ha"e( is also both an au%iliary and a full "erb, and is irregular as well. +imple present '/you/we/they ha"e, he/she/it has +imple past had -ast participle had't is used to form compound tenses in acti"e and passi"e "oice.ompound Tenses * 0cti"e Ioice-resent -erfect +imple He has played outside.-ast -erfect +imple He had played outside.

-resent -erfect ontinuous He has been playing outside.-ast -erfect ontinuous He had been playing outsideompound Tenses * -assi"e Ioice-resent/-ast ontinuous The house has/had been built. #ill & ill( functions only as an au%iliary "erb, and is used to form the future tenses. 't remains the same for all forms.

+imple future He will play outside. $uture perfect He will ha"e played outside. %o &:o( can be used as both an au%iliary and a full "erb, and is irregular.

+imple present '/we/you/they do, he/she/it/ does +imple past did -ast participle did
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0s an au%iliary, &do( is used in negati"e sentences and questions with most "erbs use the infiniti"e of the full "erb6in simple past and simple present forms. &:o( in )egati"e +entences

+imple present He does not play outside. +imple past He did not play outside. &:o( in 9uestions

+imple present :oes he play outsideC +imple past :id he play outsideC 'n the following four cases, &do( is not used in negati"e sentences or questions

. hen the full "erb is &be( 0re you alrightC

. The sentence already has an au%iliary "erbHe is not playing outside.

>8 &he sentence contains a modal verb 2can- ma.- must- need- ought to- shall- should4:e must not be caught.

. The question asks for the sub#ectho wrote that bookC

Stative Verbs+tati"e "erbs are "erbs that describe a state rather than an action. hen describing states, they ne"erthe continuous &*ing(6 form. Here are some e%amples of stati"e "erbs and instances of their correct andincorrect usage.

+T0T'IE IE13 D11E T @+0FE ') D11E T @+0FE

!ike ' like you. ' am liking you.

!o"e ' lo"e you. ' am lo"ing you.

Hate ' hate you. ' am hating you

0ppear 't appears to be cloudy. 't is appearing to be cloudy.

3elie"e ' belie"e in Fod. ' am belie"ing in Fod.

$it This shoe fits me. This shoe is fitting me.

+ound This song sounds good. This song is sounding good.


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1emember ' remember e"erything. ' am remembering e"erything.

(odal VerbsThere are L modal "erbs in the English language

an ould 2ay 2ight ill ould 2ust +hall +hould Dught to

)ses:

. To indicate that something is probable or possible, or not so. $or e%ample 't is sunny today; it must be warm outside. 't is sunny today; it is probably warm outside. His mobile is not reachable; he may/might/could be tra"elling by metro. His mobile is not

reachable; it is possible that he is tra"elling by metro. This can(t be our bill. 't is not possible that this is our bill.

. & an( and &could( are used to refer to skills and abilities. $or e%ample He can co"er a hundred metres in under ten seconds. 2y father could see perfectly before the age of fifty. ' can(t ride a horse.

. &2ust( is used to indicate that something is necessary or of e%treme importance, and &should( is used to

suggest that something is ad"isable. $or e%ample Aou must do your homework. Aou mustn(t skip school. Aou should say sorry. Aou shouldn(t smoke.

. & an(, &could( and &may( are used to ask for, gi"e and withhold permission. $or e%ample an ' try my hand at itC ould we disperse early todayC Aou may not enter the premises.

. & ill( and &would( are used to refer to habits and inclinations. hen ' was a child, ' would often climb trees. ' will ne"er refuse you anything. He would ne"er do such a thing.

These "erbs differ from ordinary "erbs in 7 respects. These differences can be obser"ed in the e%amples gi"enabo"e

. hen used with the third person singular he, she6, they don(t require the addition of an &s(.

4. They can be used to form questions by in"erting the structure of the sentence.

7. They can be followed directly by the "erb, without the use of &to(.

&enses


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The concept of time can be split into

>8 &he Present #hat .ou are currentl. doing8' eat, ' am eating

>8 &he Past #hat .ou did some time back8' ate, ' was eating

>8 &he 'uture #hat .ou 5ill do later8' will eat, ' will be eating

'n the English language, tenses play an important role in sentence formation.&he tense of a verb sho5s the time of an event or action8 &here are four t.pes of tenses8 +imple, -erfect, ontinuous and -resent -erfect ontinuous and each of thesehas a present, past and future form.

PR!S!N& &!NS!S+'2-!E -1E+E)T TE)+E'n +imple -resent, the action is simply mentioned and there is nothing being said about its completeness.' eat.

' sleep.' play.-1E+E)T D)T')@D@+ TE)+E'n -resent ontinuous, the action is on*going/ still going on and hence continuous.' am eating.' am sleeping.' am playing.-1E+E)T -E1$E T TE)+E'n -resent -erfect, the action is complete or has ended and hence termed -erfect.' ha"e eaten.' ha"e slept.

' ha"e played.-1E+E)T -E1$E T D)T')@D@+ TE)+E'n -resent -erfect ontinuous, the action has been taking place for some time and is still ongoing.' ha"e been eating.' ha"e been sleeping.' ha"e been playing. PAS& &!NS!S+'2-!E -0+T TE)+E'n +imple -ast, the action is simply mentioned and understood to ha"e taken place in the past.' ate.' slept.' played.-0+T D)T')@D@+ TE)+E'n -ast ontinuous, the action was ongoing till a certain time in the past.' was eating.' was sleeping.' was playing.-0+T -E1$E T TE)+E-ast -erfect is used to e%press something that happened before another action in the past.
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' had eaten.' had slept.' had played.-0+T -E1$E T D)T')@D@+ TE)+E-ast -erfect ontinuous is used to e%press something that started in the past and continued until another time in

the past.' had been eating.' had been sleeping.' had been playing. ')&)R! &!NS!S+'2-!E $@T@1E TE)+E+imple $uture is used when we plan or make a decision to do something. )othing is said about the time in thefuture.' will eat.' will sleep.' will play.$@T@1E D)T')@D@+ TE)+EThe future continuous tense is used to e%press action at a particular moment in the future. Howe"er, the action willnot ha"e finished at the moment.' will be eating at ? a.m.' will be sleeping when you arri"e.' will be playing at 5 p.m. $@T@1E -E1$E T TE)+E$uture -erfect e%presses action that will occur in the future before another action in the future.' will ha"e eaten before L a.m.' will ha"e slept before you arri"e.

' will ha"e played before < p.m.$@T@1E -E1$E T D)T')@D@+ TE)+E$uture -erfect ontinuous is used to talk about an on*going action before some point in the future.' will ha"e been sleeping for two hours when you arri"e.' will ha"e been playing for an hour when it is 5 p.m.

Simple Present &ense'n +imple -resent, the action is simply mentioned and there is nothing being said about its completeness. 't is usedto talk about an action which happens on a regular basis. P$S,&,V! S&A&!(!N&S

S)+7!C& V!R+ R!S& $' &*! S!N&!NC!

' study in 3al 3harti school.

Aou study in 3al 3harti school.
http://www.englishleap.com/grammar/past-perfect-continuous-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/simple-future-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/future-continuous-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/future-perfect-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/future-perfect-continuous-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/past-perfect-continuous-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/simple-future-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/future-continuous-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/future-perfect-tensehttp://www.englishleap.com/grammar/future-perfect-continuous-tense


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He studies in 3al 3harti school.

2ohan studies in 3al 3harti school.

The boy studies in 3al 3harti school.

+he studies in 3al 3harti school.

-oo#a studies in 3al 3harti school.

The girl studies in 3al 3harti school.

e study in 3al 3harti school.

Aou study in 3al 3harti school.

They study in 3al 3harti school.

The children study in 3al 3harti school.

)otice how we use &study( for the sub#ects ', Aou, e, Aou and They and we use &studies( for thesub#ects &He( and &+he(.+imple -resent E%ercise +imple -resent E%ercise 4+imple -resent E%ercise 7N!GA&,V! S&A&!(!N&S

S)+7!C& %$N1& 2%$ N$&4


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Aou don(t play football.

They don(t play football.

The men don(t play football.

)otice how we use &don(t( for the sub#ects ', Aou, e, Aou and Theyand we use &doesn(t( for the sub#ects &He( and &+he(. The "erb form remains the same for all sub#ects. ,N&!RR$GA&,V! S&A&!(!N&S < 9)!S&,$NS

%$ < %$!S S)+7!C& V!R+ R!S& $' &*! S!N&!NC!

:o ' sleep in the afternoonC

:o you sleep in the afternoonC

:oes he sleep in the afternoonC

:oes 2ohan sleep in the afternoonC

:oes the boy sleep in the afternoonC

:oes she sleep in the afternoonC

:oes -oo#a sleep in the afternoonC

:oes the girl sleep in the afternoonC

:o we sleep in the afternoonC

:o you sleep in the afternoonC

:o they sleep in the afternoonC

:o the men sleep in the afternoonC

)otice how we use &:o( for the sub#ects ', Aou, e, Aou and Theyand we use &:oes( for the sub#ects &He( and &+he(. The "erb form remains the same for all sub#ects.

Present Continuous &ense'n the -resent ontinuous tense, the action is on*going/ still going on and hence continuous. The presentcontinuous tense is used to talk about actions that are happening at this curent moment. P$S,&,V! S&A&!(!N&S


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S)+7!C& A( < AR! < ,S V!R+ I ing R!S& $' &*! S!N&!NC!

' am watching tele"ision.

Aou are watching tele"ision.

He is watching tele"ision.

2ohan is watching tele"ision

The boy is watching tele"ision.

+he is watching tele"ision.

-oo#a is watching tele"ision.

The girl is watching tele"ision.

e are watching tele"ision.

Aou are watching tele"ision.

They are watching tele"ision.

The children are watching tele"ision.

)otice that we use&am( with &'(,

&is( with &He( and &+he(&are( with &Aou(, & e( and &They(The "erb form remains the same for all sub#ects.-resent ontinuous Tense E%ercise N!GA&,V! S&A&!(!N&S

S)+7!C&A( N$& < AR! N$& < ,S

N$&V!R+ I ing R!S& $' &*! S!N&!NC!

' am not playing chess.

Aou are not playing chess.

He is not playing chess.

2ohan is not playing chess.

The boy is not playing chess.
http://www.englishleap.com/exercises/present-continuous-tense-1http://www.englishleap.com/exercises/present-continuous-tense-1


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+he is not playing chess.

-oo#a is not playing chess.

The girl is not playing chess.

e are not playing chess.

Aou are not playing chess.

They are not playing chess.

The men are not playing chess.

)otice that we use&am not( with &'(,

&is not( with &He( and &+he(&are not( with &Aou(, & e( and &They(The "erb form remains the same for all sub#ects.-resent ontinuous Tense E%ercise 4-resent ontinuous Tense E%ercise 7,N&!RR$GA&,V! S&A&!(!N&S < 9)!S&,$NS

A( < AR! < ,S S)+7!C& V!R+ R!S& $' &*! S!N&!NC!

0m ' reading a bookC

0re you reading a bookC

's he reading a bookC

's 2ohan reading a bookC

's the boy reading a bookC

's she reading a bookC

's -oo#a reading a bookC

's the girl reading a bookC

0re we reading a bookC

0re you reading a bookC

0re they reading a bookC
http://www.englishleap.com/exercises/present-continuous-tense-2http://www.englishleap.com/exercises/present-continuous-tense-3http://www.englishleap.com/exercises/present-continuous-tense-2http://www.englishleap.com/exercises/present-continuous-tense-3


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0re the men reading a bookC

)otice the structure of the interrogati"e statements. e use&am( with &'(,

&is( with &He( and &+he(&are( with &Aou(, & e( and &They(The "erb form remains the same for all sub#ects.

Present Perfect &ense'n the -resent -erfect tense, the action is complete or has ended and hence termed -erfect. The e%acttime when the action happened is not important and hence, it is not mentioned in this tense. P$S,&,V! S&A&!(!N&S

S)+7!C& *AV! < *ASV!R+ 2pastparticiple4

R!S& $' &*! S!N&!NC!

' ha"e seen this mo"ie.

Aou ha"e seen this mo"ie.

He has seen this mo"ie.

2ohan has seen this mo"ie.

The boy has seen this mo"ie.

+he has seen this mo"ie.

-oo#a has seen this mo"ie.

The girl has seen this mo"ie.

e ha"e seen this mo"ie.

Aou ha"e seen this mo"ie.

They ha"e seen this mo"ie.

The children ha"e seen this mo"ie.

)otice that we use&ha"e( with the sub#ects &'(, &Aou(, & e( and &They(&has( with the sub#ects &He( and &+he(The "erb form remains the same for all sub#ects. N!GA&,V! S&A&!(!N&S


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Has she finished the workC

Has -oo#a finished the workC

Has the girl finished the workC

Ha"e we finished the workC

Ha"e you finished the workC

Ha"e they finished the workC

Ha"e the men finished the workC

)otice that we use&ha"e( with the sub#ects &'(, &Aou(, & e( and &They(

&has( with the sub#ects &He( and &+he(The "erb form remains the same for all sub#ects.

Present Perfect Continuous &ense'n the -resent -erfect ontinuous tense, the action has been taking place for some time and is still ongoing. Theduration for which the action has been going on is usually mentioned in the present perfect continuoustense. P$S,&,V! S&A&!(!N&S

S)+7!C&*AV! +!!N8 Possessives-ossessi"e pronouns and ad#ecti"es indicate who an ob#ect belongs to.


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The pronouns aremine first person This car is mine ' own this car6yours second person This car is yours Aou own this car6his, hers, and its third person This cars is his/hers He/she owns this car6.

The corresponding ad#ecti"es aremyyour his, her, and it

>8 %ifference 5ordsDther and another are &difference words(; they refer to something different, or remaining, ormore. Dther is used with singular and plural nouns, whileanother is used strictly with singular nouns.hat other colours can ' get this inC's there another colour that this is a"ailable inC

>8 %efining 5ordshich and whose are &defining words(; they indicate which thing or person is being referred to.

This is the house which ' used to li"e in as a child.This is the man whose window you broke.

9uantifiers9uantifiers form a sub*class under determiners; they are ad#ecti"es or phrases that ser"e to answer two possiblequestions How manyC and How muchC $or e.g. a few, a little, much, many, most, some, any, enough, etc arequantifiers.9uantifiers that describe quantityords and phrases that describe quantity include a little, none, a few, etc. +ome of these are used only withcountable nouns the ones that answer the question How manyC such as a few, a number of, se"eral, etc6, some

only with uncountable nouns the ones that answer the question How muchC such as a little, a bit of, etc6 and somewith both the ones that answer both questions, such as no/none, some, a lot of, etc6. 9uantifiers that e%press attitudeThe words few and little and the phrases a few and a little ser"e to describe the speaker(s attitude to the quantitybeing described. The first two carry negati"es suggestions, whereas the second two carry positi"e suggestions. $ore.g. the phrase ' ha"e little timemeans that the speaker hardly has time, whereas the phrase ' ha"e a littletime means that while the speaker may not ha"e all the time in the world, s/he has enough for the purpose at hand. &Enough(Enough is used to indicate the necessary amount or quantity; it is placed before nouns. $or e.g. There is enoughtime, Aou ha"e enough money, 's there enough foodC, etc. omparati"e quantifiersThere are ten comparati"e or grade quantifiers much, many, more, most, few, fewer, fewest, little, less, and least. 2uch, many, more and most chart, in ascending order, increase; much is used only with uncountablenouns, many only with plural countable nouns, and more and most with both.

' ha"e much time. O ' ha"e more time. O ' ha"e the most time.


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' ha"e many apples. O ' ha"e more apples. O ' ha"e the most apples. $ew, fewer, fewest, little, less and least chart decrease. The first three in descending order6 are used only withcountable plural nouns. The second three in descending order6 are used only with uncountable nouns.

He has few friends. P He has fewer friends. P He has the fewest friends. He has little time. P He has less time. P He has the least time.

SubjunctiveThe sub#uncti"e is a "erb form in English that is relati"ely rare, but is structurally "ery simple. 't is a special kind ofpresent tense; for all "erbs e%cept the past tense of &be( &were(6, the sub#uncti"e is the same as the infiniti"e without&to(. Therefore, the sub#uncti"e is simply the basic "erb form for e.g., do, work, demand, hire6, with the differencethat no &s( is added to the "erb when it is used with the third person singular. $or e.g. in the sentence ' suggestedthat he take the matter to the proper authorities, &take( is the sub#uncti"e.The sub#uncti"e is used more often in 0merican and written than in 3ritish and spoken English. 't is used generallywhen talking about something that may or may not happen; it could be something that the speaker wants, hopesfor, e%pects, or imagines. The following are more e%amples of sub#uncti"es

'f ' 5ere king, there would be no more famines.The chairman requests that all members of the board be present at the meeting.' demand that he provide us with a full e%planation.

0s you can see, the structure that the sub#uncti"e takes is generally as follows Qsub#ectR '6 Q"erbR demand6 &that(Qob#ectR he6 Qsub#uncti"eR pro"ide6... The "erbs that are commonly used before sub#uncti"es are ad"ise, ask, beg,decide, decree, desire, dictate, insist, intend, mo"e, order, petition, propose, recommend, request, require, resol"e,suggest, urge, and "ote.

0nother pattern e%ists as well, in which &that( is preceded by an e%pression rather than the "erb. $or e.g. in thesentence 't is essential that the goods be deli"ered on time, &it is essential( is the e%pression. The e%pressions thatare commonly used with sub#uncti"es are it is desirable/imperati"e/essential/necessary/important, etc.)ow, in the e%ample 'f ' were king..., there seems to be a slight problem, which is that &king( is a singular noun, sothe "erb preceding it should, it appears, be &was(, not &were(. Howe"er, this construction does not use &was(. & ere(is the &past sub#uncti"e( of &be(, and is formally always with &if(, and certain other words/phrases, such as &' wish( and&as if(; it is simply a quirk of the language. The following are more e%amples of the same 'f ' were you, ' would take a stand on the issue. 'f he were not so intelligent, ' would ha"e fired him for his insolence. ' wish she weren(t so dull. Aou act as if you were king.

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